Partiyani hurmat qiling - Respect Party

Partiyani hurmat qiling
RahbarJorj Galloway[1]
RaisAbjol Miah
Rahbar o'rinbosariBo'sh[2]
Tashkil etilgan2004 yil 25-yanvar (2004-01-25)
Eritildi2016 yil 18-avgust (2016-08-18)
Yoshlar qanotiTalabalarni hurmat qilish
A'zolik (2014)640[3]
MafkuraUrushga qarshi
Sotsializm
Anti-kapitalizm
Antiimperializm
Anti-sionizm
Evroseptikizm[4]
Siyosiy pozitsiyaChap qanot[5][6][7]
ga o'ta chap[8]
Evropa mansubligiEvropa anti-kapitalistik chap
RanglarQizil va yashil

The Partiyani hurmat qiling edi a chap qanot ga o'ta chap, sotsialistik siyosiy partiya faol Birlashgan Qirollik 2004 yildan 2016 yilgacha. 2007 yildagi muvaffaqiyatining eng yuqori chog'ida partiyada bitta parlament a'zosi (deputat) bo'lgan Jamiyat palatasi va o'n to'qqizta maslahatchi mahalliy hukumat.

Hurmat partiyasi Londonda tashkil etilgan Salma Yoqub va Jorj Monbiot 2004 yilda. natijasida kelib chiqadigan 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish, u o'sdi Urush koalitsiyasini to'xtatish va boshidanoq asosan atrofida aylandi muxolifat Buyuk Britaniyaning Iroq urushi. Bir qator chap va urushga qarshi guruhlarni birlashtirgan, u norasmiy ravishda ittifoqdosh bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniya musulmonlar uyushmasi (MAB) va Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi (SWP), o'ta chap, Marksistik guruh. Yilda 2005, Hurmat nomzodi Jorj Galloway uchun deputat etib saylandi Bethnal Green va Bow Partiya yana uchta saylov okrugida ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi. 2006 va 2007 yillarda bo'lib o'tgan mahalliy saylovlarda hurmat yanada ko'proq yutuqlarga erishdi va o'sha paytda uni qo'llab-quvvatlash eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi. 2007 yilda partiyada SWP tarafdorlari va tarafdorlari o'rtasida nizo paydo bo'ldi Yangilanishni hurmat qiling Gallouey va Yoqub boshchiligidagi guruh; sobiq guruh partiyani tark etish uchun Chap ro'yxat. Kelgusi yillarda Respect asta-sekin o'z kengashidagi o'rindiqlarini yo'qotdi va ular bilan ro'yxatdan o'tdi Saylov komissiyasi 2016 yilda.

Shubhasiz sotsialistik va qarshi bo'lgan kapitalizm, Respect Buyuk Britaniya iqtisodiyotining ko'p qismini milliylashtirishni, davlat xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishni ko'paytirishni va qashshoqlik va kamsitish bilan kurashish bo'yicha choralarni ko'rishni talab qildi. Bo'lgandi Evroseptik va an antiimperialistik dunyoqarash. Bu ham edi sionistik, Isroilning mavjudligiga qarshi chiqish va Falastin birdamlik harakatini qo'llab-quvvatlash. MAB bilan aloqalari tufayli bir nechta sharhlovchilar buni da'vo qilishdi Islomizm uning mafkurasining tarkibiy qismi bo'lgan va uni sotsialistlar va islomchilar o'rtasidagi keng ittifoqning bir qismi deb bilgan G'arbiy Evropa. Respect-ning ovoz berish bazasi asosan ingliz musulmon jamoalari orasida bo'lgan Sharqiy London, Birmingem va Bredford Bu erda u Iroq urushiga qarshi chiqish va boshqaruv bilan chap saylovchilar orasida norozilikni yuzaga keltirdi Mehnat partiyasi.

Mafkura

Siyosatshunoslar Metyu Gudvin va Robert Ford Hurmatni "chap qanot manfaatlarining keng koalitsiyasi" deb ta'riflagan va unga qarshi chiqqan Yangi mehnat hukumat va Buyuk Britaniyaning Iroqqa bostirib kirishiga aloqadorligi.[9] Boshqa siyosatshunoslar partiyani quyidagicha tavsifladilar o'ta chap.[8] Sotsialistik faol Tariq Ali deb partiya dasturini xarakterladi sotsial-demokratik yo'nalishda.[10] Eran Benedek partiyani "radikal xalqaro sotsializm va islomizmning birlashuvi" deb ta'rifladi,[11] uning radikal sotsialistik pozitsiyasi tomonidan xabardor qilinganligini qo'shib qo'ydi Marksizm-leninizm va Trootskizm.[12] Benedek buni nimaning namoyon bo'lishi sifatida tavsifladi Amir Taheri AQShga qarshi chiqish, Isroil davlatini yo'q qilish istagi va xalqaro kapitalizmni ag'darish istagi atrofida birlashgan "marksistik-islomiy koalitsiya" deb nomlandi.[12] Xuddi shunday, Emmanuel Karagiannis ham partiyani G'arbiy Evropadagi radikal chap va islomiy guruhlar o'rtasidagi "yaqinlashuv" ning timsoli sifatida tavsifladi.[13]

Sotsializm va kapitalizmga qarshi

Partiyaning siyosati "an'anaviy ravishda chap va kapitalizmga qarshi" deb ta'riflangan.[14]Hurmat iqtisodiyotning ko'plab tarmoqlarini, shu jumladan temir yo'llar, suv, gaz, elektr energiyasi va boshqa tarmoqlarni milliylashtirishni rag'batlantirdi Shimoliy dengiz moyi sanoat.[15] Bu miqdorni sezilarli darajada oshirishga undadi korporativ soliq davlat xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishni ko'paytirish maqsadida.[15] U "kasaba uyushmalariga qarshi" qonunchilikni bekor qilishga intildi,[14] va qashshoqlik va kamsitish muammolarini hal qilish bo'yicha siyosatni joriy etish.[15] Hurmat ko'tarildi inqilobiy sotsializm va xalqaro sotsializm.[16] Partiya asosan G'arbga dushmanlik qildi kapitalizm va neoliberalizm va ko'plab dunyo voqealarini prizmasi orqali sharhlagan anti-imperializm,[17] Iroqdagi kabi imperialistik urushlar deb ta'riflangan narsalarga chek qo'yishga chaqiradi.[14] Hurmat edi globallashuvga qarshi, bu ishchi sinfining ekspluatatsiyasiga olib keldi deb ishongan.[15] Bundan tashqari, a Evroseptik ga yaqinlashish Yevropa Ittifoqi, Ittifoq demokratiya va ishchilar sinfiga ekspluatatsiya etishmayotgan deb hisoblaydi.[15]

Anti-sionizm

Hurmat edi sionistik va Isroil davlatining mavjud bo'lish huquqini rad etdi.[18] Ushbu pozitsiyani terminologiyasi orqali taqdim etdi ijtimoiy adolat va inson huquqlari.[19] Uning asosiy tamoyillaridan biri bu Falastin xalqi va Respect "ularni zulm qiladigan aparteid tizimi" deb ta'riflagan narsalarga qarshi chiqish.[12] Bu konstitutsiyaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlashga sodiq edi Falastin birdamlik kampaniyasi va Isroilni boykot qilish.[12] Unda Isroilni 1967 yilda bosib olingan har qanday erdan chiqib ketishga va 1948 yilda Isroil davlatini shakllantirishga o'tishga majbur bo'lgan barcha falastinliklarga qaytish huquqini berishga chaqiriladi.[19] O'zining veb-saytida va nashr etilgan varaqlarda, xaritalarni o'z ichiga olgan Levant unda butun Isroil "Ishg'ol qilingan Falastin" deb nomlangan.[20] 2017 yilda partiyaning veb-saytida: "Hurmat bir davlatning demokratik ikki millatli echimini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Iordan daryosi uchun O'rtayer dengizi unda barcha odamlar, yahudiylar, musulmonlar va nasroniylar teng yashashadi; bitta erkak, bitta ayol, bitta ovoz "va Britaniyaning tashqi siyosati Britaniyaning" Isroil davlatini yaratishda ularning ishtiroki bilan muammo uchun qisman javobgarligini "tan olishi kerakligini aytadi.[21]

