Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy | |
|---|---|
أabُw mُصُْصْab ٱlززrْqāwِy | |
 2004 yildan 2006 yilgacha Iroqdagi qo'zg'olonlarning asosiy rahbari Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy | |
| 1-amiri Iroqdagi Al-Qoida | |
| Ofisda 2004 yil 17 oktyabr - 2006 yil 7 iyun | |
| Oldingi | Lavozim yaratildi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Abu Ayyub al-Masriy |
| 1-amiri Jamoat at-Tavhid val-Jihod | |
| Ofisda 1999 yil - 2004 yil 17 oktyabr | |
| Oldingi | Lavozim yaratildi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Bilan birlashish Al-Qoida |
| 1-amiri Mujohidlar Sho'ro kengashi | |
| Ofisda 2006 yil 15 yanvar - 2006 yil 7 iyun | |
| Oldingi | Lavozim yaratildi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Abu Ayyub al-Masriy |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Xalayleh أأmd fضyl الlnززl خlخlاylh 1966 yil 30 oktyabr Zarqa, Iordaniya |
| O'ldi | 7 iyun 2006 yil (39 yosh) Hibhib, Iroq |
| O'lim sababi | Havo hujumi |
| Millati | Iordaniyalik |
| Bolalar | 5 |
| Harbiy xizmat | |
| Xizmat qilgan yillari | 1989–2006 |
| Rank | Qo'mondon |
| Janglar / urushlar | |
Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy (Arabcha: أabُw mُصُْصْab ٱlززrْqāwوy, Abu Muṣab az-Zarqāwī, Abu Musab Zarqa; 
Inglizcha talaffuz (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot ); 1966 yil 30 oktyabr[1][2] - 2006 yil 7-iyun), tug'ilgan Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Xalayleh (أأmd fضyl الlnززl خlخlاylة, 'Amad Faol an-Nazol al-Jalala), edi a Iordaniyalik jihodchi terrorchilarni tayyorlash lagerini boshqargan Afg'oniston. U borganidan keyin ma'lum bo'ldi Iroq va bir qator portlashlar, boshlarini kesib tashlash va hujumlar uchun javobgar bo'lish Iroq urushi, "Iroqdagi" AQSh qo'shinlariga qarshi qo'zg'olonni "shia-sunniyga aylantirgani" xabar qilingan Fuqarolar urushi ".[3] U ba'zida "Shayx qassoblarning ".[4]
U shakllandi Jamoat at-Tavhid val-Jihod 1999 yilda va 2006 yil iyunida vafotigacha uni boshqargan. Zarqaviy bir nechta audio va video yozuvlarda, Iroqdagi ko'plab zo'ravonliklar uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. xudkushlik hujumlari va garovga olingan qatl. Zarqaviy AQSh va G'arb harbiy kuchlarining islom dunyosida bo'lishiga, shuningdek G'arbning mavjudligini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qarshi chiqdi Isroil. 2004 yil oxirida u qo'shildi al-Qoida va sadoqat va'da qildi Usama bin Ladin. Shundan so'ng at-Tavhid val-Jihod nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi Tanzim Qaydat al-Jihod fi Bilad al-Rafidayn, shuningdek, Iroqdagi al-Qoida (AQI) nomi bilan tanilgan va al-Zarqaviyga al-Qoida "Ikki daryo mamlakatida Al-Qoida amiri" unvoni berilgan.[5]
2005 yil sentyabr oyida u "har tomonlama urush" ni e'lon qildi Shiitlar Iroqda, Iroq hukumatining sunniylar shaharchasida isyonchilarga qarshi hujumidan keyin Tal Afar.[6] U hujum qilish uchun Iroq bo'ylab ko'plab xudkush terrorchilarni jo'natdi Amerika askarlari va shia militsiyalarining katta kontsentratsiyasi bo'lgan hududlar. U shuningdek, uchun javobgar deb o'ylashadi 2005 yil bombardimon uchta mehmonxonadan Amman, Iordaniya.[7] Zarqaviy a .da o'ldirilgan maqsadli o'ldirish AQShning qo'shma kuchlari tomonidan 2006 yil 7 iyunda izolyatsiyada yig'ilishda qatnashayotganda seyf yilda Hibhib, g'arbiy-g'arbiy-g'arbiy qismdan taxminan 8 km (5,0 milya) kichik qishloq Baqubax. Bittasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari F-16C samolyot seyfga 500 funtlik (230 kg) ikkita boshqariladigan bomba tashladi.[8]
Shaxsiy hayot
Hayotning boshlang'ich davri
Abu Musab baquvvat odam edi, u so'zda unchalik mohir emas edi. U o'z-o'zidan va qisqacha o'zini ifoda etdi. U hech qanday e'tiqodini buzmas edi.
Ahmad Fadeel al-Nazal al-Xalayleh (Arabcha: أأmd fضyl الlnززl خlخlاylة 'Amad Faol an-Nazol al-Jalala), al-Zarqaviyning asl ismi bo'lgan deb ishoniladi. "Abu Musab" so'zma-so'z tarjimada "Musabning otasi" deb nomlangan bo'lib, u 1966 yilda Iordaniya qashshoq oilasida Ahmed al-Xaylayl nomi bilan tug'ilgan.[10][11] In ko'tarilgan Zarqa, Ammon shahridan 27 kilometr shimolda joylashgan sanoat shahri, etti opa va ikkita akasi bilan,[12] va of Badaviylar uning otasi iste'fodagi armiya zobiti yoki an'anaviy tibbiyot xodimi sifatida ta'riflangan, uning o'limi oilaning iqtisodiy ahvolini tezlashtirgan va Zarqaviyni ko'cha bezori bo'lishiga undayotgan, janjallari, ilhomlantirgan dahshati va ichkilikbozligi bilan tanilgan. va ko'plab tatuirovkalari tufayli "Yashil odam" laqabini oldi.[13]
Shunday qilib, Zarqaviy odatda a o'rta maktabni tark etish va a kichik jinoyatchi yoshligida,[9][14][15] shu jumladan, go'yoki, prokuror fohishalar.[10]
1989-1998 yillarda Afg'oniston urushi, Iordaniyaga qaytish, qamoqxona
1980-yillarning oxirlarida Zarqaviy ketdi Afg'oniston ga qo'shilish Mujohidlar bosqinchilarga qarshi kurashayotganlar Sovet qo'shinlari.[16]U 1989 yilda Sovet Ittifoqi ketayotgan paytda kelgan.[17] Urushish o'rniga u a muxbir uchun Islomchi xabarnoma chaqirildi Al-Bonian al-Maruss.[10] Boshqa tomondan, Ahmad Hoshim o'zining janglarida qatnashganini aytadi Xost va Gardez, deb tarjima qilingan jurnal esa Qattiq bino ingliz tilida, arab tilida ham nashr etilgan Urdu dan Hayatabad shahar atrofi Peshovar yilda Pokiston, u erda u kelajakdagi ruhiy ustozi, ta'sirchan bilan ham uchrashgan Salafiy jihod mafkurachi Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, 1990 yilda.[18] Shuningdek, u o'zining ettita singlisidan birining Abu Qudama Solih al-Xamiga, Iordaniya-Falastin ga yaqin jurnalist Falastin jangari Abdulloh Azzam, zamonaviy zamonda "tiriltiruvchi jihod" bilan tanilgan, chunki u bir oyoqli edi va aks holda munosib sherik topolmayman deb o'ylardi,[19] Oradan bir necha yil o'tgach, o'sha al-Hamiy nomli kitob yozadi Fursan al-Farida al-G'ayiba (Qaramagan burchning ritsarlari [Jihod]), u erda u Zarqaviy bilan yo'llarini ajratib bo'lgandan keyin Maqdisiyning jihod ma'lumotlarini tanqid qilgan.[20] Oxir oqibat u Pokistonda, asosan, Peshovar va uning atrofida 10 yil yashadi va oxir-oqibat bu tilni yaxshi bildi Pashto.[21] Boshqa bir singlimiz Iordaniya-Falastin jangarisiga uylandi Xolid al-Aruriy (taxallusi Abu al-Qassam), "Afg'onistondagi Zarqaviyning eng yaqin leytenantlaridan biri", boshqasi Xaysam Mustafo Obidatga (taxallusi Abu Xasan), "afg'on jihodining faxriysi",[22] va yana bir singlimiz iordaniyalik Iyad Nazmi Solih Xalilga (uning taxalluslari Abu Julaybib al-Urduni va Iyad at-Tubasi), faxriy jihodchi jangariga uylandi, u oxir-oqibat "uchinchi martabali amaldor" ga aylanadi. Al-Nusra jabhasi ichida Suriya fuqarolar urushi, 2016 yilda, 2018 yilda o'ldirilishidan oldin.[23]
U tomonidan yollangan Abu Qutayba al Majali ichida jang qilish Afg'oniston.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Tomonidan berilgan xabarga ko'ra Vashington Yaqin Sharq siyosati instituti, "Zarqaviyning jinoiy o'tmishi va haddan tashqari qarashlari takfir (boshqa bir musulmonni ayblash bid'at va shu tariqa uning o'ldirilishini oqlash) 1999 yilda Afg'onistonda birinchi bo'lib uchrashganlarida Bin Ladenga katta ishqalanish va ishonchsizlikni keltirib chiqardi. "[31]
U Iordaniyada uyidan qurol va portlovchi moddalar topilganidan keyin hibsga olingan[32] va 1992 yilda qamoqqa yuborilgan.[16] U qamoqxonada Iordaniya hukmdorlarini ag'darish uchun unga qo'shilish uchun uyali sheriklarini tayyorlashga uringan, dedi sobiq qamoqxonadagi turmush o'rtog'i Vaqt jurnal 2004 yilda.[33]
Iordaniya rasmiylari va tanishlarining so'zlariga ko'ra, Zarqaviy uyali aloqa vositasi sifatida obro'-e'tibor qozongan va yanada radikal islomiy e'tiqodlarni qabul qilgan.[16][34]
Qamoqxonada, uning xarizmasi va bo'yi tufayli, u oxir-oqibat bir turdagi etakchiga aylandi fatvolar (diniy farmonlar) va o'zini chaqirish "shayx ", ammo u ham Qur'onni to'liq yod oldi.[35]
