Rokfeller markazining qurilishi - Construction of Rockefeller Center
Koordinatalar: 40 ° 45′31 ″ N. 73 ° 58′45 ″ V / 40.75861 ° N 73.97917 ° Vt
Ning qurilishi Rokfeller markazi Nyu-York shahridagi kompleks an shahar yangilanishi 20-asrning 20-yillari oxiridagi loyiha Jon D. Rokfeller kichik. jonlanishga yordam berish Midtown Manxetten. Rokfeller markazi ulardan birida joylashgan Kolumbiya universiteti Sobiq kampuslar va ular bilan chegaralangan Beshinchi avenyu sharqda, Oltinchi avenyu (Amerika xiyoboni) g'arbda, janubda 48-chi ko'chada va shimolda 51-chi ko'chada. Markaz jami 22 gektar maydonni egallaydi (8,9 ga), taxminan 17 million kvadrat fut (1,6 million kvadrat metr) ofis maydoni mavjud.
Kolumbiya universiteti ushbu saytni 19-asrning boshlarida sotib olgan, ammo ko'chib o'tgan Morningside Heights yilda Yuqori Manxetten 1900-yillarning boshlarida. 1920-yillarga kelib Midtown Manxettenning Beshinchi avenyu rivojlanish uchun eng yaxshi joy edi. O'sha vaqt atrofida Metropolitan Opera (Met) opera teatri uchun yangi sayt va me'mor qidirmoqda Benjamin Vistar Morris sobiq Kolumbiya saytida qaror qildi.
Oxir-oqibat Rokfeller ushbu loyihada ishtirok etdi va 1928 yilda Kolumbiya maydonini 87 yilga ijaraga oldi. Ijaraga Rokfeller mulkining g'arbiy qismida Oltinchi avenyu sharqiy qismida, shuningdek, saytning janubi-sharqiy burchagida yer ajratilgan. U Todd, Robertson va Toddni dizayn bo'yicha maslahatchilar sifatida yolladi va me'morchilik firmalarini tanladi Corbett, Harrison va MacMurray, Opera majmuasi uchun Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux va Reinhard & Hofmeister. Biroq, Met u erga ko'chib o'tishga amin emas edi va 1929 yildagi Wall Street halokati rejalarga chek qo'ydi. Buning o'rniga Rokfeller bilan muzokaralarga kirishdi Amerika radio korporatsiyasi (RCA) saytda ommaviy axborot vositalari majmuasini yaratish. 1930 yil yanvar oyida yangi reja chiqarildi va Rokfeller Oltinchi avenyu bo'ylab erni ijaraga olganidan keyin rejani yangilash taqdim etildi. Qayta ko'rib chiqish 1931 yil martga qadar davom etdi, o'sha paytda sayt dizayni namoyish etilgan. Taklifning kechiktirilgan o'zgarishi Beshinchi avenyu bo'ylab xalqaro mavzudagi inshootlar majmuasini o'z ichiga olgan.
Asl majmuadagi barcha inshootlar Art Deco me'moriy uslub. Saytni qazish 1931 yil aprelda boshlangan va o'sha sentyabr oyida birinchi binolarda qurilish boshlangan. Birinchi bino 1932 yil sentyabr oyida ochilgan va majmuaning katta qismi 1935 yilgacha qurib bitkazilgan. Oxirgi uchta bino 1936-1940 yillarda qurilgan, ammo Rokfeller markazi 1939 yil 2 noyabrga qadar rasmiy ravishda qurib bitkazilgan. Qurilish loyihasida 40 mingdan ortiq kishi ishlagan. va o'sha paytdagi eng yirik xususiy qurilish loyihasi hisoblangan. Uni qurish uchun 2019 yilda 1,5 milliard dollarga teng mablag 'sarflangan. O'shandan beri majmuada bir nechta o'zgartirishlar mavjud. Qo'shimcha bino 75 Rokfeller Plazmasi 1947 yilda, boshqasi esa qurilgan 600 Beshinchi avenyu 1952 yilda qurilgan. 1960-1970 yillarda Oltinchi avenyuning g'arbiy qismida to'rtta minoralar qurilgan edi, bu Rokfeller markazining so'nggi kengayishi edi. The Markaz teatri asl majmuadan 1954 yilda buzib tashlangan.
Sayt
| Binolari Rokfeller markazi |
 [Interaktiv to'liq ekranli xarita] |
Rokfeller markazidagi binolar va inshootlar: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 |
1686 yilda Manxettenning katta qismi, shu jumladan kelajakdagi Rokfeller markazining markazi Nyu-York shahrining "umumiy erlari" sifatida tashkil etilgan.[1] Vrach 1801 yilgacha erlar shahar mulkida qoldi Devid Xosak, Nyu-York elitasining a'zosi, hozirgi Midtaun shahridan 5000 AQSh dollariga er uchastkasini sotib oldi,[2] 2019 dollaridagi 77000 dollarga teng.[3] Hozirgi ko'cha tarmog'i nuqtai nazaridan Xosakning erlari janubda 47-chi ko'chada, shimolda 51-chi ko'chada va sharqda Beshinchi avenyu bilan chegaralangan, g'arbiy chegara esa Oltinchi prospektdan biroz sharqda bo'lgan (shuningdek, prospekt. Amerika). O'sha paytda er kam egallab olingan va asosan o'rmonlardan iborat bo'lgan.[1][2] Xosak ochdi Elgin botanika bog'i, mamlakatning birinchi jamoatchiligi botanika bog'i,[4] saytda 1804 yilda.[5][6] Bog '1811 yilgacha ishlaydi,[7] Hosack erni 100000 dollarga sotishga qo'yganida (2019 yilda 1.537.000 AQSh dollariga teng)[3]). Hech kim erni sotib olishga tayyor bo'lmaganligi sababli, Nyu-York shtati qonunchilik palatasi oxir-oqibat erni 75000 dollarga sotib oldi (2019 yilda 1.152.000 AQSh dollariga teng)[3]).[1][8][9]
1814 yilda ishonchli shaxslar Kolumbiya universiteti (o'sha paytda Kolumbiya kolleji) shtat qonun chiqaruvchisidan mablag 'qidirib yurganida, qonun chiqaruvchi kutilmaganda Xosakning avvalgi erini kollejga berdi.[1] Bog'lar Kolumbiyaning "Yuqori mulk" qismiga aylandi ("Quyi mulk" dan farqli o'laroq Quyi Manxetten ), 1827 yilga kelib kollej butun yotoqxonasini Yuqori mulkka ko'chirish sharti bilan.[8] Ko'chib o'tish talabi 1819 yilda bekor qilingan bo'lsa ham,[8] Kolumbiyaning ishonchli vakillari bu erni "jozibali yoki foydali sovg'a" deb bilishmagan, shuning uchun kollej bog'larning yomonlashishiga yo'l qo'ygan.[9][10] Hudud 1830-yillarga qadar rivojlanmagan bo'lar edi va erning qiymati 1850-yillarning oxiriga qadar, ya'ni 1850-yillarning oxirigacha hech qanday ahamiyatga ega darajada oshmadi. Avliyo Patrik sobori yaqin atrofda qurilgan bo'lib, hududdagi rivojlanish to'lqini paydo bo'ldi.[11] Ajablanarlisi shundaki, sobor Upper Estate bog'lariga qaraganligi sababli o'sha joyda qurilgan.[10] 1860 yilga kelib, yuqori mulk to'rttani o'z ichiga olgan qator uylar 49-ko'chadan pastda, shuningdek, sobor oldida joylashgan yog'och bino. Atrof-muhit rivojlanmagan, a kulolchilik dalasi va temir yo'l liniyalari Katta Markaziy ombor sharqda joylashgan.[8]
Kolumbiya 1856 yilda o'zining yuqori mulki yonida yangi kampus qurib, Beshinchi avenyu va 48-ko'chadagi uchastkani sotish uchun Aziz Nikolay cherkovi qurilish uchun to'lash.[10] Ko'p o'tmay, Kolumbiya balandlikdagi cheklovlarni amalga oshirdi, bu esa har qanday baland binolarni, masalan, ko'p qavatli uylar yoki savdo va sanoat binolarini o'z mulkida qurish imkoniyatini bermadi.[12][8] Tor jigarrang tosh yaqin ko'chalarda uylar va qimmatbaho "Vanderbilt koloniyasi" qasrlari qurildi va bu hudud boylik bilan sinonimga aylandi. 1879 yilga kelib, Yuqori mulkdagi 203 ta uchastkaning har birida jigarrang toshlar bor edi, ularning barchasi Kolumbiyaga tegishli edi.[8][10][12][13]
Ning qurilishi Oltinchi avenyu ko'tarilgan liniyasi 1870-yillarda Manxettenning boshqa joylarida savdo va sanoat hududlariga kirishni osonlashtirdi.[8] Shu bilan birga, chiziq, shuningdek, mulk qiymatlarini keskin pasaytirdi, chunki balandlik baland bo'lgan bino qo'shni xususiyatlarning ko'rinishiga to'sqinlik qildi va strukturadagi poezdlar shovqin ifloslanishiga olib keldi. Kolumbiya Midtown mulkining eng janubiy qismini 1904 yilda sotuvdan tushgan 3 million dollardan foydalangan holda sotdi (2019 yilda 68,5 million dollarga teng).[14]) yangi sotib olingan er uchun to'lash Morningside Heights undan pastroqda, uning pastki mulkini almashtirish uchun.[10][12][13] Bir vaqtning o'zida Beshinchi avenyu bo'yidagi pasttekis uylar balandroq savdo inshootlari bilan almashtirildi va 1909-1914 yillarda xiyobonning kengayishi bu o'tishga yordam berdi.[15] Kolumbiya, shuningdek, Okrentni kollej uchun taktik xato deb ta'riflagan balandlikdagi cheklovni amalga oshirishni to'xtatdi, chunki Beshinchi avenyu bo'ylab rivojlanish to'lqini Yuqori Mulkni bunday qayta qurish uchun mavjud bo'lishiga olib keldi.[16] Yuqori mulkdagi uylarning ijarasi muddati uzaytirilmasdan tugatilishiga yo'l qo'yilganligi sababli, universitetning ko'chmas mulk bo'yicha maslahatchisi Jon Tonnelega tegishli ijarachilarni topish vazifasi topshirildi, ular universitetga hozirda turar joy egalari to'layotganidan ko'proq foyda keltirishi mumkin edi.[17][18]
Dastlabki rejalar
Yangi Metropolitan Opera teatri
1926 yilda Metropolitan Opera (Met) yangisini qurish uchun joylarni qidirishni boshladi Opera uyi uning o'rnini bosish mavjud bino 39-ko'chada va Broadway-da.[21][19] Bu kabi yangi harakat emas edi Otto Kan, Metning prezidenti 1908 yilda ushbu lavozimga kelganidan beri yangi opera teatri qurmoqchi edi.[22][23] Biroq, Metning o'zida yangi inshootni moliyalashtirish uchun mablag 'yo'q edi va Kanning mablag' so'rashga qaratilgan harakatlari R. Fultonni kesish, boy va ta'sirli Kuper ittifoqi prezident, muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[24][25] Kesish 1926 yildagi yangi bino uchun taklifni qo'llab-quvvatladi Uilyam Kissam Vanderbilt.[17] 1927 yil o'rtalarida Kan me'morni yolladi Benjamin Vistar Morris va dizayner Jozef Urban opera teatri dizaynlarini ishlab chiqish.[15][17][20] Ular uchta dizaynni yaratdilar, ularning barchasi Met rad etdi.[15]
