Usama bin Ladinni o'ldirish - Killing of Osama bin Laden - Wikipedia

Usama bin Ladinni o'ldirish

Usama bin Laden birikma
Sana	2011 yil 2-may (2011-05-02) PKT
Manzil	Usama bin Laden qarorgohi yilda Bilol shahri, Abbotobod, Xayber Paxtunxva, Pokiston
Shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan	Neptun nayzasi operatsiyasi
Ishtirokchilar	Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi AQSh dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi 160-maxsus operatsion aviatsiya polki (havoda) Dengiz taktikasi elektron jangovar otryad 4
Natija	Usama bin Laden tanasi ko'milgan ichida Shimoliy Arab dengizi
O'limlar	Usama bin Laden (54) Xolid bin Ladin (23) Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy (33) Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytining ukasi Abrar (30) Bushra, Abrarning rafiqasi (yoshi noma'lum)

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Barak Obama
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Dastlabki hayot va martaba Oila Ommaviy imidj Prezidentlikka qadar Illinoys shtati senatori 2004 yil DNC asosiy manzili Illinoys shtatidan AQSh senatori Homiylik loyihalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezidentlik Xronologiya Siyosatlar Iqtisodiyot Energiya Tashqi siyosat Obama doktrinasi Xorijiy sayohatlar Kechirasiz Ijtimoiy Bo'shliq Uchrashuvlar Kabinet Sudyalar Birinchi davr Prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi tashviqoti 2008 yilgi umumiy saylov Boshlang'ich saylovlar O'tish 1-inauguratsiya Birinchi 100 kun Rossiya yadroviy shartnomasi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun Iroqdan chiqish Usama bin Ladinning o'limi Liviya urushiga aralashish Afg'onistonni olib qo'yish Bingazi hujumi Xronologiya '09 '10 '11 '12 Ikkinchi muddat Qayta tanlash kampaniyasi 2012 yilgi umumiy saylov Reaksiyalar 2-inauguratsiya Immigratsiya ijroiya harakati IShIDga qarshi aksiya Iroq Suriya Eron bitimi Kubalik eritish Rossiyaga qarshi sanktsiyalar Selma 50 yilligi Bir jinsli nikohni butun mamlakat bo'ylab qonuniylashtirish Parij kelishuvi Xirosima nutqi Qunduz kasalxonasining havo hujumi Merrick Garlandning muvaffaqiyatsiz nominatsiyasi Xronologiya '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim Rejalashtirilgan kutubxona Obama fondi One America Appeal Otamdan tushlar Umidning jasorati Va'da qilingan er Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti

Usama bin Laden, asoschisi va birinchi rahbari Islomchi jangari guruh, al-Qoida, o'ldirilgan Pokiston 2011 yil 2-may kuni, soat 01:00 dan ko'p o'tmay. PKT^[1][2] (20:00 UTC, 1 may) tomonidan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz kuchlari SEALlari ning AQSh dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi (DEVGRU yoki SEAL Team Six nomi bilan ham tanilgan).^[3] Amaliyot, kod bilan nomlangan Neptun nayzasi operatsiyasi, yilda amalga oshirildi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi bilan ishlaydigan operatsiya Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi, odatda JSOC deb nomlanuvchi, reydda qatnashgan Maxsus Missiya bo'linmalarini muvofiqlashtirmoqda. SEAL Team Six-dan tashqari JSOC tarkibidagi ishtirok etuvchi qismlar tarkibiga quyidagilar ham kiritilgan 160-maxsus operatsion aviatsiya polki (havoda) - shuningdek, "tungi stalkerlar" nomi bilan tanilgan - va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi operatorlari Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi sobiq JSOC maxsus missiya bo'linmalaridan juda ko'p yollangan.^[4][5] Amaliyot qariyb 10 yillik yakuniga etdi Bin Ladenni qidirish, uning roliga rioya qilgan holda 11 sentyabr hujumlari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari haqida.

Hujum davom etmoqda Bin Laden qarorgohi yilda Abbotobod, Pokiston ishga tushirildi Afg'oniston.^[6] AQSh harbiy amaldorlarining ta'kidlashicha, reyddan keyin AQSh kuchlari bin Ladenning jasadini tanib olish uchun Afg'onistonga olib borishgan, so'ngra Islom vafot etganidan keyin 24 soat ichida dengizga ko'mishgan.^[7]

May oyida Al-Qoida o'limini tasdiqladi 6-si jangarilarning veb-saytlarida, qotillik uchun qasos olishga va'da bergan postlar bilan.^[8] Pokistonning boshqa jangari guruhlari, shu jumladan Tehrik-i-Tolibon Pokiston, operatsiyani amalga oshirishga xalaqit bermaganligi uchun AQSh va Pokistonga qarshi qasos olishga va'da berdi.^[9] Reyd Amerika jamoatchiligining 90% dan ortig'i tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi,^[10][11] Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti, NATO, Evropa Ittifoqi va ko'plab hukumatlar tomonidan kutib olindi,^[12] ammo boshqalar, jumladan Pokiston jamoatchiligining uchdan ikki qismi tomonidan qoralandi.^[13] Qotillikning huquqiy va axloqiy jihatlari, masalan, qurolsiz bo'lishiga qaramay tiriklayin olinmasligi, boshqalar tomonidan so'roq qilingan, shu jumladan Xalqaro Amnistiya.^[14] Bin Ladenning o'limi haqidagi fotografik yoki DNK dalillarini ommaga tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi qaror ham munozarali edi.^[15]

Qotillikdan keyin Pokiston Bosh vaziri Yusuf Raza Gillani katta adliya huzurida komissiya tuzdi Javob Iqbol hujum bilan bog'liq vaziyatlarni tekshirish uchun.^[16] Natijada Abbottabad komissiyasining hisoboti Pokiston davlati harbiy va razvedka ma'muriyatining bin Ladenni Pokistonda to'qqiz yil yashirinishiga imkon bergan "jamoaviy muvaffaqiyatsizlik" ni oshkor qilgan, Al-Jazira 2013 yil 8-iyulda.^[17]

Bin Ladenni qidirish

Bin Ladin AQSh razvedkasi tomonidan qanday joylashganligi haqidagi hisobotlar bir-biridan farq qiladi. Oq uy va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktori Jon Brennan jarayon 2002 yilda topilgan ma'lumotlarning bir qismi bilan boshlanganini, natijada yillar davomida olib borilgan tergov natijalarini bayon qildi. Ushbu hisobotda aytilishicha, 2010 yil sentyabr oyiga kelib, bu yo'ldoshlar AQShning ko'p qirrali kuzatuvini intensiv ravishda boshlagan Abbotobod turargohi tomon yo'l olishdi. Jurnalistning so'zlariga ko'ra Seymur Xers va Pokiston razvedkachisi Pokiston razvedkasi uni hibsda ushlab turishi haqida ma'lumot bergan.

Abbotoboddagi ISI bin Laden yuradigan joylar

2010 yil avgust oyida Pokiston razvedkasining sobiq zobiti AQShning Islomoboddagi elchixonasi boshlig'iga murojaat qilib, 25 million dollarlik mukofot evaziga bin Laden joylashgan joyni ochib berishni taklif qildi, deydi AQSh razvedkasining nafaqadagi yuqori lavozimli xodimi.^[18] Ushbu voqeani AQShning ikki razvedkasi rasmiylari NBC News bilan suhbatlashganda tasdiqladilar va bundan oldin razvedka tahlilchisi tomonidan xabar berilgan edi Raelynn Hillhouse.^[19][20] Pokiston rasmiysi AQSh razvedkasiga bin Laden Pokiston razvedka xizmati tomonidan joylashganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi ISI 2006 yilda va Pokiston razvedkasi va harbiy markazlari yonida uy qamog'ida ushlab turilgan. Rasmiy poligrafiya sinovlaridan o'tdi, shundan so'ng AQSh bin Ladinning Abbottabad qarorgohini mahalliy va sun'iy yo'ldosh bilan kuzatishni boshladi.^[18]

Xersh bilan suhbatlashgan AQSh razvedkasining iste'fodagi yuqori lavozimli mulozimining so'zlariga ko'ra, bin Laden shu payt kasal bo'lib qolgan, uni Saudiya Arabistoni ichkarisida moliyaviy qo'llab-quvvatlagan va Pokiston va Afg'oniston islomiy guruhlari bilan murakkab munosabatlarini yaxshiroq boshqarish uchun ISI tomonidan ushlab turilgan.^[18] Rasmiyning so'zlariga ko'ra, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining iste'fodagi rasmiylari bin Laden kuryerining matbuot uchun ahamiyatini ta'kidlashdi, chunki ular qiynoqlarni tekshirish va mumkin bo'lgan jinoiy ishdan asabiylashishgan.

2015 yil may oyida nemis gazetasi Bild am Sonntag Germaniyaning Federal razvedka xizmati (BND) bin Laden Pokistonda bo'lganligini, Pokiston razvedka xizmatlari ma'lumotlariga ega ekanligini bilar edi.^[21] BND Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasiga bin Laden Pokistonda bo'lganligi va Bild am Sonntag keyinchalik Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi kuryer orqali uning aniq manzilini topdi. Der Spiegel o'rtasida tayyorlangan hisobotning to'g'riligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi BND va NSA hamkorligi bilan bog'liq janjal.^[21]

Kuryerning shaxsiyati

AQSh rasmiylaridan uning shaxsini tasdiqlashning avvalgi rasmiy versiyasiga ko'ra, Al-Qoida kuryerlarini aniqlash Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi so'roqchilari uchun eng muhim vazifa bo'lgan. qora saytlar va Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, chunki bin Laden al-Qoidaning piyoda askarlari va yuqori qo'mondonlaridan yashirgan joyini yashirgan holda, bunday kuryerlar orqali aloqa qilar edi.^[22] Bin Laden telefonlarni AQSh foydalanishga topshirgan 1998 yildan keyin ishlatmasligi ma'lum bo'lgan raketa zarbalari avgust oyida Afg'onistondagi bazalariga qarshi sherikning sun'iy yo'ldosh telefonini kuzatib borish orqali.^[23]

AQSh rasmiysi 2002 yilga kelib, tergovchilar al-Qoida kuryeri haqidagi tasdiqlanmagan da'volarni eshitishgan. kunya Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy (ba'zan shunday deyiladi Shayx Quvaytdan Abu Ahmed).^[22] Ushbu da'volardan biri kelib chiqqan Muhammad al-Qahtoniy, hibsga olingan shaxs 2002 yil 23-noyabrdan 2003-yil 11-yanvargacha 48 kun davomida ozmi-ko'pmi doimiy ravishda so'roq qilgan. Ushbu davrda al-Qahtoniy so'roqchilarga Abu Ahmad al-Kuvaytiy nomi bilan tanilgan shaxs haqida so'zlab berdi. al-Qoidaning ichki doirasi.^[24] Keyinchalik 2003 yilda, Xolid Shayx Muhammad, al-Qoidaning taxmin qilingan operatsion rahbari, u al-Quvaytiy bilan tanish bo'lganligini, ammo AQSh rasmiysining so'zlariga ko'ra, odam al-Qoida faoliyatida bo'lmaganligini aytdi.^[25]

AQSh rasmiysining so'zlariga ko'ra, 2004 yilda mahbus ismli Hasan G'ul Bin Laden al-Kuvaytiy nomi bilan tanilgan ishonchli kuryerga tayanganligini aniqladi.^[25][26] Gulning aytishicha, al-Kuvaytiy bin Ladenga, shuningdek Xolid Shayx Muhammad va Muhammadning vorisi bo'lgan. Abu Faraj al-Libbi. Gul al-Kuvaytiyni bir muncha vaqt ko'rmagani va shu sababli AQSh rasmiylari uni Bin Laden bilan sayohat qilganlikda gumon qilishiga olib keldi. G'ulning akkauntiga duch kelganda, Muhammad o'zining asl hikoyasini saqlab qoldi.^[25] Abu Faraj al-Libbi 2005 yilda qo'lga olingan va 2006 yil sentyabr oyida Guantanamoga ko'chirilgan.^[27] U Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tergovchilariga bin Ladenning kuryeri Maulavi Abd al-Xoliq Jan ismli odam ekanligini va al-Kuvaytiyni bilishini rad etganini aytdi. Muhammad ham, al-Libbi ham al-Kuvaytiyning ahamiyatini minimallashtirganligi sababli, rasmiylar uni bin Ladenning yaqin doirasi deb taxmin qilishgan.^[25]

2007 yilda rasmiylar al-Kuvaytining asl ismini bilib oldilar,^[28] garchi ular bu ismni oshkor qilmasligini va qanday qilib bilib olganliklarini aytishdi.^[25] Pokiston rasmiylari 2011 yilda kurerning ismi pokistonlik Ibrohim Said Ahmed ekanligini bildirishgan Svat vodiysi. U va uning ukasi Abrar va ularning oilalari bin Laden qarorgohida yashashgan, deydi rasmiylar.^[29]

Maulavi Abd al-Xoliq Janning ismi JTF-GTMO tomonidan hibsga olinganlarning Abu Faraj al-Libbi tomonidan chiqarilgan bahosida uchraydi. WikiLeaks 2011 yil 24 aprelda,^[30] ammo Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi hech qachon Maulavi Jan ismli kishini topmagan va bu ism al-Libbi ixtirosi bo'lgan degan xulosaga kelgan.^[25]

Boshqa bir gumondorning 2010 yildagi telefonini tinglash al-Kuvaytiy bilan suhbatni boshladi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining 2010 yil avgust oyida al-Kuvaytda joylashgan harbiy xizmatchilari va uning orqasidan Abbottabad qarorgohiga qaytib borishgan va bu bin Laden joylashgan joy deb taxmin qilishgan.^[22]

Kuryer va qarindoshi (u ukasi yoki amakivachchasi bo'lgan) 2011 yil 2 maydagi reydda o'ldirilgan.^[25] Keyinchalik, ba'zi mahalliy odamlar bu erkaklarni aniqladilar Pashtunlar Arshad va Tareq Xon deb nomlangan.^[31] Arshad Xon keksa, kompyuterlashtirilmagan pokistonlik edi identifikatsiya kartasi, uni Xat Kuruna, yaqinidagi qishloqdan ekanligi aniqlagan Charsadda Pokistonning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida. Pokiston rasmiylari ushbu hududda Arshad Xon haqida hech qanday ma'lumot topmadilar va ular yolg'on shaxslar ostida yashagan deb gumon qilishdi.^[32]

Bin Laden qarorgohi

Murakkab ko'rinishi

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi kuzatuvchi fotosuratlari va razvedka ma'lumotlaridan foydalanib, kuryer sayohat qilayotgan Abbottabad qarorgohi aholisi kimligini aniqladi. 2010 yil sentyabr oyida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi bu bino, ehtimol katta ehtimol bilan bin Ladenni yashirish uchun maxsus qurilgan degan xulosaga keldi.^[33][34] Rasmiylar uning u erda eng kichik xotini va oilasi bilan yashayotganini taxmin qilishdi.^[34]

2004 yilda qurilgan uch qavatli^[35] tor yo'lning oxirida edi.^[36] Google Earth sun'iy yo'ldosh fotosuratlaridan olingan xaritalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu birikma 2001 yilda bo'lmagan, ammo 2005 yilda yangi rasmlar olingan paytgacha qurilgan.^[37] U 4,0 kilometr masofada joylashgan (2 ¹⁄₂ Abbottabad shahar markazining shimoli-sharqida.^[33] Abbotobod Pokistonning sharqiy tomonidagi Afg'oniston chegarasidan 160 km (100 milya) uzoqlikda (Hindistondan 30 km yoki 20 milya). Murakkab 1,3 km (³⁄₄ mil) janubi-g'arbiy qismida Pokiston harbiy akademiyasi.^[4] Yaqin atrofdagi uylardan sakkiz baravar katta bo'lgan er uchastkasida joylashgan bu bino 3,7 dan 5,5 metrgacha (12 dan 18 futgacha) o'rab olingan.^[34] temir devor bilan qoplangan beton devor.^[33] Uning ikkita xavfsizlik eshigi bor edi va uchinchi qavatdagi balkon 2,1 metr balandlikda (7 fut) maxfiylik devoriga ega bo'lib, 1,93 m (6 fut 4 dyuym) bin Ladenni yashirish uchun baland edi.