Iordaniyalik jurnalist uchun Fouad Xusseyn u bilan birga qamoqda bo'lgan afg'on jihodi emas, balki uning qamoqdagi yillari, qiynoqqa solinishi, masalan, qiynoqlar tufayli yuqtirgan infektsiyalari tufayli oyoq tirnoqlarini yo'qotishiga olib kelgan va bir vaqtning o'zida sakkiztasi va yarim oy ichida yakkama-yakka saqlash uni radikallashtirgan: "Zindon al-Zarqaviyning shaxsiyatida aniq iz qoldirdi, u yanada kuchayib bordi. Uning fikriga ko'ra, politsiyachilar, sudyalar va barcha darajadagi hukumat a'zolari rejimlarning tarafdorlari edilar, ular tavaget [zolimlar] deb hisoblashgan. ] kimga qarshi kurashish kerak. " U jismoniy tayyorgarligi ustida ham ishlagan.[36]
1999–2000 - Jihodchilarni tayyorlash
1999 yilda Zarqaviy generaldan qamoqdan ozod qilindi amnistiya Iordaniya tomonidan Shoh Abdulloh.[16] Iordaniya rasmiylariga ko'ra, ozod qilinganidan bir necha oy o'tgach, Zarqaviy o'zining Jund ash-Shomini tiriltirishga urindi.[16] Keyinchalik, Iordaniya rasmiylariga ko'ra, u ham ishtirok etgan ming yillik fitnasi - bombani bombardimon qilish taklifi Radisson SAS Mehmonxona Amman (Iordaniya ) 2000 yil Yangi yilidan oldin.[16]Bu fitna topildi va Zarqaviy qochib ketdi Pokiston.[16]
Pokiston vizasini bekor qilgach, u Afg'onistonga o'tdi va u erda uchrashdi, hanuzgacha Iordaniya rasmiylari va Germaniya sudining ko'rsatmalariga ko'ra Usama bin Ladin va boshqalar al-Qoida rahbarlari Qandahor va Kobul.[16][37] U o'z o'quv lagerini tashkil etish uchun ulardan yordam va pul so'radi Hirot.[16][37] Bir oz "kichik urug 'puli" bilan[38] 200 ming dollar[16][39] dan Usama bin Ladin, lager yaqinda ochilib, Iordaniya jangarilarini jalb qildi.[16][37] Zarqaviy Hirotni tanlab oldi, u Al-Qoidaning operatsiyalaridan ancha yiroqda Qandahor va Jalolobod, chunki uning yollovchilari Afg'onistonga Eron orqali kirib kelishadi.[40]
Bu lager uning guruhiga tegishli edi Jund al-Shom - bilvosita manba sifatida bahs yuritiladi[39]- yoki uning yangi boshlangan guruhi uchun Jamoat at-Tavhid val-Jihod - kabi Vashington Yaqin Sharq siyosati instituti da'vo qilingan[38]- Yoki u 1999 yilda Hirotda ikkala guruh uchun bitta yoki ikkita lager ochgan. Bundan tashqari, Zarqaviy 1999 yilda bu ikki xil nom bilan tanilgan bitta guruh uchun faqat bitta lager tashkil qilgan bo'lishi mumkin. GlobalSecurity.org uni "lager" deb atagan Xirot yaqinida, zaharlarni ishlab chiqarishga ixtisoslashgan ".[41]
2001 yil - AQShning Afg'onistonga bostirib kirishiga qarshilik
2001 yil sentyabr oyining boshlarida Zarqaviy edi Eron bilan bir vaqtning o'zida 11 sentyabr terroristik hujumlari AQShda.[37]
Keyin 2001 yil oktyabrda AQSh boshchiligida Afg'onistonga bostirib kirdi, Zarqaviy Afg'onistonga qaytib, g'arbiy ittifoqchi kuchlarning hujumini qaytarishda yordam berdi Toliblar va al-Qoida jangchilari.[37] Bomba ostidagi uy qulaganidan keyin u ham qovurg'alari yorilib ketgan[9][42] yoki Iordaniya razvedkasining manbasiga ko'ra, 2001 yil oxirida, otishma paytida ko'kragidan yaralangan.[37]
U 2001 yil dekabrda Eronga qochib ketgan[43] yoki 2002 yil 5 yanvarda davolangan va davolangan Mashhad.[44] Xabarlarga ko'ra, Eron hukumati Iordaniyaning Zarqaviyni ekstraditsiya qilish haqidagi talablarini rad etgan.[45] Ko'pgina dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Eron rasmiylari Zarqaviyning faoliyatini ma'lum darajada cheklab qo'ygan bo'lishi mumkin.[46]
2002 yil - Lorens Foulini o'ldirishda ishtirok etish
AQSh hukumati (2003 yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining nutqida) Zarqaviy Iroqning Bog'dod shahrida 2002 yil martidan may oyigacha tibbiy muolaja olganiga qarshi chiqdi.[37] O'sha paytda Iordaniya hukumati Iroq prezidentidan so'radi Saddam Xuseyn 1999 yilgi ming yillik fitnasida gumon qilingan roli uchun Zarqaviyni ekstraditsiya qilish (yuqoriga qarang).[37]
2002 yil yozida Zarqaviyning joylashuvi va faoliyati bir-biriga zid bo'lgan xabarlarda paydo bo'ldi. Iordaniya sudi hujjatlarida ta'kidlanishicha, Zarqaviy 2002 yil yozida Zarqaviy bazadagi jangarilar guruhini o'qitishni boshlagan. Suriya,[37] 2002 yil 28 oktyabrda otib o'ldirgan Lorens Fuli, Iordaniyaning Amman shahridagi AQSh Xalqaro Taraqqiyot Agentligining AQShdagi katta ma'muri.[37] 2004 yilda noma'lum arab razvedkasi manbalari Zarqaviy hali ham 2002 yil oxirida Suriyada bo'lganligini va AQSh va Iordaniya uni Suriyadan ekstraditsiya qilishni talab qilganida, Suriya bu talabni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi.[37] Biroq, AQSh haqiqatan ham Zarqaviy 2006 yil may oyidan 2002 yil noyabr oyining oxirigacha Bag'dodda bo'lgan deb da'vo qilar edi Iroq bo'yicha urushdan oldingi razvedka to'g'risida Senatning hisoboti,[47] keyinchalik qadar qochib Eron[37][47] va Iroqning shimoliy-sharqida joylashgan.[47]
2003–2006 - Iroq va uning atrofidagi terroristik harakatlar
2003 yil fevral oyida arab razvedkasi manbalariga ko'ra, Sharqiy Eronda Zarqaviy kutilganidek harbiy qarshilik ko'rsatishni rejalashtirgan AQShning Iroqqa bostirib kirishi.[37] Va 2003 yil mart oyiga kelib, Britaniya razvedkasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Zarqaviy tarmog'i Bag'dodda AQShning kutilgan istilosiga qarshi turish uchun shpal hujayralarini o'rnatgan.[37]
Oldin AQSh 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirdi, Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi (SAD) va armiya 10-maxsus kuchlar guruhi Iroqqa kirib, hamkorlik qilgan Kurdistonning Vatanparvarlik ittifoqi Peshmerga hujum qilmoq Ansor al-Islom. Ular birgalikda ishga tushirishdi Viking Hammer operatsiyasi 2003 yil mart oyida terroristik guruhga katta zarba berdi, natijada ko'p sonli terrorchilar o'ldi va terrorchilar yo'q qilindi kimyoviy qurol Sargat shahridagi inshoot.[48] Sargat Iroqda kashf etilgan ushbu turdagi yagona inshoot edi.[49][50][51]
2003-2006 yillarda Zarqaviy va uning guruhi Jamoat at-Tavhid val-Jihod (1999-2004) keyinchalik qo'ng'iroq qildi Tanzim Qaydat al-Jihod fi Bilad al-Rafidayn ('al-Qoida Iroqda') (2004-2006) Iroqda o'nlab zo'ravonlik va qonli hujumlarda ayblanmoqda. 2003 yil mart oyida AQSh boshchiligida Iroqqa bostirib kirdi, tartibsizlik va anarxiyaga tushdi. Ushbu hujumlarning ba'zilari haqiqatan ham Zarqaviy va ba'zi hujumlari uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi Marokash, kurka va Iordaniya, shuningdek Turkiya va Iordaniyadagi ba'zi bir xujumlarning barchasi ushbu bo'limda keltirilgan 'Hujumlar 'quyida.
Zarqaviy nishonga olindi Islomiy shia masjidlar, shuningdek, tinch aholi vakillari, BMT vakillari, Iroq hukumat muassasalari, Misr elchisi, rus diplomatlari va Iroqdagi chet el fuqarolari hamda mehmonxonalarga tashrif buyuruvchilar. Iordaniya, ehtimol, shuningdek, xristian cherkovlari, Iordaniyalik elchixona va AQSh boshchiligida Ko'p millatli kuch Iroqda, ularning aksariyatini u ham yomon ko'rishini aytgan Islomdan qaytganlar,[38][52] yoki "kofirlar" sifatida[53] "Falastinni yahudiylarga berish",[34] yoki shaxslar sifatida bizni [Islomiy] xalqimizga zulm qilish va xo'rlash "[34] yoki "millat".[52] Al-Zarqaviy Ansor al-Islom rahbariyatining bir qismi bo'lgan va hujum paytida Eronga qochib ketgan deb taxmin qilingan.[54]
AQSh Zarqaviyni ta'qib qilmoqda, 2003-2006
The Bush ma'muriyati 2003 yil fevral oyida BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashida Zarqaviyning Iroqda go'yoki borligi mart oyini oqlash uchun ishlatilgan 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish.[55]
2004 yil 17 dekabrda AQSh Davlat departamenti uning tarkibiga Zarqaviy va "Jamoat at-Tavhid val-Jihod" guruhi qo'shildi "xorijiy terroristik tashkilotlar ro'yxati" va guruhning Qo'shma Shtatlarda bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan aktivlarini muzlatib qo'yishni buyurdi.[56]
2005 yil may oyiga kelib, Zarqaviy Iordaniya va Iroqda eng ko'p qidirilgan odam edi, Iroqda ko'plab iroqliklarga va chet elliklarga qarshi hujumlarni uyushtirgan va bundan ham ko'proq aybdor deb topilgan.[57] Keyin AQSh hukumati uning qo'lga olinishiga olib kelgan ma'lumot uchun 25 million dollar mukofot puli, 2004 yil martigacha Bin Ladenni qo'lga olish uchun taqdim etilgan miqdordagi pulni taqdim etdi.
2006 yil 24 fevralda AQSh Adliya vazirligi "s Federal qidiruv byurosi al-Zarqaviyni ham qo'shgan "Axborot qidirish - terrorizmga qarshi kurash" ro'yxat, u hech qachon biriga qo'shilgan birinchi marta Federal qidiruv byurosining uchta asosiy "qidirilayotgan" ro'yxati.[58]
Oxir oqibat 2006 yilda AQSh Zarqaviyni o'ldirishi uchun ushbu bo'limga qarang O'lim.
