Boris Berezovskiy (tadbirkor) - Boris Berezovsky (businessman)

Boris Berezovskiy
Boris Berezovskiyning tarixiy fotosurati
Tug'ilgan	Boris Abramovich Berezovskiy (1946-01-23)1946 yil 23-yanvar Moskva, Sovet Ittifoqi
O'ldi	2013 yil 23 mart(2013-03-23) (67 yosh) Sunningxill, Berkshir, Angliya
Dam olish joyi	Brukvud qabristoni, Brukvud, Surrey, Angliya 51 ° 17′58 ″ N. 0 ° 37′33 ″ Vt / 51.299574 ° N 0.625846 ° Vt / 51.299574; -0.625846
Boshqa ismlar	Platon Elenin
Fuqarolik	Ruscha / Inglizlar
Kasb	Ishbilarmon, muhandis, matematik, davlat amaldori
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Nina Korotkova ​ ​ (m. 1970; div 1991)​ [1] Galina Besharova ​ ​ (m. 1991; div 2010)​ [2]
Hamkor (lar)	Yelena Gorbunova (esp. 1996; sep. 2012)[3]

Boris Abramovich Berezovskiy (Ruscha: Boris Abramovich Berezskiy; 1946 yil 23-yanvar - 2013 yil 23-mart),^[4][5] shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Platon Elenin,^[6] rus edi biznes oligarxi, hukumat amaldori, muhandis va matematik. U a'zosi edi Rossiya Fanlar akademiyasi. Berezovskiy siyosiy jihatdan qarshi bo'lgan Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin Putinnikidan beri 2000 yilgi saylov va butun hayoti davomida Putinning ashaddiy tanqidchisi bo'lib qoldi.^[7] 2000 yil oxirida Rossiya Bosh prokurorining o'rinbosari Berezovskiyni so'roq qilish uchun kelishini talab qilgandan so'ng, u chet eldan qaytib kelmadi va Buyuk Britaniya unga bergan siyosiy boshpana 2003 yilda.^[8] Rossiyada u keyinchalik sudlangan sirtdan firibgarlik va o'g'irlash. Dastlabki ayblovlar ilgari surilgan Primakov 1999 yilda hukumat.^[9] Ga qaramay Interpol Qizil xabarnoma Berezovskiyning hibsga olinishi uchun Rossiya bir necha bor Berezovskiyni Britaniyadan ekstraditsiya qila olmadi, bu ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi diplomatik ziddiyatning asosiy nuqtasiga aylandi.^[10][11][12]

Berezovskiy Rossiyada o'z boyligini 1990-yillarda, mamlakat boshidan kechirganida qilgan xususiylashtirish davlat mulki.^[13] U turli aktivlar ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritishdan foyda ko'rdi, shu jumladan mamlakatning asosiy telekanali, Birinchi kanal. 1997 yilda, Forbes Berezovskiyning boyligini 3 milliard dollarga baholagan.^[14] U keyingi Eltsin yillarida, kotib o'rinbosari bo'lganida, hokimiyat tepasida edi Rossiya xavfsizlik kengashi, do'sti Boris Yeltsin nufuzli qizi Tatyana, va Eltsin "oilasi" a'zosi (ichki doirada).^[15] Berezovskiy mablag 'ajratishda yordam berdi Birlik, tashkil etgan siyosiy partiya Vladimir Putin parlament bazasi,^[16] ga saylangan Duma Putinning shiferida.^[17] Biroq, quyidagilarga rioya qilish 2000 yil mart oyida Rossiya prezident saylovlari, Berezovskiy oppozitsiyaga o'tdi va Dumadan iste'foga chiqdi.^[18] U Britaniyaga ko'chib o'tgandan so'ng, hukumat uning televizion aktivlarini egallab oldi,^[19] va u boshqa rus xoldinglaridan ajralib chiqdi.

2012 yilda Berezovskiy Londonni yutqazdi Oliy sud Bu holda u yirik neft ishlab chiqaruvchisi mulkini o'z zimmasiga oldi Sibneft, qarshi Roman Abramovich, unda u 3 milliard funt sterling miqdorida tovon puli talab qildi.^[20] Sud Berezovskiy hech qachon "Sibneft" ning hammuallifi bo'lmagan degan xulosaga keldi.^[21]

Berezovskiy o'z uyida, Titness Parkda o'lik holda topilgan Sunninghill, yaqin Ascot yilda Berkshir, 2013 yil 23 martda.^[22] A o'limdan keyin ekspertiza uning o'limi osishga mos kelishini va zo'ravonlik kurashining alomatlari yo'qligini aniqladi.^[23] Biroq, Berezovskiyning o'limi bo'yicha tergov ishi olib borgan sudya keyinchalik ochiq hukm.^[24]

Dastlabki hayoti, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va muhandislik tajribasi

Boris Abramovich Berezovskiy 1946 yilda, Moskvada, Abram Markovich Berezovskiyda (1911-1979) tug'ilgan,^[25] a Yahudiy qurilish ishlarida muhandis,^[26][27] va uning rafiqasi Anna Aleksandrovna Gelman (1923 yil 22 noyabr - 2013 yil 3 sentyabr).^[28] U o'qidi amaliy matematika 1983 yilda doktorlik dissertatsiyasini oldi.^[29] Ni tugatgandan so'ng Moskva o'rmon xo'jaligi muhandislik instituti 1968 yilda Berezovskiy 1969 yildan 1987 yilgacha muhandis bo'lib ishlagan ilmiy xodim yordamchisi, ilmiy xodim va nihoyat Boshqarish fanlari institutida bo'lim boshlig'i SSSR Fanlar akademiyasi.^[30] Berezovskiy tadqiqotlar o'tkazdi optimallashtirish va boshqaruv nazariyasi, 1975 yildan 1989 yilgacha 16 ta kitob va maqolalarni nashr etdi.

Rossiyadagi siyosiy va biznes karerasi

Boylikning to'planishi

1989 yilda Berezovskiy taqdim etgan imkoniyatlardan foydalangan qayta qurish LogoVAZ-ni topish Badri Patarkatsishvili va rus avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchisi yuqori menejerlari AvtoVAZ. LogoVAZ AvtoVAZ uchun dasturiy ta'minot ishlab chiqdi, sovet ishlab chiqaradigan avtomobillarni sotdi va xizmat ko'rsatadigan xorijiy avtomobillarni sotdi.^[31] Dilerlik foyda ko'rdi giperinflyatsiya avtoulovlarni konsignatsiyada olib, keyinchalik pul qiymatini yo'qotgan paytda ishlab chiqaruvchiga to'lash orqali.^[32]

Berezovskiyning dastlabki urinishlaridan biri U 1993 yilda tashkil etgan venchur fondi bo'lgan Butun Rossiya avtomobil alyansi (AVVA) edi. Aleksandr Voloshin (Boris Yeltsinning bo'lajak shtab boshlig'i) va AvtoVAZ Rais Vladimir Kadannikov.^[32] Berezovskiy "xalq mashinasi" ishlab chiqaradigan zavod qurish uchun ssudali qarz evaziga kichik sarmoyadorlardan qariyb 50 million AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'to'plagan kompaniyaning taxminan 30 foizini boshqargan. Loyihada zavod uchun etarli mablag 'yig'ilmadi va uning o'rniga mablag' AvtoVAZ ishlab chiqarishga kiritildi, investorlar oldidagi qarz esa almashtirildi tenglik uchun.^[33][34] 2000 yilga kelib AVVA AvtoVAZning uchdan bir qismiga ega edi.^[35]

1994 yilda Berezovskiy avtomashinani portlatish hodisasi nishoniga aylandi, ammo uning haydovchisi o'ldirilgan va o'zi jarohat olgan suiqasddan omon qoldi.^[36] Aleksandr Litvinenko hodisa bo'yicha FSB tergoviga rahbarlik qildi va jinoyatni Sovet avtoulovi avtoulovi rahbariyatining Berezovskiyning Rossiya avtomobil bozorida kuchayib borayotgan ta'siriga qarshilik ko'rsatishi bilan bog'ladi.^[37]

Berezovskiyning Rossiya ommaviy axborot vositalarida ishtiroki 1994 yil dekabrda, ORT Televizioni ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng boshlangan (qarang) Birinchi kanal (Rossiya) ) ishlamay qolgan Sovet 1-kanalini almashtirish uchun.^[38] U mashhur langar va prodyuserni tayinladi Vladislav Listyev ORT bosh direktori sifatida. Uch oydan so'ng Listyev reklama savdosini nazorat qilish uchun qattiq kurash olib borilganda o'ldirildi.^[39] Berezovskiy politsiya tergovida va boshqalar qatorida so'roq qilingan, ammo qotillar hech qachon topilmagan.^[40]