Partiya milliy kengashi a'zosining so'zlariga ko'ra Yvonne Ridli, Londonda gaplashib Imperial kolleji 2006 yil fevralida Respect "bu sionistlardan xoli partiya ... agar hurmat partiyasida biron bir sionizm bo'lsa, ularni ovlash va haydab chiqarishgan."[19][22] Isroilning mavjud bo'lish huquqini rad etish va uni garnizon sifatida tavsiflash Amerika imperializmi O'rta Sharqda hurmat o'rnatilishidan oldin SWP tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan trotskiylik fikrida uzoqroq bor edi.[19]

2013 yil fevral oyida, Jorj Galloway tomonidan tashkil etilgan munozaradan chiqib ketdi Xrist cherkovi, Oksford chunki uning raqibi Isroil fuqarosi edi.[23] U o'z xatti-harakatlarini shunday tushuntirdi: "Sababi oddiy: tan olinmaslik, normallashish yo'q. Faqat aparteid davlati mag'lub bo'lgunga qadar boykot, ajratish va sanktsiyalar. Men hech qachon isroilliklar bilan bahslashmayman va ularning ommaviy axborot vositalari bilan gaplashmayman. Agar ular Falastin haqida gapirmoqchi bo'lsa. - manzil FHKdir. "[24] The Sionistlar federatsiyasi buni "ksenofobik" tendentsiyalarni namoyish qiluvchi "irqchi" yurish deb atadi.[25]

Hurmat kabi sionistik islomiy jangari guruhlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi Hizbulloh va HAMAS.[13] 2006 yil iyul oyida, Hurmat rasmiy Lindsi nemis "Xamas va Hizbulloh bilan qanday kelishmovchiliklar bo'lmasin, men ularning lagerida bo'lishni afzal ko'rardim ... ular demokratiyani istaydilar. Yaqin Sharqda demokratiya bu XAMAS, bu Hizbulloh "deb nomlangan.[20] Galloway HAMAS rahbari bilan uchrashdi Xolid Mashal 2006 yil sentyabrda va o'sha noyabrda partiyaning milliy kotibi Jon Ris ishtirok etdi Bayrut xalqaro konferentsiyasi Hizbulloh tomonidan uyushtirilgan.[20]

Tarix

Formatsiya: 2004 yil

Jorj Galloway 2005 yil sentyabr oyida

2001 yil oxiridan boshlab rivojlanib kelgan Britaniyaning urushga qarshi harakatida hurmat paydo bo'ldi.[26] The Urush koalitsiyasini to'xtatish (StWC) 2001 yil sentyabr oyida tashkil etilgan bo'lib, markaziy rol o'ynagan Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi (SWP), bu Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng yirik radikal chap guruh edi.[26] StWC prezidenti edi Toni Benn, a Mehnat 2001 yilgacha parlament a'zosi (MP), shu bilan birga ular bir qator isyonchi leyboristlar deputatlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Keti Klark, Jeremi Korbin, Tam Deyliell, Elis Mahon va Jorj Galloway.[26] StWC, shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniyaning musulmon hamjamiyati tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi va Buyuk Britaniya musulmonlar uyushmasi (MAB) rasmiy ravishda koalitsiyaga qo'shildi.[26] Harakat ular orasida ko'plab ingliz musulmon yoshlarini siyosiylashtirdi Salma Yoqub, yilda StWC filialining rahbari bo'ldi Birmingem.[26]

Keyinchalik Galloway, Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh Iroq urushini boshlashdan taxminan bir yil oldin, u Leyboristni tark etish va do'stlari bilan yangi partiya tashkil etish mavzusini muhokama qilganini ma'lum qildi. Seumas Milne va Endryu Myurrey.[16] O'sha paytda, keyinchalik u Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri degan fikrda edi Toni Bler va AQSh Prezidenti Jorj V.Bush allaqachon o'zlarini Iroqqa bostirib kirish majburiyatini olgan edi.[16] Gallouey Blerning bosqinchilik chaqiriqlariga qarshi bo'lgan va 2003 yil may oyida u Leyboristlar partiyasidan chetlatilgan, so'ngra oktyabr oyida uni obro'sizlantirganligi aniqlangan.[27] Keyin u Leyboristlarga qarshi turishini e'lon qildi 2004 yil Evropa parlamenti saylovlari va u "Toni Blerga qarshi referendumda qizil, yashil, urushga qarshi, musulmon va boshqa ijtimoiy saylov okruglarini birlashtirishga intilishini" aytdi.[27]

Partiyaning ikkita asosiy tashabbuskori Yoqub va Jorj Monbiot, bilan jurnalist Guardian.[27] Ular Leyboristlarning chap tomonida bo'lgan urushga qarshi keng ko'lamli kuchlarni birlashtirish atrofidagi munozaralarning bir qismi edi. Sotsialistik ittifoq qarshi chiqqan saylov ro'yxati 2001 yilgi umumiy saylov.[27] Ular o'ta chap tomonning an'anaviy qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasidan tashqariga chiqib, tinchlik tarafdorlari va diniy guruhlar, xususan musulmonlar jamoatidan qo'llab-quvvatlashni xohlashdi.[27] 2003 yil noyabrda "Britaniya chorrahasida siyosat" nomi ostida bir qator ommaviy yig'ilishlar bo'lib o'tdi, unda yangi siyosiy partiya tuzilishi kerakligi to'g'risida kelishib olindi.[27] 2004 yil 24 yanvarda bo'lib o'tgan qurultoyda "Hurmat - Birlik koalitsiyasi" deb nomlangan partiya rasman e'lon qilindi.[27] "RESPECT" nomi a edi uydirma qisqartma uchun hurmat, tenglik, sotsializm, tinchlik, ekologizm, jamiyat va kasaba uyushmasi.[28][6] Galloway 2004 yil aprel oyida shunday degan edi: "Hurmat. Bu yosh so'z. Bu qora so'z. Bu saylov siyosiy harakati uchun birinchi postmodern nomi; aksariyati The, Something va Party so'zlarining bir yoki boshqa tartibidir. Hurmat bilan, biz boshqacha. "[29] Iroq urushiga qarshi chiqish partiyaning asosiy masalasi bo'lib, uning atrofida ko'pchilik qo'llab-quvvatladi.[16]

Hurmat asoschilari: Salma Yoqub (chapda) va Jorj Monbiot

O'z poydevorida partiya ham to'xtashga chaqirdi xususiylashtirish va Britaniya temir yo'llarini qayta davlatlashtirish.[27] Garchi bu biron bir yirik kasaba uyushmalarining to'liq qo'llab-quvvatlanishini ta'minlamagan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi mahalliy kasaba uyushmalari Temir yo'l, dengiz va transport ishchilari milliy ittifoqi (RMT) - 2004 yil fevral oyida Leyboristlar guruhidan chiqqan - hurmatni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ovoz berdi.[27] SWP va MAB a'zolarini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lsa-da,[16] Hurmat ikki guruh o'rtasida rasmiy koalitsiya emas edi.[16] Hurmatning boshidanoq partiyada SWP a'zolari va musulmon rahbarlari o'rtasida ziddiyat saqlanib qoldi.[30] Ushbu ittifoq ayrim kuzatuvchilar tomonidan ham tanqid qilindi; 2004 yil iyun oyida siyosiy sharhlovchi Nik Koen "ma'rifatparvarlik davridan beri birinchi marta chapning bir qismi diniy aqidaparastlik bilan ittifoq qilmoqda va Gitler-Stalin paktidan keyin birinchi marta chap qismi fashizmga yumshoq ta'sir qildi" deb yozgan.[31]