Kan opera teatri gavjum teatr va chakana savdo zonasi yaqinida, transport imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan nisbatan arzonroq joyda joylashgan bo'lishini xohladi.[17] 1928 yil yanvar oyida Tonnele Metning mumkin bo'lgan joyi sifatida yuqori mulkni taklif qilish uchun Cuttingga murojaat qildi.[26][27] Kotting Tonnele fikrini Morrisga aytdi, u Midtaundagi Kolumbiya maydonlari yangi opera teatri uchun juda yaxshi deb o'ylardi.[7][28] 1928 yil boshiga kelib, Morris yuqori mulkdagi opera teatri va uning atrofidagi chakana savdo majmuasi uchun chizmalar yaratdi.[15][29][30] Biroq, yangi bino Metni o'zi mablag 'bilan ta'minlash uchun juda qimmatga tushdi va bunga ehtiyoj bor edi vaqf. 1928 yil 21 mayda Morris potentsial investorlar uchun kechki ovqat paytida loyihani taqdim etdi, unda Rokfellerlar oilasi jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar bo'yicha maslahatchisi Ayvi Li mehmon edi. Keyinchalik Li xo'jayiniga xabar berdi, Jon D. Rokfeller kichik., ikkinchisi qiziqish bildirgan taklif haqida.[31][32][33] Rokfeller sarmoya kiritmasdan oldin saytga jiddiy e'tibor berishni xohladi va u butun loyihani o'zi moliyalashtirishni xohlamadi. Natijada, 1928 yil avgustda Rokfeller maslahat uchun bir nechta firmalar bilan bog'landi.[34] Rokfeller ni yolladi Todd, Robertson va Todd Loyiha hayotiyligini aniqlash uchun dizayn bo'yicha maslahatchilar sifatida Engineering Corporation,[35][36][37] firma sheriklaridan biri bilan, Jon R. Todd, loyihaning asosiy quruvchisi va boshqaruvchi agenti sifatida xizmat qilish.[38][39] Todd 1928 yil sentyabr oyida opera teatri rejasini taqdim etdi, unda u yangi opera teatri atrofida ofis binolari, universal do'konlarni, ko'p qavatli uylar va mehmonxonalar qurishni taklif qildi.[40][41]
1928 yil iyun oyida, Charlz O. Xeydt, Rokfellerning biznes sheriklaridan biri, taklif etilgan opera teatri to'g'risida Kan bilan uchrashdi.[42][43] Uchrashuvdan so'ng, Xeydt Rokfellerning iltimosiga binoan taklif etilayotgan opera teatrining shimolidan yer sotib oldi, ammo boshqa sabab bilan: Rokfeller bolaligining ushbu hududda joylashgan ko'plab diqqatga sazovor joylari buzilishidan qo'rqardi. 1920 yillarning rivojlanish to'lqini.[43] Yozuvchi Daniel Okrent Rokfellerning erni egallashi Met taklifi uchun emas, balki familiyasi uchun bo'lishi mumkin edi, chunki Rokfeller otasi bilan har kungi muloqotida hech qachon taklif tafsilotlarini eslatib o'tmagan, Jon D. Rokfeller Sr.[44]
1928 yil o'rtalarida Met va Rokfeller Kolumbiya saytining istiqbolli xaridorlari deb nomlanishdi.[5] 1928 yil oxirida ijara shartnomasi tuzilgan va o'sha yilning 31 dekabrida imzolangan.[42][45] Kolumbiya posilkani Rokfellerga 87 yilga ijaraga berib, yiliga 3 million dollardan (2019 yildagi 35,8 million dollarga teng) qiymatini oldi va shu bilan saytdagi barcha ijara shartnomalarining 1931 yil noyabrgacha tugashiga imkon berdi, shuning uchun Rokfeller ularni sotib olishi mumkin edi.[46] Rokfeller yiliga 3,6 million dollar to'laydi (2019 yilda 43 million dollarga teng). Buning evaziga u mol-mulkdan har yili 300 ming dollarni tashkil etadigan (2019 yilda 3,6 million dollarga teng) daromad olishga haqli edi.[47] Bu saytni Kolumbiyadan 27 yillik ijaraga olishdan iborat bo'lib, 21 yillik yangilanishlarni uchta muddatga o'tkazish imkoniyati mavjud edi, chunki ijara nazariy jihatdan 2015 yilgacha davom etishi mumkin edi.[41][45][48][49] (Ijara 1953 va 1973 yillarda yangilangan,[50] va Kolumbiya 1985 yilda bu erni Rokfeller Markazi Incga sotgan.[51]) Bundan tashqari, Rokfeller inflyatsiyani hisobga olgan holda qirq besh yil davomida har qanday ijara narxining ko'tarilishidan qochishi mumkin edi.[52] Ijaraga uchastkaning g'arbiy tomonidagi Oltinchi avenyu bilan chegaradosh 100 metr kenglikdagi (30 m) er uchastkasi, shuningdek 48 va 49-ko'chalar orasidagi Beshinchi avenyuda joylashgan Aziz Nikolay cherkovining mulki kirmagan va shu sababli rejalardan chiqarib tashlangan.[5][53] Ijara shartnomasi imzolanishi bilan bir vaqtda Metropolitan Square Corporation qurilishni nazorat qilish uchun yaratilgan.[41][42]
Me'morlar
1928 yil oktyabr oyida, ijara tugamaguncha, Rokfeller me'morlar uchun tavsiyalar so'rashni boshladi.[54] Yil oxiriga kelib Rokfeller yangi majmuaning rejalarini so'rashi uchun me'moriy firmalarning "simpoziumini" o'tkazdi. U ettita firmani taklif qildi, ularning oltitasi ixtisoslashgan Beaux-Arts me'morchiligi va taniqli Beaux-Arts me'morlaridan so'radi Jon Rassell Papa, Kass Gilbert va Milton B. Medari takliflarni baholash.[40][54][55][56] Rokfeller barcha rejalarni 1929 yil fevralgacha topshirishni iltimos qildi,[55][57] va loyihalar o'sha yilning may oyida taqdim etilgan.[57][58] Barcha takliflar 4 dan 5 million kvadrat metrgacha (370,000 dan 460,000 m gacha) ijaraga olinadigan maydonni talab qildi2), ammo bu rejalar shunchalik ekssentrikki, kengash ularning barchasini rad etdi.[41][59][60] Hozircha Morris yanada mos me'mor topilmaguncha ushlab turildi.[61] Biroq, 1928 yil oxiriga kelib, Morris ish haqi olinmasdan ishdan bo'shatildi.[62] Oxir-oqibat unga loyihaga qo'shgan hissasi uchun 50 ming dollar to'lashdi va uning ko'plab g'oyalari yakuniy dizaynga kiritilgan.[63]
Rokfeller Todd, Robertson va Toddni opera teatri maydonini ishlab chiquvchilar sifatida saqlab qoldi;[35] va natijada Todd Metropolitan Square Corporation direktorlar kengashidan chiqib ketdi.[64] 1929 yil oktyabrda,[59] Todd tayinlandi Corbett, Harrison va MacMurray; Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux; va Reinhard va Hofmeister binolarni loyihalash uchun. Ular "Associated Architects" soyaboni ostida ishladilar, shunda binolarning hech biri aniq bir firma uchun berilmasligi kerak edi.[56][31][36][65][66]Associated Architects-ning etakchi me'mori va eng asosiy a'zosi edi Raymond Gud,[67][68] uning ijodiy dizaynlari bilan kim esda qolardi.[69] Hood va Xarvi Vili Korbett maslahatchilar sifatida saqlanib qoldi.[67] Jamoa tarkibiga ham kiritilgan Uolles Xarrison, keyinchalik u oilaning asosiy me'mori va kichik Jon Rokfellerning o'g'lining maslahatchisi bo'ladi Nelson.[70][71] Gud, Morris va Korbettlar "me'moriy uslub va guruhlash" bo'yicha maslahatchilar edilar, garchi Morris ishdan bo'shatish jarayonida bo'lgan.[72] Todd ham yollandi L. Endryu Reynxard va Genri Xofmeyster me'mor sifatida ijaraga oluvchi yoki ijarachi sifatida, majmuaning rejalarini loyihalash uchun,[73][74] va Associated Architects-ning eng pragmatikasi sifatida tanilganlar.[69] Odatda Gud, Korbett, Xarrison, Reynxard va Xofmeysterlar deb hisoblanadi asosiy me'morlar.[41][75] Ular asosan Rokfellerning o'zi bilan emas, balki Todd, Robertson va Todd bilan muloqot qilishgan.[68]
Xyu Ferris va Jon Venrix Associated Architects loyihalari asosida taklif qilingan binolarning rasmlarini tayyorlash uchun "me'morchilik ko'rsatuvchilari" sifatida yollangan.[68] Rene Pol Chambellan binolarning maketlarini haykaltaroshlik qilish uchun topshirilgan va keyinchalik u markaz uchun ba'zi san'atlarni ham yaratgan.[76]
Asl reja va muvaffaqiyatsizlik
Metropolitan Opera ushbu rivojlanishni o'z zimmasiga olmoqchi emas edi va ular buning uchun etarli mablag 'borligiga ishonch hosil bo'lguncha saytning mavjud ijarasini olishdan bosh tortdilar.[46][77] 1929 yil yanvar oyida Cutting muvaffaqiyatsiz Rokfellerdan ijara shartnomasini sotib olishda yordam so'radi. Met o'zlarining mavjud binolarini aprel oyiga qadar sotganlaridan keyin hech qanday mablag'ga ega bo'lmagani uchun, Mett oxir-oqibat ko'chib o'tishga pul topolmasa, Xaydt Metropolitan Square Corporation-ga ijarani sotib olishni taklif qildi.[78] Met yangi opera teatrining narxi potentsial foydadan ancha yuqori bo'lishini his qildi. Ular 1931 yilga qadar mavjud bo'lgan ob'ektlarini sotishni va yangi opera teatriga ko'chib o'tishni xohlashdi, demak, barcha mavjud ijaralarni 1930 yil mayga qadar hal qilish kerak bo'ladi. Aks holda, yangi opera teatrini garovga qo'yish mumkin emas edi va Kolumbiya o'z egalik huquqini qayta qo'lga kiritadi. Met, ham Rokfeller uchun ham zararli bo'lgan er.[79]
1929 yil avgustda Rokfeller a xolding kompaniyasi Oltinchi avenyuda u allaqachon ijaraga olmagan er uchastkasini sotib olish,[80] shuning uchun u mumkin edi saytda kattaroq bino qurish va uning daromadlarini maksimal darajada oshirish.[47] Ushbu kompaniya Underel Holding korporatsiyasi deb nomlangan, chunki ushbu er ko'tarilgan Oltinchi avenyu ostida joylashgan.[56][81][82][83]