Berezovskiy boshqaruvi ostida ORT islohotchilar lagerining asosiy boyligiga aylandi, chunki ular kelgusida kommunistlar va millatchilar bilan yuzma-yuz kelishga tayyor edilar prezidentlik saylovlari.^[41]

1995-97 yillarda, munozarali orqali aktsiyalar uchun kreditlar xususiylashtirish kim oshdi savdolari^[42][43] (qarang Rossiyada xususiylashtirish ), Berezovskiy va Patarkatsishvili yordam berishdi Roman Abramovich boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritishda Sibneft, boyligining asosiy qismini tashkil etuvchi oltinchi yirik rus neft kompaniyasi.^[44][45] Maqolasida Washington Post 2000 yilda Berezovskiy ushbu moliyachini ochib berdi Jorj Soros sotib olishda ishtirok etish uchun taklifnomani rad etdi.^[46]

1995 yilda u boshqaruvni o'zgartirishda muhim rol o'ynadi Aeroflot va uni aktsiyalashtirishda ishtirok etdi,^[31] uning yaqin sherigi bilan Nikolay Glushkov Aeroflotning moliya direktori bo'lish. 1998 yil yanvar oyida bu haqda e'lon qilindi Sibneft bilan birlashadi Mixail Xodorkovskiy "s Yukos dunyodagi uchinchi yirik neft kompaniyasini yaratish.^[47] Besh oydan keyin neft narxining pasayishi fonida birlashishdan voz kechildi.^[48]

1996 yilda Yeltsinning qayta saylanishidagi roli

Berezovskiy 1993 yilda Yeltsinning xotiralarini nashr etishni tashkil qilish orqali Kremlning yaqin doirasiga kirdi va do'stlashdi Valentin Yumashev, Prezidentning arvoh yozuvchisi.^[49][50][51]

1996 yil yanvar oyida, da Jahon iqtisodiy forumi da Davos, Berezovskiy ittifoq tuzish uchun o'rtoq oligarxlar bilan bog'lanib, keyinchalik "Davos shartnomasi" deb nomlandi.^[52] - yaqinda Boris Yeltsinning saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazish prezidentlik saylovlari.^[53] Moskvaga qaytgach, Berezovskiy uchrashdi va do'stlashdi Tatyana Dyachenko, Eltsinning qizi,^[51] Keyingi profilga ko'ra Guardian, "Berezovskiy 1996 yilda Boris Yeltsinning qayta saylanishini uyushtirgan ... U va uning milliarder do'stlari Yeltsinning saylovoldi kampaniyasi uchun 140 million funt sterling sarflashgan".^[54]

1996 yil yozida Berezovskiy Eltsinning ittifoqdoshi bo'lgan asosiy maslahatchisi sifatida paydo bo'ldi Anatoliy Chubais, General boshchiligidagi qattiqqo'llar guruhiga qarshi Aleksandr Korjakov.^[55] Iyun oyining bir oqshomida Logovaz klubining zalida Berezovskiy, Chubays va boshqalar Korjakov va boshqa qattiqqo'llarni quvib chiqarishni rejalashtirishdi.^[51] 1996 yil 20 iyunda Eltsin Korjakovni va yana ikkita qirg'iyni ishdan bo'shatdi va islohotchilar jamoasi Kremlni to'liq nazoratida qoldirdi.^[56] Ularni ishdan bo'shatish munozarali edi, chunki Korjakov bir necha kun oldin Prezident ma'muriyati binosidan hisob-fakturasiz 500 ming AQSh dollar miqdoridagi naqd pul olib yurgan Eltsinning ikkita saylov tashkilotchisini qo'lga oldi.^[57]

1996 yil 16-iyun kuni Eltsin Gen bilan taktik ittifoq tuzganidan so'ng birinchi saylovlarda birinchi bo'ldi. Aleksandr Lebed, kim uchinchi o'rinni egalladi. 3-iyul kuni ikkinchi bosqichda u kommunistni mag'lub etdi Gennadiy Zyuganov. Uning g'alabasi asosan Gusinskiy va Berezovskiy (NTV va ORT) tomonidan boshqariladigan televizion tarmoqlarning qo'llab-quvvatlashi va biznes elitaning mablag'lari bilan bog'liq edi.^[58] The New York Times Berezovskiyni "bir necha yil ichida soyadan hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan ushbu yangi elitaning ommaviy vakili va bosh lobbiisti" deb atadi.^[51]

Chechen mojarosidagi roli

1996 yil 17 oktyabrda Eltsin generalni ishdan bo'shatdi Aleksandr Lebed u davlat to'ntarishini rejalashtirgani va xususiy armiyani yashirincha to'plaganligi haqidagi da'volar orasida milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchi lavozimidan.^[59] Lebed zudlik bilan Berezovskiy va Gusinskiyni o'z lavozimidan chetlatilishini muhandislikda aybladi va sharmandali general bilan koalitsiya tuzdi. Aleksandr Korjakov.^[60] Me'mori Lebedning ishdan olinishi Xasavyurt tinchlik sulhi, Yeltsinning Chechen siyosatini boshi berk ko'chada qoldirdi. 1996 yil 30 oktyabrda, siyosiy bombardimonda Eltsin nomlandi Ivan Ribkin uning milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha yangi maslahatchisi va Berezovskiyni Chechenistonga mas'ul kotib o'rinbosari etib tayinladi^[61] bajarilishini nazorat qilish vakolatiga ega Xasavyurt shartnomasi: ya'ni Rossiya kuchlarini olib chiqish, tinchlik shartnomasi bo'yicha muzokaralar va umumiy saylovga tayyorgarlik. 1996 yil 19 dekabrda Berezovskiy urush boshlig'i tomonidan garovga olingan 21 rus politsiyachisini ozod qilish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib boradi. Salman Raduev Torpedo tinchlik muzokaralariga ikki tomon radikallarining sa'y-harakatlari o'rtasida.^[62]

1997 yil 12 mayda Eltsin va Masxadov imzoladilar Rossiya-Chechen tinchlik shartnomasi Kremlda. Moskvadagi matbuot anjumanida so'zga chiqqan Berezovskiy o'zining ustuvor yo'nalishlarini aytib o'tdi iqtisodiy qayta qurish Checheniston, xususan Ozarbayjon neftini tashish uchun quvur qurilishi. U Rossiya ishbilarmonlarini Grozniydagi tsement zavodi uchun 1 million AQSh dollari miqdoridagi xayriya mablag'ini (ba'zi manbalarda 2 million AQSh dollari) o'z xayr-ehsonini oshkor qilib, respublikani tiklashga hissa qo'shishga chaqirdi.^[63] Bir necha yil o'tgach, u chechen terrorchilarini moliyalashtirishda ayblanib, ushbu to'lov uni ta'qib qilar edi.^[64]

Xavfsizlik Kengashidan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, Berezovskiy Chechenistondagi faoliyatini xususiy shaxs sifatida davom ettirishga va'da berdi.^[65] va chechen lashkarlari bilan aloqani saqlab qoldi. U garovga olingan 69 kishining ozod qilinishida muhim rol o'ynagan, shu jumladan ikki britaniyalik Jon Jeyms va Kamilla Karr, u shaxsiy samolyotida uchib ketgan RAF Briz Norton 1998 yil sentyabrda.^[66][67] Bilan intervyuda Tomas de Vaal 2005 yilda u Britaniyaning Rossiyadagi elchisining ishtirokini aniqladi, Ser Endryu Vud va uning sobiq muzokaralardagi hamkori, islomiy jangarilar etakchisi ekanligini tushuntirdi Movladi Udugov, Britaniyaliklarning ozod qilinishini tashkil etishga yordam berdi.^[68]

Berezovskiy bilan telefon orqali suhbatlashdi Movladi Udugov 1999 yil bahorida, boshlanishidan olti oy oldin Dog'istonda jang qilish. Ushbu suhbatning stenogrammasi 1999 yil 10 sentyabrda Moskvaning tabloidida tarqalgan va jangarilarning bosqini haqida yozilgan edi. O'shandan beri bu ko'plab taxminlarga sabab bo'ldi. Keyinchalik Berezovskiy de Vaalga bergan intervyularida tushuntirgandek^[68] va Goldfarb,^[37] Udugov islomchilarning Dog'istonga kirib kelishini muvofiqlashtirishni taklif qildi, shunda Rossiyaning cheklangan javobi Checheniston prezidenti Aslan Masxadovni ag'darib tashlaydi va yangi Islom respublikasini tashkil qiladi, u Amerikaga qarshi, ammo Rossiyaga do'stona bo'ladi. Berezovskiy bu g'oyani yoqtirmasligini, ammo Udugovning uverturasi haqida bosh vazirga xabar berganini aytdi Stepashin. "Udugov va Basayev, - deb ta'kidladi u, - Stepashin va Putin bilan til biriktirib, Masxadovni ag'darish uchun urush ochishdi ... ammo bu kelishuv Rossiya armiyasi uchun to'xtab qolishi kerak edi. Terek daryosi. Biroq, Putin chechenlarni ikki marta kesib o'tdi va har tomonlama urush boshladi. "^[37]