Hurmat dastlab saylovlar to'g'risida bitim tuzishga harakat qildi Angliya va Uelsning Yashil partiyasi ammo bu muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi.[32][33] Yashillar 2004 yilgi Evropa Parlamenti saylovlariga o'z nomzodlarini bir necha oy oldin pochta byulletenlari orqali tanlaganliklarini va SWPning Hurmatga ta'siriga shubha bilan qarashlarini ta'kidladilar.[34] Respect Yashillarga qarshi nomzodlarni qo'yishga qaror qilgandan so'ng, Monbiot 2004 yil fevral oyida Yashillar bilan raqobatlashish "Britaniyaning eng yaxshi saylangan ikki vakili" Yashilning mavqeiga tahdid solishi mumkin deb da'vo qilib, partiyadan chiqib ketdi. Evropa parlamenti a'zolari (MEPs) Kerolin Lukas va Jan Lambert.[35][36]

Erta saylov kampaniyalari: 2004-05

2004 yilgi fransuz uchrashuviga hurmat qiling Evropa ijtimoiy forumi

2004 yildagi Evropa Parlamenti (EP) va shu uchun bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarga nomzodlarni hurmat qiling London assambleyasi, ushbu saylovlarni Bler leyboristlar hukumati referendumi sifatida namoyish etishga urinish.[35] Partiya ushbu qo'llab-quvvatlash, birinchi navbatda, natijada qo'lga kiritilganligini ta'kidlamoqda urushga qarshi namoyishlar va "ko'ngli qolgan" leyborist saylovchilarning ovozlarini jalb qilish orqali.[37] Partiya Britaniya ommaviy axborot vositalarida keng miqyosda masxara qilindi, ular Hurmatni tez orada Britaniya siyosatidan yo'q bo'lib ketadigan yagona masalali partiya deb hisoblashdi.[35]

Raislik saylovlarida Respect to'rtdan bir million kishining ovozini oldi.[35] Uning milliy ovozdagi ulushi 1,7% ni tashkil etdi va Londonda 5% gacha o'sdi, garchi u bironta o'ringa ega bo'lmadi.[14][38] Yashillar va kuchli namoyish Buyuk Britaniya Mustaqillik partiyasi ushbu o'rindiqni ta'minlay olmaslik sababining bir qismi bo'lgan. London Assambleyasi saylovlarida Respect 4,5% ovozni qo'lga kiritdi, ya'ni ular Assambleyadan joy olishni ta'minlamadilar.[39] Biroq, ikkalasida ham Londonning Nyuxem tumani va London minorasi Hamletlar tumani - musulmon aholisi ko'p bo'lgan har ikki mintaqada ham - Hurmat eng ko'p ovozni qo'lga kiritdi, ikkalasida ham 20% dan ortiq ovoz.[40] Hurmat masxara qilingan Ken Livingstone "Bler meri loyihasi" sifatida mehnat nomzodi.[41]

Hurmatning saylovdagi birinchi g'alabasi kengash uchun qo'shimcha saylovlarda bo'ldi St Dunstan's va Stepney Green Tower Hamlets palatasi, uning nomzodi Oliur Rahmon 31% ovozni qo'lga kiritdi.[40][42] Da Birmingem Xodj tepaligi va Lester janubidagi qo'shimcha saylovlar Ikkalasi ham 2004 yil 15 iyulda bo'lib o'tgan bo'lib, partiya 6.3% va 12.7% ovoz olgan.[40] O'sha paytda, boshqa partiyalarning qarorlarini rad etgandan so'ng, Hurmatda kengash o'rni bor edi Nuneaton va boshqasi Preston.[43]

Avtobusni bezab turgan tashviqotchilarni hurmat qiling "Manchester" 2005 yilgi saylovlar uchun

Koalitsiya Angliya va Uels bo'ylab 26 ta okrugga nomzodlarni qo'ydi,[44] SWP dan ularning deyarli yarmi ostida.[45] Biroq, Britaniyaning postdan oldin saylov tizimi kichik partiyalarga ovozlarini geografik jihatdan birlashtirmasa, yutuqlarni qo'lga kiritishni qiyinlashtirdi.[46] Hurmat Sharqiy London, musulmonlarning ko'p sonli hududi ekanligini tan oldi Britaniyalik bangladeshliklar, elektoral jihatdan foydali bo'lar edi, xususan mintaqada o'tirgan to'rt nafar leyborist deputatdan uchtasi Buyuk Britaniyaning Iroqqa bostirib kirishda qatnashishini yoqlab ovoz bergan edi.[40] Da 2005 yilgi umumiy saylov Ushbu sohada ilgari surilgan nomzodlarni hurmat qiling: Lindsey German in "Vest Xem", Abdul Xoliq Mian yilda Ist Xem, Rahmon ichkarida Kavak va konserva shaharchasi va Galloway ichida Bethnal Green va Bow.[40]

Galloway o'tirgan Leyboristlar deputatiga murojaat qilishni xohladi, Oona qiroli va keyingi o'rin uchun kampaniya "so'nggi tarixdagi eng jozibali tadbirlardan biri" sifatida qayd etildi. King Gallowayni jinsiy axloqsizlikda aybladi, ammo keyinchalik bu da'volarni qaytarib olishga majbur bo'ldi. U o'zini qurbon bo'lgan deb da'vo qildi antisemitizm yahudiylarning xotirlash marosimida tuxum otilganidan keyin hurmat tarafdorlaridan.[40][12] U shuningdek, Hurmat kanvasistlari musulmonlarni yahudiy bo'lgani uchun unga ovoz bermaslikka chaqirganini da'vo qildi. Agar King da'voni takrorlagan bo'lsa, hurmat qonuniy choralar bilan tahdid qildi.[47]

Hurmat milliy saylovchilarning 0,3 foiz ovozini qo'lga kiritdi, u kurashgan saylov okruglarida o'rtacha 6,8 foiz ovoz oldi; Uning 17 nomzodidan depozitlar qaytarib berilmagan.[48] Shu bilan birga, Galloway 823 ovozdan kam farq bilan Betnal Grin va Bou o'rinlarini egalladi.[40] Gallowayning kutilmagan g'alabasi uning partiyasiga katta turtki berdi.[12] Uning g'alabasi, Leyboristlar partiyasidagi partiyaning 1951 yildan beri birinchi marta parlament palatasidan joy olganligini namoyish etdi.[49] Hurmat, shuningdek, boshqa bir nechta saylov okruglarida yaxshi natijalarga erishdi, "Vest Xem" va "Ist Xem" da Leyboristlardan keyin ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi, shuningdek, ikkinchi o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi Birmingem Sparkbruk va Kichik Xit Yaqob uning nomzodi bo'lib, 27,5% ovozni qo'lga kiritdi.[50]

Hurmat ortib borayotgan moliya va o'ta chap qanotlarning mavjud saylovoldi tajribasi yordami bilan "tez rivojlanishga" erishildi.[12] 2005 yil oxiriga kelib, Nyuxemning London tumanida ikkita Leyborist va bittasi Liberal-demokrat maslahatchi hurmatga yo'l qo'ygan edi.[50] 2005 yil dekabrgacha uning rasmiy a'zoligi 5674 kishini tashkil qildi.[12] Biroq, Galloway aytdi Decca Aitkenhead 2012 yil aprel oyida a Guardian Hurmat, eng yuqori cho'qqisida, faqatgina 3-4000 a'zoga ega edi.[51] Uning universitet qanoti, Student Respect, 2007 yilga kelib Angliya va Uels bo'ylab ellikdan ortiq kampuslarda filiallari borligini da'vo qildi.[12] Benedek, bu ehtimol uni Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng tez rivojlanayotgan talabalar siyosiy guruhiga aylantirishi mumkinligini aytdi.[12] SWP talabalar guruhi, Sotsialistik Ishchi Talabalar Jamiyati (SWSS) o'z a'zolarini Respect-ga qo'shilishga undadi va umuman uxlab qoldi.[12]