Kompleksda Internet yoki shahar telefoni aloqasi yo'q edi. Uning aholisi axlatlarini yig'ish uchun tashlagan qo'shnilaridan farqli o'laroq, o'zlarining chiqindilarini yoqib yuborishdi.^[35] Mahalliy aholi binoni binoni deb atashgan Vaziriston Haveli, chunki ular egasi kelganiga ishonishgan Vaziriston.^[38] Amerikaliklar bin Ladenni bosqindan va o'ldirgandan so'ng, Pokiston hukumati 2012 yil fevral oyida ushbu turar joyni buzib tashlagan.^[39]

Intellektni yig'ish

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi aralashmaning havo fotosurati

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi kuzatuv olib borish va razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish harakatiga rahbarlik qildi; operatsiyada boshqa muhim rollarni Qo'shma Shtatlarning boshqa idoralari, shu jumladan Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi, Milliy geografik-razvedka agentligi (NGA), Milliy razvedka direktorining idorasi (ODNI) va AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi.^[40] Bu haqda AQSh rasmiylari xabar berishdi Washington Post razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish "juda keng va qimmat bo'lganligi sababli, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi bordi Kongress Dekabrda [2010] uni moliyalashtirish uchun turli xil byudjet mablag'lari tarkibida o'n millionlab dollarlarni qayta taqsimlash vakolatini ta'minlash. "^[1]

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Abbottabaddagi uyni ijaraga olgan edi, u erda bir necha oy davomida jamoa turar joyni kuzatgan. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi guruhi informatorlar va boshqa usullardan, shu jumladan keng tanqid qilingan soxtadan foydalangan poliomiyelitga qarshi emlash dastur—^[41][42] birikma bo'yicha razvedka ma'lumotlarini to'plash. Xavfsiz uy bin Laden vafotidan so'ng darhol tashlab qo'yilgan.^[1] AQSh Milliy geografik-razvedka agentligi yordam berdi Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi uchuvchilar uchun missiya simulyatorlarini yaratish va ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish RQ-170^[43] uchuvchisiz uchastka reyddan oldin, paytida va keyin. NGA uyning uch o'lchovli ko'rinishini yaratdi, turar-joy harakatlanish tartibini tavsiflovchi jadvallarni tuzdi va ushbu binoda yashovchilar sonini, bo'yini va jinsini baholadi.^[44] Razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ishda Milliy Xavfsizlik Agentligining "deb nomlangan qo'li ham qatnashgan Maxsus kirish operatsiyalari guruhi^[45] boshqa narsalar qatori, maqsadli kompyuterlar va uyali telefon tarmoqlariga shpion dasturlarini va kuzatuv moslamalarini yashirincha o'rnatishga ixtisoslashgan. Maxsus kirish operatsiyalari guruhi ishi tufayli NSA al-Qoida xodimlari va boshqa "manfaatdor shaxslar" bin Ladinni ov qilishda foydalangan mobil telefonlardan razvedka ma'lumotlarini to'plashlari mumkin edi.^[46]

Bin Ladenning turar joyi dizayni oxir-oqibat uning kashf qilinishiga yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining sobiq xodimi ov qilish aytdi Washington Post: "Joy uchta edi hikoyalar baland va siz uni har xil tomondan tomosha qilishingiz mumkin edi. "^[1]

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "deb nomlangan jarayondan foydalanganqizil jamoa "Bin Laden Abbottabad qarorgohida yashaganligi to'g'risida dalillarni va ularning ishidagi mavjud faktlarni mustaqil ravishda ko'rib chiqish uchun to'plangan razvedka ma'lumotlari bo'yicha.^[47] Ma'muriyat rasmiylaridan biri "Biz o'z ishimizni tekshirish uchun qizil guruh mashg'ulotlari va muqobil tahlilning boshqa shakllarini o'tkazdik. Hech bir nomzod qonun loyihasiga Bin Laden singari mos kelmadi" dedi.^[48]

Rasmiylar operatsiya oldidan favqulodda konsentratsiyalangan yig'ish harakati deb ta'riflaganiga qaramay, AQShning hech bir josuslik agentligi reyd oldidan bin Ladenning fotosuratini yoki oilasi egallab olgan sirli erkak siymosining ovozini yozib olishga qodir emas edi. inshootning yuqori ikki qavati.^[1]

Neptun nayzasi operatsiyasi

Neptun nayzasi operatsiyasi
Qismi Terrorizmga qarshi global urush, Afg'onistondagi urush, va Xayber-Paxtunxvadagi qo'zg'olon
Abbotobod Islomobod Jalolobod Bagram Shimoliy Arab dengizi Xaritasi Pokiston. Abbotobod poytaxt Islomoboddan 55 km (34 milya), Jalolobod aerodromidan 269 km (167 mil) va Bagram aerodromidan 373 km (232 mil). Bagram Shimoliy Arab dengizidan taxminan 1370 km (850 milya) uzoqlikda (to'g'ri chiziq masofalari, chunki sayohat masofalari sezilarli darajada ko'proq).
Sana 2011 yil 1 may - 2011 yil 2 may Manzil Usama bin Laden qarorgohi Abbotobod, Xayber Paxtunxva, Pokiston 34 ° 10′9 ″ N 73 ° 14′33 ″ E / 34.16917 ° N 73.24250 ° E / 34.16917; 73.24250Koordinatalar: 34 ° 10′9 ″ N 73 ° 14′33 ″ E / 34.16917 ° N 73.24250 ° E / 34.16917; 73.24250 Natija Amerika g'alabasi Usama bin Laden o'ldirilgan
Urushayotganlar
Qo'shma Shtatlar	al-Qoida
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Barak Obama Uilyam H. Makreven	Usama bin Laden  † Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy  †
Kuch
79 JSOC va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi operatorlar 5 vertolyot 1 Belgiya Malinaxiya (harbiy ishchi it )	4 nafar voyaga etgan erkak rezident 5 ayol 13 bola
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
1 vertolyot qulab tushdi (qurbonlar yo'q)	5 kishi o'ldirilgan 17 asirga olingan (1 kishi yaralangan)

Rasmiy missiya kod nomi "Neptun nayzasi" operatsiyasi edi.^[4] Neptunniki nayza trident AQSh dengiz flotida paydo bo'lgan Maxsus Warfare nishonlari, dengiz, havo va quruqlikdagi SEALlarning ishlash qobiliyatini ifodalovchi trident uchta uchi bilan.

Maqsad

The Associated Press o'sha paytda AQShning ikki rasmiysi bu operatsiyani "o'ldirish yoki qo'lga olish vazifasi, chunki AQSh taslim bo'lishga urinayotgan qurolsiz odamlarni o'ldirmaydi" deb aytgan, ammo "bu devorlarning orqasida kim turgani boshidanoq aniq edi taslim bo'lish niyati yo'q edi ".^[49] Oq uyning terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha maslahatchisi Jon O. Brennan reyddan keyin shunday dedi: "Agar biz Bin Ladenni tiriklayin olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lsak, u hech qanday tahdid qilmasa, aloqador shaxslar bunga qodir edilar va tayyor edilar".^[50] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktori Leon Panetta dedi PBS NewsHour: "Bu erda vakolat Bin Ladenni o'ldirish edi. ... Shubhasiz unashtirish qoidalari, agar u aslida qo'llarini tashlagan bo'lsa, taslim bo'lgan va hech qanday tahdidni anglatmagan bo'lsa, unda ular uni qo'lga olishlari kerak edi. Ammo, ular uni o'ldirishga to'liq vakolatlarga ega edilar. "^[51]

Bu haqda ismini oshkor qilmagan AQSh milliy xavfsizlik xodimi aytdi Reuters Pokistonda bin Ladenni tiriklayin qo'lga olishga harakat qilish istagi yo'qligini aniq ko'rsatib, "" bu qotillik operatsiyasi "edi.^[52] "Qotillik" ("qo'lga olish" o'rniga) buyrug'iga ishora qiluvchi yana bir manbada "Rasmiylar bir necha hafta oldin maxsus operatorlarning missiyaga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun tanlanganligi haqida aytilganida, ular qanday munosabatda bo'lishganini tasvirlab berishdi." "Biz Usama bin Ladenni topdik deb o'ylaymiz, va sizning vazifangiz uni o'ldirishdir", - deb esladi mulozim. "SEALlar xursand bo'lishni boshladilar."^[53]

Da chop etilgan maqola Siyosatshunoslik chorakda 2016 yilda missiyaning maqsadi to'g'risidagi har xil nashr qilingan yozuvlar va talqinlarni o'rganib chiqdi va "qo'lga olish opsiyasi asosan tashqi ko'rinish uchun va xalqaro huquq talablarini bajarish uchun mavjud edi va barcha ishtirokchilar buni barcha amaliy maqsadlarda o'ldirish vazifasi deb bildilar" degan xulosaga kelishdi.^[54]

Rejalashtirish va yakuniy qaror

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi brifing berdi Vitse-admiral Uilyam H. Makreven, Qo'shma Maxsus Operatsiyalar Qo'mondonligi (JSOC) qo'mondoni, 2011 yil yanvar oyida bu bino haqida. MakRavenning aytishicha, komando reydi juda sodda bo'ladi, ammo u Pokistonning javobidan xavotirda. U sardorni tayinladi AQSh dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi (DEVGRU) o'zlarining kampusida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi guruhi bilan ishlash Langli, Virjiniya. "Brayan" deb nomlangan kapitan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining Langli qarorgohidagi bosmaxona binosini tashkil qildi va JSOCning yana olti zobiti bilan reydni rejalashtira boshladi.^[55] Ma'muriyat advokatlari reyddan oldin qonuniy ta'sir va imkoniyatlarni ko'rib chiqdilar.^[56]

Vertolyot reydidan tashqari, rejalashtiruvchilar ushbu binoga hujum qilishni o'ylashdi B-2 ruhi yashirin bombardimonchilar. Shuningdek, ular Pokiston kuchlari bilan qo'shma operatsiya o'tkazishni ko'rib chiqdilar. Obama Pokiston hukumati va armiyasini saqlab qolish uchun ishonib bo'lmaydi degan qarorga keldi operatsion xavfsizlik Bin Ladenga qarshi operatsiya uchun. "Pokistonliklar bu sirni nanosaniyadan ko'proq vaqt davomida saqlashi mumkinligiga chinakam ishonch yo'q edi", dedi Prezidentning katta maslahatchisi. Nyu-Yorker.^[55]

Obama bilan uchrashdi Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi variantlarni ko'rib chiqish uchun 14 mart kuni; u missiya fosh bo'lishidan xavotirda edi va tezda davom etishni xohladi. Shu sababli u pokistonliklarni jalb qilishni rad etdi. Mudofaa vaziri Robert Geyts va boshqa harbiy amaldorlar bin Ladenning ushbu binoda bo'lgan-bo'lmagani va komando hujumi xavfga loyiq bo'ladimi-yo'qligiga shubha bildirishdi. Uchrashuv oxirida prezident bombardimon missiyasiga moyil bo'lib tuyuldi. Ikki AQSh havo kuchlari zobitlarga ushbu variantni yanada o'rganish vazifasi topshirildi.^[57]

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi yer osti borligini istisno qila olmadi bunker birikmaning ostida. Biri bor deb faraz qilsak, 9000 kg (3200 funt) 32 ta bomba o'rnatilgan JDAM uni yo'q qilish uchun yo'l-yo'riq tizimlari talab qilinadi.^[58] Ushbu miqdor bilan qurol, kamida bitta boshqa uy edi portlash radiusi. Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, qarorgohdagi odamlardan tashqari o'nga yaqin tinch aholi ham o'ldiriladi. Bundan tashqari, Bin Ladenning o'lganligini tasdiqlovchi dalillar qolishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas edi. 29 mart kuni bo'lib o'tgan Xavfsizlik Kengashining navbatdagi yig'ilishida ushbu ma'lumotni taqdim etgan Obama bombardimon qilish rejasini to'xtatib qo'ydi. Buning o'rniga u Admiral McRavenga vertolyot reydining rejasini ishlab chiqishga ko'rsatma berdi. AQSh razvedka hamjamiyati bin Ladenni uchuvchisiz samolyot bilan urish variantini o'rganib chiqdi kichik taktik qurol u o'z tarkibidagi sabzavot bog'ida yurganida.^[59]

McRaven "Red Squadron" ning eng tajribali va katta operatorlaridan chizilgan jamoani qo'lda tanladi,^[60] DEVGRU tarkibiga kiruvchi to'rttadan biri. Qizil otryad Afg'onistondan uyga kelayotgan edi va uni e'tiborni jalb qilmasdan yo'naltirish mumkin edi. Jamoa tilni bilgan va Pokistonda o'tkazilgan transchegaraviy operatsiyalar bo'yicha tajribaga ega bo'lgan.^[57] Deyarli barcha Red Squadron operatorlari Afg'onistonga o'n yoki undan ortiq marta joylashtirilgan.^[61]

Missiyaning aniq mohiyati aytilmagan holda, guruh AQShning ikkita joyida reyd mashqlarini bajarishdi - 10 aprel atrofida Harvey Point mudofaasini sinash faoliyati inshoot Shimoliy Karolina bu erda Bin Laden qarorgohining 1: 1 versiyasi qurilgan va 18 aprel Nevada.^[55][58] Nevadadagi joy 1200 m (4000 fut) balandlik - effektlarni sinash uchun tanlangan balandlik reyderlarning vertolyotlarida bo'lar edi. Nevada maketi ishlatilgan zanjirli to'siqlar Qo'shma devorlarni simulyatsiya qilish, bu esa AQSh ishtirokchilarini yuqori qo'shma devorlarning vertolyotlarni ko'tarish qobiliyatiga potentsial ta'siridan bexabar qoldirdi.^[59]

Rejalashtiruvchilar, SEALlar Abbotobodga etib borishi va Pokiston harbiylari tomonidan qarshilik ko'rsatmasdan qaytib kelishi mumkinligiga ishonishdi. Vertolyotlar (o'zgartirilgan) Black Hawk vertolyotlari ) reydda foydalanish tinch va past radar ko'rinadigan bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan edi. AQSh pokistonliklarni jihozlash va o'qitishda yordam berganligi sababli, ularning mudofaa qobiliyatlari ma'lum bo'lgan. AQSh etkazib bergan edi F-16 Falcon-larga qarshi kurash Pokistonga ular AQShning 24 soatlik kuzatuvi ostida Pokiston harbiy bazasida saqlash sharti bilan.^[62]