"Yosh islohotchilar" bilan jang

1997 yil mart oyida Berezovskiy va Tatyana Dyachenko uchib ketdi Nijniy Novgorod shahar hokimini ishontirish uchun, Boris Nemtsov, Chubaysning iqtisodiy jamoasiga qo'shilish uchun,^[51] hukumati sifatida tanilgan Yosh islohotchilar. Bu "Davos paktining" so'nggi kelishilgan siyosiy harakati edi (yuqoriga qarang). To'rt oydan so'ng, guruh Eltsin foydasiga kuchli raqobatlashadigan ikkita klikga bo'lindi.^[69] To'qnashuv aloqa kommunal xizmatining xususiylashtirilgan kim oshdi savdosi bilan avj oldi Svyazinvest, unda Chubaisning "Onexim" banki sodiq Vladimir Potanin, Jorj Soros tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, ispan tilida ittifoqdosh Gusinskiy bilan raqobatlashdi Telefonika. Dastlab tijorat mojarosi tezda Chubais va Berezovskiy o'rtasida siyosiy irodalar musobaqasiga aylandi.^[69]

Potaninning g'alabasi ommaviy media urushini boshladi ORT va NTV Chubais guruhini kim oshdi savdosini Potanin foydasiga o'rnatganlikda ayblagan, Chubais esa Berezovskiyni o'z biznes manfaatlarini ilgari surish uchun hukumat lavozimidan suiiste'mol qilganlikda ayblagan.^[70] Ikki tomon ham qat'iy qonunchilik qoidalariga asoslangan va og'ishlarga yo'l qo'ymaslik asosida yangi "adolatli" xususiylashtirish "davrini e'lon qilgan Yeltsinga murojaat qildi.^[71] Yakunda ikkala tomon ham mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Berezovskiyning ommaviy axborot vositalari "Oneksim" bankiga tegishli nashriyot Chubays va uning guruhiga hech qachon yozilmagan kitob uchun katta avanslar to'lashi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan korruptsion sxemani fosh etdi. Janjal Chubaysning sodiqlarini hukumatdan tozalashga olib keldi.^[72] Chubays bunga javoban Yeltsinni Boris Berezovskiyni milliy xavfsizlik kengashidan bo'shatishga ishontirdi. Berezovskiyning Xavfsizlik Kengashidagi xizmati 1997 yil 5 noyabrda tugagan.^[73] Soros Berezovskiy-Chubais to'qnashuvini "tarixiy voqea deb atadi. Men haqiqatan ham bunga ishonmagan bo'lar edim, agar o'zim ko'rmaganimda edi. Men qayiqda odamlarning palapartishlik qirg'og'iga qarab suzayotganini ko'rdim". Uning ta'kidlashicha, islohotchilar lageri bu kurashda olgan jarohatlaridan hech qachon tuzalmagan va konservativ millatchilar uchun siyosiy sahnani yaratgan va oxir oqibat Vladimir Putin.^[70]

Xayriya

Xabarlarga ko'ra, Berezovskiy undan keyin yagona odam bo'lgan Karmadon darasi fojiasi qor ko'chkisi rus rejissyorining suratga olish guruhini ko'mganida Sergey Bodrov, darhol tirik qolganlarni qidirish uchun katta miqdordagi mablag 'ajratdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1991 yilda Berezovskiy taniqli rus shoirlari, musiqachilari, rassomlari, rejissyorlari va balet raqqoslariga beriladigan "Tantana" mukofotiga asos soldi.^[74]

1998 yilda Boris Berezovskiy Chechenistonda 14 oy davomida to'lov evaziga garovga olingan ikki ingliz yordam xodimini ozod qilishda samarali bo'lganligi haqida "Tutqun" hujjatli filmida xabar berilgan.

Kreml oilasi va Putinning hokimiyatga kelishi

1998 yil bahorida Berezovskiy kutilmagan siyosiy qaytishni amalga oshirdi, u 1998 yil aprelda tayinlanganidan boshlab, ijroiya kotibi lavozimiga tayinlandi. Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo'stligi.^[75] U yangi norasmiy kuchlar guruhi - "Oila" ning markazida paydo bo'ldi, Yeltsinning atrofidagi yaqin maslahatchilar doirasi, uning tarkibiga Eltsinning qizi kirdi. Tatyana va uning shtab boshlig'i, Yumashev. Hech qanday muhim hukumat tayinlashi oilaning yordamisiz amalga oshmaydi degan mish-mishlar tarqaldi.^[76] 1999 yilga kelib, Oila tarkibiga Berezovskiyning ikki sherigi, uning sobiq AVVA sherigi Aleksandr Voloshin, Yumashevni Yeltsinning shtabi boshlig'i etib tayinlagan va Roman Abramovich ham kirgan.^[77]

Oilaning asosiy tashvishi - o'sha paytdagi bosh vazirning prezidentlik intilishlariga qarshi turish uchun Yeltsinning "saylanadigan" vorisini topish edi. Yevgeniy Primakov, kim ko'proq statistik lavozimlarga moyil edi. Oila va Primakov lageri o'rtasidagi siyosiy janglar Eltsin prezidentligining so'nggi ikki yilida hukmronlik qildi.^[78]

1998 yil noyabrda televizion matbuot anjumanida beshta ofitser FSB, boshchiligida Podpolkovnik Aleksandr Litvinenko, Berezovskiyni o'ldirish uchun ularning boshliqlari tomonidan taxmin qilingan fitna fosh etildi.^[79]

1999 yil aprelda Rossiya Bosh prokurori, Yuriy Skuratov, "Aeroflot" dagi mablag'ni o'g'irlash bo'yicha tergov boshlagan va tergovni siyosiy motivli va uyushtirgan deb nomlagan Berezovskiyni hibsga olishga order bergan. Primakov.^[80] Nikolay Glushkov, Aeroflotning sobiq bosh direktori keyinchalik Primakov bilan ziddiyat Berezovskiy boshqaruv jamoasi rus tilida qo'zg'atgandan kelib chiqqanligini aniqladi. Chet el razvedka xizmati Primakov bosh vazir bo'lishdan oldin Aeroflotdan foydalangan minglab josuslarni ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risida boshchilik qilgan oldingi tashkilot Sovet davrida.^[81][82][83] Bir hafta o'tgach, Berezovskiy prokuratura tomonidan so'roqqa topshirilgandan so'ng hibsga olish to'g'risidagi order bekor qilindi. Hech qanday ayblov ilgari surilmagan.^[84] Yeltsin ko'p o'tmay Primakov hukumatini ishdan bo'shatdi va uning o'rnini egalladi Sergey Stepashin yangi bosh vazir sifatida.^[85]

Vladimir Putin 1999 yil bir necha qisqa oylarida nisbiy xiralikdan Rossiya prezidentligiga meteorik ko'tarilish uning Berezovskiyning homiysi va "Oila" bilan yaqinligi bilan bog'liq. Yumashev. 1999 yil oxiriga kelib, Oila Yeltsinni Putinni uning siyosiy vorisi va prezidentlikka nomzod deb atashga ishontirdi.^[86][87][88]

Berezovskiyning Putin bilan tanishi 1990 yillarning boshlarida, Peterburg meri o'rinbosari sifatida Logovazga avtosalonni tashkil etishga yordam bergan paytdan boshlangan.^[89] Ular do'stona munosabatlarga ega edilar; bir paytlar Berezovskiy Putinni o'zi bilan Shveytsariyada chang'i bilan olib yurdi.^[86]

1999 yil fevral oyida, Berezovskiy bilan to'qnashuvi sababli siyosiy mavqei noaniq ko'rinishda edi Primakov Aeroflot orqali Putin, keyin direktor FSB, Berezovskiyning rafiqasi uchun tug'ilgan kunida qatnashib, do'stlikning jasoratini ko'rsatdi. "Menga Primakovning fikri mutlaqo ahamiyati yo'q", dedi Putin Berezovskiyga o'sha kuni. Bu ularning siyosiy ittifoqining boshlanishi edi.^[89] Times gazetasiga ko'ra, Ispaniya politsiyasi 1999 yilda besh marotaba Ispaniyadagi Berezovskiyga tegishli villaga yashirincha tashrif buyurganligini aniqlagan.^[90]

1999 yil iyul oyining o'rtalarida oila Berezovskiyni jo'natdi Biarritz, Putin ta'tilda bo'lgan joyda, uni bosh vazir lavozimini va rolini qabul qilishga ishontirish uchun merosxo'r.^[89][91] 9 avgustda Yeltsin hukumatini ishdan bo'shatdi Sergey Stepashin Berezovskiy kadrlarni almashtirishni uyushtirganligi haqidagi xabarlar orasida Putinni bosh vazir etib tayinladi.^[92]