1929 yil oktyabrga kelib Todd Morrisning dastlabki rejasidan ancha farq qiladigan yangi taklifni e'lon qildi.[62] Todd saytning uchta blokini yana sakkizta lotga bo'lishni, markaz blokining o'rtasida "Opera Plaza" ni taklif qildi. Majmua Metropolitan Opera binosini o'z ichiga oladi; ikkita 25 qavatli binoga ega chakana savdo maydoni; do'konlar; ikkita ko'p qavatli uy; va ikkita mehmonxona, biri ko'tarilgan 37 qavat, ikkinchisi 35 qavatli.[84][85] Metning opera teatri Oltinchi avenyu sharqidagi 49 va 50-ko'chalar orasidagi markaziy blokda joylashgan bo'lar edi.[46][85] Chakana savdo markazi atrofida qurilishi kerak edi[53] yoki g'arbda[85] opera binosi. Bittasiga ko'ra Nyu-York Tayms hisobga olsak, Metropolitan Opera-ni rivojlantirish do'konlari Angliya shahridagi chakana savdo markaziga o'xshash tarzda joylashtirilgan bo'lar edi. Chester.[46]
Rejadagi asosiy to'siq, Metning mavjud ijarachilardan ijaralarni sotib olish va ijaraga olishni Kolumbiyaga topshirish orqali rivojlanishni o'z zimmasiga olmoqchi emasligi edi.[77][46] Rokfeller yangi opera teatrini ijaraga olgan taqdirda yiliga 100 ming dollar (2019 yilda 1,2 million dollarga teng) yo'qotishi kerak edi.[86] Todd opera teatri mahalla uchun foyda keltirishi o'rniga zarar etkazadi, chunki u ko'pincha yopiq bo'ladi, deb e'tiroz bildirgan edi.[35][87] Qimmatli qog'ozlar bozoridan keyin 1929 yildagi halokat, bu xavotirlar ilgari surildi: opera endi ko'chib o'tishga qodir emas.[41][88][36] Buning o'rniga Met Rokfellerga ko'chib o'tishni eski opera teatri va uning ostidagi erlarning yarim foizini sotib olish orqali moliyalashtirishni taklif qildi va u rad etdi.[87][89] 1929 yil 6-dekabrda yangi opera teatrining rejalaridan butunlay voz kechildi.[46][89][90]
Yangi rejalar
Ijara shartnomasi amalda bo'lganida, Rokfeller tezda uchta rejadan iborat Kolumbiyadagi sayt daromad keltirishi uchun yangi rejalar tuzishi kerak edi. Bilan muzokara olib borish g'oyasi bilan Xud paydo bo'ldi Amerika radio korporatsiyasi (RCA) va uning filiallari, Milliy teleradiokompaniyasi (NBC) va Radio-Keyt-Orpheum (RKO), qurish uchun ommaviy axborot vositalari saytdagi ko'ngilochar kompleks.[91][92] Bunga erishish mumkin edi, chunki Uolles Xarrison yaxshi do'st edi Julian ko'chasi, a Chicago Tribune muxbir kimning rafiqasining katta amakisi Edvard Xarden RCA direktorlar kengashining bir qismi edi. Xudning iltimosiga binoan, Harrison tushlik kunini o'tkazib, ommaviy axborot vositalari kompleksi taklifi to'g'risida Stritga aytib berdi.[93][94] O'z navbatida, Xarden bu g'oyani RCA asoschisiga tasvirlab berdi Ouen D. Yang, kim bu taklifga javob berdi.[93][95] Ma'lum bo'lishicha, Rokfellerning azaliy do'sti bo'lgan Young bir necha yillardan buyon RCA uchun "Radio Siti" qurishni o'ylagan edi, hatto kompaniya allaqachon rivojlanish bosqichida bo'lgan Lexington prospektidagi yangi bino.[96] Keyinchalik Rokfeller shunday dedi: "Men uchun faqat ikkita kurs ochilganligi aniq edi. Biri butun rivojlanishdan voz kechish edi. Ikkinchisi men o'zim uni qurishim va yakka o'zi moliyalashtirishim kerakligini aniq bilib oldinga borish. "[35][97]
1930 yil yanvar oyida Rokfeller vazifasini bajaradi Raymond Fosdik, Rokfeller jamg'armasi Yosh bilan uchrashuvni rejalashtirish bilan kelajakdagi rahbar. RCA asoschisi ushbu loyihaga g'ayrat bilan munosabatda bo'lib, Deniel Okrentning so'zlariga ko'ra "opera teatri, konsert zali, Shekspir teatri - hamda ikkala radioeshittirish studiyalari va RCA va uning tarkibidagi kompaniyalar uchun ofis maydonlarini" o'z ichiga olgan majmua haqida o'z fikrlarini bildirdi. .[98] RCA prezidenti Devid Sarnoff 1930 yil boshida muzokaralarga qo'shiladi.[99] Sarnoff Radio City-ning yangi paydo bo'lgan televizion va radio sanoatiga ta'sir ko'rsatish imkoniyatini darhol anglab etdi.[96] May oyiga qadar RCA va uning filiallari Rokfeller markazi menejerlari bilan kelishuvga erishdilar. RCA 1 million kvadrat metr (93000 metr) ijaraga oladi2) studiya maydoni; rivojlanishning eng katta minorasiga nom berish huquqini olish; va yiliga 4,25 million dollar miqdorida to'rtta teatrni rivojlantirish (2019 yilda 52,6 million dollarga teng)[14]).[41][99] NBC shartnomaning bir qismi sifatida Rokfeller markazida eksklyuziv translyatsiya huquqiga ega bo'ldi.[100]
RCA media kompleks takliflari
Yanvar oyida Todd G-3 deb nomlangan yangi rejasini chiqardi. Oldingi Metropolitan Opera taklifiga o'xshab, ushbu reja majmuani markaziy blokning o'rtasida plazali sakkizta blokga ajratdi. Bu uning 1929 yil oktyabr oyidagi "Met" rejasiga o'xshash edi, bitta katta o'zgarish bilan: opera teatri 50 qavatli bino bilan almashtirildi.[41][84][101] 50 qavatli minora, chunki uning kattaroq maydonchasi katta foyda keltirishi mumkin edi va uning markaziy joylashuvi Todd majmuaning markazi kam qavatli binolarni isrof qilish uchun juda qimmatli deb hisoblaganligi sababli tanlangan.[102] Saytda yangi Metropolitan Opera binosining rejalari, shu jumladan opera binosi ustiga ofis binosini joylashtirish bo'yicha bitta taklif ham ishlab chiqilgan edi. Ammo, Metning ushbu majmuaga o'tishni istamasligi sababli, bu bora-bora ehtimoli yo'q deb ko'rildi.[103] Majmuani diagonal bilan kesib o'tadigan yo'llarni yaratish taklifi qisqacha ko'rib chiqildi, ammo u shahar ko'chalarini bekor qilishni o'z ichiga olganligi sababli bekor qilindi, bu faqat shahar rasmiylari bilan uzoq munozaralardan so'ng amalga oshirilishi mumkin edi.[91] G-3 rejasi Metropolitan Square Corporation menejerlariga fevral oyida taqdim etilgan edi.[104] O'sha paytda Todd G-3 kompleks uchun eng maqbul taklif deb o'ylardi.[105]
H-1 deb nomlangan yana bir reja, 1930 yil mart oyida, Underel korporatsiyasi Oltinchi avenyu yaqinidagi erlarni egallab olgandan keyin aniqlandi.[41][106] Yangi sotib olingan erni ijaraga olishda undan qanday foydalanish to'g'risida aniq qoidalar mavjud edi.[107] Ushbu yangi taklifga binoan "televizor, musiqa, radio, suhbatlashuvchi rasmlar va spektakllar" uchun imkoniyatlar mavjud bo'lar edi.[108] RCA oltinchi avenyu yaqinidagi shimol va janubiy bloklarda teatrlarni qurishni rejalashtirgan, teatrlarning oltinchi avenyusi yonidan yuqorida ofis binolari joylashgan. Teatrga kirish eshiklari oltinchi avenyu bo'ylab g'arbga qurilgan bo'lar edi va tomoshabinlar sharqda joylashgan bo'lar edi, chunki shahar qurilish qoidalariga binoan teatrlar auditoriyalariga inshootlar o'rnatilishi taqiqlangan edi. Ushbu rejada etkazib berish chizig'i bekor qilindi, chunki u keraksiz deb qabul qilindi: teatrlar faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan etkazib berishni ko'rishlari mumkin edi.[109] Kompleks tarkibida har bir blokning markazida uchta baland bino, shu jumladan RCA uchun markaziy blokda joylashgan 60 qavatli bino (hozirgi 30 Rokfeller Plazmasi ).[110] Todd bu katta minora oltinchi avenyuga joylashtirilishini taklif qildi, chunki oltinchi avenyu ko'tarildi, majmuaning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan boshqa ob'ektlarning qiymatini pasaytiradi.[111] Beshinchi avenyuda oval shaklidagi qisqa chakana savdo binosi bo'lar edi, uning yuqori qavatlari joylashgan edi Chase National Bank idoralar. Oval bino bilan RCA binosi o'rtasida plazma va sobiq tepada restoran bo'ladi.[110][112] Penn stantsiyasi yoki Grand Central yaqinida ijaraga olishi mumkin bo'lgan ijarachilarni jalb qilish uchun transkontinental avtobus terminali er osti quriladi.[113]
H-1 rejasi 1930 yil iyun oyida tasdiqlangan.[113] Oyning o'rtalarida, The New York Times 48-ko'chasi, 51-ko'chasi, Beshinchi avenyu va Oltinchi avenyu o'rtasida "Radio City" loyihasi rejalarini e'lon qildi. Qo'shimcha tafsilotlar e'lon qilindi: masalan, uchta osmono'par bino uchun 200 million dollarlik xarajatlar proektsiyasi (2019 yilda 2,47 milliard dollarga teng)[14]).[114] Plazani bo'sh joy bilan ta'minlash uchun 49 va 50-chi ko'chalar qoplanar edi, yuqorida ham, er ostida ham to'xtash inshootlari, shu bilan birga loyihaning atrofidagi ko'chalar katta tirbandlikka mos ravishda kengaytirilar edi.[110] To'rt teatr ham qurilishi kerak edi: televizor, komediya va drama uchun ikkita kichik teatr; filmlar uchun kattaroq; va hanuzgacha kattaroq boshqa teatr vedvil.[114][115][116] Rejaga ko'ra, saytning mavjud inshootlarini buzish yil oxirida boshlanib, majmua 1933 yilgacha qurib bitkazilishi kerak edi.[110] Ushbu reja e'lon qilinishidan oldin keng jamoatchilikka oshkor qilinmagan edi va hatto kichik Jon Rokfeller ham 350 million dollarlik (2019 yilda 4,33 milliard dollarga teng) smeta bilan ajablandi, chunki bunday hajmdagi xususiy loyiha misli ko'rilmagan edi.[117]