Agar Bin Laden taslim bo'lsa, uni yaqin joyda ushlab turishgan Bagram aviabazasi. Agar bosmaxonada muhrlar pokistonliklar tomonidan topilgan bo'lsa, Qo'shma boshliqlar Admiral raisi Mayk Mullen Pokiston armiyasi boshlig'ini general deb chaqiradi Ashfaq Parvez Kayani va ularni ozod qilish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishga harakat qiling.^[63]

Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi (MXK) 19-aprel kuni yana yig'ilganda, Obama vertolyot reydiga vaqtincha rozilik berdi. Pokistonliklar bilan muomala rejasi juda noaniq ekanligidan xavotirga tushgan Obama, admiral Makrevendan, agar kerak bo'lsa, chiqish yo'lida kurashish uchun jamoani jihozlashni iltimos qildi.^[57]

McRaven va SEALs Afg'onistonga Baqramning "Kamp Alfa" deb nomlanuvchi cheklangan hududida qurilgan bir gektar maydonning to'liq hajmdagi nusxasida mashq qilish uchun jo'nab ketishdi.^[64][65] Jamoa AQShni tark etdi Oceana dengiz havo stantsiyasi 26 aprel kuni C-17 samolyotida, erga yonilg'i quydi Ramshteyn aviabazasi Germaniyada, qo'ndi Bagram aviabazasi, keyin 27 aprelda Jalolobodga ko'chib o'tdi.^[55]

28 aprelda Admiral Mullen MTJga yakuniy rejani tushuntirib berdi. "Chiqish yo'lida kurash" ssenariysini kuchaytirish chorasi sifatida, Chinook vertolyotlari qo'shimcha qo'shinlar bilan yaqin atrofda joylashgan bo'lishi kerak edi. Uchrashuvdagi maslahatchilarning katta qismi reydni davom ettirishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Faqat vitse-prezident Bayden bunga to'liq qarshi chiqdi. Geyts uchuvchisiz raketa variantidan foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo ertasi kuni vertolyot reyd rejasiga ko'mak berdi. Obamaning ishini boshlashga buyruq berishidan oldin u admiral Makreven bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri gaplashmoqchi ekanligini aytdi. Prezident McRaven Afg'onistonga kelganidan beri missiyaga ishonchini yo'qotadigan biron bir narsani bilib oldimi, deb so'radi. Makreven unga jamoaning tayyorligini va kelgusi bir necha kecha Abbotobodda oy nurlari kam bo'lishini, reyd uchun yaxshi sharoitlar borligini aytdi.^[55][59]

29 aprel kuni soat 8:20 da EDT,^[63] Obama o'z maslahatchilari bilan maslahatlashib, so'nggi ruxsatni berdi. Reyd ertasi kuni bo'lib o'tadi. O'sha kuni kechqurun prezident bulutli ob-havo tufayli operatsiya bir kunga kechiktirilishi to'g'risida xabar berdi.

30-aprel kuni Obama McRaven-ga yana bir bor qo'ng'iroq qilib, muhrlarga omad tilab, xizmatlari uchun ularga minnatdorchilik bildirdi.^[55] O'sha oqshom Prezident har yili o'tkaziladigan tadbirda qatnashdi Oq uy muxbirlari assotsiatsiyasi komediyachi va televizion aktyor tomonidan uyushtirilgan kechki ovqat Set Meyers. Bir payt Meyers hazillashdi: «Odamlar bin Laden yashiringan deb o'ylashadi Hindu Kush, lekin bilasizmi, har kuni to'rtdan beshgacha u shou dasturini olib boradi C-SPAN "Obama kelgusi operatsiyani bilishiga qaramay kulib yubordi.^[66]

1 may kuni soat 13:22 da Panetta prezidentning buyrug'iga binoan harakat qilib, Makreyvenni operatsiyani davom ettirishga yo'naltirdi. 15.00dan ko'p o'tmay, prezident milliy xavfsizlik xodimlariga qo'shildi Vaziyat xonasi reydni kuzatish. Ular tomosha qildilar tungi ko'rish dan olingan tasvirlar Sentinel droni Panetta, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining ekran burchagida paydo bo'lib, nima bo'layotganini aytib berdi.^[59][63] Vaziyat xonasida Panetta bilan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi boshlig'i va Afg'onistondagi McRaven bilan video aloqalar o'rnatildi. Qo'shni idorada Brigada General tomonidan boshqariladigan noutbukda jonli uchuvchisiz besleme mavjud edi Marshall Uebb, JSOC komandiri yordamchisi. Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton Vaziyat xonasida o'tirganlardan biri edi va buni quyidagicha ta'rifladi: "Ba'zi yangiliklar haqidagi xabarlarda va filmlarda ko'rgan narsalaringizdan farqli o'laroq, binoning o'zida nima bo'layotganini ko'rish uchun bizning imkonimiz yo'q edi. Biz faqat kutishimiz mumkin edi. Jamoadan joyidagi yangilanish. Men Prezidentga qaradim. U xotirjam edi. Men kamdan-kam hollarda o'sha kuni bo'lgani kabi uning yonida xizmat qilganimdan faxrlanaman ".^[67] Boshqa ikkita qo'mondonlik markazi Pentagon va AQSh tomonidan o'tkazilgan reydni kuzatdi. Elchixona Islomobodda.^[55]

Operatsiyani bajarish

Yondashuv va kirish

Diagrammasi Usama bin Laden yashiringan joy, aralashmani o'rab turgan baland beton devorlarni ko'rsatib turibdi

Reyd taxminan yigirma heliborne tomonidan amalga oshirildi AQSh dengiz kuchlari muhrlari dan DEVGRU Qizil otryad. Qonuniy sabablarga ko'ra (ya'ni AQSh bunday bo'lmagan) urushda Pokiston bilan), missiyaga tayinlangan harbiy xizmatchilar vaqtincha fuqarolarning Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tasarrufiga o'tkazildi.^[68][69]

SEALs jamoalarda ishlagan va qurollardan foydalangan HK416^[70] avtomat (ularning asosiy quroli) 48 pulemyotni belgilang olovni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun va MP7^[55] yaqin atrofda va sukut saqlash uchun ba'zi muhrlar tomonidan ishlatiladigan shaxsiy mudofaa quroli.

Ga binoan The New York Times, reydga jami "79 qo'mondon va it" jalb qilingan.^[36] The harbiy ishchi it^[71] edi a Belgiya Malinaxiya Qohira deb nomlangan.^[72][73] Bir xabarga ko'ra, itga "qochishga uringan har qanday kishini kuzatib borish va Pokiston xavfsizlik kuchlariga yaqinlashayotgan har qanday kishiga SEALS ogohlantirish" vazifasi yuklatilgan.^[74] Bu it Pokistondagi reydga qarshi har qanday javob choralarini to'xtatish va yashirin xonalarni yoki yashirin eshiklarni qidirishda yordam berish uchun ishlatilishi kerak edi.^[55] Missiyaning qo'shimcha xodimlari tarkibiga til tarjimoni,^[74] it ishlov beruvchisi, vertolyot uchuvchilari, shuningdek razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'uvchilar va navigatorlar foydalanadilar yuqori darajada tasniflangan giperspektral tasvirchilar operatsiyani ko'rish uchun.^[65]

SEALlar Pokistondagi shahardagi bazadan uchib ketishdi Jalolobod Afg'oniston sharqida Bagram aviabazasi Afg'onistonning shimoli-sharqida.^[75] The 160-maxsus operatsion aviatsiya polki (SOAR), a AQSh armiyasining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi "nomi bilan tanilgan birlikTungi Stalkers ", agar ikkitasi o'zgartirilgan bo'lsa Black Hawk vertolyotlar^[76] reydning o'zi uchun ishlatilgan, shuningdek juda katta Chinuk og'ir yuk ko'taruvchi vertolyotlar zaxira sifatida ishlatilgan.^[53][65][74]

Black Hawks ilgari ko'rinmaydigan "yashirin" versiyalar bo'lib, ular jimjitroq uchar edi va ularni aniqlash qiyinroq edi radar an'anaviy modellarga qaraganda;^[77][78] yashirin uskunalarning qo'shimcha og'irligi tufayli ularning yuklari "ob-havoni hisobga olgan holda untsiyaga hisoblangan".^[74]

Kutish rejimida ushlab turilgan chinuklar Jaloloboddan Abbotobodga qadar "yo'lning uchdan ikki qismi" joyda, taxminan 24 DEVGRU operatoridan iborat ikkita qo'shimcha SEAL jamoasi bor edi.^[74] a "tezkor reaktsiya kuchi" (QRF). Chinooks 7,62 mm bilan jihozlangan GAU-17 / A miniguns va GAU-21 / B .50 kalibrli pulemyotlar va Black Hawks uchun qo'shimcha yoqilg'i. Ularning vazifasi Pokiston harbiylarining reydga aralashishga qaratilgan har qanday urinishlariga to'sqinlik qilish edi. DEVGRU-dan yana 25 ta muhrga ega bo'lgan boshqa Chinooklar, operatsiya davomida qo'shimcha kuch kerak bo'lsa, Afg'oniston chegarasi yaqinida joylashgan.^[55]

160-chi SOAR vertolyotlari qattiq qanotli qiruvchi samolyotlarni va boshqa samolyotlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. dronlar.^[79] Ga binoan CNN, " Havo kuchlari jangovar qidiruv-qutqaruv vertolyotlarining to'liq guruhi mavjud edi ".^[79]

Hujum Pokistonga "erdan pastgacha va aniqlanmagan holda" kirib borishi uchun oy nurlari kam bo'lgan vaqtga rejalashtirilgan edi.^[80] Vertolyotlar tepaliklardan foydalangan va erning uyqusi radarga chiqmasdan va Pokiston harbiylarini ogohlantirmasdan bu binoga etib borish texnikasi. Jaloloboddan Abbotobodga parvoz taxminan 90 daqiqa davom etgan.^[55]

Missiya rejasiga binoan, birinchi vertolyot, uning muhrlari to'liq guruhi bo'lgan paytda, hovli atrofida parvoz qiladi tez arqonli erga. Shu bilan birga, ikkinchi vertolyot binoning shimoli-sharqiy burchagiga uchib o'tib, perimetrni mustahkamlash uchun tarjimon, it va ishlov beruvchini va to'rtta muhrni joylashtirgan. Hovldagi jamoa uyga birinchi qavatdan kirishi kerak edi.^[55][81]

Maqsad ustida parvoz qilayotganlarida birinchi vertolyot a deb nomlanuvchi xavfli havo oqimi holatini boshdan kechirdi girdob halqasi holati. Bu kutilganidan yuqori havo harorati bilan yomonlashdi^[55][73] va yuqori rotorli devorlar, bu rotorni yuvishni to'xtatilishini to'xtatdi.^[73][82][83] Vertolyotning dumi qorishma devorlaridan birini o'tlatdi,^[84] unga zarar etkazish dumaloq rotor,^[85] va vertolyot yon tomonga ag'darildi.^[22] Uchuvchi vertolyotni ag'darmaslik uchun uni tezda ko'mib tashladi.^[74] Vertolyotdagi SEALlar, ekipaj yoki uchuvchilarning hech biri yumshoq qulab tushish paytida jiddiy jarohat olmadi va u devorga suyangan holda 45 daraja burchak ostida tikildi.^[55] Boshqa vertolyot qarorgoh tashqarisiga tushdi va muhrlar ichkariga kirish uchun devorlarni kattalashtirdilar.^[86] SEALS portlovchi moddalar bilan devor va eshiklarni sindirib, uyga kirib kelishdi.^[74]

Uyga kirish

AQSh milliy xavfsizlik jamoasi yig'ildi Oq uy ahvoli xonasi Neptun nayzasi operatsiyasini kuzatish uchun

SEALs aholiga ikki kattalar erkak yashaydigan birinchi qavatdagi asosiy binosida va bin Laden oilasi bilan yashagan ikkinchi va uchinchi qavatlardagi majmuadagi mehmonlar uyida duch kelishdi. Ikkinchi va uchinchi qavatlar aralashmaning tozalangan oxirgi qismi edi.^[87] Xabarlarga ko'ra, "har bir darajada bolalarning kichik tugunlari, shu jumladan bin Laden xonasining balkoni" bo'lgan.^[74]

Bosqin paytida Usama bin Laden o'ldirilgan^[88] Dastlabki versiyalarda yana uch erkak va bir ayol o'ldirilgani aytilgan: Bin Ladinning katta yoshli o'g'li Xolid,^[89][90] bin Ladenning kuryeri Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy, al-Kuvaytining ukasi Abrar va Abrarning rafiqasi Bushra.^[55]

Dastlabki otishma to'g'risida ziddiyatli xabarlar mavjud. Mark Ouenning kitobida aytilishicha, jamoa bin Ladenga etib borguncha "qisqa otishmada" bo'lgan.^[91]Maxfiy xizmat xodimi 2015 yilda Seymur Xershga hech qanday o't o'chirilmaganligini aytgan. Oldingi versiyalarda Al-Kuvaytiy mehmonxonaning eshigi orqasidan AK-47 bilan SEALsning birinchi jamoasiga o'q uzgani va o'q parchalari bilan SEALni engil jarohatlaganligi aytiladi. Qisqa otishma al-Kuvaytiy va SEALlar o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi, unda al-Kuvaytiy o'ldirildi.^[4][92] Aytishicha, uning rafiqasi Mariamga o'q uzilgan va o'ng yelkasidan yaralangan.^[93][94] Keyin kurerning erkak qarindoshi Abrarni SEALsning ikkinchi jamoasi asosiy uyning birinchi qavatida otib o'ldirgani aytilgan, chunki o'q otilgan va SEALlar uni yuklangan AK-47 bilan qurollangan deb o'ylashgan (bu keyinchalik rasmiy hisobotda haqiqat ekanligi tasdiqlandi).^[95] Keyinchalik uning yonida bo'lgan ayol, keyinchalik Abrarning rafiqasi Bushra deb tanilgan, ushbu versiyada u ham otib o'ldirilgan. Bin Ladenning voyaga etgan yosh o'g'li asosiy uyning zinapoyasida MUHR bilan duch kelgani va ikkinchi guruh tomonidan otib o'ldirilganligi aytilmoqda.^{[4][84][90][92][96]} Ismini oshkor qilmaydigan AQSh mudofaasining yuqori lavozimli vakili o'ldirilgan besh kishidan faqat bittasi, Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy, qurollangan.^[97] Uyning ichki qismi qorong'i edi, chunki Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi xodimlari mahalladagi elektr energiyasini uzib qo'yishgan.^[59] SEALLAR tunda ko'rish ko'zoynagini taqishgan.