Putinning asosiy raqiblari sobiq Bosh vazir edi Evgeniy Primakov va Moskva meri Yuriy Lujkov tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Vatan - Butun Rossiya ittifoq. Ushbu guruhga qarshi 1999 yilgi Duma saylovlari, Berezovskiy bir necha oy ichida yaratilishida muhim rol o'ynadi Birlik partiyani, Putinni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan boshqa hech qanday mafkura yo'q.^[93][94] Keyinchalik, u Putinning bilimi va roziligi bilan Unity mablag'larining manbai ekanligini oshkor qildi Aeroflot.^[95] 1999 yilgi saylovlarda Berezovskiy Putinning sodiq partiyasi sifatida saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazdi va Shimoliy Kavkaz respublikasi nomidan Dumada o'rin egalladi. Karachaevo-Cherkesiya.^[94]

Duma saylov kampaniyasi paytida Berezovskiyning ORT telekanali Putinning raqiblarini obro'sizlantirish va masxara qilish uchun tajovuzkor xujjatlar va dasturlardan foydalanib, Putin lageri uchun juda samarali targ'ibot mashinasi bo'lib xizmat qildi. Primakov va Lujkov, taktika ommaviy axborot vositalariga ortiqcha aralashuv sifatida qattiq tanqid qilindi.^[96] Ammo Birlik saylovlarda hayratlanarli darajada yuqori ball to'plab, Putinning saylovdagi g'alabasiga yo'l ochdi 2000 yil bahor.^[78]

Putin bilan ziddiyat va emigratsiya

Berezovskiyning Putin bilan kelishmovchiligi Putin prezident bo'lishidan uch hafta o'tgach ommaviy bo'lib chiqdi. 2000 yil 8 mayda Berezovskiy va Abramovich Putinning taklifiga binoan Moskvadagi inauguratsiya balida birga ko'rishdi.^[97] Biroq, 31 may kuni Berezovskiy prezident tomonidan taklif qilingan konstitutsiyaviy islohotga keskin hujum qildi, bu Kremlga saylangan gubernatorlarni lavozimidan ozod etish huquqini beradi. Yilda chop etilgan Putinga ochiq xatda Kommersant, Berezovskiy, keyin a Duma deputat, "davlat tuzilishini o'zgartirishga qaratilgan" va "Rossiyaning hududiy yaxlitligi va demokratiyasiga tahdid" bo'lgan prezidentning qonunchilik loyihasiga qarshi ovoz berishga majbur bo'lishini aytdi.^[98] 2000 yil 17 iyulda Berezovskiy "mamlakat xarobasi va avtoritar rejimni tiklashda ishtirok etishni istamasligini" aytib, Dumadan iste'foga chiqdi.^[99] Avgust oyida Berezovskiyning ommaviy axborot vositalari Putinni cho'kish bilan shug'ullanganligi uchun hujum qildi Kursk dengiz osti kemasi, 118 dengizchining o'limini Kremlning chet el yordamini olishni istamasligi bilan izohladi.^[100] Sentyabr oyida Berezovskiy Kreml ORT-dagi aktsiyalarini tortib olishga harakat qilganini da'vo qildi va u o'z ulushini taniqli ziyolilar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan ishonchga topshirishini e'lon qildi.^[101]

Maqolasida Washington Post 2000 yilda Berezovskiy kuchli yo'qligida bahslashdi fuqarolik jamiyati va o'rta sinf ba'zida kapitalistlar "demokratiyani yomon ko'radigan va yo'qolgan pozitsiyalarni tiklashni orzu qiladigan" sobiq kommunistlarga qarshi vazn sifatida Rossiyaning "siyosiy jarayonlariga bevosita aralashishi" kerak bo'lishi mumkin.^[102] Berezovskiy jurnalistga nisbatan qonuniy choralar ko'rdi Pol Klebnikov, uni turli xil jinoyatlarda ayblagan. Oktyabr oyida, intervyusida Le Figaro, Putin endi hukumatni oligarxlar nazorati ostidagi OAV tomonidan tanqid qilinishiga toqat qilmasligini e'lon qildi. "Agar kerak bo'lsa, biz bu shantajga yo'l qo'yadigan vositalarni yo'q qilamiz", dedi u.^[103] Berezovskiy haqidagi savolga javob berar ekan, uning oldida "kudgel" borligi haqida ogohlantirdi. "Shtatning qo'lida siz bir marta urish uchun ishlatadigan, ammo boshiga qo'pol gap bor. Biz buni ishlatmadik kudgel hali. Biz uni shunchaki bezatdik ... [Ammo] biz qattiq g'azablangan kunimiz, undan foydalanishdan tortinmaymiz. "^[103]

Xuddi shu oyda Rossiya prokuraturasi Aeroflot firibgarligi bo'yicha tergovni qayta tikladi va Berezovskiy guvoh sifatida so'roq qilindi.^[104] 2000 yil 7-noyabrda chet elga sayohat qilgan Berezovskiy qo'shimcha so'roq qilish uchun kelmadi va Rossiyaga qaytib kelmasligini e'lon qildi, chunki u "hokimiyat va shaxsan prezident Putin tomonidan menga bosimni doimiy ravishda kuchaytirmoqda. Aslida u". "Men siyosiy mahbus bo'lishni yoki siyosiy emigrant bo'lishni tanlashga majbur bo'layapman" dedi. Berezovskiy Putin ORF "Kursk" suvosti kemasining cho'kib ketishi to'g'risida "haqiqatni aytgani" uchungina uni "Aeroflot" ishi bo'yicha gumonlanuvchiga aylantirganini da'vo qildi.^[105] Dekabr oyi boshida uning sherigi Nikolay Glushkov Moskvada hibsga olingan va Berezovskiy ORT ulushini ishonchli boshqaruvga berish taklifidan voz kechgan.^[106]

Rossiyadagi xoldingi ajratish

2001 yil Berezovskiy, Gusinskiy va Patarkatsishvili o'zlarining ommaviy axborot vositalaridan mahrum bo'lgan xususiy televizion tarmoqlarni hukumat tomonidan muntazam ravishda egallab olish yili bo'ldi.^[19] ulardan birini Rossiyada "banan respublikasiga aylanib ketishi" haqida ogohlantirishga undaydi The New York Times.^[107] Fevral oyida Berezovskiy va Patarkatsishvili ORTdagi ulushlarini Roman Abramovichga sotdilar, u darhol Kremlga tahririyat nazoratini topshirdi.^[108] Keyinchalik Berezovskiy buni yashirin tushunish borligini da'vo qildi Nikolay Glushkov ushbu bitim doirasida qamoqdan ozod qilinadi, va'da hech qachon amalga oshirilmagan.^[109] Aprel oyida hukumat nazoratni o'z qo'liga oldi Vladimir Gusinskiy "s NTV.^[110] Keyin Berezovskiy kichikroq TV-6 tarmog'ining boshqaruv paketini sotib olishga o'tdi, Patarkatsishvilini uning raisi qildi va yopiq yuzlab NTV jurnalistlariga ish taklif qildi.^[111] Patarkatshishvili deyarli darhol politsiya tergovining nishoniga aylandi va mamlakatdan qochib ketdi.^[112] 2002 yil yanvar oyida Rossiya hakamlik sudi majbur qildi TV-6 (Rossiya) tugatishga. TV-6 ning tugatilishi tezlashdi LUKoil, deyarli birdan bekor qilingan qonun hujjatlaridan foydalangan holda, qisman davlatga tegishli minoritar aktsiyador.^[113][114]

2001 yilda Berezovskiy va Patarkatsishvili o'zlarining ishtirokini tugatdilar Sibneft dan 1,3 milliard AQSh dollari miqdoridagi to'lov uchun Roman Abramovich.^[45] Ushbu bitim keyinchalik Buyuk Britaniyaning tijorat sudlarida tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi, chunki Berezovskiy unga o'z ulushini haqiqiy qiymatining bir qismigacha sotish uchun bosim o'tkazilganligini aytdi,^[115] sud rad etgan da'vo.^[45]

2006 yilda Berezovskiy sotilgan Kommersant ("The Businessman") gazetasi va uning qolgan rus aktivlari.^[116]