Saylovdagi mahalliy g'alabalar: 2006–07

2006 yil 18 martda Londonda bo'lib o'tgan Urushga qarshi namoyishda nomzod G'oziy Xonni, Bler kabi kiyingan odamni hurmat qiling

2006 yilda Galloway paydo bo'ldi 4-kanal haqiqat televizion shou Mashhur Big Brother.[50] Uning umidi uni jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar mashqlari sifatida ishlatib, u o'z fikrlarini kengroq auditoriyaga etkazishi mumkin edi, ammo 4-kanalning prodyuserlari uning siyosiy munozaralarining ko'pini tsenzuradan o'tkazgandan keyin bu teskari natijalarga erishdi.[50] Ommaviy axborot vositalarining diqqat-e'tiborlari aksincha u o'z saylovchilarini shouda qatnashish uchun tashlab qo'yganligi va mushukni taqlid qilgan epizodga e'tibor qaratdi.[50] Bu Hurmatning saylovga bo'lgan murojaatiga ozgina zarar etkazdi.[50]

2006 yilgi mahalliy saylovlarda 150 ga yaqin nomzod hurmat ko'rsatdi,[50] unda 16 o'rindiq ta'minlandi.[12] Respect-ning saylovoldi kampaniyasida Galloway "yangi leyboristlar uchun referendum" o'tkazilishini kutgan va saylovlar "Toni Blerni nokautga uchratadigan so'nggi zarba bo'ladi" deb aytgan.[52] Tower Hamlets-da, Respect o'n bitta yangi kengash o'rinlarini egallab, jami o'n ikkitasini berdi va uni okrugning Leyboristlarga qarshi rasmiy muxolifatiga aylantirdi.[53][54][55][56] Nyuxemda Respect 26% ovoz to'plab, uchta maslahatchisini qaytarib berdi, ammo boshqa ovozlarni qo'lga kirita olmaganidan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi.[50] Birmingemda Sparkbruk palatasida Respect 55% ovoz to'plagan va Yoqub shaharning birinchi ayol musulmon maslahatchisi etib saylangan.[50][57] Hurmat bo'yicha yangi maslahatchilarning hech biri SWP bilan bog'lanmagan. O'sha paytda Galloway "Hurmat" tarafdorlarining ko'pchiligini "kichik biznes odamlari va o'zlarini sotsialist deb ta'riflamaydilar va buni qabul qilishlari shart emas" deb tushuntirdilar.[58]

2007 yilgi mahalliy saylovlarda hurmat 48 nomzoddan iborat bo'lib, ulardan uchtasi saylandi.[59] Partiya o'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqdi va bunga rioya qilish tanazzulga uchraydi.[50] 2007 yil iyul oyida Galloway jamoat palatasidan 18 kunga to'xtatib qo'yildi, chunki standartlar va imtiyozlar uni xayriya, Mariam apellyatsiyasi.[60] Avgust oyida Tower Hamletsdagi Hurmat bo'yicha maslahatchi iste'foga chiqdi va bu Harun Miahning hurmat uchun zo'rg'a ta'minlagan qo'shimcha saylovlarini qo'zg'atdi.[61]

Shism: 2007 yil

SWP o'zlarining dastlabki yillaridanoq Respectning "Birlik koalitsiyasi" ning a'zolari edi, garchi ular va Gallouey o'rtasidagi munosabatlar yomonlashgan bo'lsa ham.[61] 2007 yil avgust oyida u partiyaning milliy kengashiga Hurmatning turli xil ichki zaif tomonlari borligi to'g'risida xat yozdi va ko'pchilik buni SWPni yopiq tanqidlari deb bildi.[61][62] SWP-ning o'zaro kelishmovchiligi yuzaga keldi, chunki uning ikki a'zosi Gallowayning parlament yordamchilari lavozimidan ketishni rad etgani uchun haydab chiqarildi. Oktyabrgacha SWP nashrlari SWPdan tashqari sotsialistik guruhlar mavjudligiga qaramay, Respect ichidagi sotsialistlarga qarshi "jodugar ovi" bo'lganligini da'vo qilishdi.[61] O'sha oy, Rahmon va. O'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar Abjol Miah, Tower Hamlets shahridagi Respect guruhining etakchisi, natijada tumanning to'rt nafar maslahatchisi Respect Party qamchisini iste'foga chiqardi.[61][63]

2007 yil noyabrga kelib, Hurmat ikki raqib fraktsiyaga bo'lindi. Birinchisi asosan SWP bilan bog'liq bo'lgan a'zolardan iborat edi va Tower Hamlets-dan isyonchi maslahatchilarni o'z ichiga olgan.[61] O'zini nomlagan ikkinchisi Yangilanishni hurmat qiling, Gallouey va Yoqub boshchiligida bo'lib, partiyaning deyarli barcha saylangan vakillari va milliy kengashi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[64] Siyosatshunos Timoti Tinchning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu voqealar "har doim radikal chapni azoblagan fraksiya kurashiga xos bo'lgan".[65] SWP-ittifoq fraktsiyasi partiyaning veb-saytini nazorat qildi va Galloway shunchaki ular qonuniy vakillari bo'lgan partiyani tark etdi, deb da'vo qildi. Respect Renewal guruhi partiyaning milliy idorasi qulflarini o'zgartirdi va SWP tarafdorlariga kirishni taqiqladi.[66] 17-noyabr kuni ikkala guruh ham konferentsiyalar o'tkazdilar, unda ular hurmatning qonuniy namoyishi deb da'vo qildilar.[66][67] The Saylov komissiyasi keyinchalik partiya nomini nazorat qilish qolgan deb qaror qildi Yong'in brigadalari ittifoqi faol Linda Smit, nomzodlar bo'yicha ofitser; u Gallowayning tarafini oldi, ya'ni "Hurmatni yangilash" guruhi ushbu nomdan foydalanishni davom ettira oldi. SWP fraktsiyasi bo'linib, bu nomdan foydalanishni boshladi Chap ro'yxat.[66]

SWP bu bo'linishni Gallouey va uning ittifoqchilari tomonidan saylovlar (musulmonlarning ovozini olishga intilish) va chapga qilingan hujumlar sababli o'ng tomonga siljish bilan izohladi.[68] Ushbu fikrni o'rtoqlashdi Xilari Ueynrayt Galloveyni ijobiy fazilatlarga ega deb o'ylagan bo'lsa-da, bu va boshqa chap qanotlarda umumiy "etakchilik" uslubini ko'rgan.[69] SWP-ning ustunligi bo'lgan Hurmat shoxobchalari ushbu guruh a'zolari kam bo'lganlarga qaraganda kamroq faol bo'lgan. 2006 yilda Jon Rizning Tower Hamlets mahalliy saylovlarida ovoz berishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganligi, Bangladesh jamoasidan 12 nomzod saylangani, shuningdek, SWPni loyihadan chetlashtirganligi da'vo qilingan.[68]

2009 yil dekabr oyida partiya Shimoliy Irlandiya uchun siyosiy partiyalar ro'yxatidan ro'yxatdan o'tkazildi (chiqarib tashlandi),[70] ammo Angliya, Shotlandiya va Uelsda ro'yxatdan o'tgan.