Xotinlar va bolalar
- Zarqaviyning birinchi rafiqasi Ummu Muhammad Iordaniyalik ayol bo'lib, 2006 yil iyun oyida Zarqaviy vafot etganida 40 yoshda edi. U yashagan Zarqa, Iordaniya, ularning to'rt nafar farzandi, shu jumladan etti yoshli o'g'li Musab bilan birga.[59] U Zarqaviyga Iroqni vaqtincha tark etishni va mamlakat tashqarisidagi o'rinbosarlariga buyruq berishni maslahat bergan edi. "U menga g'azablangan nigoh bilan qarab:" Men, menmi? Men dinimga xiyonat qilib Iroqdan chiqib ketolmayman. Alloh nomi bilan, Iroqni g'alaba yoki shahid bo'lguncha tark etmayman "dedi. -Zarqaviy.[60]
- Zarqaviyning ikkinchi xotini Isro unga uylanganda 14 yoshda edi. U 2003 yilda Oyatullohning o'ldirilishida ayblanayotgan falastinlik islomiy jangari Yassin Jarradning qizi edi. Muhammad Boqir al-Hakim, Iroq shia rahbari.[61] Uning ukasi Muhammad Jarad ham jangari bo'lgan, u 2013 yilda 20 yoshida vafot etgan Al-Nusra jabhasi yilda Suriya.[62] U 15 yoshida unga bola tug'di va Zarqaviy va ularning bolasi bilan birga o'ldirildi.[63]
- Zarqaviyning uchinchi xotini iroqlik edi, u eri bilan havo hujumida halok bo'lishi mumkin edi.[64]
- Aytishlaricha, Zarqaviy Peshovar atrofidagi Pokiston qabilasidan bo'lgan ayolga uylangan.[65]
Hujumlar
Iroq tashqarisidagi hujumlar
1999 yilda, Zarqaviy, ko'ra Iordaniyalik mansabdor shaxslar ishtirok etishdi fitna portlatish Radisson Ko'plab isroillik va amerikalik sayyohlar joylashgan Ammandagi SAS mehmonxonasi 2000 yil Yangi yil oldidan.[37] U bu urinishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va Afg'onistonga qochib ketdi, so'ngra 2001 yil oxirida Tolibon ag'darilgandan so'ng Eron orqali Iroqqa kirdi.
Iroqdan u o'zining terroristik kampaniyasini odamlarni o'ldirishga yollash bilan boshladi Lorens Fuli uchun ishlaydigan yuqori martabali AQSh diplomati bo'lgan AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi Iordaniyada. 2002 yil 28 oktyabrda Foley Ammondagi uyi oldida o'ldirildi. Ostida so'roq qilish Iordaniya hukumati tomonidan uchta gumonlanuvchi qotillikni amalga oshirish uchun Zarqaviy tomonidan qurollanganligini va ularga pul to'laganini tan oldi. AQSh rasmiylari Fuliga suiqasdni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirishni Afg'onistondagi Jihod, Xalqaro Mujohiddin harakati va al-Qoida. Etakchilardan biri Salim Sa'd Salim Bin-Suvayd Iordaniyada AQSh, Isroil va Iordaniya hukumat amaldorlariga qarshi suiqasdlarni rejalashtirishdagi faoliyati uchun 27 858 dollardan ko'proq maosh olgan. Suvayd Iordaniyada Foulini o'ldirgani uchun hibsga olingan.[66] Zarqaviy yana hukm qilindi sirtdan Iordaniyada; bu safar ham, avvalgidek, o'lim jazosi tayinlandi.[61][67]
Zarqaviy, ko'ra BBC, qator halokatli bomba hujumlari miyasi sifatida nomlangan Kasablanka, Marokash va Istanbul, 2003 yilda Turkiya.[68] AQSh rasmiylari, Zarqaviy boshqalarni ulardan foydalanish bo'yicha o'qitgan deb hisoblashadi zahar (ritsin[69]) Evropada sodir bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan hujumlar uchun. Zarqaviy, shuningdek, 2004 yil iyun oyida NATO sammitiga hujum qilishni rejalashtirgan edi kurka, Zarqaviy ularni yubordi Istanbul ga hujum tashkil qilish NATO 2004 yil 28 yoki 29 iyun kunlari u erda sammit.[70] 2004 yil 26 aprelda Iordaniya hukumati Al-Qoidaning Ammanda kimyoviy qurol ishlatish fitnasini buzganligini e'lon qildi. Nishonlar orasida AQSh elchixonasi, Iordaniya bosh vazirining idorasi va Iordaniya razvedkasining shtab-kvartirasi bor edi. Bir qator reydlarda iordaniyaliklar 20 tonna kimyoviy moddalarni, shu jumladan pufakchalar, asab gazini musodara qildilar[71] va ko'plab portlovchi moddalar. Xavfsizlik to'siqlari orqali qulab tushish uchun mo'ljallangan, maxsus o'zgartirilgan plowlar bilan jihozlangan uchta yuk mashinasi ham qo'lga olindi.[72] Iordaniya davlat televideniyesi to'rt kishining o'zlarini fitna qismi ekanligini tan olgan videotasvirini namoyish qildi. Fitnachilardan biri Azmi Al-Jayousi Abu-Musab az-Zarqaviyning buyrug'i bilan harakat qilganini va u kimyoviy qurollar bo'yicha o'qitilganligini aytdi.[73][74] Biroq, keyinchalik Al-Jayuzi o'z majburiyatini tazyiq yo'li bilan qo'lga kiritganligi to'g'risida qaytarib oladi.[73] Zarqaviy hujum rejalashtirilganligini tan olar edi, ammo Iordaniya hukumati tomonidan uydirma kabi da'volarga ishora qilib, kimyoviy qurol ishlatilishini rad etadi.[73] Xuddi shu tarzda, mustaqil va AQSh tergovchilari Iordaniyaning kimyoviy qurol hujumi haqidagi da'volariga shubha bilan qarashdi.[73] Bundan tashqari, ko'plab ekspertlar va kuzatuvchilar Iordaniya hukumati fitna tafsilotlarini siyosiy maqsadlar uchun ataylab oshirib yuborgan deb gumon qilishdi.[73] 2006 yil 15 fevralda, Iordaniya Xavfsizlik Oliy sudi to'qqiz kishini, shu jumladan al-Zarqaviyni fitnaga aloqadorligi uchun o'limga mahkum etdi. Zarqaviy Iroqdagi lavozimidan butun hujumni rejalashtirishda, operatsiyani qariyb 120 ming dollar mablag 'bilan moliyalashtirishda va rejani amalga oshirish uchun Iordaniyaga bir guruh Iordaniyani yuborishda aybdor deb topildi. Sudlanuvchilardan sakkiz nafari ilgari noma'lum bo'lgan "Kata'eb at-Tawhid" yoki al-Qoida bilan bog'langan va yakka xudbinlik batalonlariga aloqadorlikda ayblangan.[75]
Noyabr 2005 yil Ammandagi portlashlar oltmish kishining uchta mehmonxonada, shu jumladan Falastin ma'muriyatining bir necha rasmiylari va Xitoy mudofaa delegatsiyasi a'zolarini o'ldirganini Zarqaviy guruhi da'vo qildi. "Al-Qoida Iroqda".[76]
Iroq ichidagi hujumlar
Stiven Xeyz yozgan haftalik standart 2003 yil mart oyida Britaniya razvedkasi "fevral oyidan beri xabar berib", Iroqqa bostirib kirgunga qadar Zarqaviy "terrorchilar panohi" ni boshqarganini taxmin qilmoqda. Kurdlarning shimoliy Iroq va Zarqaviy o'rnatgan "shpal hujayralari "Bag'dodda", AQShning shaharni bosib olish paytida faollashtirilishi kerak ...[77] Aftidan, bu hujayralar AQShning nishonlariga avtomashinalar bombasi va boshqa qurollardan foydalanib hujum qilmoqchi. (Shuningdek, ular Kurd avtonom zonasidagi terrorchilardan [kimyoviy va biologik] materiallar olgan bo'lishi mumkin), ... al-Qoida bilan bog'liq terrorchilar mart oyining boshlarida Bag'dodga kelishda davom etishdi. "[78] Keyinchalik, Stiven Xeyzning boshqa ehtiyotkorlik bilan yozgan xabarlari noto'g'ri bo'lganligi aniqlandi - eng kattasi Zarqaviyning protez a'zosi haqida. Zarqaviy o'ldirilganda, uning protez a'zosi yo'qligi aniq edi, chunki Stiven Xeyz shunchalik tafsilotlarda aytgan edi. Urushga qarshi harakat Stiven Xeyzni hikoyalarni ixtiro qilganlikda aybladi,[79] va Loretta Napoleani, shu jumladan terrorizmga oid bir qancha kitoblarning muallifi Terror shirkati,[80] Zarqaviyning ahamiyati to'liq bo'lmagan kurd razvedkasi asosida qurilgan va keyinchalik uni al-Qoidaning yangi yuziga aylantirish uchun AQSh tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan.[81]
2004 yil may oyida "Al-Qoida" da'vo qilingan veb-saytida yuzlari yopiq bo'lgan besh kishidan iborat guruh aks etgan video paydo bo'ldi keffiyeh yoki balaklavalar, boshini kesib tashlash Amerika fuqarosi Nikolas Berg, bundan bir necha hafta oldin Iroqda o'g'irlab ketilgan va garovga olingan. The Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Bergni o'ldirgan pichoqni ushlab turgan lentadagi karnay al-Zarqaviy ekanligini tasdiqladi. Video "Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy amerikalikni o'ldiradi" sarlavhasi bilan ochiladi. Spikerning ta'kidlashicha, qotillik AQShdagi huquqbuzarliklar uchun qasos uchun qilingan Abu Graib qamoqxonasi (qarang Abu Graib qamoqxonasini suiste'mol qilish mojarosi ).[82] Az-Zarqaviy vafotidan keyin CNN Nikolasning otasi va uzoq yillik urushga qarshi kurashuvchi bilan suhbatlashdi. Maykl Berg, al-Zarqaviyning o'ldirilishi yanada qasos olishga sabab bo'lishini va xursand bo'lish uchun sabab emasligini aytgan.[83] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, shuningdek, Zarqaviy boshqa bir amerikalik fuqaroning boshini shaxsan kesib tashlaganligini tasdiqladi Ouen Eugene Armstrong, 2004 yil sentyabr oyida.[84]
Qo'shma Shtatlar rasmiylari Zarqaviyni Iroqdagi bosqin paytida 700 dan ortiq qotillikda, asosan bombardimonlarda ayblashgan.[85] 2004 yil mart oyidan boshlab bu raqam minglab kishiga etdi.[86] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamentiga ko'ra, Zarqaviy bu uchun javobgar edi Kanal mehmonxonasini portlatish Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Iroqdagi Bosh qarorgohi 2003 yil 19 avgustda. Ushbu hujum yigirma ikki kishini, shu jumladan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh kotibi maxsus Iroq elchisi Serxio Viyera de Mello.[87] Zarqaviyning Iroqdagi eng katta vahshiyliklari shia ibodatxonalariga qilingan hujumlarni o'z ichiga olgan Karbala va 2004 yil mart oyida 180 dan ortiq odamni o'ldirgan Bog'dod va 2004 yil dekabr oyida Najaf va Karbaloda avtoulovlarga bomba tashlangan hujumlar 60 dan ortiq odamning hayotiga zomin bo'lgan.[88]Birinchisi Zarqaviyga ishonadi Koalitsiya vaqtinchalik hokimiyati Iroqda Al-Qoida rahbariyatiga 2004 yil fevralida "Iroq" jihod "Ammo, al-Qoida ular xat yozganlarini rad etdi.[89] The AQSh harbiylari 2006 yil fevral oyida Zarqaviy hujumni uyushtirgan deb hisoblaydi Al-Askari masjidi yilda Samarra, tetiklash uchun mazhablararo zo'ravonlik o'rtasida Sunniylar va Shiitlar Iroqda.[90]
2005 yil yanvar oyida Internetda yozilgan Zarqaviy demokratiyani "Amerikaning katta yolg'on" i deb qoraladi va ishtirokchilar dedi Iroqda 30 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan saylov Islomning dushmanlari edilar. Zarqaviy "Biz demokratiyaga va uni kuchaytirishga intilayotganlarning barchasiga qarshi qattiq urush e'lon qildik ... Demokratiya, shuningdek, sizning diningizni tanlash huquqiga asoslanadi [va bu] Allohning hukmronligiga ziddir" dedi.[91]
2006 yil 25 aprelda Zarqaviyni ko'rsatadigan video paydo bo'ldi.[92] Tasmada erkak muqaddas jangchilar uch yillik "salib yurishi" ga qaramay kurashayotganini aytadi. Amerikalik mutaxassislar BBC ular yozuv asl ekanligiga ishonishdi. Yozuvning bir qismida Zarqaviyning avvalgi suratlariga juda o'xshash bo'lgan odamning erga o'tirgani va yonida avtomat miltiq bilan niqoblangan odamlarga murojaat qilgani aks etgan. "Sizning mujohid o'g'illaringiz musulmon davlatiga qarshi qilingan eng shafqatsiz xaçparat kampaniyalariga qarshi tura oldilar", deydi u. AQSh Prezidenti Jorj V.Bushga murojaat qilib, u shunday dedi: "Nega odamlarga sizning askarlaringiz o'z joniga qasd qilayotganini, uxlashlari uchun giyohvand moddalar va gallyutsinatsiya tabletkalarini ichayotganini aytmaysiz?" "Allohga qasamki," deydi u, "sizning orzularingiz qonimiz va tanamiz tomonidan mag'lub bo'ladi. Kelayotgan narsa bundan ham yomoni". Videodagi ma'ruzachi, shuningdek, AQShni "bizning shahzodamiz va rahbarimiz" Osama Bin Laden tomonidan taqdim etilgan sulhni rad etishda "takabburligi va beparvoligi" uchun qoralaydi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi 2006 yil may oyida Zarqaviyning tahrir qilinmagan lentasini efirga uzatdi, u uning o'g'irlangan narsaning to'xtashini qanday o'chirishni bilmasligini ta'kidladi. M249 otryadining avtomatik qurollari u foydalanayotgan edi.[93]