Britaniyada surgun

Buyuk Britaniyadagi yangi uyidan, Stenli uyi, qaerda u va uning sheriklari, shu jumladan Ahmed Zakayev, Aleksandr Litvinenko va Aleks Goldfarb Rossiyalik surgunlarning "London doirasi" nomi bilan tanilgan, Berezovskiy Putinni "zo'rlik bilan" yoki hokimiyatdan ag'darish vazifasida bo'lganligini ochiqchasiga aytgan. qonsiz inqilob.^[15][86] U tashkil etdi Fuqarolik erkinliklari xalqaro jamg'armasi, Rossiyadagi "suiiste'mol qilinadigan va jamiyatdagi zaif odamlarni - mahbuslarni, milliy ozchiliklarni va ishbilarmonlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash" va Putinning G'arbdagi rekordini tanqid qildi.^[117]

Berezovskiy so'z erkinligini bostirishdan tortib, Vladimir Putinning gumon qilingan xatti-harakatlarini fosh qilish bo'yicha kelishilgan kampaniyani boshladi^[118] Chechenistonda harbiy jinoyatlar sodir etish.^[119] Shuningdek, u Rossiyani aybladi FSB sahnalashtiruvchi xavfsizlik xizmati Moskvadagi kvartiralarda portlashlar 1999 yilda Putinning prezident bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun.^[120] Ushbu tadbirlarning aksariyati Nyu-Yorkda joylashgan Fuqarolik erkinliklari xalqaro jamg'armasi Berezovskiyning do'sti tomonidan boshqarilgan Aleks Goldfarb.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Berezovskiy a sotib oldi Belgraviya Surreynikida joylashgan uy va uy Ventuort mulki va bir muncha vaqt 172 gektar maydonga egalik qildi Hascombe sudi ko'chmas mulk Yaxshilash.^[121] 2012 yilda u o'zining Wentworth Mulk uyini sotdi.^[21]

Siyosiy boshpana va ekstraditsiya ishlari

2003 yil 9 sentyabrda Berezovskiyga inglizlar tomonidan qochqin maqomi va siyosiy boshpana berildi Uy idorasi. Nyu-York shtab-kvartirasi rahbari Aleks Goldfarb Fuqarolik erkinliklari jamg'armasi, Berezovskiy tomonidan moliyalashtirildi, bu yangilikdan mamnunligini aytdi.^[122]

2003 yil 12 sentyabrda sudya Timoti Workman ning Bow Street Magistratlar sudi London markazida Berezovskiyga boshpana berish maqomini berish jarayonni keraksiz holga keltirganligi sababli ishni davom ettirish befoyda, degan qarorga binoan Berezovskiyga nisbatan ekstraditsiya jarayoni bekor qilindi.^[123]

Biroq, Berezovskiy aytganida Reuters 2006 yil fevral oyining boshlarida u Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Vladimir Putinni ag'darish rejalari ustida ishlagan Jek Straw Londonda yashovchi rus boyligini Britaniyada yashab turib, Rossiya prezidentiga qarshi fitna uyushtirmaslik haqida ogohlantirdi. Agar u bunday so'zlarni davom ettirsa, uning qochqinlik maqomi qayta ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin.^[124]

Sirtdan sud qilish va chet elda tergov o'tkazish

Berezovskiy Britaniyada siyosiy boshpana olganidan so'ng, Rossiya hukumati unga qarshi turli xil jinoiy ishlarni jadal davom ettirdi. Bu ikkitasi bilan yakunlandi sinovlar sirtdan. 2007 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan Moskvadagi sud uni 215 million rubl (4,3 million funt) miqdoridagi pulni o'zlashtirishda aybdor deb topdi Aeroflot. Sudning ta'kidlashicha, 90-yillarda Berezovskiy aviakompaniyaning valyuta daromadlarini o'g'irlagan "uyushgan jinoiy guruh" a'zosi bo'lgan. Londondan Berezovskiy uni olti yillik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilgan sud jarayonini "fars" deb atadi.^[9] 2009 yil iyun oyida Krasnogorsk Moskva yaqinidagi shahar sudi Berezovskiyni 1990-yillarda "AvtoVAZ" ni 58 million rubl (1,9 million AQSh dollari) miqdorida aldaganligi uchun o'n uch yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qildi. Berezovskiy tomonidan sud tayinlagan advokat ishtirok etdi.^[125]

Berezovskiyning Britaniyadagi ekstraditsiya talablariga qarshi kurashda va Rossiya sudining hukmlarini siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra fosh etishdagi muvaffaqiyatlariga qaramay (quyida ko'rib chiqing), ba'zi boshqa yurisdiktsiyalar Rossiya hukumati bilan uning mulkini hibsga olish va uning moliyaviy operatsiyalarini maqsad qilib qo'yishda hamkorlik qildilar. pul yuvish. Berezovskiy ushbu harakatlarning bir qismini bekor qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. 2007 yil iyul oyida Braziliya prokuraturasi Berezovskiyni uning Braziliya futbol klubiga sarmoyasi bilan bog'liq holda hibsga olishga order berdi. Korinfliklar.^[126] Biroq, bir yil o'tgach, Braziliya Oliy sudi buyruqni bekor qildi va tergovni to'xtatdi.^[127] Rossiyaning iltimosiga binoan, Frantsiya rasmiylari hujjatlarni qidirish uchun uning Nitssadagi villasiga bostirib kirishdi,^[128] va uning ustida turgan ikkita yaxtasini ushlab oldi Frantsiya Rivierasi.^[129] Biroq, bir necha oy o'tgach, kemalar Frantsiya sudi tomonidan ozod qilindi.^[130] Shveytsariya prokuraturasi o'n yildan beri Berezovskiyning moliyaviy holatini tekshirishda rossiyalik hamkasblariga yordam berib kelmoqda.^[131]

Buyuk Britaniyada ayblovlar va tuhmatga qarshi da'volar

Berezovskiyning meteorik tarzda boyishi va hokimiyat uchun kurashda ishtirok etishi uning raqiblari tomonidan turli xil jinoyatlar haqidagi da'volar bilan birga kelgan. Putin bilan janjallashib, Londonga surgun qilinganidan so'ng, bu da'volar davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan rasmiy OAVning takrorlanadigan mavzusiga aylandi va uni taqqoslash uchun Leon Trotskiy^[132] va O'n to'qqiz sakson to'rt belgi Emmanuel Goldstein.^[133]

1996 yilda, Forbes, Amerika biznes jurnali tomonidan maqola chop etildi Pol Klebnikov sarlavhali "Kremlning cho'qintirgan otasi?" "Kuch. Siyosat. Qotillik. Boris Berezovskiy Sitsiliyadagi yigitlarga bir-ikki narsani o'rgatishi mumkin" degan kichik sarlavha bilan.^[134] Maqolada Berezovskiy avtomobilsozlikdagi korruptsiya, Chechen mafiyasi va qotillik bilan bog'liq edi Vladislav Listyev. 2000 yilda Lordlar palatasi Berezovskiyga berdi va Nikolay Glushkov tuhmat uchun Buyuk Britaniya sudlarida da'vo qilish uchun ruxsat. Butun dunyoda sotilgan 785000 nusxadan atigi 2000 tasi Buyuk Britaniyada sotilganligini hisobga olsak, bu ko'plab olimlarning so'zlarini keltirdi ish misol sifatida tuhmat turizmi.^{[135][136][137][138][139]} Ish da'vogarlar qachon kelishuvni tanlamaguncha, ish asta-sekin davom etdi Forbes qisman qaytarib olishni taklif qildi.^[139] Forbes veb-saytidagi maqolaga ilova qilingan quyidagi bayonot sarhisob qiladi: '2003 yil 6 martda Londonning Oliy sudida ishning hal qilinganligi e'lon qilindi. Forbes ochiq sudda: 1) jurnalning maqsadi Berezovskiy Listievni o'ldirishda aybdor, faqat u jinoyat bo'yicha politsiyaning xulosasiz tergoviga kiritilganligini ta'kidlash; (2) Berezovskiyning bu yoki boshqa qotillikda aybdor ekanligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q; (3) Angliya sudining qarorini inobatga olgan holda, Berezovskiyni mafiya boshlig'i sifatida tavsiflash noto'g'ri edi; va (4) jurnal Glouchkovning 1982 yilda davlat mulkini o'g'irlash uchun sudlanganligi to'g'risida xato qilgan.^[140] Klebnikov o'zining da'volarini 2000 yilgi kitobida batafsil bayon qilgan Kremlning cho'qintirgan otasi: Boris Berezovskiy va Rossiyaning talon-taroj qilinishi (2001 yilgi nashrga nom berilgan Kremlning cho'qintirgan otasi: Gangster kapitalizmi davrida Rossiyaning tanazzulga uchrashi).^{[141][142][143]}

2006 yilda Buyuk Britaniya sudi Berezovskiyga Rossiya xususiy bankiga nisbatan tuhmat tovon puli sifatida 50 ming funt sterling to'lagan Alfa-bank va uning raisi, Mixail Fridman. Fridman Buyuk Britaniyada tomosha qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan Rossiya televidenie dasturida, ikkala shaxs "Kommersant" nashriyotini boshqarish uchun raqobatdosh bo'lganida, Berezovskiy unga tahdid qilgani va tahdid qilish Berezovskiyning odatdagi biznes yuritish usuli ekanligini da'vo qilgan. Sud hay'ati sudlanuvchilarning Fridmanning da'volari haqiqat ekanligini rad etdi.^[144]