Rokfeller qimmatli qog'ozlar bozoriga katta miqdordagi mablag 'kiritganligi sababli, 1929 yilgi fond bozori qulashi natijasida uning boyligi keskin kamaydi.[118] 1930 yil sentyabr oyida Rokfeller va Todd binolarni qurish uchun mablag 'izlashni boshladilar; va noyabr oyiga qadar ular Metropolitan Life Insurance Company bilan taxminiy moliyalashtirish shartnomasini tuzdilar. 1931 yil mart oyida ushbu kelishuv rasmiylashtirildi va Metropolitan Life Rokfeller markazini rivojlantirish korporatsiyasiga 65 million dollar (2019 yilda 800 million dollarga teng) qarz berishga rozi bo'ldi.[119][120] Metropolitan Life prezidenti Frederik H. Eker pulni ikki shart bilan berdi: boshqa biron bir shaxs majmuaga kredit bermasligi va Rokfeller birgalikda imzolash kredit, agar u rivojlanish korporatsiyasi bo'lsa, uni to'lash uchun javobgar bo'lishi kerak sukut bo'yicha.[120] Rokfeller neft kompaniyalari aktsiyalarini sotish orqali doimiy xarajatlarni qopladi.[49] Boshqa hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Radio Siti narxi 120 million dollarni tashkil etadi (2019 yilda 1,48 milliard dollarga teng)[14]) 1930 yil avgustda chiqarilgan H-16 rejasi asosida yoki 116,3 million dollar (2019 yildagi 1,44 milliard dollarga teng)[14]) 1930 yil noyabrda chiqarilgan F-18 rejasi asosida.[121]
Dizayn ta'siri
Majmua dizayniga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi 1916 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori, bu Nyu-York shahridagi binolarning ko'cha tomonidagi tashqi devorlari kiritilishidan oldin ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lgan balandlikni cheklaydi muvaffaqiyatsizliklar binolarning tashqi devorlarini ko'chalardan tortib olgan.[122][a] Garchi 66 qavatli RCA binosi ko'chadan shunchalik uzoqlikda joylashganki, u hech qanday to'siqsiz plita bo'lib ko'tarilishi mumkin edi, baribir Gud muvaffaqiyatsizliklarni o'z ichiga olishga qaror qildi, chunki ular "kelajak hissi, energiya hissi, maqsad ", deydi arxitektura mutaxassisi Alan Balfour.[125] 1931 yilda mintaqaviy rezolyutsiyada keyingi o'zgarish Empire State Building ochilib, Nyu-York shahridagi binolarning maksimal tezligini daqiqada 700 futdan (210 m / min) 1200 futgacha (370 m / min) oshirdi,[126] go'yo Rokfellerlar oilasining lobbi faoliyati natijasida.[127] Bu Rokfeller Markazi dizaynerlariga majmua binolari, ayniqsa RCA binosidagi liftlar sonini kamaytirishga imkon berdi.[128] Dastlab, liftlar tomonidan o'rnatilishi kerak edi Otis Lift Company, lekin Westinghouse Electric Corporation RCA Building-ga ko'chib o'tishga rozilik berganidan keyin shartnoma oldi. Bu Rokfeller markazi uchun moliyaviy jihatdan yaxshi qaror bo'lib chiqdi, chunki Vestingxausning liftlari Otisnikidan yaxshiroq ishlagan.[129][130]
Hood va Corbett o'sha vaqt me'yorlariga ko'ra ekssentrik bo'lgan ba'zi rejalarni taklif qilishdi. Bitta reja uchta blokni qamrab oladigan ulkan piramidani qurishni o'z ichiga olgan; keyinchalik bu oval chakana savdo binosiga aylangan kichik chakana piramidaga qisqartirildi.[41][131] Yana bir rejada majmua bo'ylab avtoulov rampalari va ko'priklari tizimi mavjud edi.[131] 1930 yil iyulda Gud va Korbett butun majmuani a sifatida qurish imkoniyatini qisqacha muhokama qildilar super blok RCA binosidan olib boriladigan sayohatlar bilan. Ushbu taklif qo'shimcha ko'rib chiqilmadi, chunki diagonali ko'chalar rejasida bo'lgani kabi, bu ko'chalarni bekor qilish bilan bog'liq bo'lishi kerak edi.[119] Oxir-oqibat, barcha rejalar an'anaviy dizaynga moslashtirildi, tor to'rtburchaklar plitalar, ko'chadan orqaga, hamma bloklarga o'rnatildi. Gud majmuadagi barcha ofis maydonlari derazadan 27,2 futdan (8,2 m) uzoqroq masofada joylashgan bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan ko'rsatma yaratdi, bu quyosh nuri to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Nyu-York shahrining kengligida bino ichki qismiga kirib borishi mumkin bo'lgan masofa edi. O'sha paytda konditsionerli ofis binolari kamdan-kam uchrar edi va quyosh nurlari bilan ishlangan idoralar, qaroq va tor bo'lgan ko'plab eski binolarning ofislaridan farqli o'laroq, qulay joylarni ta'minlagan.[56][132][133]
F-18 rejasi
1930 yil oxiri va 1931 yil boshlarida rejalar qayta ko'rib chiqildi va takomillashtirildi.[134] 1931 yil mart oyida F-18 rejasi e'lon qilindi,[121] Xalqaro musiqa zalini (hozirgi Radio City Music Hall) chaqirdi[135]) va uning 31 qavatli ofis binosi qo'shimchasi 50 va 51-ko'chalar o'rtasida joylashgan uchta blokning eng shimoliy qismini egallaydi. 66 qavatli 831 fut (253 m) RCA binosi markaziy blokning g'arbiy qismida, 49 va 50-ko'chalar o'rtasida joylashgan bo'lib, RCA va NBC ofislari hamda radioeshittirish studiyalari joylashgan bo'ladi. Oval shaklidagi chakana savdo majmuasi blokning sharqiy qismini egallaydi, a tom tomondagi bog '. RKO tomonidan ishlaydigan ovoz teatri 48 va 49-ko'chalar orasidagi eng janubiy blokda joylashgan bo'lar edi.[136] Radio Siti markazida Beshinchi va Oltinchi xiyobonlar oralig'ida uch blokli yangi xususiy ko'cha bo'lar edi, o'rtada esa konkav plazasi bor edi. Ushbu majmua, shuningdek, eng shimoliy qismida joylashgan Metropolitan Opera-ning kelajakdagi makoni uchun joy ajratadi.[136][137][138][134] An piyodalar uchun er osti savdo markazi, bu er osti avtobus terminalining ustida joylashgan bo'lar edi, shuningdek, ushbu rejaga qo'shilgan.[121] Quruvchilarning fikriga ko'ra, majmua tarkibiga 28000 ta deraza va 125000 dan ortiq qisqa tonnadan iborat (112000 tonna uzunlikdagi) temir po'lat kiradi.[136] Buning uchun 250 million dollar kerak bo'ladi.[139][140][49]
Birinchi marta taklif etilayotgan kompleksning miqyosi bo'yicha taqdimoti jamoatchilikka namoyish etildi. Render juda tanqid qilindi, ba'zilari hali tasdiqlanmagan taklifning tafsilotlari yoki umumiy o'lchamlari bilan chiqishdi, boshqalari esa baland osmono'par binolarning maydon atrofida joylashgan joyni yoritib berishdi.[141][142] Daniel Okrentning yozishicha, "deyarli hamma" yangilangan rejalardan nafratlangan. Taniqli me'morchilik olimi Lyuis Mumford surgunga ketdi Nyu-York shtatining yuqori qismida xususan, Rokfeller markazi rejalarining "zaif o'ylangan, beparvo, romantik betartibligi" uning uslubini buzganligi uchun. Mumford sharhlari xususiy fuqarolarning ochiq, salbiy tanqidlari to'lqini qo'zg'atdi; kabi gazetalar New York Herald Tribune; va me'morlar, shu jumladan ikkalasi ham Frank Lloyd Rayt va Ralf Adams Kram, ularning uslublari bir-biriga qarama-qarshi bo'lgan.[143] The New York Times taklifning "universal qoralanishi" ga e'tibor qaratdi,[142] va kompleks me'morlari tanqidga javoban o'z rejalarini o'zgartirgandan so'ng, Times "Radio City-ning me'morlari va quruvchilari o'zlarining rejalarini jamoatchilik tanqid qilishlari bilan hayajonlanganligini bilish juda xursand".[144] Majmua dizayni bo'yicha tortishuvlarga qaramay, Rokfeller o'zining loyihasi uchun Associated Architects-ni saqlab qoldi.[145]
Yangilangan chakana savdo binolari va bog 'rejalari
49-va 50-ko'chalar oralig'idagi Beshinchi avenyuda joylashgan oval shaklidagi chakana savdo binosi Beshinchi avenyu arxitekturasining qolgan qismiga mos kelmasligi tanqid qilindi, tanqidchilar taklif qilinayotgan binoni "neft kanani" deb atashdi.[142][146][147] Dastlabki reja ikkita chakana savdo binosiga mo'ljallangan edi, ammo Chase National Bankning bitta bino uchun talabiga binoan bitta binoga o'zgartirildi.[134] Biroq, oval shaklidagi bino 1931 yil boshida, Chez bino joylashgan joyda eksklyuziv bank huquqlarini qo'lga kirita olmagandan so'ng, bekor qilingan.[146][147] Yangilangan reja, F-19, oval shaklidagi binoga ikkita kichik 6 qavatli chakana binolarni tikladi va yaqin atrofdagi sayt uchun yangi 40 qavatli minorani taklif qildi. Ushbu binolar nafaqat chakana savdo maydonchasini taqdim etadi, balki Beshinchi avenyu me'morchiligiga ham mos keladi.[146][148]
Yangi rejada oval shaklidagi markaziy plazma yer sathidan pastroqda joylashgan bo'lib, katta markaziy favvorani o'rab turgan ko'chatlar ekilgan. Keng, ekilgan esplanade, 50 va 51-ko'chalar o'rtasida, piyodalarni Beshinchi avenyu, sharqda, maydonga va RCA binosiga g'arbga olib boradigan, zinapoyaga tushadigan qadamlar bilan. Plazmaning g'arbiy tomoni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri er osti piyodalar markaziga olib borishi kerak edi.[149][150][151] Ning nusxasi Niagara sharsharasi ' Taqalay sharsharasi shuningdek, 100 x 20 futdan (30 x 6 m) balandlikda quriladi hovuzni aks ettiradi, Ivy ba'zi binolarning tashqi tomoniga ekilgan bo'lsa.[151] 1932 yil iyun oyida rejani qayta ko'rib chiqishda, taklif qilingan plazaning shakli to'rtburchakka o'zgartirildi va favvora maydonning g'arbiy tomoniga ko'chirildi.[152][153][154] Haykaltarosh Pol Manship keyin favvoraning tepasiga qo'yish uchun haykal yaratish uchun yollangan; uning bronzasi Prometey 1934 yilda haykal saytda o'rnatildi.[153][155]