AQShning Eronga hujumini qo'zg'atishga urinishlar
Zarqaviyning xavfsiz uyidan topilgan hujjat shuni ko'rsatadiki, guruh Iroqdagi qo'zg'olonni kuchaytirish va Iroqdagi Amerika kuchlarini zaiflashtirish uchun AQShni Eronga hujum qilishga qo'zg'atmoqchi bo'lgan.[94][95] "Savol shuki, amerikaliklarni Eronga qarshi urushga qanday jalb qilish kerak? Afg'oniston va Iroqdagi urushda Eron Amerikaga ko'rsatayotgan katta qo'llab-quvvatlashi tufayli Amerika Eronga nisbatan dushmanligi jiddiymi yoki yo'qmi, noma'lum. Demak, birinchi navbatda Eron xavfini bo'rttirib ko'rsatish va Amerikani va umuman G'arbni Erondan kelib chiqadigan haqiqiy xavfga ishontirish kerak ... "Keyin hujjat ikki millat o'rtasida urush qo'zg'ashning oltita usulini belgilab berdi.[96] Ba'zi ekspertlar hujjatning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga olishdi.[95]
Al-Qoida bilan aloqalar
Keyin 2001 yil Afg'onistondagi urush, Zarqaviy AQShning eng ko'p qidirilayotgan "Al-Qoida" terrorchilari ro'yxatida 2002 yil boshida paydo bo'lgan.[97]
Ga binoan Washington Post va boshqa ba'zi manbalarda u sodiqlik to'g'risida rasmiy ravishda qasamyod qildi (Bay'at ) 2004 yil oktyabr oyida Bin Ladenga va o'z navbatida Bin Ladinning o'rinbosari etib tayinlangan. Keyin Zarqaviy o'zining Tavhid va Jihod tarmog'i nomini o'zgartirdi Tanum Qoidat al-Jihod fī Bilod al-Rafidayn, bu odatda Iroqdagi Al-Qoida (AQI) nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[98][99]
AQShdan oldingi Iroqqa bostirib kirish
Oldin Afg'onistonga bostirib kirish, Zarqaviy Al-Qoida bilan aloqasi bo'lgan islomiy jangari guruhning rahbari edi. Intervyusida Al-Majd telekanali, Afg'onistonda Zarqaviy guruhi bilan jang qilayotgan al-Qoidaning sobiq a'zosi Valid Xon al-Zarqaviy guruhi kelgan kundan boshlab Bin Laden bilan kelishmovchiliklar, fikrlar xilma-xilligi borligini tushuntirdi.[100] Sayf al-Adel Keyinchalik, Bin Ladenning harbiy boshlig'i va Misr hukumatini ag'darishga uringan misrlik, Zarqaviyning Iordaniya monarxiyasini ag'darishdagi asosiy maqsadiga loyiqligini ko'rdi. U aralashdi va Zarqaviy va Al-Qoida rahbariyati o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni yumshatdi. Afg'onistonning Eron chegarasi yaqinidagi Hirot shahri tashqarisida o'quv lagerini boshlash uchun Zarqaviyga mablag 'ajratishga kelishib olindi.[10]
Zarqaviy guruhi mablag 'olishni davom ettirdi Usama bin Ladin va "asosan vaqti-vaqti bilan takrorlanadigan kun tartibi" ni ta'qib qildi Washington Post.[101] Bu haqda terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha mutaxassislar aytib berishdi Washington Post Afg'onistonda o'quv lageri ochish uchun Zarqaviy al-Qoidaning moliyaviy yordamini qabul qilganida, uni mustaqil ravishda boshqargan va Bin Laden 11 sentyabrni rejalashtirayotgan paytda Zarqaviy Iordaniya monarxiyasini ag'darish va Isroilga hujum qilish uchun fitna ishlab chiqish bilan band edi.[102]
Washington Post Shuningdek, Germaniya razvedkasining telefonlari 2001 yil kuzida uning a'zolari Germaniyada al-Qoidaning mahalliy rahbariyati uchun pul yig'ayotgan paytda Zarqaviy g'azablanganligini aniqladilar. "Agar ular tomondan biron bir narsa kelib chiqsa, uni qabul qilmang", dedi Zarqaviy o'z izdoshlaridan biriga, to'rtta Zarqaviy operatsiyasida gumon qilingan to'rt kishining sudida bo'lib o'tgan suhbatda. Dyusseldorf.[101]
2001 yilda bin Laden al-Zarqaviyni Hirotdan Qandahorga bir necha bor chaqirib, unga sodiqlik qasamyodini so'radi. Al-Zarqaviy rad etdi; u Shimoliy alyansga qarshi tomonlarni olishni istamadi va Bin Laden va Tolibonning g'azabiga shubha qildi. Qo'shma Shtatlar Afg'oniston ichida havo urushini boshlaganida, 2001 yil 7 oktyabrda al-Zarqaviy birinchi marta al-Qoida va Tolibon bilan kuchlarni birlashtirdi. U va uning Jund al-Shomlari Hirot va Qandahorda va uning atrofida jang qildilar. 2004 yil oktyabr oyida Zarqaviy qasamyod qabul qilganida, bu sakkiz oylik muzokaralardan so'ng.[10]
Qachon Shodi Abdellah 2002 yilda hibsga olingan, u rasmiylar bilan hamkorlik qilgan, ammo al-Zarqaviy va Usama bin Ladin ilgari ishonilganidek chambarchas bog'liq emas edi, chunki ko'p jihatdan al-Zarqaviy ilgari surgan ko'plab fikrlarga qo'shilmadi. Mahfuz Uuld al-Valid al-Qoida uchun.[103]
2007 yil aprelda, avvalgi Markaziy razvedka direktori Jorj Tenet uni ozod qildi xotira sarlavhali Bo'ron markazida: Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasidagi yillarim. Kitobda u 2001 yil iyul oyida Zarqaviyning sherigi hibsga olinganligini va so'roq paytida Zarqaviyni al-Qoida xodimi bilan bog'laganini ochib beradi. Abu Zubayda.[104] Tenet ham o'z kitobida buni yozgan Thirvat Shehata va Yussef Dardiri, "al-Qoida tomonidan qamoqqa olingan yuqori martabali shaxs orasida Misr Islomiy Jihod eng yaxshi operatsion rejalashtiruvchilar ", 2002 yil may oyida Bog'dodga kelgan va" Zarqaviy lagerlariga o'qishga o'qishga yuborish "bilan shug'ullangan.[105]
AQShdan keyin Iroqqa bostirib kirish
Davomida yoki undan biroz oldin 2003 yil mart oyida Iroqqa bostirib kirish, Zarqaviy Iroqqa qaytib keldi va u erda Bin Ladenning harbiy boshlig'i bilan uchrashdi, Sayf al-Adel (Muhammad Ibrohim Makaviy), u undan "Al-Qoida" terrorchilarining Suriya orqali Iroqqa kirishini muvofiqlashtirishni so'ragan.[106][107][108] Zarqaviy bunga rozi bo'ldi va 2003 yil kuziga kelib arab islomchilarining doimiy oqimi Iroqqa Suriya orqali kirib keldi. Ushbu chet ellik jangchilarning aksariyati Tavhid a'zosi bo'lmaganiga qaramay, ular notanish mamlakatga kirib borganlaridan keyin Zarqaviyning mahalliy aloqalariga ozmi-ko'pmi qaram bo'lib qolishdi. Bundan tashqari, Tavhidning yuqori darajadagi razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish qobiliyatini hisobga olgan holda, Tavhiddan tashqari operativ xodimlarning Zarqaviy leytenantlari bilan muvofiqlashtirmasdan hujumlarni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirishi mantiqsiz edi.[106] Binobarin, Zarqaviy Iroqdagi islomiy terrorchilarning mintaqaviy "amiri" sifatida tan olingan, bin Ladenga qasamyod qilmasdan.[106]
AQSh razvedkasi 2004 yil yanvarida Zarqaviyning al-Qoida ga yo'llagan xatini tinglagan va Amerika rasmiylari bu haqda 2004 yil fevralida e'lon qilishgan. Bin Ladenga yo'llagan xatida Zarqaviy shunday deb yozgan edi:
Siz, mehribon birodarlar, siz jihod va jangning etakchilari, ko'rsatmalari va ramziy shaxslarisiz. Biz o'zimizni sizga qarshi chiqish uchun munosib deb bilmaymiz va hech qachon o'zimiz uchun shon-sharafga erishishga intilmaymiz. Biz umid qiladigan narsa, biz Islom millati va'da qilingan g'alaba va biz intilayotgan ertangi kunga o'tadigan nayza, yordamchi avangard va ko'prik bo'lamiz. Bu bizning qarashimiz va biz buni tushuntirdik. Bu bizning yo'limiz va biz buni aniq bayon qildik. Agar siz bu haqda biz bilan rozi bo'lsangiz, uni dastur va yo'l sifatida qabul qilsangiz va murtadlik mazhablariga qarshi kurashish g'oyasiga ishonchingiz komil bo'lsa, biz sizning buyrug'ingizni bajarib, sizning bayrog'ingiz ostida ishlaydigan tayyor askarlarimiz bo'lamiz, Va, albatta, sizlarga oshkora ravishda va yangiliklar vositalarida qasam ichish, kofirlarni bezovta qilish va Allohning yakdilligini voizlik qilayotganlarni xursand qilish. O'sha kuni mo'minlar Allohning g'alabasidan xursand bo'lishadi. Agar sizga boshqa narsa ko'rinadigan bo'lsa, biz birodarlarmiz va kelishmovchiliklar do'stligimizni buzmaydi. Bu bizning yaxshilik uchun hamkorlik qilishimiz va jihodni qo'llab-quvvatlashimiz uchun sababdir. Javobingizni kutib, Alloh sizni Islom va uning xalqi uchun yaxshilik kalitlari va zaxiralari sifatida asrasin.[109][110]
2004 yil oktabr oyida Islomiy veb-saytda Zarqaviy guruhi vakili nomiga joylashtirilgan xabar Zarqaviy o'z tarmog'ining Usama bin Laden va al-Qoida bilan sadoqati haqida qasamyod qilganligini e'lon qildi. Xabarda aytilishicha:
So'nggi sakkiz oy ichida "Abu Musab" (alayhissalom) va "al-Qoida" birodarligi o'rtasida ko'plab xabarlar tarqaldi va ular o'rtasida muloqot o'rnatildi. Qo'ng'iroqlarni to'xtatishdan oldin Alloh ularni qayta tiklashni tanladi va al-Qoida shahridagi eng saxiy birodarlarimiz ikki daryo va xalifalar mamlakati bo'lgan Iroqdagi Tavhid val-Jihod tashkilotining strategiyasini, va ularning yuraklari uning usullari va umumiy missiyasiga iliqlik baxsh etdi. Ma'lumki, at-Tavhid val-Jihod o'z rahbarlarini ham, askarlarini ham mujohid qo'mondoni shayx Usama bin Ladenga (so'zda va amalda) va Alloh uchun jihod qilishga boshqa ixtilof bo'lmaguncha va'da beradi. [Islom saflari orasida] va barcha dinlar Ollohga yuzlanmoqda ... Allohga qasamki, ey mujohidlar shayxi, agar bizni ummonga sho'ng'ishga buyurgan bo'lsangiz, biz ham sizga ergashgan bo'lar edik. Agar shunday buyurgan bo'lsangiz, biz itoat qilar edik. Agar siz bizga biror narsani taqiqlagan bo'lsangiz, biz sizning xohishingizga bo'ysunamiz. Siz Islom qo'shinlari uchun favqulodda kofirlar va murtadlarga qarshi qanday yaxshi qo'mondonsiz![111]
2004 yil 27 dekabrda, Al-Jazira Bin Ladinning Zarqaviyni "Iroqdagi Al-Qoidaning shahzodasi" deb atagan audio tasmasini translyatsiya qildi va "bizning barcha birodarlarimiz uni tinglashlarini va yaxshi ishlarida unga itoat etishlarini" so'radi.[112] O'sha paytdan beri Zarqaviy o'z tashkilotiga murojaat qilgan Tanzim Qaydat al-Jihod fi Bilad al-Rafidayn.[iqtibos kerak ]
2007 yil may oyida Prezident Jorj V.Bush Bin Laden Zarqaviyni AQSh ichkarisidagi zarbalarni rejalashtirish uchun jalb qilganligi haqida AQSh razvedkasining hisobotini sirdan chiqarib, 2005 yil yanvarida bin Laden Zarqaviyga Iroq ichkarisida AQShga qarshi hujumlarni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish uchun foydalaniladigan uyani tashkil qilishni buyurganligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi. "Bin Laden terrorchi Zarqaviyga ... Iroqdan tashqarida teraktlar uyushtirishni buyurdi", - dedi Bush. Sohil xavfsizlik akademiyasi. "Bin Laden Amerika Zarqaviyning birinchi raqamli vazifasi bo'lishi kerakligini ta'kidladi."[113]
Terrorizm bo'yicha mutaxassislarning alyans haqidagi fikri