2006 yil iyun oyida, Guardian Berezovskiydan Rossiyada uni firibgarlikda ayblash uchun ekstraditsiya qilishga urinish to'g'risida Rossiyaning 2005 yilda chop etilgan maqolasi uchun uzr so'radi. Maqolada Berezovskiy "Rossiya hududining qidirilayotgan firibgarlari" deb ta'riflangan Samara ". Ochiq sud majlisida o'qilgan bayonotda, Guardian unga siyosiy boshpana berish 2003 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Rossiyada "jiddiy siyosiy bo'lmagan jinoyat sodir etgan deb hisoblash uchun jiddiy sabablar yo'q" degan xulosaga kelganligini anglatadi. Guardian Berezovskiyning ta'rifi asossiz deb qabul qildi va xatosi uchun uzr so'radi. Berezovskiy uzrni qabul qildi va tuhmat da'vosini qaytarib oldi.^[145]

2010 yil mart oyida Desmond Braun QC vakili bo'lgan Berezovskiy tuhmat ishida g'olib chiqdi va 150 ming funt sterling miqdorida tovon puli to'ladi. Oliy sud Londonda u qotillik ortida bo'lganligi haqidagi da'volar tufayli Aleksandr Litvinenko.^[146] Ayblovlar Rossiya davlat kanali tomonidan namoyish etilgan edi RTR Planeta 2007 yil aprel oyida o'z dasturida Vesti Nedeli, buni Buyuk Britaniyadan ko'rish mumkin edi. Uning hukmida Devid Eadi "Mening oldimda janob Berezovskiyning janob Litvinenkoning o'ldirilishida ishtirok etganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'qligini aniq aytishim mumkin. Bundan tashqari, men bunga shubha qilish uchun asosli asoslarni ko'rmayapman." Berezovskiy ushbu telekanalni ham, Vladimir Terluk ismli odamni ham sudga bergan edi, u janob Adli Eadi rozi bo'lgan, u "Pyotr" taxallusi ostida dastur tomonidan siluetda intervyu bergan. Terluk Buyuk Britaniyadan boshpana so'rab murojaat qilish uchun Berezovskiy o'ziga qarshi qotillik rejasini uyushtirish uchun unga murojaat qilganini va Litvinenko buni bilishini da'vo qilgan. Janob Adli Eady, Terluk o'zi Berezovskiyning Litvinenkoning o'ldirilishida ishtirok etgani to'g'risida gumon qilmaganligini qabul qildi, ammo uning ayblovlari o'zlari jiddiy va ularning hech birida haqiqat yo'q deb hisobladi. RTR protsessda ishtirok etmaganligi sababli, Terluk Rossiya prokuraturasidan katta yordam (sudya ta'kidlaganidek) olgan holda ishni o'zi himoya qilish uchun qoldi.^[138]

Guardian 2010 yilgi tuhmat ishini 'ba'zida deyarli anarxiya deb ta'riflagan, chunki Rossiya prokuraturasi rasmiylari sud protsessi ishtirokchisi bo'lmaganiga qaramay bir necha bor aralashgan. Ularning niyati shunchalik ravshan ediki, bir kuni sudda birorta mobil telefoni o'chib qolganda, Desmond Braun kinoya qildi: "Bu janob Putin bo'lishi kerak".^[138] Sudlanuvchilar Apellyatsiya sudiga murojaat qilishdi, ammo apellyatsiya shikoyati qondirilmadi, Lord adolat qonunlari bilan hukmni berish Oliy sud kansleri va Lady Justice Rafferty rozi bo'ldi. Lord Adolat guvohlarning bayonotini tasvirlab berdi Andrey Lugovoy, sudlanuvchilar tomonidan yangi qabul qilingan, "aql-idrok qobiliyatiga ega emas".^[147]

Abramovichga qarshi Oliy sud ishi

2011 yilda Berezovskiy fuqarolik ishini qo'zg'atdi Roman Abramovich ichida Oliy adliya sudi Londonda, Abramovichni shantajda, ishonchni buzganlikda va shartnomani buzganlikda ayblab, 3 milliard funt sterlingdan ziyod tovon puli talab qilmoqda.^[20] Bu Britaniya yuridik tarixidagi eng yirik fuqarolik sudi ishiga aylandi.^[148]

Berezovskiy ilgari egalik huquqini talab qilgan Sibneft - bu uning boyligining asosiy qismini tashkil etgan - Abramovich tomonidan berilgan bayonotda shubha ostiga qo'yilgan Oliy sud Londonda Berezovskiy hech qachon Sibneftning aktsiyalariga ega bo'lmaganligini va 2001 yilda go'yo kompaniyadagi ulushi uchun to'langan 1,3 mlrd. AQSh dollari aslida Berezovskiyning 1995 yilda Sibneftni yaratishda "siyosiy yordam va himoya" qilganligini e'tirof etgan.^[149] The hearings, which started on 3 October 2011, examined Berezovsky's US$5.5 billion claim against Abramovich for damages arising from the sale of his assets under alleged "threats and intimidation".^[150]

On 31 August 2012, the High Court found for Abramovich.^[151] Oliy sud sudyasi ta'kidlashicha, dalillar xususiyati tufayli ish Berezovskiyga yoki Abramovichning dalillariga ishonish kerak edi. In her ruling, the judge observed: "On my analysis of the entirety of the evidence, I found Mr. Berezovsky an unimpressive, and inherently unreliable, witness, who regarded truth as a transitory, flexible concept, which could be moulded to suit his current purposes. ... I regret to say that the bottom line of my analysis of Mr. Berezovsky’s credibility is that he wouldhave said almost anything to support his case."^{[20][152][151]:16–18} She ruled that the monies paid represented a final payment in discharge of all obligations.^[151][45]

Business and personal activities in exile

Berezovsky conducted business with Nil Bush, the younger brother of the AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush. Berezovsky was an investor in Bush's Yondiring! O'rganish, an educational software corporation, since at least 2003. In 2005, Neil Bush met with Berezovsky in Latviya, causing tension with Russia due to Berezovsky's fugitive status.^[153] Neil Bush was also seen with Berezovsky's box at an "Arsenal" o'yin Emireyts stadioni Londonda.^[154] There had been speculation that the relationship might have become a cause of tension in Russo-American bilateral relations.^[155]

It had been speculated that Berezovsky's wealth may have been depleted with the onset of the 2000 yillarning oxiri tanazzul. Ga ko'ra Sunday Times-ning boy ro'yxati, in 2011 his net worth was about US$900 million.

Appeals for regime change

In September 2005, Berezovsky said in an interview with the BBC: "I'm sure that Putin doesn't have the chance to survive, even to the next election in 2008. I am doing everything in my power to limit his time frame, and I am really thinking of returning to Russia after Putin collapses, which he will."^[86][156] In January 2006, Berezovsky stated in an interview to a Moscow-based radio station that he was working on overthrowing the administration of Vladimir Putin by force.^[157] Berezovsky also publicly accused Putin of being "a gangster "^[158] and the "terrorist number one".^[159]

On 13 April 2007, in an interview with Guardian, Berezovsky declared that he was plotting the violent overthrow of President Putin by financing and encouraging coup plotters in Moscow: "We need to use force to change this regime. It isn't possible to change this regime through democratic means. There can be no change without force, pressure."^[13] He also admitted that during the last six years he had struggled hard to "destroy the positive image of Putin" and said that "Putin has created an avtoritar rejim qarshi Rossiya konstitutsiyasi. ... I don't know how it will happen, but authoritarian regimes only collapse by force."^[160] Berezovsky said he had dedicated much of the last six years to "trying to destroy the positive image of Putin" held by many in the West by portraying him whenever possible as a dangerously anti-democratic figure.^[13]

A teenager carries a sign reading "Berezovsky, we are with you!" during a police attack on a 2007 Dissentlar mart yilda Sankt-Peterburg; The Other Russia organizers said that this slogan was a provokatsiya carried out by pro-government youth groups^[161]

Soon after Berezovsky's 2007 statement, Garri Kasparov, a significant figure in the opposition movement Boshqa Rossiya va rahbari Birlashgan fuqarolik fronti, wrote the following on his website: "Berezovsky has lived in emigration for many years and no longer has significant influence upon the political processes which take place in Russian society. His extravagant proclamations are simply a method of attracting attention. Furthermore, for the overwhelming majority of Russian people he was a political symbol of the 90s, one of the "bad blokes" enriching themselves behind the back of president Yeltsin. The informational noise around Berezovsky was specifically beneficial for the Kremlin, which was trying to compromise Russia's real opposition. Berezovsky has not had and does not have any relation to Other Russia or the United Civil Front."^[162] Berezovsky responded in June 2007 by saying that "there is not one significant politician in Russia whom he has not financed" and that this included members of Other Russia. The managing director of the United Civil Front, in turn, said that the organization would consider suing Berezovsky over these allegations,^[163] but the lawsuit has never been brought before the court.