Oval qurilishi rejalashtirilgan tom tomondagi bog'larni yo'qotish uchun imtiyoz sifatida, Hood 16-qavat ostidagi majmuaning barcha omadsizliklarini bog'lar bilan qoplashni taklif qildi.[151][156][154][157] Hood thought this was the cheapest way to make the buildings look attractive, with a cost estimate of $250,000 to $500,000 (about $3.1 to $6.2 million in 2019[14]) that could pay for itself if the gardens were made into botanical gardens.[154][158] Hood proposed a three-tiered arrangement, inspired by a similar plan of Le Corbusier. The lowest tier would be at ground level; the middle tier would be atop the retail buildings' low-lying roofs and the skyscrapers' setbacks; and the highest tier would be at the tops of the skyscrapers.[159] A March 1932 update to the rooftop garden proposal also included two ornately decorated bridges that would connect the complex's three blocks,[160][154][161][162] though the bridge plan was later dismissed due to its high cost.[163] Ultimately, only seven disconnected gardens would be built.[164]
Since American tenants were reluctant to rent in the retail buildings, Rockefeller Center's manager Hugh Robertson, formerly of Todd, Robertson and Todd, suggested foreign tenants for the buildings.[165][166][167][168] They held talks with prospective Czech, German, Italian, and Swedish lessees who could potentially occupy the six-story internationally themed buildings on Fifth Avenue, although it was reported that Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian tenancies were also considered.[148][165][167] The first themed building that was agreed on was the British Empire Building, the more southerly of the two buildings, which would host governmental and commercial ventures of the United Kingdom.[147][169] In February 1932, French tenants agreed to occupy the British Empire Building's twin to the north, La Maison Française.[170] A department store and 30-story building (later changed to 45 stories) were planned for the block to the north of the twin buildings, between 50th and 51st streets, with the department store portion facing Fifth Avenue.[171][172] A "final" layout change to that block occurred in June, when the department store was replaced by the tower's two retail wings, which would be nearly identical to the twin retail buildings to their south. The two new retail buildings, connected to each other, and to the main tower, with a galleria, were proposed to serve Italian, and possibly also German, interests upon completion.[173][174]
Teatrlar
Out of the four theaters included in plan H-1, of March 1930, the city only approved the construction of two;[106] and thus, only these two theaters were constructed.[115][134] Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel, a successful theater operator who was renowned for his dominance of the city's theater industry,[175] joined the center's advisory board in 1930.[153][176][177] He offered to build two theaters: a large, vaudeville "International Music Hall", on the northernmost block, with more than 6,200 seats; and the smaller, 3,500-seat "RKO Roxy" movie theater on the southernmost block.[177][178] The idea for these theaters was inspired by Roxy's failed expansion of the 5,920-seat Roksi teatri on 50th Street, one-and-a-half blocks away.[179][180][181] Roxy also envisioned an elevated promenade between the two theaters,[182] but this was never published in any of the official blueprints.[177] Meanwhile, proposals for a Metropolitan Opera House on the site persisted.[176] Official plans for a facility to the east of the RKO Roxy were filed in April 1932;[167] the projected 4,042-seat opera facility would contain features such as a second-floor esplanade extending across 50th Street.[183] However, the Met was unable to fund such a move, so the proposed new opera house was relegated to tentative status.[176]
In September 1931, a group of NBC managers and architects toured Europe to find performers and look at theater designs.[184][178][185][186] However, the group did not find any significant architectural details that they could use in the Radio City theaters.[187] In any case, Roxy's friend Peter B. Clark turned out to have much more innovative designs for the proposed theaters than the Europeans did.[188] The Music Hall was designed by architect Edvard Durell Stoun[189][190] va ichki dizayner Donald Deski[191][192] ichida Art Deco uslubi.[193] Eugene Schoen was selected to design the RKO Roxy.[194]
Piyoda savdo markazi
In December 1931, the Rockefeller Center Corporation put forth its expanded plans for the underground pedestrian mall. It would now include a series of odamlar ko'chirish tunnels, similar to the U.S. Capitol subway, which would link the complex to locations such as Katta markaziy terminal va Penn stantsiyasi.[195] A smaller, scaled-down version of the plan was submitted to the Nyu-York shahrining taxminiy kengashi in October 1933. The plan included two vehicular tunnels to carry 49th and 50th streets underneath the entire complex, as well as a subterranean pedestrian mall connecting the buildings in the complex. Additionally, a 0.75-mile (1.21 km) system of pedestrian passages would be located 34 feet (10 m) underground, and a 125-by-96-foot (38 by 29 m) sunken lower plaza would connect to the mall via a wide concourse under the RCA Building.[196] The complex-wide vehicular tunnels were not built; instead, a truck ramp from ground level to the underground delivery rooms was built at 50th Street.[197][198]
Unbuilt Metropolitan Avenue
An unfulfilled revision to the plan was submitted in May 1931, when Benjamin Wistar Morris, the architect of the original Opera proposal, proposed enhancing the complex's private passageway into a public "Metropolitan Avenue", which would run from 42nd to 59th streets.[158] The avenue would break up the 920-foot-long (280 m) distance between Fifth and Sixth avenues, which was the longest gap between two numbered avenues in Manhattan.[199] This was not a new proposal, as Mayor Uilyam Jey Gaynor had posited a similar avenue from 34th to 59th Streets in 1910,[200] and Wistar himself had proposed the avenue in 1928 or 1929.[158][201] If built, Metropolitan Avenue would have facilitated traffic through Rockefeller Center, in a manner similar to how Vanderbilt xiyoboni o'rtasida Medison va Park Avenues had assisted traffic flow around nearby Katta markaziy terminal. Ultimately, only the section between 48th and 51st streets was built; it now comprises Rokfeller Plazmasi, a pedestrian street.[201]
Art program
Both Raymond Hood and John Todd believed that the center needed visual enhancement besides the rooftop gardens.[56][157] Initially, Todd had only planned to allocate about $150,000 toward the building's art program, but Rockefeller wanted artworks that had meaningful purposes rather than purely aesthetic ones.[202] In November 1931, Todd suggested the creation of a program for placing distinctive artworks within each of the buildings.[203][204] Hartley Burr Alexander, a noted mythology and symbology professor, was tasked with planning the complex's arts installations.[203][205][206][207] Alexander submitted his plan for the site's artwork in December 1932. As part of the proposal, the complex would have a variety of sculptures, statues, murals, friezes, decorative fountains, and mosaics.[205] Expanding upon Hood's setback-garden plan, Alexander's proposal also included rooftop gardens atop all the buildings,[205] which would create a "Babylonian garden " when viewed from above.[139][156]
At first, Alexander suggested "Homo faber, Man the Maker" as the complex's overarching theme, representing satisfaction with one's occupation rather than with the wage.[206][208] However, that theme was not particularly well received by the architects, so Alexander proposed another theme, the "New Frontiers"; this theme dealt with social and scientific innovations and represented the challenges that humanity faced "after the conquest of the physical world".[204] In theory, this was considered a fitting theme, but Alexander had been so specific about the details of the necessary artworks that it limited the creative license for any artists who would execute such works.[206] Alexander had created a 32-page paper that explained exactly what needed to be done for each artwork, with some of the key themes underlined in all caps, giving the paper "a tone more Martian than human", according to Okrent.[209] In March 1932, Alexander was fired and replaced with a panel of five artists.[210][211] The panel agreed on the current theme, "The March of Civilization", but by that point some of the art of previous themes had already been commissioned, including the works that Alexander had proposed.[208][212]