Bin Ladenni o'ldirish

SEALlar binoning uchinchi qavatida bin Ladenga duch kelishdi.^[84][98] Bin Laden qurolsiz edi, "mahalliy keng ko'ylak va shimlar sifatida tanilgan kurta pijama", keyinchalik topilgan €500 va matoga tikilgan ikkita telefon raqami.^{[58][99][85][92]}

Bin Laden yotoqxona eshigi orqali zinapoyadan yuqoriga ko'tarilgan amerikaliklarga qarab qo'ydi va etakchi SEAL unga qarata o'q uzdi. Hisobotlar bir-biridan farq qiladi, ammo oxir-oqibat u tanaga va boshga o'q uzgan. Dastlabki zarbalar o'tkazib yuborilgan, uni ko'kragiga, yon tomoniga yoki boshiga urgan.^[100][99] Bin Ladenning bir qator ayol qarindoshlari uning yonida edi.^[99] Jurnalist Nikolas Shmidlning so'zlariga ko'ra, Bin Ladenning xotinlaridan biri, Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah, xuddi zaryad qilmoqchi bo'lganday imo qildi; qo'rg'oshin SEAL uning oyog'iga o'q uzdi, so'ng ikkala ayolni ushlab, ularni chetga surib qo'ydi.^[55]

Robert J. O'Nil, keyinchalik o'zini o'zini Ladinni otib tashlagan SEALlardan biri deb tanishtirgan,^[101][102] u qo'rg'oshin muhridan o'tib, eshikdan kirib, yotoqxona ichida bin Laden bilan to'qnashganini aytadi. O'Nilning ta'kidlashicha, Bin Laden ayolning orqasida, qo'llarini elkalariga qo'yib, uni oldinga surib turgan. O'Nil zudlik bilan bin Ladenni peshonasidan ikki marta otib tashladi, keyin yana Bin Laden polga cho'kkanida.^[103]

Mett Bissonnet vaziyat haqida ziddiyatli hisobot berib, Bin Laden zinapoyadan etakchi SEALning o'q uzishidan o'lik darajada yaralanganini yozgan. Keyin etakchi SEAL Bin Ladenning xotinlarini chetga surib qo'ydi va har ikkala ayolda ham portlovchi moslama bo'lgan taqdirda, uning orqasidagi muhrlarni himoya qilishga urindi. Bin Laden chayqalib yoki yotoqxonaga yiqilib tushgandan so'ng, Bissonnet va O'Nil xonaga kirib, yarador Bin Ladenni yerda ko'rdilar, bir necha bor o'q uzdilar va uni o'ldirdilar.^[104] Jurnalist Piter Bergen qarama-qarshi da'volarni o'rganib chiqdi va reyd paytida mavjud bo'lgan SEALlarning aksariyati voqealar to'g'risida Bissonnettning fikrini ma'qul ko'rdi. Bergenning manbalariga ko'ra, O'Nil operatsiyalardan keyingi harakatlar hisobotida Bin Ladenni o'ldirgan o'qlarni otish haqida gapirmagan.^[105]

Bin Ladenni o'ldirishda ishlatiladigan qurol an HK416 foydalanish 5.56 mm NATO 77 donli OTM (ochiq uchi) o'yin ) tur.^[59][106] SEAL guruhi etakchisi radio orqali "Xudo va mamlakat uchun - Geronimo, Geronimo, Geronimo" va keyin McRaven tomonidan tasdiqlash uchun "Geronimo EKIA" (dushman amalda o'ldirilgan). Oq uydagi vaziyat xonasida o'tkazilgan operatsiyani tomosha qilgan Obama shunchaki "biz uni oldik" dedi.^[4][55][59]

Bin Ladenning xonasida ikkita qurol bo'lganligini turli mualliflar yozgan: an AKS-74U karbin va Rossiyada ishlab chiqarilgan Makarov avtomati.^[107] Uning rafiqasi Amalning so'zlariga ko'ra, Bin Laden AKS-74Uga etib bormasdan otib tashlangan.^[107][108] Associated Press xabariga ko'ra qurollar eshik yonidagi tokchada bo'lgan va muhrlar jasadni suratga olmaguncha ularni ko'rmagan.^[74] Jurnalist Metyu Koulning so'zlariga ko'ra, qurollar yuklanmagan va faqat keyinchalik uchinchi qavatdagi tintuv paytida topilgan.^[99]

As the SEALs encountered women and children during the raid, they restrained them with plastik kishan yoki zip aloqalari.^[84] After the raid was over, U.S. forces moved the surviving residents outside^[50] "for Pakistani forces to discover".^[84] The injured Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah continued to harang the raiders in Arabic.^[55] Bin Laden's 12-year-old daughter Safia was allegedly struck in her foot or ankle by a piece of flying debris.^{[4][109][110]}

While bin Laden's body was taken by U.S. forces, the bodies of the four others killed in the raid were left behind at the compound and later taken into Pakistani custody.^[32][111]

Xulosa

USSKarl Vinson conducting flight operations in the Fors ko'rfazi (April 4, 2011)

The raid was intended to take 40 minutes. The time between the team's entry in and exit from the compound was 38 minutes.^[53] According to the Associated Press, the assault was completed in the first 15 minutes.^[74]

Time in the compound was spent killing defenders,^[87] "moving carefully through the compound, room to room, floor to floor" securing the women and children, clearing "weapons stashes and barricades"^[84] including a false door,^[112] and searching the compound for information.^[28] U.S. personnel recovered three Kalashnikov avtomatlari and two pistols, ten computer hard drives, documents, DVDs, almost a hundred thumb drives, a dozen cell phones, and "electronic equipment" for later analysis.^{[53][113][114][a]} The SEALs also discovered a large amount of afyun stored in the house.^[116]

Since the helicopter that had made the emergency landing was damaged and unable to fly the team out, it was destroyed to safeguard its classified equipment, including an apparent yashirincha qobiliyat.^[78] The pilot smashed "the instrument panel, the radio, and the other classified fixtures inside the cockpit", and the SEALs "[packed] the helicopter with explosives and [blew] it up". Since the SEAL team was reduced to one operational helicopter, one of the two Chinooks held in reserve was dispatched to carry part of the team and bin Laden's body out of Pakistan.^{[34][55][58][117]}

While the official Department of Defense narrative did not mention the airbases used in the operation,^[118] later accounts indicated that the helicopters returned to Bagram aerodromi.^[74] The body of Osama bin Laden was flown from Bagram to the samolyot tashuvchisi Karl Vinson a V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft escorted by two U.S. Navy F / A-18 qiruvchi samolyotlar.^[119][120]

Burial of bin Laden

According to U.S. officials, bin Laden was buried at sea because no country would accept his remains.^[121] Before disposing of the body, the U.S. called the Saudi Arabian government, who approved of burying the body in the ocean.^[55] Muslim religious rites were performed aboard Karl Vinson in the North Arabian Sea within 24 hours of bin Laden's death. Preparations began at 10:10 a.m. local time and at-sea burial was completed at 11 a.m. The body was washed, wrapped in a white sheet and placed in a weighted plastic bag. An officer read prepared religious remarks which were translated into Arabic by a native speaker. Afterward, bin Laden's body was placed onto a flat board. The board was tilted upward on one side and the body slid off into the sea.^[122][123]

Yilda Worthy Fights: A Memoir of Leadership in War and Peace,^[124] Leon Panetta wrote that bin Laden's body was draped in a white shroud, given final prayers in Arabic and placed inside a black bag loaded with 140 kg (300 lb) of iron chains, apparently to ensure that it would sink and never float. The body bag was placed on a white table at the rail of the ship, and the table was tipped to let the body bag slide into the sea, but the body bag did not slide and took the table with it. The table bobbed on the surface while the weighted body sank.^[124]

Pokiston - AQSh aloqa

According to Obama administration officials, U.S. officials did not share information about the raid with the government of Pakistan until it was over.^[7][125] Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Maykl Mullen called Pakistan's army chief Ashfaq Parvez Kayani at about 3 am local time to inform him of the operation.^[126]

According to the Pakistani foreign ministry, the operation was conducted entirely by the U.S. forces.^[127] Pokiston Xizmatlararo razvedka (ISI) officials said they were present at what they called a joint operation;^[128] Prezident Osif Ali Zardari flatly denied this.^[129] Pakistan's foreign secretary Salmon Bashir later confirmed that Pakistani military had aralashtirildi F-16lar after they became aware of the attack but that they reached the compound after the U.S. helicopters had left.^[130]

Identification of the body

U.S. forces used multiple methods to positively identify the body of Osama bin Laden:

• Measurement of the body: Both the corpse and bin Laden were 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in); SEALs on the scene did not have a lenta o'lchovi to measure the corpse, so a SEAL of known height lay down next to the body and the height was so approximated by comparison.^[85] Obama quipped: "We donated a $60 million helicopter to this operation. Could we not afford to buy a tape measure?"^[131]
• Facial recognition software: A photograph transmitted by the SEALs to CIA headquarters in Langli, Virjiniya, uchun yuzni aniqlash analysis yielded a 90 to 95 percent likely match.^[132]
• In-person identification: One or two women from the compound, including one of bin Laden's wives,^[133] identified bin Laden's body.^[132] A wife of bin Laden called him by name during the raid, inadvertently assisting in his identification by U.S. military forces on the ground.^[134]
• DNA testing: The Associated Press va The New York Times reported that bin Laden's body could be identified by DNK sinovi^[36][135] using tissue and blood samples taken from his sister who had died of brain cancer.^[136] ABC News stated, "Two samples were taken from bin Laden: one of these DNA samples was analyzed, and information was sent electronically back to Washington, D.C., from Bagram. Someone else from Afghanistan is physically bringing back a sample."^[132] A military medic took ilik and swabs from the body to use for the DNA testing.^[55] According to a senior U.S. Department of Defense official:

DNK (deoksiribonuklein kislotasi ) analysis conducted separately by Department of Defense and CIA labs has positively identified Osama bin Laden. DNA samples collected from his body were compared to a comprehensive DNA profile derived from bin Laden's large extended family. Based on that analysis, the DNA is unquestionably his. The probability of a mistaken identity on the basis of this analysis is approximately one in 11.8 kvadrillion.^[137]

• Inference: Per the same DoD official, from the initial review of the materials removed from the Abbottabad compound the Department "assessed that much of this information, including personal correspondence between Osama bin Laden and others, as well as some of the video footage ... would only have been in his possession."^[137]

Local accounts

Beginning at 12:58 a.m. local time (19:58 UTC), Abbottabad resident Sohaib Athar sent a series of tvitlar starting with "Helicopter hovering above Abbottabad at 1AM (is a rare event)." By 1:44 a.m. all was quiet until a plane flew over the city at 3:39 a.m.^[138] Neighbors took to their roofs and watched as U.S. special operations forces stormed the compound. One neighbor said, "I saw soldiers emerging from the helicopters and advancing towards the house. Some of them instructed us in chaste Pashto to turn off the lights and stay inside."^[139] Another man said he heard shooting and screams, then an explosion as a grounded helicopter was destroyed. The blast broke his bedroom window and left charred debris over a nearby field.^[140] A local security officer said he entered the compound shortly after the Americans left, before it was sealed off by the army. "There were four dead bodies, three male and one female and one female was injured", he said. "There was a lot of blood on the floor and one could easily see the marks like a dead body had been dragged out of the compound." Numerous witnesses reported that power, and possibly cellphone service,^[141] went out around the time of the raid and apparently included the military academy.^[142][143] Accounts differed as to the exact time of the blackout. One journalist concluded after interviewing several residents that it was a routine o'chirish.^[144]

ISI reported after questioning survivors of the raid that there were 17 to 18 people in the compound at the time of the attack and that the Americans took away one person still alive, possibly a bin Laden son. The ISI said that survivors included a wife, a daughter and eight to nine other children, not apparently bin Laden's. An unnamed Pakistani security official was quoted as saying one of bin Laden's daughters told Pakistani investigators that bin Laden had been captured alive, then in front of family members was shot dead by U.S. forces and dragged to a helicopter.^[145][146]

Compound residents

U.S. officials said there were 22 people in the compound. Five were killed, including Osama bin Laden.^[65] Pakistani officials gave conflicting reports suggesting between 12 and 17 survivors.^[147] Sunday Times subsequently published excerpts from a pocket guide, presumably dropped by the SEALs during the raid, containing pictures and descriptions of likely compound residents.^[148] The guide listed several adult children of bin Laden and their families who were not ultimately found in the compound.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Because of a lack of accurate information, some of what follows cannot be verified as true.^[147]

• Five adults dead: Usama bin Laden, 54;^[149] Xolid, his son by Siham (identified as Hamza in early accounts), 23;^[147] Arshad Khan, a.k.a. Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytiy, the courier, described as the "flabby" one by Sunday Times, 33;^[147][148] Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, 30; and Bushra, Abrar's wife, age unknown.^{[150][151][152]}
• Four surviving women: Khairiah, bin Laden's third, Saudi wife a.k.a. Um Hamza, 62;^[147][148] Siham, bin Laden's fourth, Saudi wife a.k.a. Um Khalid, 54;^[147][148] Amal, bin Laden's fifth, Yemeni wife, a.k.a. Amal Ahmed Abdul Fatah, 29 (injured);^[4][147] and Mariam, Arshad Khan's Pakistani wife.^[93][147]
• Five minor children of Osama and Amal: Safia, a daughter, 12; a son, 5; another son, age unknown; and infant twin daughters.^{[4][148][153][154][155]}
• Four bin Laden grandchildren from an unidentified daughter who had been killed in an airstrike in Waziristan. Two may be the boys, around 10, who spoke to Pakistani investigators.^[147][156]
• Four children of Arshad Khan: Two sons, Abdur Rahman and Khalid, 6 or 7; a daughter, age unknown; and another child, age unknown.^[151][157]

Natijada

Leaks of the news

Around 9:45 p.m. EDT, the White House announced that the president would be addressing the nation later in the evening.^[158] At 10:24:05 p.m. EDT^[159] the first public leak was made by Navy Reserve intel officer Keyt Urbaxn and 47 seconds later by actor and professional kurashchi Dwayne Jonson kuni Twitter.^[160] Anonymous government officials confirmed details to the media, and by 11 p.m. numerous major news sources were reporting that bin Laden was dead;^[158][161] the number of leaks were characterized as "voluminous" by Devid E. Sanger.^[162]

U.S. presidential address

Media-ni ijro etish

Prezident Obamaning address (9:28) Shuningdek, mavjud: Faqat audio, to'liq matn  

At 11:35 p.m., Obama appeared on major television networks:^[158]

Good evening. Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda, and a terrorist who was responsible for the murder of thousands of innocent men, women, and children ... (davom etgan)  

President Obama recalled the victims of the 11 sentyabr hujumlari. He praised the nearly ten-year-old war against al-Qaeda, which he said had disrupted terrorist plots, strengthened homeland defenses, removed the Toliblar government, and captured or killed scores of al-Qaeda operatives. Obama said that when he took office he made finding bin Laden the top priority of the war. Bin Laden's death was the most significant blow to al-Qaeda so far but the war would continue. He reaffirmed that the U.S. was not at war against Islam and defended his decision to conduct an operation within Pakistan. He said Americans understood the cost of war but would not stand by while their security was threatened. "To those families who have lost loved ones to al-Qaeda's terror," he said, "justice has been done." This remark book-ended President Bush's statement to a joint session of Congress following the September 11 attacks that "justice will be done."