The Russian Prosecutor General's Office had launched a criminal investigation against Berezovsky to determine whether his comments could be considered a "seizure of power by force", as outlined in the Rossiya Jinoyat kodeksi. If convicted, an offender faces up to twenty years imprisonment. The Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vazirligi denounced Berezovsky's statements, warning him that his status of a political refugee might be reconsidered, should he continue to make similar remarks. Bundan tashqari, Shotland-Yard had announced that it would investigate whether Berezovsky's statements violated the law.^[164][165] However, in the following July, the Crown Prokuratura xizmati announced that Berezovsky would not face charges in the UK for his comments. Kremlin officials called it a "disturbing moment" in Angliya-Rossiya munosabatlari.^[166]

Involvement in the 2004 Ukraine presidential election

In September 2005, the former president of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk, accused Berezovsky of having financed Viktor Yushchenko "s 2004 yil Ukrainada prezident saylovi campaign, and provided copies of documents showing money transfers from companies he claimed were controlled by Berezovsky to companies controlled by Yuschenko's official backers.^[167] Berezovsky confirmed that he met Yushchenko's representatives in London before the election, and that the money was transferred from his companies, but he refused to confirm or deny that the companies that received the money were used in Yushchenko's campaign. Ukrainada chet el fuqarolari tomonidan saylov kampaniyalarini moliyalashtirish noqonuniy hisoblanadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} In November 2005, Berezovsky also claimed he had heavily financed Ukraine's To'q rangli inqilob (that had followed the presidential election).^[168] In September 2007, Berezovsky launched sud ishlari against two Ukrainian politicians, Oleksandr Tretyakov, a former presidential aid, and David Zhvaniya, a former emergencies minister.^[169] Berezovsky was suing the men for nearly US$23 million, accusing them of misusing the money he had allocated in 2004 to fund the Orange Revolution.^[169] Yushchenko has denied Berezovsky financed his election campaign.^[167]

Berezovsky called on Ukrainian business to support Yushchenko in the 2010 yilgi prezident saylovi of January 2010 as a guarantor of debarment of property redistribution after the election.^[170] 2009 yil 10-dekabr kuni Ukrainian minister of interior affairs Yuriy Lutsenko stated that if the Rossiya ichki ishlar vazirligi requested it, Berezovsky would be detained upon arriving in Ukraine.^[170]

Persona non-grata in Latvia since October 2005

2005 yil oktyabr oyida, Latviya Bosh Vazir Aigars Kalvitis signed a decree placing Boris Berezovsky on the list of persona non-grata. The exact reasons for blacklisting Berezovsky were not disclosed. Kalvitis called Berezovsky a "threat" to national security. Previously, the National Security Council of Latvia took the decision to recommend that exiled Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky be barred from traveling to Latvia. The decision to bar the one-time Russian oligarch came swiftly after Berezovsky's trip to Riga 2005 yil sentyabr oyida.^[171] Berezovsky was in Riga along with Nil Bush, the brother of the U.S. president, to discuss a project with Latvian businessmen.^[172]

The Baltic News Service quoted the former Russian oligarch as saying that he believes Latvia's decision to declare him persona non-grata was the result of intense pressure by Russia and structures linked with Jorj Soros, the U.S. business magnate who has had acrimonious relations with Berezovsky. Kalvitis however denied the theory that the banning came on pressure from the Kreml yoki oq uy.^[173]

Alleged assassination attempts in London

Alleged 2003 plot

Ga binoan Aleksandr Litvinenko, a Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) officer in London was preparing to assassinate Berezovsky with a ikkilik qurol in September 2003. This alleged plot was reported to British police.^[174] Hazel Blears, keyin a Uy idorasi Minister, said that inquiries made [into these claims] were "unable to either substantiate this information or find evidence of any criminal offences having been committed".^[175]

Alleged 2007 plot

In June 2007, Berezovsky said he fled Britain on the advice of Scotland Yard, amid reports that he was the target of an assassination attempt by a suspected Russian xitmen. On 18 July 2007, the British tabloid Quyosh reported that the alleged would-be assassin was captured by the police at the Xilton mehmonxonasi yilda Park Leyn.^[176][177] They reported that the suspect, arrested by the anti-terrorist police after being tracked for a week by MI5, edi deportatsiya qilingan back to Russia when no weapons were found and there was not enough evidence to charge him with any offence. In addition, they said British police placed a squad of uniformed officers around Ahmed Zakayev 's house in north London, and also phoned Litvinenko's widow, Marina, to urge her to take greater security precautions.^[178] Russia's ambassador to the UK, Yuriy Fedotov, said he was not aware of any such plot and told BBC radiosi 4 "s Bugun dastur there was "nothing that could confirm" the plot, although British police did confirm that they had arrested a suspect in an alleged murder plot.^[179]

Berezovsky said he was told the assassin would be someone he knew, who would shoot him in the head and then surrender to the police. He again accused Vladimir Putin of being behind a plot to assassinate him. The Kremlin has denied similar claims in the past.^[179] Ga binoan Guardian, there is speculation that Berezovsky leaked details of the alleged attempt to kill him to the media to antagonise Moscow, once the British authorities had returned the suspected hitman to Moscow. The timing of the story has also been seen as suspicious, coming in the middle of a row over Britain's attempts to charge a Russian businessman and former security agent, Andrey Lugovoy, with Litvinenko's murder.^[178]

According to the interview given by a high-ranking British security official on BBC Ikki in July 2008, the alleged Russian agent, known as "A", was of Chechen nationality.^[180] He was identified by Kommersant as the Chechen mobster Movladi Atlangeriyev (qarang ru:Лазанская организованная преступная группировка ); after returning to Russia, Atlangeriyev was majburan g'oyib bo'ldi in January 2008 by unknown men in Moscow.^[181]

Death of friends and associates in London

Death of Alexander Litvinenko in November 2006

Aleksandr Litvinenko, one of Berezovsky's closest associates, was murdered in London in November 2006 with a rare radioactive poison, Polonium 210. The British authorities charged a former FSB officer and head of security at ORT, Andrey Lugovoy, with the murder and requested his extradition, which Russia refused.^[182] Several Russian diplomats were expelled from UK over the case.^[183] The UK government has not publicly expressed a view on the matter, but allegations that the murder was sponsored by the Russian state have been expressed by "sources in the UK government", according to the BBC,^[184] and by officials of the US Department of State, as revealed by WikiLeaks;^[185] they were reflected in a 2008 resolution by the US Congress.^[186] The intricate details of the murder, the relationship between Litvinenko and Berezosvsky, and the implications of the case have been described in the 2007 book, Dissidentning o'limi: Aleksandr Litvinenkoning zaharlanishi va KGBning qaytishi tomonidan Aleks Goldfarb bilan Marina Litvinenko.^[187]

An alternative, more dubious narrative —– that the murder was orchestrated by Berezovsky and his associate Alex Goldfarb with the aim of "framing" the Russian government and discrediting it on the global stage – has aired in Russian state-funded media^[188] by Lugovoy,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} by Litvinenko's Italy-based father,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} by Nikita Chekulin^[189] and by Russian officials.^[190] Berezovsky won a UK libel suit against Russian State Television over these allegations in 2010 (see above), following which he commented, "I trust the conclusions of the British investigators that the trail leads to Russia and I hope that one day justice will prevail."^[146] Russian State-funded media continue to report the claims e.g. "'Berezovsky killed my son', Litvinenko's dad tells Scotland Yard"^[191] as of May 2012.

Death of Badri Patarkatsishvili in February 2008

In the evening of Tuesday, 12 February 2008, Gruziya 's richest man, billionaire Arkady "Badri" Patarkatsishvili, a close friend and long-time biznes sherigi of Berezovsky, collapsed and died in his bedroom after a family dinner at Downside Manor, his qasr yilda Teri boshi, Surrey, Angliya, 52 yoshida.^[192]

Patarkatsishvili, who as a presidential candidate had also been campaigning to oust Georgia's President Mixail Saakashvili, spent his last day in the London shahri office of international law firm Debevoise va Plimpton, preparing along with his yurist Lord Goldsmith QC and fellow exiles, the Russians Nikolay Glushkov and Yuli Dubov, his defence against allegations from the Georgian government that he had plotted a coup against Saakashvili. These allegations included plans to murder a government official and commit terrorist acts. At 4pm, the group was joined by Patarkatsishvili's public relations adviser Lord Tim Bell and by his close friend Boris Berezovsky. The talks went on for an hour, during which Patarkatsishvili complained of feeling unwell.^{[193][194][195]} Patarkatsishvili then left the City at 5pm and travelled to the office building on Down Street in Mayfair he shared with Berezovsky. Two hours later, at about 7pm, he set out on the 16-mile journey to Leatherhead in his chauffeur-driven Maybax.^[193] Shortly after dining at Downside Manor, Patarkatsishvili told his family he felt unwell and went upstairs to his bedroom where he was found unconscious after a yurak xuruji.^[196] Resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful.^[197] As in any other case of unexpected death, Surrey police treated the case as "suspicious" and launched an official investigation.^[198] Preliminary reports indicated a heart attack as the cause of death.