Rad etish: 2008–2010

2008 yildan keyin hurmat asta-sekin pasayib ketdi.[26] Shu paytgacha uning asosiy birlashtiruvchi masalasi - Iroq urushidan kelib chiqqan Leyboristlarga bo'lgan g'azab kamroq sezilib qoldi,[71] siyosatshunos Stiven Driverning ta'kidlashicha, shu sababli hurmat "bir hiyla-nayrangdan boshqa narsa bo'lmaslik uchun kurashgan".[72] Partiya bo'linishdan keyin tartibsizlikda edi va 2008 yilgi London Assambleyasi saylovlariga bitta nomzodni ilgari surdi.[66] Ushbu nomzod, Hanif Abdulmuhit, uchun turdi Shahar va Sharq saylov okrugi va 15% ovozni qo'lga kiritgan, ammo ularning Leyboristlar harakati va Konservativ partiya raqiblar.[66] Umumiy hurmat London Assambleyasining 2,4% ovozini oldi, bu esa joy olish uchun zarur bo'lgan 5% chegara ostidadir.[66] Galloway "Respect" (butun London bo'ylab) yuqori reytingini boshqargan edi.[73] Hurmat London meri nomzodini ko'rsatmagan, aksincha Leyboristlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Ken Livingstone "Chap ro'yxat" 2004 yilda meri nomzodiga hurmat nomzodi sifatida to'plaganidan ancha kam ovoz to'plagan nemis tilida qatnashgan edi.[66] Ning tarqalishi 2008 yil G'azo urushi Respect-ning saylovoldi tashviqoti uchun yangi turtki berdi.[66] 2009 yil davomida partiya o'z mablag'larining katta qismini mablag 'yig'ish uchun sarfladi Viva Falastina gumanitar inqirozni yumshatish uchun yordam konvoyi G'azo sektori.[66] Yo'lga chiqqan birinchi karvon Glazgo 2009 yil fevral oyida Hurmat a'zosi tomonidan boshqarilgan Kevin Ovenden.[66]

2010 yilgi umumiy saylovlar paytida Yoqub Respectning rahbari edi

Respect Renewal 1 may kuni Angliya va Uels bo'ylab bo'lib o'tgan mahalliy kengashlar saylovlarida 10 nomzod ishtirok etdi. Ular Birmingemdagi Sparkbrukdagi bitta yangi maslahatchi Nahim Xonni qaytarib oldilar, u 42,64% ovoz olgan.[74] Partiya 2009 yilgi Evropa Parlamenti saylovlariga biron bir nomzod ko'rsatmadi, aksincha tarafdorlarini Yashillar partiyasiga yoki chap qanot evroseptik ittifoqiga ovoz berishga chaqirdi, №2EU.[75] Buning o'rniga, Artur Skargil "s Sotsialistik Mehnat partiyasi saylovlarda eng muvaffaqiyatli radikal chap partiya sifatida o'zini ko'rsatdi va milliy ovozlarning 1,1 foizini oldi.[72]

2010 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda hurmat o'n nomzodni ilgari surdi,[76] ular g'olib deb hisoblagan uchta narsaga alohida e'tibor berishdi.[77] Partiya manifestida ta'kidlanganki, a osilgan parlament Ehtimol, agar jamoat palatasida uchta hurmat bo'yicha deputat bo'lsa, ular ozchilik hukumati bilan koalitsiya tuzish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishadi.[76] Ularning uchta maqsadli o'rindiqlari edi Birmingem Hall Green Yaqub tomonidan bahslashayotgan edi, u o'sha paytda partiya rahbari bo'lgan edi.Kavak va ohakxona Galloway va Gallowayning Mayah tomonidan himoya qilinadigan Betnal Green va Bow-ning mavjud joyi bilan bahslashdi.[76] Saylov, ammo Hurmat uchun halokatli bo'ldi.[78] Leyboristlar Respect maqsad qilgan uchta o'rindiqning barchasini ta'minladilar, Galloway va Mayax 17 foiz ovoz bilan uchinchi o'ringa surildi.[78] Mamlakat bo'ylab 33251 ovozni qo'lga kiritdi, bu 2005 yildagi umumiy saylovlarda qo'lga kiritilgan ovozlarning yarmidan kamiga teng.[78] Shu kuni mahalliy saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi, bu esa Respect uchun katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi; Tower Hamlets-da u sakkizta maslahatchisidan bittasiga o'tdi va Nyuxemda barcha maslahatchilari yo'qoldi.[78]

Ammo partiya boshqa joylarda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi. Yilda Birmingem Hall Green saylov okrugi hurmat nomzodi Salma Yoqub 12.240 ovoz olgan 25.1% ovozini olgan Leyboristlar partiyasidan keyingi o'rinni egallab, yanada yaxshi natijalarga erishdi Rojer Godsiff 16,039 ovoz olgan, 32,9%.[79]

Hurmat boshqa saylov okruglarida yana sakkiz nomzodni ilgari surdi, ular birgalikda 4319 ovozni olishdi. Arshad Ali 1245 ovoz oldi, 3,1%, yilda Bredford G'arb va Kay Fillips 996 ovoz oldi, 2,9%, yilda Blekli va Brutton.[80] Hammasi bo'lib Respect nomzodlari 33.269 ovoz oldi, bu ular turgan saylov okruglaridagi umumiy ovozlarning 6,8 foizini va Buyuk Britaniyaning umumiy ovozlarining 0,1 foizini tashkil etdi.[81]

Davomida 2010 yilgi umumiy saylov Yashillar partiyasi Birmingemdagi Sparkbruk va Manchester, Blekli va Brutton shaharlaridagi Hurmat nomzodlarining foydasiga turishdi, bu taxminiy hamkorlik boshlanganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[82] Galloway Decca Aitkenheadga 2012 yil aprel oyida aytgan edi: "2010 yilda g'alaba qozonishga umid qilgan uchta parlament o'rindig'idan mahrum bo'lganimizda, biz deyarli minuskuldik"; U aytgan hurmat, keyin taxminan 8-900 a'zoga ega edi.[51]

Abjol Mayax 2011 yil yanvar oyida milliy hurmat kafedrasi etib saylangan.[83] Kirishdan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylangan Tower Hamlet shahar hokimlari - Hurmat mahalliy miqyosda targ'ibot olib borgan bir narsa - partiya muvaffaqiyatli mustaqil nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatladi Luftur Rahmon.[84]

2012: Galloway Bredford G'arbiy saylovlarida g'olib chiqdi

2011 yilda Galloway a bo'lishga harakat qildi Shotlandiya parlamentining a'zosi (MSP). 2011 yil 5-may kuni 2011 yil Shotlandiya parlamentiga saylov, Galloway ro'yxatida bo'lgan Hurmat partiyasi Glazgo saylov okrugi, 6,972 ovoz (3,3%) oldi.[85][86] U "Kesishlarga qarshi koalitsiya" bayrog'i ostida saylovoldi tashviqotini olib bordi, ammo Shotlandiyaning mutanosib ovoz berish tizimidan joy olish uchun ovoz etarli emas edi.[84] 2011 yilgi Birmingem shahar kengashi saylovlarida Respect uch maslahatchisidan birini Leyboristga yutqazdi.[84] Iyul oyida Yoqub sog'lig'i sababli iste'foga chiqdi va partiyani shaharda faqat bitta maslahatchi qoldirdi.[87]

Galloway muvaffaqiyatli ishtirok etdi Bredford G'arb a qo'shimcha saylov Leyboristlar deputati iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, 29 mart kuni bo'lib o'tdi Marsha Singx sog'lig'i tufayli[88][89]

Galloway va uning tarafdorlari, masalan Musulmonlarning jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar qo'mitasi (MPACUK), qarshi kampaniyada faol ishtirok etishdi Imron Husayn, Bredford shahar kengashining musulmon o'rinbosari, uning e'tiqodiga sodiqligi so'ralgan, chunki u spirtli ichimliklar ichgani haqida xabar berilgan.[90] Ayni paytda, Gallowayning saylovlar oldidan yakshanba kuni bo'lib o'tgan mitingda qo'llab-quvvatlovchilaridan biri Abjol Miyah edi, u ilgari Tower Hamletsdagi hurmat kengashining guruh rahbari bo'lib, u ham IFEda faoliyat yuritgan.[90][91]