Reaksiyalar

Americans celebrating after the death of Osama bin Laden in front of Oq uy

Woman in Times Square celebrating bin Laden's death

Before the official announcement, large crowds spontaneously gathered outside the White House, Zaminli nol, Pentagon, and in New York's Times Square nishonlamoq. Yilda Dearborn, Michigan, where there is a large Muslim and Arab population, a small crowd gathered outside the City Hall in celebration, many of them being of Middle Eastern descent.^[163] From the beginning to the end of Obama's speech, 5,000 tweets per second were posted on Twitter.^[164] As news of bin Laden's death filtered through the crowd at a nationally televised Beysbolning oliy ligasi o'yin Filadelfiya o'rtasida raqiblar Filadelfiya Filliz va Nyu-York uchrashuvlari, "U-S-A!" xursandchilik boshlangan.^[165][166] Yilda Tampa, Florida, at the conclusion of a professional kurash bo'yicha tadbir which was occurring at the time, WWE chempioni Jon Kena announced to the audience that bin Laden had been "caught and compromised to a permanent end", prompting chants while he exited the arena to the march "Yulduzlar va chiziqlar abadiy ".^[167]

The deputy leader of Egypt's Musulmon birodarlar said that, with bin Laden dead, Western forces should now pull out of Iroq va Afg'oniston; authorities in Iran made similar comments.^[168] Falastin ma'muriyati leaders had contrasting reactions. Mahmud Abbos welcomed bin Laden's death, while Ismoil Xaniya, boshlig'i HAMAS ma'muriyati G'azo sektori, condemned what he saw as the assassination of an "Arab holy warrior".^[169]

The 14-Dalay Lama was quoted by the Los Anjeles Tayms as saying, "Forgiveness doesn't mean forget what happened. ... If something is serious and it is necessary to take counter-measures, you have to take counter-measures." This was widely reported as an endorsement of bin Laden's killing and was criticized in Buddhist circles, but another journalist cited a video of the discussion to argue that the comment was taken out of context and the Dalai Lama supports killing only in self-defense.^[170]

A CBS/The New York Times poll taken after bin Laden's death showed that 16% of Americans feel safer as the result of his death while 60% of Americans of those polled believe killing bin Laden would likely increase the threat of terrorism against the U.S. in the short term.^[171]

Hindistonda, Ichki ishlar vaziri P. Chidambaram said that bin Laden hiding "deep inside" Pakistan was a matter of grave concern for India and showed that "many of the perpetrators of the Mumbaydagi teraktlar, including the controllers and the handlers of the terrorists who actually carried out the attack, continue to be sheltered in Pakistan". He also called on Pakistan to arrest them,^[172] amidst calls for similar strikes being conducted by India against Hofiz Said va Dovud Ibrohim.^[173]

Freedom of Information Act requests and denials

Although the Abbottabad raid has been described in great detail by U.S. officials, no physical evidence constituting "proof of death" has been offered to the public, neither to journalists nor to independent third parties who have requested this information through the Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun.^[174] Numerous organizations filed FOIA requests seeking at least a partial release of photographs, videos, and/or DNA test results, including Associated Press, Reuters, CBS News, Sud kuzatuvi, Politico, Fox News, Citizens United va Milliy radio.^[175] On April 26, 2012, Judge Jeyms E. Boasberg held that the Department of Defense was not required to release any evidence to the public.^[176]

According to a draft report by the Pentagon's inspector general, Admiral William McRaven, the top special operations commander, ordered the Department of Defense to purge from its computer systems all files on the bin Laden raid after first sending them to the CIA.^{[177][178][179][180]} Any mention of this decision was expunged from the final version of the inspector general's report.^[178] According to the Pentagon, this was done to protect the identities of the Navy SEALs involved in the raid.^[178] The legal justification for the records transfer is that the SEALs were effectively working for the CIA at the time of the raid, which ostensibly means that any records of the raid belong to the CIA.^[177][178] "Documents related to the raid were handled in a manner consistent with the fact that the operation was conducted under the direction of the CIA director", CIA agency spokesman Preston Golson said in an emailed statement. "Records of a CIA operation such as the (bin Laden) raid, which were created during the conduct of the operation by persons acting under the authority of the CIA Director, are CIA records."^[181] Golson said it is absolutely false that records were moved to the CIA to avoid the legal requirements of the Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun.^[181] The Milliy xavfsizlik arxivi has criticized this maneuver, saying that the records have now gone into a "FOIA black hole":

What the transfer really did was ensure that the files would be placed in the CIA's operational records, a records system that—due to the 1986 CIA Operational Files exemption—is not subject to the FOIA and is a black hole for anyone trying to access the files within. The move prevents the public from accessing the official record about the raid, and bypasses several important federal records keeping procedures in the process.^[178]

The United States Defense Department can prevent the release of its own military files citing risks to national security, but that can be contested in court, and a judge can compel the Pentagon to turn over non-sensitive portions of records. The CIA has special authority to prevent the release of operational files in ways that cannot be challenged in federal court.^[181] Richard Lardner, reporting for the Associated Press, wrote that the maneuver "could represent a new strategy for the U.S. government to shield even its most sensitive activities from public scrutiny."^[182]

The inspector general's draft report also described how former Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta disclosed classified information to the makers of Zero Dark Thizty, including the unit that conducted the raid and the ground commander's name.^[183]

Qonuniylik

Under U.S. law

Hujumlaridan so'ng 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, AQSh Kongressi o'tdi Terroristlarga qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma, vakolat bergan Prezident to use "necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons" he determines were involved in the attacks.^[184] The Obama ma'muriyati justified its use of force by relying on that resolution, as well as xalqaro huquq set forth in treaties and customary urush qonunlari.^[185]

Website of the Federal Bureau of Investigation listing bin Laden as deceased on the Most Wanted List 2011 yil 3 mayda

John Bellinger III sifatida xizmat qilgan AQSh Davlat departamenti 's senior lawyer during Prezident Jorj V.Bush 's second term, said the strike was a legitimate military action and did not run counter to the U.S.' self-imposed prohibition on assassinations:

The killing is not prohibited by the long-standing assassination prohibition in executive order 12333 [signed in 1981], because the action was a military action in the ongoing U.S. armed conflict with al-Qaeda, and it is not prohibited to kill specific leaders of an opposing force. The assassination prohibition does not apply to killings in self-defense.^[186]

Xuddi shunday, Xarold Xongju Koh, Legal Adviser of the U.S. State Department, said in 2010 that "under domestic law, the use of lawful weapons systems—consistent with the applicable laws of war—for precision nishonga olish of specific high-level belligerent leaders when acting in self-defense or during an armed conflict is not unlawful, and hence does not constitute 'assassination'."^[186]

Devid Sxeffer, direktori Shimoli-g'arbiy universitet yuridik fakulteti Center for International Human Rights, said the fact that bin Laden had previously been indicted in 1998 in the Nyu-Yorkning janubiy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudi for conspiracy to attack U.S. defense installations was a complicating factor. "Normally when an individual is under indictment the purpose is to capture that person in order to bring him to court to try him ... The object is not to literally umumlashtirmoq him if he's under indictment."^[187] Scheffer and another expert stated that it was important to determine whether the mission was to capture bin Laden or to kill him. If the Navy SEALs were instructed to kill bin Laden without trying first to capture him, it "may have violated American ideals if not international law."^[187]

Xalqaro huquqqa muvofiq

Manzilida Pakistani parliament, Pakistan's Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gillani said, "Our people are rightly incensed on the issue of violation of sovereignty as typified by the covert U.S. air and ground assault on the Osama hideout in Abbottabad. ... The Security Council, while exhorting UN member states to join their efforts against terrorism, has repeatedly emphasized that this be done in accordance with xalqaro huquq, inson huquqlari va gumanitar huquq."^[188] Former Pakistani President Gen. Parvez Musharraf denied a report in The Guardian that his government made a secret agreement permitting U.S. forces to conduct unilateral raids in search of the top three al-Qaeda leaders.^[189]

In testimony before the U.S. Senat Adliya qo'mitasi, Bosh prokuror Erik Xolder said, "The operation against bin Laden was justified as an act of national self-defense. It's lawful to target an enemy commander in the field." He called the killing of bin Laden "a tremendous step forward in attaining justice for the nearly 3,000 innocent Americans who were murdered on September 11, 2001."^[190] Commenting on the legality under international law, Michigan universiteti Law Professor Steven Ratner said, "A lot of it depends on whether you believe Osama bin Laden is a combatant in a war or a suspect in a mass murder." In the latter case, "you would ... be able to kill a suspect [only] if they represented an immediate threat".^[187]

Holder testified that bin Laden made no attempt to surrender, and "even if he had there would be a good basis on the part of those very brave Navy SEAL team members to do what they did in order to protect themselves and the other people who were in that building."^[190] According to Anthony Dworkin, an international law expert at the Evropa tashqi aloqalar kengashi, if bin Laden was hors de battle (as his daughter is said to have alleged)^[146] that would have been a violation of Protokol I ning Jeneva konvensiyalari.^[191]

Avvalgi Nuremberg prosecutor Benjamin B. Ferents said it was unclear if bin Laden's killing was justified self-defense or premeditated illegal assassination,^[192] and that "killing a captive who poses no immediate threat is a crime under military law as well as all other law,"^[193] a view also held by legal scholar Filipp Sands.^[192]

The UN Security Council released a statement applauding the news of bin Laden's death, and BMT Bosh kotibi Pan Gi Mun said he was "very much relieved."^[194] Ikki Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maxsus ma'ruzachilari issued a joint statement seeking more information regarding the circumstances in which bin Laden was killed and cautioning that "actions taken by States in combating terrorism, especially in high profile cases, set precedents for the way in which the right to life will be treated in future instances."^[195]

Handling of the body

Under Islamic tradition, burial at sea is considered inappropriate when other, preferred forms of burial are available, and several prominent Islamic clerics criticized the decision.^{[133][196][197]} Muhammad Ahmed at-Tayeb, rahbari Al-Azhar universiteti, Egypt's seat of Sunniy Muslim learning, said the disposal of the body at sea was an affront to religious and human values.^[198] Scholars like el-Tayeb hold that sea burials can be allowed only in special cases where the death occurred aboard a ship, and that the regular practice should have occurred in this case—the body buried in the ground with the head pointing to Islam's holy city of Makka.^[199]

A stated advantage of a burial at sea is that the site is not readily identified or accessed, thus preventing it from becoming a focus of attention or "terrorist shrine".^[199] The Guardian questioned whether bin Laden's grave would have become a shrine, as this is strongly discouraged in Vahhobiylik. Addressing the same concern, Egyptian Islamic analyst and lawyer Montasser el-Zayat said that if the Americans wished to avoid making a shrine to bin Laden, an unmarked grave on land would have accomplished the same goal.^[196]

The Guardian also quoted a U.S. official explaining the anticipated difficulty of finding a country that would accept the burial of bin Laden in its soil.^[200] Professor Islom qonuni da Iordaniya universiteti stated burying at sea was permitted if there was nobody to receive the body and provide a Muslim burial,^[201] but that "it's neither true nor correct to claim that there was nobody in the Muslim world ready to receive bin Laden's body".^[196] On a similar note, Mohammed al-Qubaisi, Dubai's grand mufti, stated: "They can say they buried him at sea, but they cannot say they did it according to Islam. If the family does not want him, it's really simple in Islam: you dig up a grave anywhere, even on a remote island, you say the prayers and that's it. Sea burials are permissible for Muslims in extraordinary circumstances. This is not one of them."^[196] Khalid Latif, an imom who serves as a chaplain and the director of the Islamic Center of Nyu-York universiteti, argued that the sea burial was respectful.^[202]

Leor Halevi, a professor at Vanderbilt universiteti va muallifi Muhammad's Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society, explained that Islamic law does not prescribe ordinary funerals for those killed in battle, and pointed to controversy within the Muslim world over whether bin Laden was, as a "mass murderer of Muslims", entitled to the same respect as mainstream Muslims. At the same time, he suggested that the burial could have been handled with more cultural sensitivity.^[203]

Omar bin Laden, son of Osama bin Laden, published a complaint on May 10, 2011, that the burial at sea deprived the family of a proper burial.^[204]

Bin Laden's will

After bin Laden's death, it was reported he had left a will written a short time after the September 11 attacks^[205] in which he urged his children not to join al-Qaeda and not to continue the Jihad.^[206]

Release of photographs

CNN cited a senior U.S. official as saying three sets of photographs of bin Laden's body exist: photos taken at an samolyot angar in Afghanistan, described as the most recognizable and gruesome; photos taken from the burial at sea on the USSKarl Vinson before a shroud was placed around his body; and photos from the raid itself, which include shots of the interior of the compound as well as three of the others who died in the raid.^[207]

A source told ABC News that the photos taken by the military servicemen on the scene depict the physical damage done by a high-kalibrli o'q.^[85] CBS Evening News reported that the photo shows that the bullet which hit above bin Laden's left eye blew out his left eyeball and blew away a large portion of his frontal skull, exposing his brain.^[208] CNN stated that the pictures from the Afghanistan hangar depict "a massive open head wound across both eyes. It's very bloody and gory."^[207] AQSh senatori Jim Inxof said the photos taken of the body on the Karl Vinson, which showed bin Laden's face after much of the blood and material had been washed away, should be released to the public.^[209]

A debate on whether the military photos should be released to the public took place.^[210] Those supporting the release argued that the photos should be considered ommaviy yozuvlar,^[211][212] that they are necessary to complete the journalistic record,^[213] and that they would prove bin Laden's death and therefore prevent fitna nazariyalari. Those in opposition expressed concern that the photos would inflame Amerikaga qarshi kayfiyat Yaqin Sharqda.^[214]

Obama decided not to release the photos.^[215] In an interview aired on May 4 kuni 60 daqiqa, he said: "We don't trot out this stuff as trophies. We don't need to spike the football." Obama said that he was concerned with ensuring that "very graphic photos of somebody who was shot in the head are not floating around as an incitement to additional violence, or as a propaganda tool. That's not who we are."^[216] Among Republican members of Congress, Senator Lindsi Grem criticized the decision and said he wanted to see the photos released, while Senator Jon Makkeyn va vakil Mayk Rojers, kafedrasi Uyning razvedka qo'mitasi, supported the decision.^[217][218]

On May 11, selected members of Kongress (the congressional leadership and those who serve on the House and Senate intelligence, homeland security, judiciary, foreign relations, and armed forces committees) were shown 15 bin Laden photos. Bilan intervyuda Eliot Spitser, Senator Jim Inhofe said that three of the photos were of bin Laden alive for identification reference. Three other photos were of the burial-at-sea ceremony.^[219]

Guruh Sud kuzatuvi a Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun request to obtain access to the photos in May 2011, soon after the raid.^[220][221] On May 9, the Department of Defense declined to process Judicial Watch's FOIA request, prompting Judicial Watch to file a federal lawsuit.^[222] In 2012, Judge Jeyms E. Boasberg ning AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudi issued a ruling denying release of the photographs.^[223] In May 2013, a three-judge panel of the AQSh Apellyatsiya sudi Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi uchun consisting of Chief Judge Merrick Garland, Senior Judge Garri T. Edvards va hakam Judit Rojers affirmed the ruling, holding that 52 post-mortem images were properly classified as "top secret" and exempt from disclosure.^[224] Judicial Watch filed a petition for a sertifikat yozuvi in August 2013, seeking AQSh Oliy sudi review, but in January 2014 the Supreme Court declined to hear the case.^{[225][226][227]}

The Associated Press filed a FOIA request for photographs and videos taken during the Abbottabad raid less than one day after bin Laden was killed.^[228][229] The AP also requested "contingency plans for bin Laden's capture, reports on the performance of equipment during the mission and copies of DNA tests" confirming bin Laden's identity.^[229] The Defense Department rejected the AP's request for expedited processing, a legal provision to shorten the amount of time to process FOIA requests. The Defense Department rejected the request, and the AP administratively appealed.^[229]

Alternative accounts

Seal Target Geronimo

A book published in November 2011, Seal Target Geronimo, tomonidan Chak Pfarrer, a former SEAL, contradicted the account as given by U.S. government sources. According to Pfarrer, neither helicopter crashed at the beginning of the raid. Instead, the SEALs jumped onto the roof from the hovering Razor 1 helicopter and entered a third-floor hallway from the roof terrace. Osama's third wife, Khairah, was in the hallway, headed towards the SEALs. She was blinded by a strobe light and pushed to the floor as the SEALs went past her. Osama bin Laden stuck his head out of a bedroom door, saw the SEALs, and slammed the door closed. At the same time, Osama's son Khalid bin Laden ran up the stairs to the third floor and was killed with two shots.^[230][231]