Berezovsky described the death of his closest friend as "a terrible tragedy".^[193]

O'lim

Berezovsky's grave in Brukvud qabristoni 2016 yilda

On 23 March 2013, Berezovsky was found dead at his home,^[199] Titness Park, at Sunninghill, yaqin Ascot yilda Berkshir.^[22] His body was found by a bodyguard in a locked bathroom, with a ligature around his neck.^{[200][201][202]}

His death was announced in a post on Facebook by his son-in-law. Alexander Dobrovinsky, a lawyer who had represented Berezovsky, wrote that he may have committed suicide,^[203] adding that Berezovsky had fallen into debt after losing the lawsuit against Abramovich, and had spent the final few months of his life selling his possessions to cover his court costs.^[204] Berezovsky was also said to have recently been depressed and to have isolated himself from friends.^[205][206] He reportedly suffered from depression and was taking antidepressant drugs; a day prior to his death he told a reporter in London that he had nothing left to live for.^[207]

When Berezovsky's death became known, there was speculation by mainstream British news media that the Russian government may have been involved.^[208] The Temza vodiysi politsiyasi classified his death as "unexplained" and launched a formal investigation into the circumstances behind it. Mutaxassislar chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials were deployed to Berezovsky's home as a "precaution".^[204] These specialists later "found nothing of concern".^[209]

A post-mortem examination carried out by the Home Office pathologist found the cause of death was consistent with hanging and there was nothing pointing to a violent struggle.^[23][210] At the March 2014 inquest into the death, however, Berezovsky's daughter Elizaveta introduced a report by German pathologist Bernd Brinkmann, with whom she had shared the autopsy photos, noting that the ligature mark on her father's neck was circular rather than V-shaped as is commonly the case with hanging victims, and called the coroner's attention to a statement by one of the responding paramedics who found it strange that Berezovsky's face was purple, rather than pale as hanging victims usually are. The body also had a fresh wound on the back of the head and a fractured rib (injuries police believed Berezovsky could have suffered in the process of falling as he hanged himself). Elsewhere in the house, an unidentified fingerprint was found on the shower, and one paramedic's radiation alarm sounded as he entered.^[211]

Following the inquest the coroner, Peter Bedford, recorded an ochiq hukm commenting, "I am not saying Mr Berezovsky took his own life, I am not saying Mr Berezovsky was unlawfully killed. What I am saying is that the burden of proof sets such a high standard it is impossible for me to say." He specifically cited the Brinkmann report as casting reasonable doubt on the suicide theory, even though Brinkmann had not been able to personally examine the body.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Berezovsky was buried on 8 May 2013 in a private ceremony at Brukvud qabristoni yilda Surrey. The burial timing had been changed on several occasions to try to avoid interest from the Russian media.^[212]

Apology to Putin

After Berezovsky's death, a spokesman for President Putin reported that he had sent a letter to the Russian president, asking for permission to return to Russia and asking "forgiveness for his mistakes."^[213][214] Some of Berezovsky's associates doubted the letter's existence, claiming that it was out of character. However, his girlfriend at the time, Katerina Sabirova, later confirmed in an interview that he did in fact send the letter:^[215]

"I said that they will publish it and you will look bad. And that it won't help. He answered that it was all the same to him, that in any case all sins were blamed on him and that this was his only chance."

It was claimed by anonymous sources that rival Roman Abramovich delivered the letter to Putin personally, having received an apology from Berezovsky himself. Both Putin's chief of staff, Sergey Ivanov, and Abramovich's spokesman alluded to the letter being passed by a "certain person", but did not go into details due to the personal nature of the issue.^[216]

Publications by Berezovsky

Berezovsky was a doctor of technical sciences and author of many academic papers and studies such as "Binary relations in multi-criteria optimizations" and "Multi-criteria optimization: mathematical aspects". In the mathematical review index MathSciNet, B.A. Berezovsky is credited with 16 publications from 1975 to 1989 on operations research and mathematical programming, earning 9 citations in other publications. Most cited is the book The Problem of Optimal Choice with A.V. Gnedin (Nauka, Moscow 1984), devoted to kotib muammolari.

Aside from his academic publications, he frequently authored articles and gave interviews; these are collected in Mumkin bo'lmagan san'at (3 jild). He continued to contribute articles while in exile, taking a highly critical view of Russia's political leaders.^{[13][217][218][219]}

Works about Berezovsky

In 1996, the Russian-American journalist Pol Klebnikov wrote a highly critical article entitled "Godfather of the Kremlin?"^[220] on Berezovsky and the state of Russia more generally, in response to which Berezovsky sued Forbes Buyuk Britaniyada^[221] (see above); in 2001, he expanded his article into a book entitled Godfather of the Kremlin, alternatively subtitled The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism va Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia.^{[142][143][222]} On 9 July 2004, while leaving the Forbes office in Moscow, unknown assailants fired at Klebnikov from a slowly moving car. He was shot four times and died later in hospital. Klebnikov's body was barely cold when Boris Berezovsky, in the words of investigative journalist Richard Bexar, "whipped out his tongue from its holster and publicly called the 41-year-old editor of Forbes Russia 'a dishonest reporter'."^[223] Secret Diary of a Russian Oligarch va How to get rid of Oligarch or Who Beat Berezovsky by Sasha Nerozina (friend of the Berezovsky family and a spokeswoman of Berezovsky's wife Galina) were published in Russia and other former Soviet states in 2013 and 2014 by Olma Media Publishing House.

Yuli Dubov, a close business associate of Berezovsky, wrote a novel based on Berezovsky's life which provided the basis for the 2002 film Maqnat. Like Berezovsky, he fled to London and successfully fought extradition to Russia.^[224][225] Hakam Timoti Workman ning Bow Street Magistratlar sudi in central London dropped extradition proceedings against Yuly Dubov in October 2003.^[226]

Alex Goldfarb, a microbiologist and activist who became acquainted with Berezovsky in the 1990s and later worked for him, provides snapshots of Berezovsky at crucial moments as background to his 2007 account of the Litvinenko murder case, co-written with Marina Litvinenko, Dissidentning o'limi: Aleksandr Litvinenkoning zaharlanishi va KGBning qaytishi.^[37] Devid E. Xofman ning Washington Post yozgan Oligarxlar: yangi Rossiyada boylik va hokimiyat, which provides a comparative treatment of Berezovsky and several of his fellow so-called biznes oligarxlari.^[227] Ben Mezrich wrote Once Upon a Time in Russia: The Rise of the Oligarchs—A True Story of Ambition, Wealth, Betrayal, and Murder, which provides a comparative narrative of Berezovsky and Roman Abramovich through their careers, friendship, and ultimate rivalry.^[228]

In 2017, the Russian book "Time of Berezovsky" was published by Corpus (an iz ning AST ), unda Petr Aven – a friend of Berezovsky – interviewed various people who were close to Berezovsky at different times, including Leonid Boguslavsky, Yuli Dubov, Galina Besharova, Yelena Gorbunova, Yuriy Shefler, Anatoliy Chubais, Mixail Fridman, Valentin Yumashev, Sergey Dorenko, Evgeniya Shvidler, Vladimir Pozner, Aleksandr Goldfarb, Alexander Voloshin, Stanislav Belkovskiy va Yuriy Felshtinskiy.^[229][230]

A documentary about Berezovsky's efforts to undermine Putin from his exile in UK was shown on the BBC in December 2005.^[231]

Berezovsky features in a painting by the popular Russian artist Ilya Glazunov, displayed in Moscow's Ilya Glazunov Gallery. According to the Rough Guide, "The Market of Our Democracy shows Yeltsin waving a conductor's baton as two lesbians kiss and the oligarch Berezovsky flaunts a sign reading "I will buy Russia", while charlatans rob a crowd of refugees and starving children."^[232]

Shuningdek qarang

• Endi izlanmayotgan adolatdan qochganlarning ro'yxati
• Tugallanmagan o'limlar ro'yxati
• Rossiya oligarxlari
• Semibankirschina

Adabiyotlar