Galloway zamonaviy siyosiy tarixda himoya qilayotgan siyosiy partiyaga qarshi o'tkazilgan saylovlarda eng katta belanchaklardan biri bilan 10.140 ko'pchilik ovozi bilan saylandi.[92]

2012 yil: partiyaning iste'folari

Yaqob sentyabr oyida Gallowayning zo'rlash to'g'risidagi so'zlaridan keyin partiya rahbari lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi Julian Assanj ish.[93] U muxbirga aytdi Guardian u "ayollarning huquqlarini himoya qilish" va Galloueyning "anti-imperialistik pozitsiyasiga" qoyil qolish o'rtasida tanlov qilishi kerak edi.[94][95] 2012 yil oktyabr oyida partiya kotibi Kris Chilversning ta'kidlashicha, Respect-ning 2000 a'zosi bor edi, qo'shimcha saylovlar oldidan esa 300 a'zosi bor edi.[96] Yoqubdan keyin rahbar etib tayinlangan Arshad Ali 2012 yil dekabrida saylovlarda firibgarliklar uchun sudlanganligi aniqlanganidan so'ng (Leyboristlar partiyasida bo'lgan vaqtidan boshlab) milliy kreslo lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi, ammo shu paytgacha Saylov komissiyasida Yoqub bor edi partiya rahbari sifatida ro'yxatga olingan.[97]

Keyt Xadson uchun dastlab tanlangan edi Manchester markaziy saylovi, ammo sentyabr oyining boshlarida Gallowayning zo'rlash to'g'risidagi fikrlaridan so'ng turdi,[98] va oktyabr oyida partiyani tark etdi. Xuddi shu oyda Respect 2012 yil 15 noyabrda bo'lib o'tadigan qo'shimcha saylovlarda mahalliy "jamoat himoyachisi" Ketrin Xiggins ishtirok etishini e'lon qildi. Xiggins 12 nomzod orasida 9-o'rinni egalladi.

2012 yil noyabr oyida Rotherhamdagi mitingda Respect e'lon qildi Yvonne Ridli bilan kurashish uchun tanlangan edi Rotherhamga qo'shimcha saylov.[99] Saylov 2012 yil 29 noyabrda bo'lib o'tdi; Ridli 8 foiz ovoz bilan to'rtinchi o'rinni egallab, ham konservatorlar, ham liberal-demokratlar nomzodlarini ortda qoldirdi, ammo UKIP va BNPni ortda qoldirdi.[100]

2012–15: Hurmatning Bredforddagi maslahatchilari

Hurmat 2012 yil may oyida Gallowayning mart oyi oxirida bo'lib o'tgan qo'shimcha saylovlarda muvaffaqiyat qozonganidan keyin Bredford Kengashida beshta o'ringa ega bo'ldi. Qattiq kurash olib borilgan kampaniya o'rtasida hurmat partiyasi va uning muxoliflari tomonidan zo'ravonlik va ta'qiblar to'g'risida da'volar va shikoyatlar mavjud edi.[101] Partiya ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi Oldxem Werneth palatasi va Minora Hamletlari - To'quvchilar palatasi.

Bir necha oy davomida ommaviy axborot vositalarida noaniq xabarlardan so'ng,[102] 2013 yil 10-avgustda Bredford Telegraph va Argus Galloway Bredfordda nomzod bo'lmasligi mumkinligi haqida xabar berdi 2015 yilgi umumiy saylovlar va o'rniga 2016 yil London meri saylovi.[103] O'tgan yili Bredfordda saylangan beshta Hurmat bo'yicha maslahatchilar partiyaning qamchiligidan 2013 yil 15 avgustda iste'foga chiqdilar[104] Galloway bilan London meri saylovlarida ishtirok etishi mumkinligi haqidagi sharhlari tufayli ziddiyatga kelgandan keyin.[103] Ular deputat Bredfordga kerak edi, deb bahslashdilar.[104] Kengashlardan ikkitasi deputat Londonda turmoqchi bo'lsa, iste'foga chiqishi kerakligini aytgan edi; Galloway va uning sheriklari ularni zudlik bilan to'xtatib qo'yishdi, garchi ularning uchta hamkasblari hamfikr edilar.[105] Qolgan uch maslahatchidan biri, o'sha paytdagi Bredford shahar Kengashidagi Hurmat guruhining rahbari Alyas Karmani partiyaga Galloueyning rejalari to'g'risida aslida hech qanday maslahat berilmaganini aytdi.[105]

Galloway, shuningdek, maslahatchilar unga va partiyaga qarshi uning sobiq yordamchisi Oysha Ali Xon va uning eri bilan ish olib borayotganini da'vo qilgan edi.[104] (Keyinchalik Ali Xon va uning eri ham Galloway tomonidan ilgari ishlaganligi bilan bog'liq jinoiy hukmlarni qabul qilishdi).[106] Ularga qarshi qilingan da'volar bekor qilinmagandan so'ng,[107] beshta kengash a'zolari oktyabr oyining oxiriga kelib Respect bilan aloqalarini butunlay uzdilar va keyinchalik vakolat muddati davomida mustaqil bo'lib o'tirishni niyat qildilar.[108] Ular Gallowayning sobiq yordamchisi bilan "kelishib olgan" degan da'volar yolg'on edi, deydi ular.[109] Respect vakili ularni Bredforddagi partiya ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritishga urinishda aybladi.[107]

In 2014 yil mahalliy saylovlar, Hurmat Bredfordda sakkizta nomzodga ega edi, ammo ularning hech biri o'z kengashlarida g'olib chiqmadi.[110] Respect-ning yana ikki maslahatchisi o'z o'rinlaridan mahrum bo'lib, Respect-ni mahalliy hokimiyatda hech qanday vakolatisiz qoldirdi.[111] 2014 yilda partiyaning atigi 630 a'zosi va 1947 funt sterling bo'lgan mol-mulki bor edi.[112] O'sha paytga kelib, partiya asosan Galloueyning shaxsiyati uchun vosita edi.[112]

Bu 2015 yil mart oyida Hurmat bo'yicha sobiq maslahatchilarning 4 nafari qo'shilib, Leyboristlar Kengashining a'zosi Asama Javed partiyani tark etib, o'zini Hurmat bilan uyg'unlashtirganda o'zgargan.[113] 2013 yil avgustida iste'foga chiqqan beshlikning qolgan maslahatchisi Muhammad Shabbir 2015 yil aprel oyining o'rtalarida sobiq hamkasblari bilan "Hurmat" ga qo'shilish o'rniga, darhol kuchga kirgan holda Kengashdagi "Leyboristlar" guruhiga qo'shilishini e'lon qildi.[114] 2015 yil iyul oyida yana qo'shilgan to'rtta maslahatchi o'z qarorlarini o'zgartirib, Bredford Mustaqil guruhi yorlig'i ostida davom ettirishga qaror qilishdi, ammo hurmatga qo'shilish hali ham mumkin edi.[115]

2015–16: umumiy saylov va ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni bekor qilish

2015-yilgi umumiy saylovlarda Hurmat to'rt nomzodga ega edi Galifaks va ikkita Birmingemdagi o'rindiqlar (Hall Green va Yardli ) Bredford G'arbdan tashqari.[116] Saylovda hurmat mavjud bo'lmagan joyda, Galloway 2013 yilda Leyboristlar uchun ovoz berishga chaqirgan edi, o'sha paytdagi Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbari bilan uchrashgan va taassurot qoldirgan. Ed Miliband.[117] Hurmat nomzodlaridan hech biri saylanmagan. Jorj Galloveyning o'z o'rindig'ida 2012 yilgi Bredford G'arbiy qo'shimcha saylovlarida qo'lga kiritgan 10000 ko'pchilik ovozi bekor qilindi va Leyboristlar partiyasidan nomzod Naz Shoh 11,420 ovoz bilan ko'pchilik ovoz bilan saylov okrugining deputati bo'ldi.[118]