Mutaxassislarning fikriga ko'ra, Zarqaviy al-Qoidani Iroqda uning asl rahbarlari yashiringan yoki o'ldirilgan bir paytda Iroqda juda katta ko'rinishga ega qildi. 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi teraktlar Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[102] O'z navbatida, al-Qoida rahbarlari Iroqda yangi franchayzani ishlab chiqarishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi va ular AQSh kuchlarini chiqarib yuborish uchun kurashda birinchi o'rinda ekanliklarini da'vo qilishdi.[102] Ammo bu munosabatlar zaif ekanligi isbotlandi, chunki Zarqaviy AQSh armiyasiga qaraganda tez-tez Iroq shialariga qarshi hujumlarni kuchaytirib, al-Qoida rahbarlarini g'azablantirdi. 2005 yil sentyabr oyida AQSh razvedkasi rasmiylari Al-Qoida rahbarining o'rinbosari, degan uzun xatni musodara qilganliklarini aytishdi. Ayman az-Zavohiriy, Zarqaviyga xat yozib, musulmonlarning jamoatchilik fikri unga qarshi tomon burilayotganidan ochiqchasiga ogohlantirgan.[102] Ga binoan Pol Uilkinson, Terrorizm va siyosiy zo'ravonlikni o'rganish markazi raisi Sent-Endryus universiteti yilda Shotlandiya, "Al-Qoidaning bir qator arboblari uning Iroqda qo'llagan taktikasidan noqulay edi ... Zarqaviy bilan aniq-ravshanki, al-Qoidaning asosiy rahbariyati borgan sari ular o'zlarining yo'llarini boshqara olmaydilar. tarmoq filiallari ishlagan. "[114]
U.S. officials' view of the alliance
In June 2004, Secretary of Defense Donald Ramsfeld conceded that Zarqawi's ties to Al Qaeda may have been much more ambiguous—and that he may have been more of a rival than a lieutenant to bin Laden. Zarqawi "may very well not have sworn allegiance to [bin Laden]", Rumsfeld said at a Pentagon briefing. "Maybe he disagrees with him on something, maybe because he wants to be 'The Man' himself and maybe for a reason that's not known to me." Rumsfeld added, "someone could legitimately say he's not Al Qaeda."[115]
According to the Senate Report on Prewar Intelligence released in September 2006, "in April 2003 the CIA learned from a senior al-Qa'ida detainee that al-Zarqawi had rebuffed several efforts by bin Ladin to recruit him. The detainee claimed that al-Zarqawi had religious differences with bin Ladin and disagreed with bin Laden's singular focus against the United States. The CIA assessed in April 2003 that al-Zarqawi planned and directed independent terrorist operations without al Qaeda direction, but assessed that he 'most likely contracts out his network's services to al Qaeda in return for material and financial assistance from key al Qaeda facilitators.'"[116]
In the April 2006 Milliy razvedka taxminlari, declassified in September 2006, it asserts, "Al-Qa'ida, now merged with Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi's network, is exploiting the situation in Iraq to attract new recruits and donors and to maintain its leadership role."[117]
Links to Saddam Hussein
On February 5, 2003, then Secretary of State Kolin Pauell ga murojaat qildi U.N. Security Council on the issue of Iraq. Regarding Zarqawi, Powell stated that:
Iraq today harbors a deadly terrorist network headed by Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, an associate and collaborator of Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda lieutenants. When our coalition ousted the Taliban, the Zarqawi network helped establish another poison and explosive training center camp. And this camp is located in northeastern Iraq. He traveled to Baghdad in May 2002 for medical treatment, staying in the capital of Iraq for two months while he recuperated to fight another day. During this stay, nearly two dozen extremists converged on Baghdad and established a base of operations there. These Al Qaeda affiliates, based in Baghdad, now coordinate the movement of people, money and supplies into and throughout Iraq for his network, and they've now been operating freely in the capital for more than eight months. We asked a friendly security service to approach Baghdad about extraditing Zarqawi and providing information about him and his close associates. This service contacted Iraqi officials twice, and we passed details that should have made it easy to find Zarqawi. The network remains in Baghdad.[118]
Zarqawi recuperated in Baghdad after being wounded while fighting along with Toliblar and al-Qaeda fighters in Afghanistan.[119] 2004 yilga ko'ra Iroq bo'yicha urushdan oldingi razvedkaning Senatning hisoboti, "A foreign government service asserted that the IIS (Iraqi Intelligence Service) knew where al-Zarqawi was located despite Baghdad's claims that it could not find him."[120] The Senate Report on Prewar Intelligence also stated "As indicated in Iraqi Support for Terrorism, the Iraqi regime was, at a minimum, aware of al-Zarqawi's presence in Baghdad in 2002 because a foreign government service passed information regarding his whereabouts to Iraqi authorities in June 2002. Despite Iraq's pervasive security apparatus and its receipt of detailed information about al-Zarqawi's possible location, however, Iraqi Intelligence told the foreign government service it could not locate al-Zarqawi."[121]
Jordanian analysis
A Jordanian security official told Washington Post that documents recovered after the overthrow of Saddam show that Iraqi agents detained some of Zarqawi's operatives but released them after questioning. U shuningdek aytdi Washington Post that the Iraqis warned the Zarqawi operatives that the Jordanians knew where they were.[119] The official also told Washington Post, "'We sent many memos to Iraq during this time, asking them to identify his position, where he was, how he got weapons, how he smuggled them across the border,' but Hussein's government never responded."[iqtibos kerak ]
This claim was reiterated by Jordanian King Abdulla II bilan suhbatda Al-Hayat. Abdullah revealed that Saddam Xuseyn had rejected repeated requests from Jordan to hand over al-Zarqawi. According to Abdullah, "We had information that he entered Iraq from a neighboring country, where he lived and what he was doing. We informed the Iraqi authorities about all this detailed information we had, but they didn't respond." Abdullah told the Al-Hayat that Jordan exerted "big efforts" with Saddam's government to extradite al-Zarqawi, but added, "our demands that the former regime hand him over were in vain."[122]
One high-level Jordanian intelligence official told Atlantika that al-Zarqawi, after leaving Afghanistan in December 2001, frequently traveled to the Sunni Triangle of Iraq where he expanded his network, recruited and trained new fighters, and set up bases, safe houses, and military training camps. He said, however, "We know Zarqawi better than he knows himself. And I can assure you that he never had any links to Saddam."[123]
Terrorizmga qarshi kurash olim Loretta Napoleoni quotes former Jordanian parliamentarian Layth Shubaylat, a radikal islomchi opposition figure,[124] who was personally acquainted with both Zarqawi and Saddam Hussein:
First of all, I don't think the two ideologies go together, I'm sure the former Iraqi leadership saw no interest in contacting al-Zarqawi or al-Qaeda operatives. The mentality of al-Qaeda simply doesn't go with the Ba'athist one. When he was in prison in Jordan with Shubaylat, Abu Mos'ab wouldn't accept me, said Shubaylat, because I'm opposition, even if I'm a Muslim. How could he accept Saddam Hussein, a secular dictator?[61][125]
U.S. conclusion
A Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi report in late 2004 concluded that there was no evidence Saddam's government was involved or even aware of this medical treatment, and found no conclusive evidence the regime had harbored Zarqawi. Bu haqda AQSh rasmiysi ma'lum qildi Reuters that the report was a mix of new information and a look at some older information and did not make any final judgments or come to any definitive conclusions. "To suggest the case is closed on this would not be correct," the official said.[126] A U.S. official familiar with the report told Ritsar-Ridder, "what is indisputable is that Zarqawi was operating out of Baghdad and was involved in a lot of bad activities." Another U.S. official summarized the report as such: "The evidence is that Saddam never gave Zarqawi anything."[127]
According to the 2004 Senate Report on Prewar Intelligence, "The CIA provided four reports detailing the debriefings of Abu Zubayda, a captured senior coordinator for al-Qaida responsible for training and recruiting. Abu Zubaydah said that he was not aware of a relationship between Iraq and al-Qaida. He also said, however, that any relationship would be highly compartmented and went on to name al-Qaida members who he thought had good contacts with the Iraqis. For instance, Abu Zubaydah indicated that he had heard that an important al-Qaida associate, Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi, and others had good relationships with Iraqi Intelligence."[128]
A classified memo obtained by Stiven F. Xeyz, Tayyorlagan shaxs Mudofaa siyosati bo'yicha maslahatchisi Duglas J. Feith in response to questions posed by the Senatning razvedka qo'mitasi as part of its investigation into prewar intelligence, stated the following regarding al-Zarqawi:
Sensitive reporting indicates senior terrorist planner and close al Qaeda associate al Zarqawi has had an operational alliance with Iraqi officials. As of October 2002, al Zarqawi maintained contacts with the IIS to procure weapons and explosives, including surface-to-air missiles from an IIS officer in Baghdad. According to sensitive reporting, al Zarqawi was setting up sleeper cells in Baghdad to be activated in case of a U.S. occupation of the city, suggesting his operational cooperation with the Iraqis may have deepened in recent months. Such cooperation could include IIS provision of a secure operating bases [sic] and steady access to arms and explosives in preparation for a possible U.S. invasion. Al Zarqawi's procurements from the Iraqis also could support al Qaeda operations against the U.S. or its allies elsewhere.[129]
The memo was a collection of raw intelligence reports and drew no conclusions. U.S. intelligence officials conveyed to Newsweek that the "reports [in the memo] were old, uncorroborated and came from sources of unknown if not dubious credibility".[130][79]