Two SEALs broke through the bedroom door. Bin Laden's wife Amal was on the edge of the bed shouting in Arabic at the SEALs, and Osama bin Laden dived across the bed, shoving Amal at the same time, for an AKS-74U kept by the headboard. The SEALs fired four shots at bin Laden; the first missed, the second grazed Amal in the calf also missing bin Laden, and the final two hit bin Laden in the chest and head, killing him instantly. In Pfarrer's account, the total time elapsed from jumping on the roof to Osama bin Laden's death was between 30 and 90 seconds.^[230][231]

Around the same time, snipers in the hovering Razor 2 helicopter shot and killed Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti when he came to the door of the guest house firing an AK-47. One SEAL sniper fired two shots at al-Kuwaiti and the other fired two three-round bursts. Two of the snipers' bullets went through al-Kuwaiti and killed his wife who was standing behind him. Jilet 2 team cleared the guest house and then breached their way into the main house with explosives. As the Razor 2 team entered the main house, al-Qaeda courier Arshad Khan pointed his AK-47 gun and was killed with two shots. The SEAL team fired a total of 16 shots, killing Osama bin Laden, Khalid bin Laden, Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, and al-Kuwaiti's wife, Arshad Khan, and wounding Osama bin Laden's wife Amal al-Sadah.^[230][231]

Twenty minutes into the operation, Razor 1 took off from the roof of the main house to reposition to a landing spot outside the compound. As Razor 1 was crossing over the courtyard, both "green unit" flight deck control systems went off line. The helicopter settled slowly, bounced off the ground, and then broke apart as it hit the ground a second time. Both failed green units were removed for later examination.^[230][231]

Media accounts had reported that the plan had been to tez arqon to the inner courtyard and to clear the main house from the ground floor up. The helicopter crashed in the outer courtyard with the SEAL team still on board. The SEAL team exited and needed to breach two walls and then into the house. As a result, Osama bin Laden was killed several minutes into the operation.^[55] Pfarrer's account differs in that he wrote that a SEAL team was inserted onto the roof of the main house, that Osama bin Laden was killed seconds into the operation, and that the main house was cleared from the top down.^[231]

The Pentagon disputed Pfarrer's account of the raid, calling it "incorrect".^[232] The AQSh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi also disputed Pfarrer's account, saying, "It's just not true. It's not how it happened."^[233][234]

Oson kun yo'q

Matt Bissonnette in March 2001

Matt Bissonnette, a SEAL who participated in the raid, wrote an account of the mission in the book Oson kun yo'q (2012), which significantly contradicts Pfarrer's account. Bissonnette wrote that the helicopter approach and landing matched the official version. According to Bissonnette, when bin Laden peered out at the Americans advancing on his third-floor room, the SEAL who fired upon him hit him on the right side of the head. Bin Laden stumbled into his bedroom, where the SEALs found him crumpled and twitching on the floor in a pool of body matter, with two women crying over his body. The other SEALs allegedly grabbed the women, moved them away, and shot several rounds into bin Laden's chest until he was motionless. According to Bissonnette, the weapons in the room—an AK-47 rifle and a Makarov avtomati —were unloaded.^[235]

Rasmiy akkauntdan farqli o'laroq, Bissonnett versiyasida bin Ladenning rafiqasi Mariam reyd paytida jarohat olmaganligi aytiladi.^{[sahifa kerak ]} Bissonnettning ta'kidlashicha, bin Ladenning qizi Safiyaning oyog'iga urilgan o'tin urgani haqidagi xabar yolg'ondir, chunki u bunday parchalardan uning rafiqasi Amal jarohat olganini tushuntiradi.^[235]

Muallif, shuningdek, tanasi Afg'onistonga qaytarilganida, bitta vertolyot tor vertolyotda bin Ladenning ko'kragiga o'tirganini ta'kidlagan.^{[236][237][238][239][240][241]}

Bissonnett Ladin o'lganidan keyin uning xonasida tintuv o'tkazilganda bir shisha topilganligini aytdi Faqat erkaklar uchun sochni bo'yash.^[242]

2013 yil fevral oyida, Esquire "otishma" degan noma'lum shaxs bilan intervyu olib bordi, u bin Laden xotinlaridan birini o'zi va komandolari orasiga qo'yib, ularni o'zlariga qaratib qo'yganini aytdi. Keyin "Shooter" bin Laden o'rnidan turib, "qo'lida" qurol borligini aytdi va shundan keyingina u bin Ladenning peshonasiga ikki marta o'q uzib, uni o'ldirdi.^[116] Ning yana bir a'zosi SEAL Team Six hikoya taqdim etilganidek aytdi Esquire noto'g'ri va "to'liq BS" edi.^[243] So'ngra, 2014 yil noyabr oyida sobiq SEAL Robert O'Nil bir qator intervyularda otishma sifatida kimligini oshkor qildi. Washington Post.^[101][102]

Hillhouse va Hersh xabar beradi

2011 yilda amerikalik razvedka bo'yicha tahlilchi Reynlin Xillxaus yozishicha, AQSh razvedka manbalariga ko'ra, AQSh 25 ming dollarlik mukofot yig'ib olgan Pokiston razvedkasining ismi oshkor qilinmagan shaxs tomonidan Bin Laden joylashgan joyga olib borilgan. Manbalarga ko'ra, Pokiston AQSh reydiga ruxsat berish uchun o'z qurolli kuchlarini qasddan to'xtatgan va asl rejasi bin Ladenni qo'lga olish emas, o'ldirish edi. Xillxaus manbalari Pokistonliklar Saudiya Arabistoni bergan pul evaziga Abbotoboddagi harbiy shtablari yaqinida Bin Ladenni uy qamog'ida ushlab turishgan.^[244] Ga binoan Telegraf, Xillxausning hisobotida nima uchun AQSh kuchlari Abbottabadga va u erga borishda hech qanday qarshilikka duch kelmagani va Abbottabadning ba'zi aholisi reyddan bir kun oldin o'z uylarida qolish haqida ogohlantirilishi tushuntirilishi mumkin.^[244]

Keyinchalik Xillxaus bin Ladenning jasadi vertolyotdan tashqariga tashlanganini aytdi Hindu Kush. Xillxausning hisob qaydnomasi olingan va nashr etilgan Daily Telegraph, Milliy pochta, Vankuver quyoshi, Kalgari Herald, Windsor Star, Daily Mail va Yangi Zelandiya Herald.^[245]

2015 yil may oyida batafsil maqola London kitoblarning sharhi jurnalist tomonidan Seymur Xers Pokistonlik Xizmatlararo razvedka (ISI) 2006 yildan beri Abbotobodda bin Ladenni va hibsda ushlab turdi va Pokiston armiyasining boshlig'i Parvez Kayani va ISI direktori Ahmad Shuja Posho AQSh missiyasiga Bin Ladenni qo'lga olish emas, o'ldirish uchun yordam berdi.^[18][246] Xershning so'zlariga ko'ra, Pokiston rasmiylari har doim bin Laden joylashgan joydan xabardor bo'lgan va o'z askarlari bilan turar joyni qo'riqlashgan. Pokiston bin Laden joylashgan joyni AQShga berishga qaror qildi, chunki Amerika yordami kamayib bormoqda. Pokiston rasmiylari reyd haqida xabardor bo'lib, AQShning uni amalga oshirishda yordam berishdi. Xersning so'zlariga ko'ra, bin Laden asosan yaroqsiz edi.^[247]

Hershning AQSh va Pokistondagi razvedka manbalari AQSh bin Laden joylashganligi to'g'risida kuryerni kuzatib borish orqali emas, balki 25 million dollarlik mukofot puli olish uchun Pokiston orqali yurish orqali bilib olganligini aytdi.^[18][19] NBC News va Agence France-Presse Keyinchalik ularning manbalari piyoda yurish juda qimmatbaho boylik ekanligini ko'rsatdi, ammo manbalar yurish bin Ladenning joylashgan joyini bilishini ta'kidlashdi.^[20][248] Pokistonlik jurnalist Amir Mir Xalqaro yangiliklar Usmon Xolid ekanligi haqida xabar bergan, ammo Xolidning oilasi uni rad etgan.^[249] Oq Uy Xersning hisobotini rad etdi.^[250][251]

Da'volar o'xshash bo'lsa-da, Xilxaus va Xersning Bin Laden o'limi haqidagi xabarlari turli manbalarga asoslangan edi. Intercept tuzilgan da'volarni tasdiqlashi mumkin, agar ularning shaxsi ma'lum bo'lsa. Hersh voqeasi buzilgandan so'ng, NBC News shuningdek, Pokiston razvedkasining xodimi kuryer emas, balki bin Ladin joylashuvi haqidagi asl ma'lumotning manbasi bo'lganligi to'g'risida mustaqil ravishda xabar bergan.^[245]

Fitna nazariyalari

2011 yil 2 mayda Bin Ladenning o'limi haqidagi xabarlar hamma tomonidan qabul qilinmaydi^[252] uning shaxsini tasdiqlovchi ozod qilinmagan DNK sinovlariga qaramay,^[36][135] Bin Ladenning o'limiga guvoh bo'lgan o'n ikki yoshli qizi,^[110][253] va 2011 yil 6 mayda Al-Qoidaning o'limini tasdiqlovchi bayonoti.^[8] Bin Laden jasadini dengizga tezda ko'mish, DNK natijalarining tezligi va o'lik jasad rasmlarini chiqarmaslik qarori bin Ladin reydda o'lmagan degan fitna nazariyalarining kuchayishiga olib keldi.^[254] Ba'zi bloglarda AQSh hukumati reydni uyushtirishni taklif qilishdi, ba'zi forumlarda esa bu hiyla-nayrang yuzasidan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.^[255]

Pokistonning roli

Bosqindan keyin Pokiston xalqaro miqyosda qattiq tekshiruvga uchradi. Pokiston hukumati bin Ladenga boshpana berganini rad etdi va 2009 yildan buyon ushbu razvedka to'g'risida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi va boshqa razvedka idoralari bilan ma'lumot almashganini aytdi.^[256]

Carlotta Gall, uning 2014 yilgi kitobida Noto'g'ri dushman: Amerika Afg'onistondagi, 2001-2014, ayblaydi ISI, Pokistonning yashirin razvedka xizmati, yashirish va himoya qilish Usama bin Laden va undan keyin uning oilasi 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi hujumlar. Uning ta'kidlashicha, u Pokiston rasmiylaridan bilib olgan (keyinchalik u bilan gaplashmasligini aniqlagan, ma'lumot do'sti orqali kelgan)^[257] AQShning yuqori lavozimli amaldorlari unga Qo'shma Shtatlarda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar borligini aytgan Xizmatlararo razvedka (ISI) boshlig'i, General-leytenant Ahmad Shuja Posho, Bin Ladinning Abbottabadda bo'lganligini bilar edi, ammo ISI, Pasha va Vashingtondagi rasmiylar buni rad etishmoqda.^[258]

Bosqindan keyin Pokiston Xitoy harbiy amaldorlariga qulab tushgan vertolyot qoldiqlarini tekshirishga ruxsat berganligi to'g'risida tasdiqlanmagan xabar paydo bo'ldi.^[259]

Abbottabad bilan aloqalar

Ning ko'rinishi Abbotobod, Pokiston (2011)

Abbotobod qochqinlarni jangovar janglardan jalb qildi qabila hududlari va Svat vodiysi, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Afg'oniston. "Odamlar hozir u erda kim borligini so'rashga ahamiyat bermaydilar", dedi Gohar Ayub Xon, sobiq tashqi ishlar vaziri va shahar aholisi. "Bu uning kirib kelishining bir sababi ham shu."^[260]

Shahar bin Ladendan oldin kamida bitta al-Qoidaning rahbari bo'lgan. Xabarlarga ko'ra, operatsiya boshlig'i Abu Faraj al-Libi 2003 yil o'rtalarida oilasini Abbotobodga ko'chirgan.^[261] Pokiston Xizmatlararo razvedka (ISI) 2003 yil dekabr oyida uyga bostirib kirgan, ammo uni topolmagan.^[262] Ushbu akkauntga amerikalik rasmiylar qarshi chiqishgan, ular sun'iy yo'ldosh fotosuratlari 2004 yilda sayt bo'sh maydon bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda.^[263] Kuryer tergovchilarga al-Libi Abbottabaddagi uchta uydan foydalanganligini aytdi. Pokiston rasmiylarining aytishicha, o'sha paytda ular amerikalik hamkasblariga bu shahar Al-Qoida rahbarlari yashirinadigan joy bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida xabar berishgan.^[264] 2009 yilda rasmiylar AQShga bin Laden qarorgohi to'g'risida razvedka ma'lumotlarini berishni boshladi.^[262]

2011 yil 25 yanvarda,^[265] ISI hibsga olingan Umar Patek, bilan bog'liq qidiruvda bo'lgan indoneziyalik 2002 yil Bali tungi klubidagi portlashlar, u Abbotobodda bir oila bilan birga bo'lganida. Pochta xodimi Tohir Shehzod al-Qoida jangarilariga sayohat qilishni osonlashtirganlikda gumon qilinib hibsga olingan.^[261]

Pokistonga qarshi da'volar

Pokiston hukumati bin Ladenni qalqon qilgani haqida ko'plab da'volar qilingan.^{[128][266][267]} Tanqidchilar Bin Ladenning qattiq mustahkamlangan qarorgohining Pokiston harbiy akademiyasiga yaqinligini, AQSh operatsiya oldidan Pokiston hukumatiga xabar bermaslikni tanlaganini va Pokistonning jinoyatchilarga nisbatan ikki tomonlama standartlarini misol qilib keltirdilar. 2008 yil Mumbaydagi hujumlar.^{[267][268][269]} AQSh hukumati tomonidan tarqatilgan hujjatlar WikiLeaks, amerikalik diplomatlarga Pokiston xavfsizlik xizmatlari har safar AQSh kuchlari yaqinlashganda bin Ladinni ag'darib tashlayotgani haqida xabar berishgan. Pokistonniki Xizmatlararo razvedka (ISI), shuningdek, al-Qoida jangarilarini jang qilish uchun Afg'onistonga olib kirishda yordam bergan NATO qo'shinlar. Olingan fayllarga ko'ra, 2009 yil dekabr oyida Tojikiston hukumati shuningdek, AQSh rasmiylariga Pokistonda ko'pchilik bin Ladin turgan joydan xabardor ekanligini aytgan edi.^[270]

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi boshlig'i Leon Panetta Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Pokistonni operatsiyaga jalb qilishni rad etganini aytdi, chunki "Pokistonliklar bilan ishlash uchun qilingan har qanday harakat missiyani xavf ostiga qo'yishi mumkin. Ular nishonlarni ogohlantirishi mumkin".^[271] Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton "Pokiston bilan hamkorlik bizni Bin Laden va u yashirgan binoga olib borishga yordam berdi".^[272] Obama uning fikrlarini takrorladi.^[273] Jon O. Brennan, Obamaning terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha bosh maslahatchisi, Bin Laden Pokiston tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmasligi aqlga sig'maydi, dedi. U shunday dedi: "Odamlar buni ko'z oldida yashirinish deb atashgan. Biz u qanday qilib uzoq vaqt davomida u erda yashirinishga muvaffaq bo'lganini ko'rib chiqmoqdamiz."^[274]