2015 yil dekabr oyida sobiq Respect partiyasining rahbari ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi Salma Yoqub Hall Green-da Leyboristlar partiyasiga qo'shilish uchun ariza bergan edi Jeremi Korbin rahbar sifatida saylanish. Uning arizasi Leyboristlar nomzodlariga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli uning mahalliy saylov okrugi Mehnat partiyasi tomonidan rad etildi.[119]

Robert Kolvile xabar berdi Tomoshabin 2016 yil yanvar oyining boshida:

Hurmat deyarli Bredfordda yoki boshqa joyda mavjud emas. 2013 yilda a'zolik 230 kishiga tushdi. O'tgan yili [2014], bu qayta tiklanib, 630 ga ko'tarildi - ammo a'zolik badallaridan tashqari, Hurmat xayriya mablag'laridan atigi 1133 funt sterling yig'di. Uning aktivlari 1947 funtni tashkil qilgan.[3]

2015-yilgi umumiy saylovlarda mag'lubiyatga uchraganidan so'ng, Gallouey Hurmatning nomzodi sifatida qatnashishini e'lon qildi 2016 yil London meri saylovi.[120] Xustlar paytida u yangi saylangan Leyboristlar etakchisi Jeremi Korbinni maqtadi,[121] ammo leyboristlar merligiga nomzodni qoraladi Sodiq Xon "flip-flop savdogari" va "Blerit mashinasining mahsuloti" sifatida.[122] 2016 yil 5-may kuni bo'lib o'tgan London shahar meri saylovining yakuniy natijalarida Gallouey 37,007 (1,4%) birinchi ustun ovozlari bilan ettinchi o'rinni egalladi. Ikkinchi afzallik hisobga olinganidan keyin Sodiq Xon London meri bo'ldi.[123] Hurmat, 2016 yilgi mahalliy saylovlarda Bredforddagi biron bir joyni egallay olmadi va ularni hukumatning har qanday darajasida vakolatxonasiz qoldirdi.[124]

Hurmat partiyasi "ixtiyoriy ravishda ro'yxatdan chiqarilgan" Saylov komissiyasi Dastlab ro'yxatdan o'tganidan o'n ikki yil o'tgach, 2016 yil 18 avgustda siyosiy partiyalarning reestri.[125][126]

Qo'llab-quvvatlash

Saylovchilar bazasi

Tashkil topganidan beri, Hurmat o'zini "chinakam chap" sifatida ko'rsatdi va Leyboristlar partiyasining Bler boshchiligida markazga o'tishiga norozi bo'lgan chap saylovchilarga murojaat qilishga intildi. Gordon Braun.[127] Biroq Britaniyadagi Leyboristlar partiyasining chap partiyalari uchun saylovlarda ozgina yordam ko'rsatildi, chunki partiya muqobil ovoz berish bazasini izlashga majbur bo'ldi.[127]

Hurmat uni qo'llab-quvvatlashga yordam bergan Sharqiy London masjidi

Hurmat uchun asosiy saylovlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash Britaniya musulmoni jamiyat.[128] An'anaga ko'ra ingliz musulmonlari Leyboristlar partiyasiga ovoz berishdi, ammo Leyboristlar hukumatining Iroqqa bostirib kirish to'g'risidagi qaroridan keyin ko'pchilik norozi bo'ldi.[129] Respect appealed in particular to British Muslims who had been disenchanted by the war.[127] According to Emmanuel Karagiannis, "now that the old working class has assimilated into an expanded middle class, the radical Left is obviously looking for a new constituency, and Europe's deprived and alienated Muslim communities may well be the answer."[13] The political scientist Stephen Driver suggested that this over-reliance on dissatisfied Muslim voters left its electoral base "fragile", for when "the source of the protest disappears, so do the protest votes".[130]

At no point did Respect position itself as a specifically Muslim party akin to the Buyuk Britaniya Islomiy partiyasi yoki Muslim Party in Birmingham, however from its beginnings it did specifically target Muslims with its campaign material, characterising itself as "the party for Muslims" and focusing on issues of particular concern to British Muslim communities. A local election flyer printed in 2004 featured the slogan "George Galloway – Fighting for Muslim Rights!" It often fielded Muslim candidates to stand in largely Muslim areas, although this was not unusual in British politics, with Labour, the Conservatives, and the Liberal Democrats often doing the same.[131]

Respect's main electoral support base was in East London and Birmingham. However, there were other areas of Britain with large Islamic communities—such as Yorkshir, Lankashir va "Lester" —where the party did not do well. Peace suggested that Respect had been successful in East London and Birmingham and not other areas with Muslim communities because these two areas had established anti-war movements and that Respect candidates had already become well known within that movement.[132]

It has also been suggested that Respect's connection to religious groups and masjidlar has been crucial to the party's success in many areas.[133] It attracted some controversy for allegedly being tied to the Evropa islom forumi (IFE), a group based at the Sharqiy London masjidi in Tower Hamlets.[134] Ikkalasi ham Telegraf va Jo'natmalar have alleged that Respect activist Miah is an IFE member, although he has denied this.[134][135][136]

Qabul qilish

Respect received little attention from scholars of politics.[137] This may be due to the perception that it was a single-issue party that provided a protest vote among a particular community.[26]As with the Greens, Respect were recognised as having radical views but were nonetheless widely regarded as a legitimate part of politics in the UK. In this they contrasted with the pariah status accorded to contemporary far right groups like the Britaniya milliy partiyasi.[138]In just over two years, it had gained the electoral success that it had taken the BNP twenty years to attain.[139]

Respect was controversial within Britain's far left movement. Far left criticisms of the party included that it was engaging in political opportunism, that it invited the mayda burjua into the socialist workers' movement, and that it focused on the narrow sectarian interests of British Muslims rather than the socio-economic issues of the working-class and in doing so neglected feminism and LGBT rights.[30]Ga binoan Guardian journalist Dave Hill, Respect were "a case study in the British far left's enduring gift for self-parodic, self-destructive splits".[112]

Criticisms of Respect

Tenglik

Respect has been accused of abandoning some traditional ijtimoiy-liberal issues, including women's rights, abortion, gey huquqlari va jang qilish gomofobiya, to attract Muslim support.[140] While Respect included opposition to discrimination based on gender and sexual orientation in its founding declaration,[141] critics claim that Galloway – during the time he was a Respect MP – tended to avoid parliamentary votes involving teng huquqlar for gay people.[142] 2006 yilgi intervyusida PinkNews, Galloway praised New Labour's record on improving gay rights, and says of his absence from one vote that "there was never any doubt about the passage of the fuqarolik sherikliklari [bill], I wholly support it".[142]

According to a resolution at that year's conference, Respect's 2005 manifesto omitted the "defence of LGBT rights despite policy adopted at last year's AGM and contained in the founding statement". A resolution was passed calling for the end to all discrimination against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals and transgender people and that this policy would be stated in all of its manifestos and principal election materials.[143] Despite this commitment, Respect and parts of the LGBT community have clashed on several occasions. In November 2005, Respect's second largest single financial donor, Dr Mohammad Naseem,[144] was accused in an article by Piter Tatchell of being homophobic due to his senior position in the Buyuk Britaniya Islomiy partiyasi,[145] which Tatchell claimed advocated the "banning of gay organisations" and the "execution of homosexuals".[146] Naseem, however, stated that the Islamic Party was now little more than a thinktank, and furthermore, disagreed with the statements on the Islamic Party website which Tatchell pointed to, stating his views on homosexuality as follows: "These things are a matter of personal choice [...] I am not concerned with what people do in their bedrooms."[147] Naseem was also present at Respect's 2005 conference, where the vote to reaffirm Respect's support of LGBT rights was passed unanimously.[148]