The 2006 Senate Report on Prewar Intelligence concluded that Zarqawi was not a link between Saddam and al-Qaeda: "Postwar information indicates that Saddam Hussein attempted, unsuccessfully, to locate and capture al-Zarqawi and that the regime did not have a relationship with, harbor, or turn a blind eye toward Zarqawi." The report also cited the debriefing of a "high-ranking Iraqi official" by the FBI. The official stated that a foreign government requested in October 2002 that the IIS locate five individuals suspected of involvement in the murder of Laurence Foley, which led to the arrest of Abu Yasim Sayyem in early 2003.[131] The official told the Federal qidiruv byurosi that evidence of Sayyem's ties to Zarqawi was compelling, and thus, he was "shocked" when Sayemm was ordered released by Saddam. The official stated it "was ludicrous to think that the IIS had any involvement with al-Qaeda or Zarqawi," and suggested Saddam let Sayyem go because he "would participate in striking U.S. forces when they entered Iraq." In 2005, according to the Senate report, the CIA amended its 2004 report to conclude, "the regime did not have a relationship, harbor, or turn a blind eye toward Zarqawi and his associates." (91-92 betlar ) An intelligence official familiar with the CIA assessment also told Maykl Isikoff ning Newsweek magazine that the current draft of the report says that while Zarqawi did likely receive medical treatment in Baghdad in 2002, the report concludes, "most evidence suggests Saddam Hussein did not provide Zarqawi safe haven before the war, ... [but] it also recognizes that there are still unanswered questions and gaps in knowledge about the relationship."[132]
The Army's Foreign Military Studies Office website translated a letter dated August 17, 2002 from an Iraqi intelligence official. The letter is part of the "Iroq ozodligi" operatsiyasi. The letter asks agents in the country to be on the lookout for Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and another unnamed man. Pictures of both men were attached.[iqtibos kerak ]
The letter issued the following 3 directives:[iqtibos kerak ]
- Instructing your sources to continue their surveillance of the above-mentioned individuals in your area of operations and inform us once you initiate such action.
- Coordinate with Directorate 18 to verify the photographs of the above-mentioned with photos of the members of the Jordanian community within your area of operations.
- Conduct a comprehensive survey of all tourist facilities (hotels, furnished apartments, and leased homes). Give this matter your utmost attention. Keep us informed.
The documents also contain responses to this request. One response, dated August 2002, states "Upon verifying the information through our sources and friends in the field as well as office (3), we found no information to confirm the presence of the above-mentioned in our area of operation. Please review, we suggest circulating the contents of this message." Another response, also dated August 2002, states "After closely examining the data and through our sources and friends in (SATTS: U R A) square, and in Al-Qa'im immigration office, and in Office (3), none of the mentioned individuals are documented to be present in our area of jurisdiction."[133][134][135]
Ga binoan ABC News, "The letter seems to be coming from or going to Trebil, a town on the Iraqi-Jordanian border. Follow up on the presence of those subjects is ordered, as well as a comparison of their pictures with those of Jordanian subjects living in Iraq. (This may be referring to pictures of Abu Musaab al Zarqawi and another man on pp. 4–6.)"[136]
Uning kitobida Bo'ron markazida, Jorj Tenet yozadi:
... by the spring and summer of 2002, more than a dozen al-Qa'ida-affiliated extremists converged on Baghdad, with apparently no harassment on the part of the Iraqi government. They found a comfortable and secure environment in which they moved people and supplies to support Zarqawi's operations in northern Iraq.[105]
According to Tenet, while Zarqawi did find a safe haven in Iraq and did supervise camps in northeastern Iraq run by the Kurdish group Ansor al-Islom, "the intelligence did not show any Iraqi authority, direction, or control over any of the many specific terrorist acts carried out by al-Qa'ida."[137]
Debates over level of influence
How much influence al-Zarqawi had in Iraq and after his death is disputed.
Ahamiyati
Writing in 2015, nine years after his death, an anonymous author in the Nyu-York kitoblarining sharhi describes al-Zarqawi as having been responsible for "turning an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni civil war".[3] Washington Post muxbir Jobi Uorrik argues that al-Zarqawi was the founder of "the group that became IShID ".[138] Among other things, Warrick believes al-Zarqawi expanded the already broad "parameters of violence" in Iraq and the Middle East.
He personally beheaded civilians on video; directed suicide bombs at targets that other jihadis considered off limits like the UN, NGOs, and Arab embassies; and struck Shia religious targets with the ultimately successfully goal of provoking a destabilizing Sunni–Shia civil war. Even Al Qaeda thought he was going too far ... but Zarqawi's methods proved to have enduring traction long after his death in 2006.[138]
While the US "qo'shinlarning ko'tarilishi "va"Uyg'onish " movement left his movement "all but dead" in 2009, it survived and metastasized into IShID according to author David Ignatius.[139]
Doubts about his importance
Some months before and after his killing, several sources claimed that Zarqawi was variously an American "Boogeyman" and product of its war propaganda, the product of faulty U.S. intelligence, a U.S. or Israeli agent, did not really exist, was unlikely to be an important insurgent leader because he had no real leadership capabilities, and/or did not behead Nicholas Berg.
Ga ko'ra Hamdo'stlik instituti his notoriety was the product of U.S. war propaganda designed to promote the image of a iblis enemy figure to help justify continued U.S. military operations in Iraq,[140] perhaps with the tacit support of jihod elements who wished to use him as a propaganda tool or as a distraction.[141] In one report, conservative newspaper Daily Telegraph described the claim that Zarqawi was the head of the "terrorist network" in Iraq as a "myth". This report cited an unnamed U.S. military intelligence source to the effect that the Zarqawi leadership "myth" was initially caused by faulty intelligence, but was later accepted because it suited U.S. government political goals.[142] Bittasi Sunniy insurgent leader claimed, "Zarqawi is an American, Israeli and Iranian agent who is trying to keep our country unstable so that the Sunnis will keep facing occupation."[143][qachon? ]
On February 18, 2006, Shiit ruhoniy Muqtada as-Sadr made similar charges:
I believe he is fictitious. He is a knife or a pistol in the hands of the occupier. I believe that all three – the occupation, the takfir (i.e. the practice of declaring other Muslims to be heretics) supporters, and the Saddam supporters – stem from the same source, because the takfir supporters and the Saddam supporters are a weapon in the hands of America and it pins its crimes on them.[144]
2006 yil 10 aprelda, Washington Post reported that the U.S. military conducted a major propaganda offensive designed to exaggerate Zarqawi's role in the Iraqi insurgency.[145] General Mark Kimmitt says of the propaganda campaign that there "was no attempt to manipulate the press". In an internal briefing, Kimmitt is quoted as stating, "The Zarqawi PSYOP Program is the most successful information campaign to date." The main goal of the propaganda campaign seems to have been to exacerbate a rift between insurgent forces in Iraq, but intelligence experts worried that it had actually enhanced Zarqawi's influence.[145] Polkovnik Derek Harvey, who served as a military intelligence officer in Iraq and then was one of the top officers handling Iraq intelligence issues on the staff of the Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari, warned an Army meeting in 2004, "Our own focus on Zarqawi has enlarged his caricature, if you will – made him more important than he really is, in some ways."[145] While Pentagon spokespersons state unequivocally that PSYOPs may not be used to influence American citizens, there is little question that the information disseminated through the program has found its way into American media sources. Washington Post also notes, "One briefing slide about U.S. 'strategic communications' in Iraq, prepared for Army Gen. Jorj V.Keysi kichik, the top U.S. commander in Iraq, describes the 'home audience' as one of six major targets of the American side of the war."[145]
On July 4, 2006, the U.S. ambassador to Baghdad Zalmay Xalilzod bilan suhbatda BBC, said: "In terms of the level of violence, it (the death of al-Zarqawi) has not had any impact at this point... the level of violence is still quite high." But Khalilzad maintained his view that the killing had though encouraged some insurgent groups to "reach out" and join government reconciliation talks; he believed that previously these groups were intimidated by Zarqawi's presence.[146]
On June 8, 2006, on the BBC's Savol vaqti dasturi, Partiyani hurmat qiling Deputat Jorj Galloway referred to al-Zarqawi as "a 'Boogeyman ', built up by the Americans to try and perpetrate the lie that the resistance in Iraq are by foreigners, and that the mass of the Iraqis are with the American and British occupation". Jeffri Gettleman ning The New York Times supported this saying "several people who knew Mr. Zarqawi well, including former cellmates, voiced doubts about his ability to be an insurgent leader, or the leader of anything."[147] In the July/August 2006 issue of Atlantika, Mary Anne Weaver doubted that the figure who beheaded Nikolas Berg in the execution video was in fact al-Zarqawi.[10]
In a story detailing her captivity in Iraq, Jil Kerol, uchun jurnalist Christian Science Monitor, casts doubt on al-Zarqawi's alleged unimportance. She describes how one of her captors, who identified himself as Abdullah Rashid and leader of the Mujohidlar Sho'ro kengashi in Iraq, conveyed to her that:
The Americans were constantly saying that the mujahideen in Iraq were led by foreigners... So, the Iraqi insurgents went to Zarqawi and insisted that an Iraqi be put in charge. But as I saw in coming weeks, Zarqawi remained the insurgents' hero, and the most influential member of their council, whatever Nour/Rashid's position. And it seemed to me, based on snatches of conversations, that two cell leaders under him – Abu Rasha and Abu Ahmed [al-Kuwaiti] – might also be on the council. At various times, I heard my captors discussing changes in their plans because of directives from the council and Zarqawi.[148]
Pre-war assassination opportunities
Ga binoan NBC News, the Pentagon had pushed to "take out" Zarqawi's operation at least three times prior to the 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish, lekin edi veto qo'ydi tomonidan Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi.[149] The NSC reportedly made its decision in an effort to convince other countries to join the U.S. in a coalition against Iraq. "People were more obsessed with developing the coalition to overthrow Saddam than to execute the president's policy of pre-emption against terrorists," said former National Security Council member Roger Cressey.[150]