The process of commissioning art for Rockefeller Center was complicated. Each building's architects would suggest some artwork. Todd would eliminate all of the unconventional proposals, and Rockefeller had the final say on many of the works.[213] There were many locations that needed art commissioned, which prevented any specific artistic style from dominating the complex.[214] Specialists from around the world were retained for the art program: for instance, Edvard Trumbull coordinated the colors of the works located inside the buildings, and Léon-Victor Solon did the same job for the exterior pieces.[215][207]
Gaston Lachaise, a renowned painter of female nudes, executed the commission for six uncontroversial bas-reliefs for Rockefeller Center, four at the front of 1230 Avenue of the Americas (RCA Building West) and two at the back of the Xalqaro bino.[214][216] The Prometey, Yoshlikva Qiz sculptures that Paul Manship had created for the complex were prominently situated in the complex's lower plaza.[217] Barri Folkner had only one commission for the entirety of Rockefeller Center: a mosaic mural located above the entrance of 1230 Avenue of the Americas.[218][219] Alfred Janniot also created a single work for Rockefeller Center, the bronze panel outside La Maison Francaise 's entrance.[220][221] Li Louri was by far the complex's most prolific artist, with 12 works.[222] Most of Lawrie's commissions were limestone screens above the main entrances of buildings, but he had also created two of Rockefeller Center's best-known artworks: the Atlas statue in the International Building's courtyard, and the 37-foot-tall (11 m) Hikmat screen above the RCA Building's main entrance.[222][223] Ezra Winter, who created the "Quest for the Fountains of Eternal Youth" mural in Radio City Music Hall 's lobby, largely adhered to Alexander's original specifications for the mural.[224][225]
One of the center's more controversial works was created by Diego Rivera, whom Nelson Rockefeller had hired to create a color fresk for the 1,071-square-foot (99 m2) wall in the RCA Building's lobby.[226][227] Uning rasmlari, Odam chorrahada, became controversial, as it contained Moscow May Day scenes and a clear portrait of Lenin, which had not been apparent in initial sketches (see Rockefeller Center § Man at the Crossroads.)[228][229] Nelson issued a written warning to Rivera to replace the offending figure with an anonymous face, but Rivera refused,[228][230] so in mid-1933, Rivera was paid for his commission and workers covered the mural with paper.[231] The fresco was demolished completely in February 1934,[232] and it was subsequently replaced by Josep Maria Sert "s American Progress devor.[233] Natijada Odam chorrahada controversy, Nelson scaled back his involvement with the complex's art, and his father began scrutinizing all of the artworks thereafter commissioned for the center.[234]
One of the sculptor Attilio Piccirilli 's works at Rockefeller Center would also be contested, albeit not until after the complex was finished.[235] He had created bas-relief carvings above the entrances of Palazzo d'Italia[236][237][238] and the International Building North.[236][238] Piccirilli's relief on the Palazzo d'Italia was removed in 1941 because the panels were seen as an overt celebration of fashizm,[239][240][241] but his International Building North panels were allowed to remain.[235][242]
Change in name
During early planning, the development was often referred to as "Radio City".[41] Before the announcement that the development would include a mass media complex, there were also other appellations such as "Rockefeller City" and "Metropolitan Square" (after the Metropolitan Square Corporation).[243] Ivy Lee suggested changing the name to "Rockefeller Center". John Rockefeller Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, but was persuaded on the grounds that the name would attract far more tenants.[244] The name was formally changed in December 1931.[56][243] Rockefeller Jr. and The New York Times originally spelled the complex as "Rockefeller Centre", which was the British way of spelling "Center". After consultation with the famed leksikograf Frank H. Vizetelly, "Centre" was changed to "Center".[245] Over time, the appellation of "Radio City" devolved from describing the entire complex to just the complex's western section;[66] and by 1937, only the Radio City Music Hall contained the "Radio City" name.[246]
Qurilish jarayoni
According to Daniel Okrent, most sources estimated that between 40,000 and 60,000 people were hired during construction. One estimate by Raymond Fosdick, the Rockefeller Foundation head, placed the figure at 225,000 people, including workers who created materials for the complex elsewhere.[247] When construction started, the city was feeling the full effects of the Depression, with over 750,000 people unemployed and 64% of all construction workers without a job.[248] At the Depression's peak in the mid-1930s, John Rockefeller Jr. was praised as a job creator and a "patriot" for jump-starting the city's economy with the construction project.[249] Rockefeller made an effort to form amicable relationships with Rockefeller Center's workers.[250] Even when Rockefeller had to reduce wages for his union workers, he was praised for not reducing wages as severely as did other construction firms, many of which were either struggling or going bankrupt.[249] At the time, the complex was the largest private building project ever undertaken.[251] Carol Herselle Krinsky, in her 1978 book, describes the center as "the only large private permanent construction project planned and executed between the start of the Depression and the end of the Second World War".[252]
Land acquisition and clearing
For the project, 228 buildings on the site were razed and some 4,000 tenants relocated,[47][253] with the estimated aggregate worth of the property exceeding $7 billion[137][253] (equivalent to $87 billion in 2019[14]). Rockefeller achieved this by buying existing leases from the tenants.[253] In January 1929, William A. White & Sons was hired to conduct the eviction proceedings. They worked with the law firm of Murray, Aldrich & Webb to give checks to tenants in exchange for property, sometimes for over $1 million.[254] The area was mostly occupied by illegal speakeasy bars, as the Taqiqlash davri had banned all sales of alcoholic beverages. Although the more tenuous of these speakeasies quickly moved elsewhere at the mere mention of formal eviction proceedings, other tenants, including some of the fohishaxonalar, were harder to evict.[255] Many tenants only moved on certain conditions; and in one case, the firms acquired a lease from the estate of the late gambler Arnold Rottshteyn, who was murdered two months before he was set to be forcefully evicted from his Upper Estate building in January 1929.[256] Demolition of the structures started in early 1930,[66] and all of the buildings' leases had been bought by August 1931.[257]
The center's managers then set to acquire the remaining lots along Sixth Avenue, and at the southeast corner of the site, so that they could create a larger complex, which led to the formation of the Underel Corporation. The negotiations for the Sixth Avenue properties were conducted by different brokers and law firms so as to conceal the Rockefeller family's involvement in the Underel Corporation's acquisitions. Even so, there were several tenants along Sixth Avenue who initially refused to give up their buildings.[258][b] In total, Charles Heydt spent $10 million (equivalent to $120 million in 2019[14]) on acquiring the Sixth Avenue parcels, as compared to the $6 million (equivalent to $74 million in 2019 dollars[14]) budgeted for the task.[261]
The tenants of two Sixth Avenue properties were ultimately allowed to stay. One lessee, who occupied a plot on the southeast corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street, never received a sale offer due to a misunderstanding. The owners of the other parcel, located on the northeast corner of Sixth Avenue and 49th Street, demanded an exorbitant price for their property.[258][c] 30 Rockefeller Plaza was ultimately built around both parcels.[264][265]