In January 2006, an article attacking Tatchell's opposition to the party was written by Respect member and journalist Adam Yosef. Yozish Desi Xpress, Yosef accused Tatchell of Islomofobiya but was attacked by gay organisations for "encouraging violence against Tatchell" and for using "xenophobic" and "homophobic" language. Yosef also used other articles to attack bir jinsli uyushmalar, describing them as a front for "soliq firibgarligi ". Tatchell called on Respect to expel Yosef but the party responded with the following statement: "Adam Yosef has the right to voice his own opinions in his own column – they range from an ecstatic review of Birmingham's gay pride to venting his thoughts about Peter Tatchell."[149] However, in October 2009, Yosef pledged his formal support to Tatchell's 2010 yilgi umumiy saylov parliamentary candidacy, calling for the left to "embrace a mutual personal and political commitment towards equality and human rights".[150]

Antisemitizm

Abul Hussain, a former member of Respect's national council, posted antisemitic comments on Facebook and was expelled for his comments in September 2010. The councillor joked about chopping off a Jewish person's yon to'siqlar and confiscating their kippa. He also wrote about Jews, "Here's a penny go put it in the bank and [you] just might get a pound after ten years interest!". The Respect Party stated that "such views are demonstrably incompatible with party membership".[151][152]

In 2011 Carole Swords, of Ta'zim, the chairwoman of the Respect Party in Tower Hamlets, was convicted for a public order offence after an altercation with a Jewish counter-protester, Harvey Garfield, at a protest inside a Covent Garden Tesco Metro supermarket. She was alleged to have struck him in the face, smacking off his eyeglasses, while he was protecting Israeli goods from potentially being damaged.[153] A subsequent appeal in December cleared her of the offence. Swords' defence team claimed Garfield had harassed and intimidated Swords inside the supermarket, and alleging he had called her a "Nazi", a "fishwife" and a "terrorist". The recorder determined that Garfield had followed Swords inside the Tesco and that she had demanded he desist. The recorder could not determine how Garfield's glasses had fallen based on the store footage, and allowed the appeal.[154] Swords had earlier described Zionists as "cockroaches ... bugs [which] need to be stomped out"[153] and at a different rally, Swords had told a Jewish protester to "go back to Russia".[155]

Following Naz Kahn's appointment as Respect's women's officer in Bradford in October 2012, it emerged that Kahn had recently commented on Facebook that "history teachers in our school" were and are "the first to start brainwashing us and our children into thinking the bad guy was Hitler. What have the Jews done good in this world??"[156] Devid Aaronovich yilda Yahudiylarning xronikasi yozgan: "'What have the Jews done good in this world?' clearly means 'The Jews do only bad'. The Jews haven't suffered as much as they say they have, but insofar as they have suffered it's their own fault and, in any case, they have gone on to inflict equal or more suffering on others. That's 'the Jews' as a group, not 'many Jews', 'some Jews' or 'a few Jews'."[157] Ron McKay, Galloway's spokesman, said Kahn's comments had been written shortly before she joined Respect, on an "unofficial site" (the Respect Bradford Facebook page), and that she "now deeply regrets and repudiates that posting".[156]

The last formal leader of Respect, George Galloway, has been accused by Guardian jurnalist Xadli Freeman of having "said and done things that cross the line from anti-Israel to antisemitic". He threatened to sue her for the comments made on Twitter in February 2015, although the tweet had already been deleted.[158] Her tweet followed the Savol vaqti George Galloway in Finchley controversy, an edition of the BBC's political debate series on which Freeman's Guardian hamkasb Jonathan Freedland had also appeared and made similar assertions about Galloway's conduct.[158]

Galloway's support for Hizbulloh va HAMAS, his refusal to debate with Israeli Jews, and his declaration of Bradford as being an "Israeli-free zone" are among the issues which have led to the attitudes of the politician being thought suspect.[158][159]

Shuningdek qarang

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    "Carole Swords of Respect: 'Go back to Russia!'", YouTube
  156. ^ a b Jennifer Lipman "Respect activist: was Hitler the bad guy?", Yahudiylarning xronikasi, 25 October 2012. When she re-emerged in 2017, Naz Kahn was known as Nasreen Khan, see "Shortlisted Little Horton candidate and former Respect activist Nasreen Khan says remarks she made five years ago were 'unacceptable'". Telegraph va Argus. Bredford. 2017 yil 9-noyabr.
  157. ^ David Aaronovitch. "The everyday language of hate", Yahudiylarning xronikasi, 4 November 2012
  158. ^ a b v Cohen, Benjamin (12 February 2015). "Anti-Zionist British Parliamentarian George Galloway Launches Legal Action Against Journalist's 'Antisemite' Tweet". Algemeiner. Olingan 1 yanvar 2016.
  159. ^ "British MP George Galloway Declares His City 'Israeli-Free'". Isroil milliy yangiliklari. 2014 yil 8-iyul. Olingan 1 yanvar 2016.

Manbalar

Benedek, Eran (2007). "Britain's Respect Party: The Leftist-Islamist Alliance and Its Attitude toward Israel". Yahudiylarning siyosiy tadqiqotlari sharhi. 19 (3-4). pp. 153–163. JSTOR  25834757.
Briggs, Rachel (2007). "Who's Afraid of the Respect Party? Dissent and Cohesion in Modern Britain". Yangilanish: Mehnat siyosati jurnali. 15 (2/3). 89-97 betlar.
Clark, Alistair (2012). Buyuk Britaniyadagi siyosiy partiyalar. Nyu-York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN  978-0230368682.
Haydovchi, Stiven (2011). Britaniya partiyasi siyosatini tushunish. Kembrij: Polity Press. ISBN  978-0-7456-4078-5.
Ford, Robert; Gudvin, Metyu (2014). Revolt on the Right: Explaining Support for the Radical Right in Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN  978-0-415-66150-8.
Hill, Dave (2016). Zac Versus Sadiq: The Fight to Become London Mayor. Not specified: Double Q. ISBN  978-1-911079-20-0.
Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2012). "The Future of the Red–Green Alliance". Asimmetrik to'qnashuvning dinamikasi. 5 (3). 208-211 betlar. doi:10.1080/17467586.2012.745945.
Tinchlik, Timo'tiy (2013a). "Men faqat bir oz hurmat qilishimni so'rayapman: Britaniyaning eng muvaffaqiyatli radikal chap partiyasi faoliyatini baholash". Parlament ishlari. 66. pp. 405–424. doi:10.1093 / pa / gsr064.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Cardo, V. (2014). "Celebrity Politics and Political Representation: The case of George Galloway MP on Mashhur Big Brother". Britaniya siyosati.
  • Klark, A .; Bottom, K.; Copus, C. (2008). "More similar than they'd like to admit? Ideology, policy and populism in the trajectories of the British National Party and Respect". Britaniya siyosati.
  • Crines, Andrew S. (2013). "An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact". Siyosat. 33 (2). 81-90 betlar. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12003.
  • Peace, Timothy (2013). "Muslims and electoral politics in Britain: The Case of the Respect Party". Muslim Political Participation in Europe.
  • Peace, Timothy; Akhtar, Parveen (2015). "Biraderi, Bloc Votes and Bradford: Investigating the Respect Party's Campaign Strategy". Britaniya siyosati va xalqaro aloqalar jurnali. 17 (2): 224–243. arXiv:1303.1393. doi:10.1111/1467-856X.12057. hdl:1893/22039.

Tashqi havolalar

Respect publications