In May 2005, former CIA official Maykl Scheuer, who headed the CIA's bin Laden unit for six years before resigning in 2004, corroborated this. Paraphrasing his remarks, the Avstraliya teleradioeshittirish korporatsiyasi stated Scheuer claimed, "the United States deliberately turned down several opportunities to kill terrorist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in the lead-up to the Iraq war." ABC added, "a plan to destroy Zarqawi's training camp in Kurdistan was abandoned for diplomatic reasons." Scheuer explained, "the reasons the intelligence service got for not shooting Zarqawi was simply that the President and the National Security Council decided it was more important not to give the Europeans the impression we were gunslingers" in an effort to win support for ousting Saddam Xuseyn.[151]
This claim was also corroborated by CENTCOM's Deputy Commander, General-leytenant Michael DeLong, bilan suhbatda PBS on February 14, 2006. DeLong, however, claims that the reasons for abandoning the opportunity to take out Zarqawi's camp was that the Pentagon feared that an attack would contaminate the area with kimyoviy qurol materiallar:
We almost took them out three months before the Iraq war started. We almost took that thing, but we were so concerned that the chemical cloud from there could devastate the region that we chose to take them by land rather than by smart weapons.[152]
In his 2010 memoir Qaror ochkolari, President Bush recounted:
The question was whether to bomb the poisons lab in the summer of 2002. We held a series of NSC meetings on that topic... Colin [Powell] and Condi [Condoleezza Rice] felt a strike on the lab would create an international firestorm and disrupt our efforts to build a coalition to confront Saddam... I decided to continue on the diplomatic track.[153]
Reports of death, detention and injuries
Missing leg
Claims of harm to Zarqawi changed over time. Early in 2002, there were unverified reports from Afg'oniston Shimoliy Ittifoqi members that Zarqawi had been killed by a missile attack in Afghanistan. Many news sources repeated the claim. Later, Kurdish groups claimed that Zarqawi had not died in the missile strike, but had been severely injured, and went to Bag'dod in 2002 to have his leg amputated.[154] On October 7, 2002, the day before Kongress voted to give President George W. Bush authorization to invade Iraq, Bush gave a speech in Sinsinnati (Ogayo shtati), that repeated as fact the claim that he had sought medical treatment in Baghdad.[155] This was one of several of President Bush's examples of ways Saddam Hussein had aided, funded, and harbored al-Qaeda. Powell repeated this claim in his February 2003 speech to the UN, urging a resolution for war, and it soon became "common knowledge" that Zarqawi had a protez oyoq.[iqtibos kerak ]
2004 yilda, Newsweek reported that some "senior U.S. military officials in Baghdad" had come to believe that he still had his original legs.[156] Ritsar Ridder later reported that the leg amputation was something "officials now acknowledge was incorrect".[157]
When the video of the Berg beheading was released in 2004, credence was given to the claim that Zarqawi was alive and active. The man identified as Zarqawi in the video did not appear to have a prosthetic leg. Videos of Zarqawi aired in 2006 that clearly showed him with both legs intact. When Zarqawi's body was autopsied, X-rays revealed that his right lower leg was fractured.[158]
Claims of death
In March 2004, an insurgent group in Iraq issued a statement saying that Zarqawi had been killed in April 2003. The statement said that he was unable to escape the missile attack because of his prosthetic leg. His followers claimed he was killed in a U.S. bombing raid in the north of Iraq.[159] The claim that Zarqawi had been killed in northern Iraq "at the beginning of the war", and that subsequent use of his name was a useful myth, was repeated in September 2005 by Sheikh Jawad Al-Khalessi, a Shiite imom.[160]
On May 24, 2005, it was reported on an Islamic website that a deputy would take command of Al-Qaeda while Zarqawi recovered from injuries sustained in an attack.[161][162] Later that week the Iraqi government confirmed that Zarqawi had been wounded by U.S. forces, although the battalion did not realize it at the time. The extent of his injuries is not known, although some radikal islomiy websites called for prayers for his health.[161] There are reports that a local hospital treated a man, suspected to be Zarqawi, with severe injuries. He was also said to have subsequently left Iraq for a neighbouring country, accompanied by two physicians.[163] However, later that week the radical Islamic website retracted its report about his injuries and claimed that he was in fine health and was running the jihad operation.[iqtibos kerak ]
In a September 16, 2005, article published by Le Monde, Sheikh Jawad Al-Kalesi claimed that al-Zarqawi was killed in the Kurdish northern region of Iraq at the beginning of the U.S.-led war on the country as he was meeting with members of the Kurdish Ansor al-Islom group affiliated to al-Qaeda. Al-Kalesi also claimed "His family in Jordan even held a ceremony after his death." He also claimed, "Zarqawi has been used as a ploy by the United States, as an excuse to continue the occupation" and saying, "It was a pretext so they don't leave Iraq."[164]
On November 20, 2005, some news sources reported that Zarqawi may have been killed in a coalition assault on a house in Mosul; five of those in the house were killed in the assault while the other three died through using 'o'z joniga qasd qilish kamarlari ' of explosives. United States and British soldiers searched the remains,[165] with U.S. forces using DNK samples to identify the dead.[166] However, none of those remains belonged to him.[iqtibos kerak ]
On June 8, 2006, NBC news and the Pentagon reported that the US Special Operations Group Delta Force had been responsible for killing Zarqawi.
Pentagon officials have refused to say whether U.S. special operations forces participated in the al-Zarqawi operation Wednesday, but a comment Friday by President Bush suggested that some of the military’s most secretive units may have been involved on the ground. Speaking to reporters, Bush mentioned that among the senior officers he called to offer congratulations for killing Zarqawi was Army Lt. Gen. Stanley McChrystal, commander of Joint Special Operations Command, whose forces include the Army’s clandestine counterterrorism unit, Delta Force.[163]
Reportedly captured and released
A CNN report dated December 15, 2005,[167] al-Zarqawi was captured by Iraqi forces sometime during 2004 and later released because his captors did not realize who he was. This claim was made by a Saudi suicide bomber, Ahmed Abdullah al-Shaiyah, who survived a failed suicide attack to blow up the Jordanian mission in Baghdad in December.[168] "Do you know what has happened to Zarqawi and where he is?" an Iraqi investigator asked Mr. Shaiyah.[168] He answered, "I don't know, but I heard from some of my mujahadeen brothers that Iraqi police had captured Zarqawi in Falluja."[168] Mr. Shaiyah says he then heard that the police let the terrorist go because they had failed to recognize him. U.S. officials called the report "plausible" but refused to confirm it.[iqtibos kerak ]
O'lim
Zarqawi was killed in a maqsadli o'ldirish on June 7, 2006, while attending a meeting in an isolated xavfsiz uy approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baqubax.[169][170][171] At 14:15 GMT, two Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari F-16 C jets[172] identified the house and the lead jet dropped two 500-pound (230 kg) guided bombs, a laser-guided GBU-12 va GPS - qo'llanma GBU-38 on the building located at 33°48′02.83″N 44°30′48.58″E / 33.8007861°N 44.5134944°E. Five others were also reported killed.[173]
The joint task force (Maxsus guruh 145 ) had been tracking him for some time, and although there were some close calls, he had eluded them on many occasions. United States intelligence officials then received tips from Iraqi senior leaders from Zarqawi's network that he and some of his associates were in the Baqubah area.[174] Kitobga ko'ra Task Force Black tomonidan Mark Urban, the intelligence was received from a senior AQI leader who the author Mark Bowden dubbed "Abu Haydr" who had been captured in Larchvud 4 operatsiyasi.[175] The safehouse itself was watched for over six weeks before Zarqawi was observed entering the building by operators from Task Force 145. Jordanian intelligence reportedly helped to identify his location.[176] The area was subsequently secured by Iraqi security forces, who were the first ground forces to arrive.[iqtibos kerak ]
On June 8, 2006, coalition forces confirmed that Zarqawi's body was identified by facial recognition, fingerprinting, known scars and tattoos.[177][178] They also announced the death of one of his key lieutenants, spiritual adviser Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman.[179]
Initially, the U.S. military reported that Zarqawi was killed directly in the attack. However, according to a statement made the following day by Major General Uilyam Kolduell of the U.S. Army, Zarqawi survived for a short time after the bombing and, after being placed on a stretcher, attempted to move and was restrained, after which he died from his injuries.[180] An Iraqi man, who claims to have arrived on the scene a few moments after the attack, said he saw U.S. troops beating up the badly wounded but still alive Zarqawi.[181][182] In contradiction, Caldwell asserted that when U.S. troops found Zarqawi barely alive they tried to provide him with medical help, rejecting the allegations that he was beaten based on an autopsy performed. The account of the Iraqi witness has not been verified.[183] All others in the house died immediately in the blasts. On June 12, 2006, it was reported that an autopsy performed by the U.S. military revealed that the cause of death to Zarqawi was a blast injury to the lungs but he took nearly an hour to die.[184]
The U.S. government distributed an image of Zarqawi's corpse as part of the press pack associated with the press conference. The release of the image has been criticised for being in questionable taste and for inadvertently creating an iconic image of Zarqawi that would be used to rally his supporters.[185][186]
O'limga reaktsiyalar