The Hindiston ichki ishlar vaziri, P. Chidambaram, Bin Laden Pokistonning "ichida" yashirinib olgani Hindiston uchun jiddiy tashvish tug'dirganini aytdi va "jinoyatchilarning ko'plari Mumbaydagi teraktlar Hujumni amalga oshirgan terrorchilarning nazoratchilari va ishlovchilari, shu jumladan Pokistonda boshpana berishda davom etmoqda ". U Pokistonni ularni hibsga olishga chaqirdi.^[275]

Pokistonda tug'ilgan Britaniya parlamentining a'zosi Xolid Mahmud Bin Laden minglab Pokiston askarlari bo'lgan shaharda yashab, al-Qoida va Pokiston xavfsizlik kuchlari unsurlari o'rtasidagi aloqalar haqidagi savollarni jonlantirganini bilganidan keyin u "flavbergast va shokka tushganini" aytdi.^[276]

2011 yil 7 avgustda, Raelynn Hillhouse, amerikalik ayg'oqchi yozuvchi va xavfsizlik bo'yicha tahlilchi, o'zining milliy xavfsizlik blogida "Menga hisob-kitob qilgan josus" ni joylashtirdi,^[277] Pokiston ISI 25 million dollar evaziga bin Ladinni boshpana bergan degan taxmin saxovat; ISI va hukumat rasmiylari uning ayblovlarini rad etishdi.^[278]

Pokiston armiyasining sobiq boshlig'i, general Ziauddin Butt uning ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Usama bin Laden Abbottabaddagi razvedka byurosining xavfsiz uyida o'sha paytdagi bosh direktor tomonidan saqlangan. Pokiston razvedka byurosi (2004-2008), brigadir Ijaz Shoh. Bu sobiq armiya boshlig'i general Parvez Musharraf va hozirgi armiya shtabi boshlig'i (COAS) generalning "to'liq bilimi" bilan sodir bo'lgan. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani.^[279] Amerikaning xususiy xavfsizlik firmasidan elektron pochta xabarlari, Stratfor, 2012 yil 27 fevralda WikiLeaks tomonidan nashr etilgan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra Pokiston ISIda 12 ga yaqin amaldor Usama bin Ladinning Abbottabad xavfsiz uyi haqida bilar edi. Stratforga amerikalik kuchlar tomonidan Bin Ladinning Abbottabad uyidan yig'ilgan qog'ozlar bilan tanishish huquqi berilgan edi. Elektron pochta xabarlariga ko'ra, bu pokistonlik zobitlar orasida "O'rta va yuqori darajadagi ISI va Pak Mil bitta nafaqadagi Pak Mil generali bilan birga" bo'lgan.^[280] 2014 yilda britaniyalik jurnalist Carlotta Gall oshkor qilinmagan ISI manbasi unga ISI "bin Laden bilan ishlash uchun tayinlangan maxsus stolni boshqarganini" aytganini ma'lum qildi. Stolni "o'zi qaror qabul qilgan va yuqori lavozimli shaxsga hisobot bermagan zobit boshqargan [...], ammo yuqori harbiy boshliqlar bu haqda bilishgan, menga aytilgan".^[258]

Pokistonning javobi

Tashqi video
Pokiston Bin Ladendan keyin - vitse-prezident.

Pokiston razvedkasi xodimining so'zlariga ko'ra, telefon orqali eshitiladigan xom ma'lumotlar Pokiston tomonidan tahlil qilinmasdan AQShga o'tkazilgan. 2010 yil sentyabridan beri AQSh "shu haqda" ma'lumot to'plagan paytda, Bin Laden va uning aholisi haqidagi ma'lumotlar bir necha oy davomida "Pokiston" radaridan "chiqib ketgan". Bin Laden "ko'rinmas iz" qoldirdi va u boshqa jangari tarmoqlar bilan aloqada bo'lmagan. Ta'kidlanishicha, qarorgohga kirish va chiqish kuryeriga katta e'tibor qaratilgan. Ma'lumotlarning AQShga uzatilishi rasmiy shaxsning so'zlariga ko'ra muntazam ravishda bo'lib o'tdi va u reydga nisbatan "ular aniqlanmasdan kirib, o'sha kuni chiqib ketishdi" deb aytdi va Pokiston amerikalik kadrlar shu erda bo'lganiga ishonmadi maxsus operatsiya o'tkazilishidan oldin maydon.^[273]

Pokistonning Buyuk Britaniyadagi oliy komissariga ko'ra, Vojid Shamsul Hasan, Pokiston operatsiya bo'lishini oldindan bilgan. Pokiston "ba'zi narsalarni bilar edi" va "nima bo'lgan, bizning roziligimiz bilan sodir bo'lgan. Amerikaliklar u bilan tanishgan - u qaerda birinchi bo'lgan va shuning uchun ular uni urishgan va aniq urishgan." Pokistonning AQShdagi elchisi Husayn Haqqoniy, agar Pokiston bin Ladenning joylashuvi to'g'risida ma'lumot mavjud bo'lsa va Pokiston ularni ta'qib qilganida edi, "Amerikalik sheriklarimiz bundan juda xursand edi. Ularda yuqori razvedka, yuqori texnologiyalar va biz ularga minnatdorman. "^[273]

Pokistonning yana bir rasmiysi Pokiston "bizning havo hududimizda vertolyot parvozlariga faqat avtorizatsiya qilishda yordam bergan" va operatsiya Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan amalga oshirilganligini aytdi. Shuningdek, u "har qanday holatda ham, biron bir narsa noto'g'ri bo'lib ketgan taqdirda, biz bunday operatsiya bilan hech narsa qilishni xohlamadik" dedi.^[273]

Iyun oyida ISI Usama bin Laden qarorgohini kuzatish uchun Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasiga ijaraga berilgan xavfsiz uy egasini va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining beshta ma'lumotchisini hibsga oldi.^[281]

Mark Kelton, keyin Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi stansiya boshlig'i Pokiston uchun, u reyd uchun qasos olish uchun ISI tomonidan zaharlangan va uni mamlakatni tark etishga majbur qilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[282][283]

Kod nomi

Ichida bo'lgan bir necha rasmiylar Vaziyat xonasi shu jumladan prezident,^[216] jurnalistlarga Bin Ladenning kod nomi "Geronimo" ekanligini aytdi. Ular tomosha qilishgan Leon Panetta, dan gapirish Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, Abbotoboddagi harakatni aytib berganida. Panetta "Bizda Geronimo haqida ingl.", Keyinroq "Geronimo EKIA" - dushman harakatda o'ldirilgan.^[58] Yerdagi qo'mondonning so'zlari: "Xudo va yurt uchun, Geronimo, Geronimo, Geronimo".^[284] Keyinchalik rasmiylar missiyaning har bir bosqichi alfavit bo'yicha "Amalga oshirilganligini tekshirish ro'yxati" da ko'rsatilganligini, bu katta operatsiyaning barcha ishtirokchilarining minimal radio trafik bilan sinxronlashtirilishini ta'minlash uchun ishlatilishini tushuntirdilar. "Geronimo" bosqinchilar bin Ladenni qo'lga olish yoki o'ldirish "G" qadamiga etib borganligini ko'rsatdi.^[74] Usama bin Laden operatsiya maqsadi uchun umumiy kod nomi bo'lgan "Jackpot" deb nomlangan.^[284] ABC News aks holda uning odatdagi kod nomi "Cakebread" bo'lganligini xabar qildi.^[63] Nyu-Yorker bin Ladenning kod nomi "Krankshaft" ekanligini xabar qildi.^[55]

Ko'pgina tub amerikaliklar bundan xafa bo'lishdi Geronimo, taniqli 19-asr Apache Rahbar Bin Laden bilan qaytarib bo'lmaydigan darajada bog'liq edi. Raisi Fort Sill Apache qabilasi, voris Geronimoning qabilasi, Obamaga "bu noto'g'ri ishlarni to'g'rilashini" so'rab xat yozgan.^[285] Ning prezidenti Navajo millati AQSh hukumatidan kod nomini orqaga qaytarishni talab qildi.^[286] Rasmiylari Amerika hindulari milliy kongressi Asosiy e'tibor harbiylarda xizmat qilayotgan tub amerikaliklarning nomutanosib ravishda yuqori sonini hurmat qilishga qaratilishi kerak, va ular "Geronimo" bin Laden uchun kod nomi emasligiga amin bo'lishdi.^[287] The AQSh Senatining Hindiston ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitasi qabilalar rahbarlaridan ushbu masala bo'yicha guvohliklarni eshitdi, Mudofaa vazirligi esa hech qanday hurmatsizlik ko'zda tutilmaganligini aytishdan boshqa izohga ega emas edi.^[286]

Aql-idrokni yaratish

Bin Laden vafotidan keyin Bush ma'muriyatining ba'zi rasmiylari, masalan, sobiq Bush Yuridik maslahat xizmati advokat Jon Yo^[288][289] va avvalgi bosh prokuror Maykl Mukasey,^[290][291] deb yozgan op-edlar so'roq qilishning takomillashtirilgan usullari ular (chunki qiynoq sifatida qonuniy ravishda aniqlangan) ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishgan, keyinchalik Bin Laden yashiringan joyni aniqlashga olib kelgan.^[292][293] Mukaseyning so'zlariga ko'ra Xolid Shayx Muhammad uning bin Laden kurerining taxallusini oshkor qilishiga sabab bo'ldi.^[294]

AQSh rasmiylari^[295] va qonun chiqaruvchilar, shu jumladan respublikachilar Jon Makkeyn^[296] va demokrat Dianne Faynshteyn, raisi AQSh Senati Razvedka bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang, ushbu bayonotlar yolg'on ekanligiga qarshi chiqdi. Ular Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktorining ma'ruzasi ekanligini ta'kidladilar Leon Panetta kuryerning laqabi haqida birinchi eslatish Muhammaddan emas, balki boshqa bir hukumat gumondorni so'roq qilishdan kelib chiqqanligini aytdi, ular "qiynoqqa solinmagan deb hisoblaymiz".^[297]

Makkeyn Mukaseyni o'z bayonotlarini qaytarib olishga chaqirdi:^[297]

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotni xodimlaridan qidirdim Senatning razvedka qo'mitasi Va ular men uchun aslida Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining hibsga olinganidan olingan eng yaxshi razvedka ma'lumotlari - Abu Ahmed al-Kuvaytining Al-Qoida va uning Usama bin Laden bilan haqiqiy aloqalarini tasvirlovchi ma'lumotlar standart, majburlovsiz olinganligini tasdiqladilar. har qanday "takomillashtirilgan so'roq qilish texnikasi" orqali emas.^[296]

— Jon Makkeyn

Panetta ushbu masala bo'yicha Makkeynga maktub yozgan edi: "Fasilitator / kurerning roli to'g'risida foydali ma'lumotlar bergan hibsga olinganlarning ba'zilari so'roq qilishning kuchaytirilgan usullariga duch kelishgan. Ushbu texnikalar" o'z vaqtida va samarali usul "bo'ladimi? bunday ma'lumotlar munozarali masaladir va uni aniq belgilab bo'lmaydi. "^[297][298] Garchi ba'zi ma'lumotlar qiynoqqa solingan mahbuslardan olingan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, Panetta Makkeynga shunday yozgan:

Biz birinchi marta yordamchi / kurerning nomzodi to'g'risida 2002 yilda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi hibsxonasida bo'lmagan mahbusdan bilib oldik. Shuni ham ta'kidlash joizki, kengaytirilgan surishtiruv texnikasi qo'llanilgan ba'zi mahbuslar yordamchi / kurer haqida yolg'on yoki chalg'ituvchi ma'lumotlar berishga urinishgan. Fasilitator / kurerning rolini soxtalashtirishga qaratilgan ushbu urinishlar ogohlantiruvchi edi. Oxir oqibat, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasidagi hibsga olingan biron bir kishi yordamchi / kurerning to'liq ism-sharifini yoki aniq qaerdaligini oshkor qilmadi. Ushbu ma'lumotlar boshqa razvedka vositalari orqali topilgan.^[299]

Bundan tashqari, AQShning boshqa rasmiylari 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi teraktlardan ko'p o'tmay hibsga olinganlarni Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining maxfiy qamoqxonalari tergovchilarga kurerning "al-Kuvaytiy" taxallusi haqida va Xolid Shayx Muhammadni qo'lga olgach, u faqat kurerning taxallusini tasdiqlaganligini aytdi. Keyin Abu Faraj al-Libbi qo'lga olingan, u yolg'on yoki chalg'ituvchi ma'lumotlar bergan: u al-Kuvaytiyni bilishini rad etgan va uning o'rniga boshqa ism uydirgan.^[22] Shuningdek, bir guruh tergovchilar kurerning laqabi "qiynoq paytida emas, balki bir necha oy o'tgach, [hibsga olinganlarni] suiiste'mol qilish usullarini qo'llamagan tergovchilar tomonidan so'roq qilinganida" oshkor qilinmaganligini ta'kidladilar.^[300]

Intelligence postmortem

Murakkablikdan olingan dalillarga o'ntasi kiritilganligi aytilmoqda uyali telefonlar, beshdan o'ntagacha kompyuter, o'n ikkita qattiq disk, kamida 100 ta kompyuter disklari (shu jumladan bosh barmog'i va DVD-lar), qo'lda yozilgan yozuvlar, hujjatlar, qurol-yarog 'va shaxsiy buyumlar assortimenti.^[301][302] Uni Pentagon razvedkasining yuqori lavozimli mulozimi "hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan eng katta terroristik materiallar to'plami" deb ta'riflagan.^[303] 2017 yil 1-noyabr kuni Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi jamoatchilikka taxminan 470 mingta fayl va Bin Ladenning kundaligi nusxasini taqdim etdi.^[304][305]

Razvedka bo'yicha tahlilchilar ham o'rganishdi batafsil yozuvlarni chaqirish Bin Ladenning kiyimiga tikilganligi aniqlangan ikkita telefon raqamidan.^[301] Ular bir necha oy davomida bir necha mamlakatlardagi al-Qoidaning bir necha a'zolarini ushlashda va Bin Ladinning eng yaqin sheriklarini o'ldirishda yordam berishdi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Pokistonda uchuvchisiz samolyot hujumlari.^[302]

Qabulxonada to'plangan materiallar FBI laboratoriyasi yilda Quantico, Virjiniya, qayerda sud tibbiyoti mutaxassislar tahlil qildilar barmoq izlari, DNK va boshqalar izlar materialda qoldirilgan.^[301] Materiallarning nusxalari boshqa idoralarga taqdim etilgan; mansabdor shaxslar saqlamoqchi saqlash zanjiri agar biron bir ma'lumot kelgusi sud jarayonida dalil sifatida zarur bo'lsa.

Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining maxsus guruhiga bin Laden qarorgohidan olib tashlangan raqamli materiallar va hujjatlarni tarash vazifasi yuklatilgan.^[306] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi jamoasi AQShning boshqa davlat idoralari bilan hamkorlikda "ushbu razvedka ma'lumotlarini aniqlash, kataloglash va tahlil qilish uchun" ish olib bormoqda.^[137]

Bin Ladenning kenja rafiqasi Pokiston tergovchilariga oila ushbu uyda yashaganini aytdi feodal qishloq Chak Shoh Muhammad, yaqin tumanida Xaripur, 2005 yil oxirida Abbottabadga ko'chib o'tishdan oldin ikki yarim yil davomida.^[155]

Qabul qilingan joydan olingan materialda Al-Qoidaning Afg'onistonga nisbatan strategiyasi, Amerikaning 2014 yilda mamlakatdan chiqib ketganidan keyin,^[307] dunyodagi bin Laden va uning o'rinbosarlari o'rtasidagi suhbatni yozib olgan minglab elektron yozuvlar va missivlar.^[308] Bin Laden al-Qoidaning tashkil etilgan sheriklari bilan aloqada bo'lganligini va shu kabi guruhlar bilan yangi ittifoqlarni izlayotganligini ko'rsatdi. Boko Haram Nigeriyadan.^[307] Ushbu materialga ko'ra, u Yamandan Somaligacha bo'lgan erkin qo'shilgan jihodchilar guruhlari ustidan nazoratni qayta tiklashga, shuningdek al-Qoidaning obro'siga putur etkazgan va uning markaziy xabarini buzgan deb hisoblagan mustaqil aktyorlarni qayta tiklashga intilgan.^[308] Bin Laden ba'zida shaxsiy xavfsizligidan xavotirda edi va uning tashkiloti bu imkoniyatdan foydalanmaganidan g'azablandi Arab bahori uning imidjini yaxshilash uchun.^[308] U so'zlariga ko'ra harakat qildi Washington Post, bir tomondan "ijrochi direktor guruhning son-sanoqsiz inqirozlari bilan shug'ullangan, moliyaviy muammolar bilan kurashgan, yollash, isyonkor dala menejerlari va AQShning tinimsiz uchuvchisiz kampaniyasi natijasida paydo bo'lgan to'satdan xodimlarning bo'sh ish joylari bilan",^[308] boshqa tomondan esa "terroristik guruhning operatsion rejalashtirish va strategik fikrlashda ishtirok etgan, shuningdek butun dunyoga tarqalgan dalada operativ xodimlariga buyruq va maslahatlar bergan amaliy menejer" sifatida.^[308] Shuningdek, materialda Usama bin Ladinning aloqasi tasvirlangan Ayman az-Zavohiriy va Atiya Abdul al-Rahmon.^[308]

Abbottabad reydida olib qo'yilgan o'n oltita hujjat 2006 yil sentyabrdan 2011 yil aprelgacha bo'lgan elektron xatlar yoki qoralama xatlardan tashkil topgan. Terrorizm markaziga qarshi kurash Bin Laden vafotidan bir yil va bir kun o'tgach, Vest-Poytda.^[302] va mavjud bo'lgan Washington Post bosh sahifa.^[309] Kabi mavzular qamrab olingan Amerikadagi yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari, sheriklik tashkiloti, maqsadlari, Amerika, xavfsizlik va Arab bahori.^[310] Hujjatlarda Bin Laden al-Qoidaning kuchi cheklanganligini aytgan va shu sababli AQShga hujum qilishning eng yaxshi usuli, u daraxt bilan taqqoslaganda, "magistralni arralashga diqqatni jamlash kerak".^[302] U lavozimini ko'tarishni rad etdi Anvar al-Avlaki tomonidan so'ralganda Nosir al-Vuhayshi, rahbari Arabiston yarim orolidagi al-Qoida. "Bu erda odamlar safga borib, u erda tekshiruvdan o'tayotganda bizni tinchlantiradi",^[302] Bin Laden dedi. U Arabiston yarim orolidagi Al-Qoida bilan aloqada AQShda operatsiyalarni kengaytirishini aytdi 2009 yil Rojdestvo kuni bomba fitnasi yozish orqali "Biz Amerikadagi operatsiyalarimizni kengaytirishimiz va rivojlantirishimiz va uni faqat samolyotlarni portlatish bilan cheklamasligimiz kerak".^[302]

Olib tashlangan material Al-Qoida bilan aloqalariga oydinlik kiritdi Eron AQShning Afg'onistonga bostirib kirishi ortidan jihodchilar va ularning qarindoshlarini, shu jumladan bin Laden oilasi a'zolarini hibsga olgan. Al-Qoidaning Eron bilan munosabatlari, Terrorizmga qarshi kurash markazining fikriga ko'ra, "o'zaro ishonchsizlik va ziddiyat tufayli yuzaga kelgan zaruratning yoqimsiz mahsuloti" edi.^[302] Pokiston tomonidan Al-Qoidani har qanday institutsional qo'llab-quvvatlashiga oid aniq hujjat hujjatlarda qayd etilmagan; Buning o'rniga, Bin Laden o'z oilasi a'zolariga Pokiston razvedkasining xodimlari uni qidirib topolmasliklari uchun qanday qilib aniqlanishdan qochish kerakligini aytdi.^[311] Olib tashlangan materialga ko'ra, Afg'onistondagi xalqaro kuchlarning sobiq qo'mondoni Devid Petreus Pokiston va Afg'onistonga har qanday tashriflari chog'ida, agar buning imkoni bo'lsa, AQSh Prezidenti Barak Obamani o'ldirish kerak. Bin Laden AQSh vitse-prezidenti degan fikrni bildirdi Jo Bayden nishonga aylanmasligi kerak, chunki "Bayden AQShni inqirozga olib boradigan ushbu lavozimga [prezidentga] umuman tayyor emas".^[311] Bin Laden, shuningdek, bir kishining o'z joniga qasd qilish hujumlariga qarshi bo'lgan va buning o'rniga kamida ikki kishi ushbu hujumlarni amalga oshirishi kerak degan fikrda edi.^[311] U al-Qoidaning markaziy rahbariyati al-Qoida bo'limi rahbarlari va ularning o'rinbosarlari nomini berishda ko'proq so'zga ega bo'lishi uchun isloh qilishni rejalashtirgan. U "musulmonlarni o'ldirish uning tashkilotini zaiflashtirdi va Al-Qoida yordam bermadi" degan fikrini bildirdi va "bu mujohidlarga musulmonlar orasida ozgina hamdardlik sarf qilmasligini aytdi. Dushman mujohidlarning xatolaridan foydalanib, omma orasida o'z obro'sini buzdi. "^[312]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Adliya vazirligi 2015 yil mart oyida yana o'n bitta hujjatni e'lon qildi.^[313] Hujjatlar Obid Nosirga qarshi sud jarayonining bir qismi bo'lib, u bomba bombasini tashkillashtirishda aybdor deb topilgan "Manchester" savdo markazi 2009 yilda.^[314] Ularga Usama bin Laden vafotidan bir yil oldin va undan kelgan maktublar kiritilgan va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining uchuvchisiz samolyot dasturining Al-Qoida ga etkazgan zarari ko'rsatilgan.^[315]

Qayta tiklangan ma'lumot va ma'lumotlarga qo'shimcha ravishda, ma'lumotlar va kompyuter narsalarida shaxsiy ma'lumotlar, shu jumladan oilaviy yozishmalar va katta miqdordagi ma'lumotlar saqlangan. pornografiya. AQSh rasmiylari pornografiyani "zamonaviy" xarakterga ega deyishdan boshqa turini tavsiflashdan bosh tortdi.^{[316][317][318]}

Vertolyotning maxfiy texnologiyasini aniqlash

The quyruq bo'limi Yashirin vertolyot buzilgandan omon qoldi va devorning tashqarisida yotdi.^[319] Pokiston xavfsizlik kuchlari qoldiqlarini yashirish uchun birinchi nurda mato to'sig'ini o'rnatdilar.^[320] Keyinchalik, traktor uni branda ostida yashiringan holda olib ketdi.^[321] Jurnalistlar ilgari oshkor qilinmagan fotosuratlarni olishdi yashirin texnologiya. Aviatsiya haftaligi vertolyot sezilarli darajada o'zgartirilgan ko'rinadi dedi MH-60 Black Hawk. Voqea joyida topilgan seriya raqamlari 2009 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan MH-60 ga mos keladi.^[322] Amaliyot davomida uning ishlashi a yashirin vertolyot harbiy sezgir, aholi zich joylashgan hududda aniqlanishdan qochishi mumkin. Fotosuratlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Black Hawk-ning dumida portlashda va yashirincha tuzilgan shakllar bo'lgan qoplamalar, supurdi stabilizatorlar va shovqinni kamaytiradigan besh yoki olti pichoqli dumaloq rotor ustidagi "hubcap". U kumush bilan to'ldirilganga o'xshardi infraqizil bostirish ba'zilariga o'xshash tugatish V-22 Ospreys.^[319] Blackhawkning qulashi, hech bo'lmaganda qisman, yashirin texnologiyalar qo'shimchalari tomonidan samolyotga kiritilgan aerodinamik nuqsonlar tufayli yuzaga kelgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[323]

Pokiston rasmiylariga ko'ra, AQSh qoldiqlarni qaytarishni so'ragan va Xitoy hukumati ham qiziqish bildirgan. Pokiston parchalanib ketgan parchani qaytarib olishdan oldin ikki haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida saqlanib turdi AQSh senatori Jon Kerri.^[324][325] Mutaxassislar quyruq bo'lagidan qancha ma'lumot olish mumkinligi to'g'risida kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi. Yashirin texnologiya allaqachon bir nechta ishlay boshlagan qattiq qanotli samolyotlar va bekor qilindi RAH-66 komanchi vertolyot; o'zgartirilgan Black Hawk birinchi tasdiqlangan operatsion "yashirin vertolyot" edi. Ehtimol, vayronagarchiliklardan topilgan eng qimmatli ma'lumotlar bularning tarkibi bo'lgan radar yutuvchi bo'yoq quyruq qismida ishlatiladi.^[319][326] Mahalliy bolalar vayrona parchalarini olib, esdalik sovg'alari sifatida sotayotgani ko'rildi.^[151] 2011 yil avgust oyida Fox News telekanali Pokiston xitoylik olimlarga vertolyotning dumini tekshirishga ruxsat berganligi va ayniqsa, uning radar yutuvchi bo'yoqqa qiziqishi haqida xabar berdi.^[327] Pokiston va XXR bu da'volarni rad etishdi.^[328]

Bin Ladenni qo'lga olish yoki o'ldirish uchun avvalgi urinishlar

Havo zarbalari Tora Bora 2001 yilda

• 1994 yil fevral: Bir guruh Liviyaliklar bin Ladenning uyiga hujum qildi Sudan. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tergov o'tkazdi va ular yollanganligini xabar qildi Saudiya Arabistoni, ammo Saudiya Arabistoni ularni bin Ladenni Sudan manfaatlari uchun yanada qulayroq qilish uchun yolg'on gapirishda aybladi.^[329][330]
• 1998 yil 20-avgust: In Operation Infinite Reach, AQSh dengiz kuchlari 66 ta qanotli raketalarni tashqarida gumon qilingan Al-Qoida o'quv lageriga uchirdi Xost, Bin Laden bo'lishi kutilayotgan Afg'oniston. Hisobotlarda 30 kishi o'ldirilgan bo'lishi mumkinligi aytilgan.^[331]
• 2000 yil: Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi nomidan ishlaydigan xorijiy tezkor xodimlar ishdan bo'shatildi raketa bombasi bin Laden Afg'oniston tog'lari bo'ylab harakatlanib ketayotgan avtoulovlar kolonnasida avtoulovlardan biriga urilgan, ammo bin Laden o'tirgan transport vositasini urmagan.^[332]
• 2001 yil dekabr: Afg'onistondagi urushning dastlabki bosqichlarida quyidagilar boshlandi 11 sentyabr hujumlari, AQSh va uning ittifoqchilari bin Laden qo'pol tog'larda yashiringan deb ishonishgan Tora Bora. Tolibon va al-Qoida pozitsiyalarini ag'darib tashlaganiga qaramay, ular uni qo'lga ololmadilar yoki o'ldirmadilar.^[333]

Shuningdek qarang

• Abbotobod komissiyasi
• Barisha reydi, shunga o'xshash reyd Islomiy davlat rahbar Abu Bakr al-Bag'dodiy 2019 yilda.
• 2013 yil Baravaga qilingan reyd
• Asosiy zarba
• Federal qidiruv byurosi eng ko'p qidirilgan o'n nafar qochqin
• Yuqori qiymatli maqsad
• Usama bin Ladin o'lim fitnasi nazariyalari
• Robert J. O'Nil (AQSh dengiz kuchlari muhri)
• Shakil Afridi, bin Ladenni topishda AQShga yordam bergan shifokor.
• Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Bergen, Piter (2012). Manxunt: Bin Ladenni qidirish bo'yicha o'n yillik qidiruv - 11 sentyabrdan Abbotobodgacha. Toj. p. 384. ISBN  0-307-95557-5.
• Bowden, Mark (2012). Tugatish: Usama Bin Ladinning o'ldirilishi. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN  0-8021-2034-2.
• Xers, Seymur M. (2016). Usama Bin Ladinning o'ldirilishi. Verse. ISBN  978-1-78478-439-3.
• Porter, Garet (2012 yil 3-may). "Eksklyuziv tergov: Bin Ladenni topish haqidagi rasmiy hikoya ortidagi haqiqat". Truthout. Olingan 5 may, 2012.
• Shmindl, Nikolay (2011 yil 8-avgust). "Bin Ladenni olish". Nyu-Yorker. Olingan 6 may, 2012.

Tashqi havolalar

• Reuters fotogalereyasi: Bin Laden aralashmasi ichida, Pak xavfsizlik xodimi tomonidan olingan fotosuratlar
• Vaziyat xonasi ichida: Obama OBL reyd qarorini qabul qilish to'g'risida, Vaziyat xonasida muhim shaxslar bilan suhbat uyushtirgan reyd ortidagi hujjatli film
• Bin Ladinning o'limi da to'plangan yangiliklar va sharhlar BBC News Online
• "Usama bin Laden yangiliklar va sharhlarni yig'di". The New York Times.
• "Bin Ladenni yopish", Washington Post xaritalar, diagrammalar va boshqa rasmlarni yig'ish
• Fillips, Makon. "Usama Bin Laden o'lgan." Oq uy Blog. 2011 yil 2-may.
• "Fotogalereya 2011 yil 1 may." Oq uy
• Garamone, Jim. "Obama "Adolat qaror topdi" deb e'lon qildi." Amerika kuchlari matbuot xizmati, AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi.
• Garamone, Jim. "Bin Ladenni o'ldirish uchun razvedka, operatsiyalar guruhi "" Amerika kuchlari matbuot xizmati, AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi.
• "Vakilning matbuot xizmati Usama bin Ladinning o'limi. "Pokistonning Vashingtondagi elchixonasi. 2011 yil 2 may.
• "Direktorning xabari: Adliya amalga oshirildi." (Arxiv ). Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi. 2011 yil 2-may.
• "Usama bin Laden o'ldirildi". Katta rasm. Boston Globe. 2011 yil 2-may.
• Usama Bin Ladinning o'limi: Bu qanday sodir bo'lgan, Adrian Braun tomonidan BBC News-dan 2012 yil 10 sentyabrda yozilgan.
• Usama Bin Laden: Al-Qoida etakchisining uzoq ovi, 2011 yil 2 mayda BBC News-dan Devid Gritten tomonidan yozilgan.
• Usama bin Ladinning o'ldirilishi, Seymour M. Hersh tomonidan 2015 yil 21 mayda London Review of Books-dan olingan. Hersh AQShning bin Ladin o'limi haqidagi rasmiy bayonotiga qarshi chiqadi.