On the southeast corner of the site, several property owners also refused to sell. Columbia University was willing to give Rockefeller Center Inc. control of all leases in the former Upper Estate that were no longer held by a third party. Biroq, Uilyam Nelson Kromvel, a prominent lawyer and Columbia alumnus, who owned three adjacent row houses at 10–14 West 49th Street, would not move out of his house when his lease expired in 1927.[259][266] The disagreement continued until 1936, during which time Cromwell refused to pay rent on 14 West 49th Street, while Rockefeller Center Inc. withheld $400,000 of Cromwell's rent payments to Columbia.[267][d] Rockefeller Center Inc. would later buy 8 West 49th, thus boxing Cromwell's land in between the two Rockefeller Center parcels.[268] The company allowed Robert Uolton Goelet to keep the neighboring lot at 2–6 West 49th Street because the company considered his "interest and concern" to be a "large concern". However, he could not develop the land because Cromwell controlled an xizmat over part of Goelet's land,[269] and the lots at 2–6 West 49th Street would be developed in 1932 as a commercial building called Beshinchi avenyu, 608.[270] The St. Nicholas Church, located on 48th Street behind Goelet's lot, also refused to sell its property despite an offer of up to $7 million for the parcel.[271]
Late 1931: start of construction
Excavation of the Sixth Avenue side of the plot began in late July 1931,[272] commencing a seven-year period of excavation during which 556,000 cubic yards (425,000 m3) of the underlying Manxetten schisti would be removed from the site.[273] By late 1931, the empty blocks were pits up to 80-foot-deep (24 m), with a few buildings still standing at the edges of each block. 49th and 50th streets resembled "causeways skimming the surface of a lake".[249] A field office for the project was erected on Fifth Avenue. It served as the headquarters for the main construction contractors Todd & Brown, which was composed of John Todd's son Vebster as well as Joseph O. Brown.[274] Brown was especially involved in eliminating unnecessary costs and selecting firms for supplies.[275]
Designs for the RCA Building and International Music Hall, to the north, were submitted to the Nyu-York shahar binolar departamenti in August 1931, with both buildings scheduled to open in 1932.[276] The contracts for the music hall and 66-story skyscraper were awarded two months later.[137][115] Ultimately, the project's managers would submit 1,860 contracts to the Department of Buildings.[277] Rockefeller Center's construction progressed quickly; by October 1931, sixty percent of the digging was complete and the first contracts for the buildings had been let.[137] The foundations had been dug up to 50 feet (15 m) below ground, and the first of the RCA Building's 86 piers, descending a maximum of 86 feet (26 m), had been set. Of the brownstones on site, 177 had been demolished by that October, with the majority of the remaining buildings located near the avenues.[137] Work on the new Roxy Theatre, to the south of the RCA Building, started that November.[181][115]
The architects wanted a uniform color for the facades of all 14 of the new buildings.[140] To that end, Raymond Hood, in December 1931, awarded a contract for Indiana ohaktoshi that would make up the facades. At the time, it was the largest order of stone in history, with about 14 million cubic feet (0.40×106 m3) of limestone being shipped.[278] Rockefeller Center's managers also ordered 154,000 short tons (138,000 long tons) of structural steel, the largest such order in history, which cost one-eighth of the projected $250 million total construction cost. The steel order involved a savdo urushi o'rtasida Baytlahm Chelik va AQSh po'lati. The order ultimately went to U.S. Steel, providing 8,000 jobs for its workers, but resulting in a financial loss, as the bidding war resulted in a price that was too low to cover the cost of making the steel.[279][280] Rockefeller Center also required nearly 23 acres (1 million square feet, 0.093×106 m2) of glass for its windows, 25,000 doors, and 50 thousand cubic feet (1.4×103 m3) of granite.[280]
As a result of the Depression, building costs were cheaper than projected. Although Metropolitan Life's loan of $126 million remained the same, the final cost of the first ten buildings came to $102 million (equivalent to $1.5 billion in 2019 dollars[14]) by the time these structures were completed in 1935. John Todd used the surplus to install extra features in the buildings, such as wider-than-normal utility pipes, a subterranean boiler for the complex in case the steam system malfunctioned, and the complex's limestone facades.[281] Todd even installed sprinklers on the exteriors of the Fifth Avenue retail buildings in case they needed to be converted into factories, since sprinklers were required on industrial buildings at the time.[282] However, not all of the effects were positive: the construction boom of the late 1920s and early 1930s had almost doubled the total amount of real estate in Manhattan, and the construction of Rockefeller Center and the Empire State Building would increase the amount of space by another 56%. As a result, there was a lot of undervalued, vacant space. After RKO's bankruptcy in 1931, Sarnoff convinced John Rockefeller Jr. to buy RKO common stock and RCA preferred stock worth a total of $4 million (equivalent to $48 million in 2019[14]), in return for RCA downsizing its lease by 500 thousand square feet (46×103 m2).[283]
1932–1933
Work on the steel structure of the RCA Building started in March 1932.[284] Meanwhile, the British and French governments had already agreed to occupy the first two internationally themed buildings, and John Rockefeller Jr. started signing tenants from the respective countries.[285] The cornerstone of the British Empire Building was laid in June, when Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough, placed the symbolic first stone in a ceremony.[286][287] Significant progress on the theaters had been made by then: RKO Roxy's brickwork had been completed and the limestone-and-granite facade was almost ready to be installed, while the Music Hall's steelwork was complete.[194] By September, both theaters were almost finished, as was the RCA Building, whose structural steel was up to the 64th floor.[288] That month also saw the opening of the RKO Building, the first structure in the complex to be opened.[289] The British Empire Building's structural steel started construction in October.[290]
The Music Hall was the second site to open, on December 27, 1932,[291][292][293] although it had chiqib ketdi avgust oyida.[294] This was followed by the RKO Roxy's opening two days later.[295][296] Roxy originally intended to use the Music Hall as a vaudeville theater,[297][298] but the opening of the Music Hall was widely regarded as a flop,[295][299] and both theaters ended up being used for films and performing arts.[297][298][300] Radio City's Roxy Theatre had to be renamed the Center Theatre in May 1933 after a lawsuit by William Fox, who owned the original Roxy Theatre on 50th Street.[301] The failure of the vaudeville theater ended up ruining Roxy's enterprise, and he was forced to resign from the center's management in January 1934.[300][302][303]
The cornerstone of La Maison Francaise was laid on April 29, 1933, by former French prime minister Eduard Erriot.[304] The British Empire Building was open less than a week later.[305] The RCA Building was slated to be open by May 1,[306] but was delayed because of controversy over the Odam chorrahada mural in the lobby.[307] In July 1933, the managers opened a 70th-story observation deck atop the RCA Building,[308] It was a great success: the 40-cents-per-head observation deck saw 1,300 daily visitors by late 1935.[309]
Work on the rooftop gardens started in October 1933,[310] and La Maison Francaise opened the same month.[311] In December 1933, workers erected the complex's famed Christmas tree in the center of the plaza for the first time.[312] Since then, it has been a yearly tradition to display a large Christmas tree at the plaza between November and January.[313]