Iroq Bosh vaziri Nuriy al-Malikiy commented on the death of Zarqawi by saying: "Today, Zarqawi has been terminated. Every time a Zarqawi appears we will kill him. We will continue confronting whoever follows his path."[187]
United States President George W. Bush stated that through his every action Zarqawi sought to defeat America and its coalition partners by turning Iraq into a safe haven for al-Qaeda. Bush also stated, "Now Zarqawi has met his end and this violent man will never murder again."[188]
Zarqawi's brother-in-law has since claimed that he was a shahid even though the family renounced Zarqawi and his actions in the aftermath of the Amman triple suicide bombing that killed at least 60 people.[189] The opinion of Iraqis on his death was mixed; some believed that it would promote peace between the warring factions, while others were convinced that his death would provoke his followers to a massive qasos and cause more bombings and deaths in Iraq.[176]
Ga tegishli bo'lgan bayonot Abu Abdul Rahmon "al-Iraqi", the deputy of al-Zarqawi, was released to Islomchi websites, indicating that al-Qaeda in Iraq also confirmed Zarqawi's death, however Abu Abdul Rahman was killed during the same operation that killed al-Zarqawi. The online statement stated "We herald the martyrdom of our mujahed Sheikh Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq ... and we stress that this is an honor to our nation."[190][179][191]
On June 16, 2006, Abu Abdullah Rashid al-Baghdadi, the head of the Mujahideen Shura Council, which groups five Iroq qo'zg'oloni tashkilotlar, shu jumladan Iroqdagi Al-Qoida, released an audiotape statement in which he described the death of al-Zarqawi as a "great loss". He continued by stating that al-Zarqawi "will remain a symbol for all the mujahideen, who will take strength from his steadfastness". Al-Baghdadi is believed to be a former officer in Saddam's army, or its elite Respublika gvardiyasi, who has worked closely with al-Zarqawi since the overthrow of Saddam's regime 2003 yil aprelda.[192]
Counterterrorism officials have said that al-Zarqawi had become a key part of al-Qaeda's marketing campaign and that al-Zarqawi served as a "worldwide jihadist rallying point and a fundraising icon". Rep. Mayk Rojers, R-Mich., who serves on the House Intelligence Committee, called al-Zarqawi "The terrorist celeb, if you will, ... It is like selling for any organization. They are selling the success of Zarqawi in eluding capture in Iraq."[193]
On June 23, 2006, Al Jazeera aired a video in which Ayman az-Zavohiriy, Al-Qaeda's No. 2 leader, states that Zarqawi was "a soldier, a hero, an imom and the prince of martyrs, [and his death] has defined the struggle between the crusaders and Islam in Iraq".[194]
On June 30, 2006, Osama bin Laden released an audio recording in which he stated, "Our Islamic nation was surprised to find its knight, the lion of jihad, the man of determination and will, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, killed in a shameful American raid. We pray to Allah to bless him and accept him among the martyrs as he had hoped for." Bin Laden also defended al-Zarqawi, saying he had "clear instructions" to focus on U.S.-led forces in Iraq but also "for those who ... stood to fight on the side of the crusaders against the Muslims, then he should kill them whoever they are, regardless of their sect or tribe." Shortly after, he released another audio tape in which he stated, "Our brothers, the mujahedeen in the al-Qaeda organization, have chosen the dear brother Abu Hamza al-Muhajer as their leader to succeed the Amir Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. I advise him to focus his fighting on the Americans and everyone who supports them and allies himself with them in their war on the people of Islam and Iraq."[195][196][197]
Alleged betrayal by al-Qaeda
A day before Zarqawi was killed, a U.S. strategic analysis site[198] suggested that Zarqawi could have lost the trust of Al-Qaeda due to his emphatic anti-Shia stance and the massacres of civilians allegedly committed in his name. Hisobotlar The New York Times on June 8 treated the betrayal by at least one fellow Al-Qaeda member as fact, stating that an individual close to Zarqawi disclosed the identity and location of Sheikh Abu Abdul Rahman to Jordanian and American intelligence. Non-stop surveillance of Abu Abdul Rahmon quickly led to Zarqawi.[179] The Associated Press quotes an unnamed Jordanian official as saying that the effort to find Zarqawi was successful partly due to information that Jordan obtained one month beforehand from a captured Zarqawi Al-Qaeda operative named Ziyod Xalaf Raja al-Karbuli.[199]
Sovrin
In apparent contradiction to statements made earlier in the day by U.S. ambassador to Iraq Zalmay Xalilzod, an Iraqi spokesman said the US$25 million reward "will be honored".[200] Khalilzad, in an interview with CNN's Bo'ri Blitser, had stated the bounty would not be paid because the decisive information leading to Zarqawi's whereabouts had been supplied by an al-Qaeda in Iraq operative whose own complicity in violent acts would disqualify him from receiving payment.[iqtibos kerak ]
Rep. Mark Kirk, a Respublika ning Illinoys who drafted the legislation specifying the Zarqawi reward, was quoted as saying contemporaneously that the Bush Administration planned to pay "some rewards" for Zarqawi. "I don't have the specifics," he stated. "The administration is now working out who will get it and how much. As their appropriator who funds them, I asked them to let me know if they need more money to run the rewards program now that they are paying this out."[201]
Post-Zarqawi Iraq environment
Zarqawi's death was seen as a major coup for the U.S. government in terms of the political and propaganda stakes. However, unconfirmed rumors in early April 2006 suggested that Zarqawi had been demoted from a strategic or coordinating function to overseer of paramilitary/terrorist activities of his group and that Abdullah bin Rashed al-Baghdadi of the Mujahideen Shura Council succeeded Zarqawi in the former function. On June 15, 2006, the United States military officially identified Abu Ayyub al-Masriy as the successor to Al-Qaeda in Iraq.[202]
After Zarqawi's demise in early June 2006 there was little or no immediately identifiable change in terms of the level of violence and attacks against U.S. and allied troops. In the immediate aftermath insurgency attacks averaged 90 a day, apparently some of the highest on record.[203] Four months after Zarqawi's death, it was estimated that 374 coalition soldiers and 10,355 Iraqis had been killed.[204] Several insurgency groups and heads of Sunni Muslim tribes also formed a coalition called the Mujahideen Shura Council.[205]
2007 yil oxiriga kelib AQI tomonidan Iroqning tinch aholisiga qarshi qilingan zo'ravonlik va beg'araz hujumlar ularning imidjiga jiddiy putur etkazdi va aholi o'rtasida qo'llab-quvvatlanishni yo'qotib, guruhni izolyatsiya qildi. AQIga katta zarba berib, ilgari guruh bilan birga jang qilgan minglab sobiq sunniy jangarilar AQIga qarshi faol kurash olib borishdi, shuningdek, Anbar Uyg'onish Kengashini tashkil etishdan boshlab Amerika va Iroq kuchlari bilan ishlashdi. Anbar kelib chiqishi. Guruh sunniylarning barcha shaharlari va jamoalariga va shialarning ba'zi hududlariga tarqalib, kengroq nom oldi Iroqning o'g'illari. Iroqning o'g'illari koalitsiya kuchlariga qurol-yarog 'saqlanadigan joylar va jangarilar to'g'risida maslahatlar berishda muhim rol o'ynadi, natijada 2500 dan ziyod qurol saqlanadigan joy yo'q qilindi va 800 dan ortiq jangari o'ldirildi yoki qo'lga olindi. Bundan tashqari, AQShning 30 mingta kuchli kuchlari harbiy rejalashtiruvchilarni Iroqdagi Al-Qoidani nishonga olish operatsiyalari uchun ko'proq ishchi kuchi bilan ta'minladi, Mujohadin Shura Kengashi, Ansor al-sunna va boshqa terroristik guruhlar. Natijada sodir bo'lgan voqealar o'nlab yuqori darajadagi AQI rahbarlarini qo'lga olish yoki o'ldirishga olib keldi. Al-Qoida Iroqda o'z o'rnini yo'qotib qo'ygandek tuyuldi va ulkan qurol-yarog 'omborlari, etakchilari, xavfsiz joylari va ularni qo'llab-quvvatlashni istagan iroqliklar yo'qligi sababli qattiq nogiron bo'lib qoldi. Shunga ko'ra, Abu Ayyub al-Masriyga berilgan ne'mat, aka Nihoyat Abu Hamza al-Muhajer 5 million dollardan 2008 yil aprelida 100 ming dollarga tushirildi.[iqtibos kerak ]
2008 yil 8-yanvar va 28-yanvar kunlari Iroq va AQSh qurolli kuchlari boshladilar Fantom Feniks operatsiyasi va Naynava kampaniyasi (aka Mosul kampaniyasi) 4600 dan ortiq jangarilarni o'ldirish va qo'lga olish, 3000 dan ortiq qurol-yarog 'saqlash joylarini topish va yo'q qilish bilan AQI ni isyonchilarning so'nggi muhim tayanchi - Diyalaga qoldirdi. 2008 yil 29 iyulda Iroq, AQSh va Sons Of Iroq kuchlari "Obodlik avgurslari" operatsiyasini boshladilar Diyala viloyati AQI ni so'nggi qal'asidan tozalash uchun atrofdagi joylar. Diyalada ikkita operatsiya allaqachon boshlangan edi va natijada ushbu kampaniya qattiq qarshilikka duch kelishi kutilgandi. Natijada olib borilgan operatsiyada 500 dan ortiq qurol saqlanadigan joylar yo'q qilindi va beshta jangari yo'q qilindi; Qo'zg'olonchi kuchlarning qarshilik ko'rsatmasligi tufayli 483 jangari qo'lga olindi. Kampaniyada yuqori darajadagi AQI yigirma to'rt nafar terrorist o'ldirilgan yoki qo'lga olingan.[iqtibos kerak ]
Yozuvlar
Kalimat mudī'a ("Ma'rifatli nutq" yilda Ingliz tili ) al-Zarqaviy asarlari va ko'chirilgan nutqlarining 600 betdan ortiq to'plamidir.[206]
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- ^ Koul Bunzel, "Qog'ozli davlatdan xalifalikka: Islomiy davlat mafkurasi", AQShning Islom dunyosi bilan aloqalari bo'yicha Brukings loyihasi tahlil qog'ozi | № 19, 2015 yil mart, p. 14
| Oldingi Lavozim yaratildi | Rahbari Iroqdagi Al-Qoida 1994–2006 | Muvaffaqiyatli Abu Hamza al-Muhajir (Abu Ayyub al-Masriy ) |
Bibliografiya
- Brisard, Jan-Charlz; Martines, Damien (2005). Zarqaoui: le nouveau visage d'al-Qoida (frantsuz tilida). Fayard.
- Kepel, Gill (2005). Al-Qoida dans le texte: écrits d'Oussama ben Laden, Abdallah Azzam, Ayman al-Zawahiri va Abou Moussab al-Zarqawi (frantsuz tilida). Parij: Presses universitaires de France (PUF). ISBN 978-2130561514.
- Milelli, Jan-Per (2005). La Ladtre d'al-Zarqaoui va Ben Laden (frantsuz tilida). Parij, Frantsiya: Choiseul.
Shuningdek qarang
Tashqi havolalar
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Abu Musab az-Zarqaviy Vikimedia Commons-da
- Maqolalar
- 'Zarqaviy afsonasi Amerikada qanday yasalgan', Nik Devis
- Zarqaviy: Biznesga g'amxo'rlik qilish, Daniel Ross, 2006 yil 1-avgust
- "Al-Zarqaviy: Qonga botgan hayot", Patrik Kokburn, Mustaqil, 2006 yil 9-iyun