Simultaneously, the city built the part of the canceled "Metropolitan Avenue" that ran through Rockefeller Center. The new street, called "Rockefeller Plaza", was projected to carry an estimated 7,000 vehicles per day upon opening.[314] The first segment, between 49th and 50th streets, opened in 1933,[315] and a northern extension opened in 1934.[314] The new street measured over 60 feet (18 m) wide and ran 722 feet (220 m) through the complex, with four vehicular levels.[315]
Advertising and leasing efforts
From 1931 until 1944, Rockefeller Center Inc. employed Merle Crowell, ning sobiq muharriri Amerika jurnali, as the complex's publicist.[316] His first press release, published on July 25, 1931, extolled Rockefeller Center as "the largest building project ever undertaken by private capital". Thereafter, Crowell supplanted Ivy Lee as the complex's official publicity manager, and his subsequent releases employed a variety of superlatives, massive amounts of statistics and calculations, and the occasional bit of hyperbole.[317] Crowell published many new press releases every day, and by the midpoint of the complex's construction in 1935, he also started staging celebrity appearances, news stories, and exhibitions at Rockefeller Center.[318] The goal was for Rockefeller Center to accommodate 34,500 workers and 180,700 daily visitors once it was completed.[319]
Rockefeller hired Hugh Sterling Robertson to solicit tenants and secure lease agreements.[320] It was hard to lease the complex in the wake of the Great Depression, but Robertson managed to identify 1,700 potential tenants, and had held meetings with 1,200 of them by the end of 1933.[309] Rockefeller and his partners were also able to entice some prominent tenants to the center.[321] The Rockefeller family's Standard Oil kompaniyasi moved into the RCA Building in 1934.[322] Over the next two years, several other major oil companies followed suit and took up leases in Midtown buildings,[323] shu jumladan Sinkler moyi va Dutch Dutch Shell, which moved into Rockefeller Center.[100] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta aloqasi bo'limi opened a facility in the complex in early 1934, and would later rent space in the as-yet-incomplete International Building. The New York Museum of Science and Industry leased some of the less-sought-after space on the RCA Building's lower floors after Nelson Rockefeller became a trustee of the museum in late 1935.[324] Westinghouse moved into the 14th through 17th floors of the RCA Building.[325]
However, Rockefeller Center's managers had a hard time leasing the buildings past 60% occupancy during the earliest years of its existence, which coincided with the middle of the Depression.[326] The Rockefeller family moved into various floors and suites throughout the same building in order to give potential tenants the impression of occupancy.[325] In particular, the family's office took up the entire 56th floor,[327] while the family's Rockefeller Foundation took up the entire floor below, and two other organizations supported by the Rockefellers also moved into the building.[328][327] Because the sunken central plaza was mostly leased by luxury stores, the complex's managers opened an outdoor restaurant in the plaza in early 1934 to attract other customers.[129] The complex's willingness to gain leases at almost any cost had repercussions of its own.[329] In January 1934, Avgust Xekscher filed a $10,000,000 lawsuit against Rockefeller Center Inc. for convincing tenants to abandon their ongoing leases within his properties in order to take up cheaper leases at Rockefeller Center.[330] The lawsuit stalled in courts until Heckscher's death in 1941, when it was dismissed.[331][100]
The managers of Rockefeller Center Inc. also wanted the complex to have convenient, nearby ommaviy tranzit to attract potential lessees.[332] The city-operated Mustaqil metro tizimi (IND) had opened a metro stantsiya Fifth Avenue and 53rd Street in 1933, drawing workers from Malika.[333][334] The managers, seeing the success of the business districts around Penn Station and Grand Central, proposed a large rail terminal for trains from Bergen okrugi, Nyu-Jersi, so workers from northern New Jersey would be drawn to the complex. Although the managers did decide on a possible location for the terminal on 50th Street, this plan did not work because the IND subway still did not have any stops at the complex itself.[332] The consultants then offered a subway shuttle under 50th Street that would connect to the IND subway station at Eighth Avenue, or a rail line connecting to Penn Station and Grand Central. This plan did not work because the city was uninterested in building the new rail line.[332] The plan was formally dropped in 1934, but proposals for similar ideas persisted until 1939.[335] The city also had plans to construct a line under Sixth Avenue to supplant the elevated railway there,[336] but did not start construction on the Sixth Avenue subway until 1936.[337] Since the IND would be constructing a station at 47th–50th Streets, near the complex, Rockefeller Center's managers also wished to build their own connections to Penn Station and Grand Central using the subway tunnels that were being constructed. However, this proposal was declined because it would require extensive rezoning of the surrounding residential area.[335]
An extension of Rockefeller Plaza northward to the Rockefeller Apartments at 53rd Street was also envisioned in early 1934, with Rockefeller Center's managers, between October 1934 and late 1937, acquiring land for the proposed street.[338] Rockefeller legally condemned some of the buildings he acquired for the planned street expansion.[339] The street was never extended for various reasons.[338][e]
1934–1936
By July 1934, the complex had leased 80% of the available space in the six buildings that were already opened.[342][343] The lower plaza's large Prometey statue had been installed in January that year.[153][155] The complex's underground delivery ramps, located on 50th Street under the present-day Associated Press Building,[344] were completed in May.[197] The ramps, a vestige of the tunnels originally planned for 49th and 50th streets, traveled 34 feet (10 m) underground and stretched for 450 feet (140 m).[197][198] By the end of the year, Wallace Harrison was the lead architect; Andrew Reinhard was in charge of floor plans for tenants; and Henry Hofmeister was tasked with planning the locations of the remaining unbuilt buildings' utilities and structural framework.[324][345] Raymond Hood had died, while Harvey Corbett had moved on to other projects. Frederick A. Godley va J. André Fouilhoux of Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux, as well as William H. MacMurray of Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray, never had much to do with Rockefeller Center's development.[56][345]
In May 1934, plans were officially filed for the remaining two International-themed buildings, as well as the larger 38-story, 512-foot (156 m) International Building at 45 Rockefeller Center. Work on the buildings started in September 1934.[346] The more southerly of the retail buildings was dubbed "Palazzo d'Italia" and was to serve Italian interests. The Italian government later reneged on its sponsorship of the building, and the task of finding tenants went to Italian-American businesses.[347][348][349] The more northerly small building was originally proposed for German occupation under the name "Deutsches Haus" before Adolf Gitler "s rise to power 1932 yilda.[347][350] Rockefeller ruled this out in September 1933, after being advised of Hitler's Natsist march toward totalitarizm.[66][167][351][352] Russia had also entered into negotiations to lease the final building in 1934;[346][353] but by 1935, the Russians were no longer actively seeking a lease.[354] With no definite tenant for the other building, the Rockefeller Center's managers reduced the proposed nine-story buildings to six stories,[347][355] enlarged and realigned the main building from a north–south to a west–east axis,[356][357] and replaced the proposed galleria between the two retail buildings with an expansion of the International Building's lobby.[348][347] The empty office site thus became "International Building North", rented by various international tenants.[355][358] In April 1935, developers opened the International Building and its two wings, which had been built in a record 136 days, from groundbreaking to completion.[66][354][359][360] Aside from the averted controversy with the potential German tenants, the internationally themed complex was seen as a symbol of solidarity during the urushlararo davr, when the United States' entry in the Millatlar Ligasi was obstructed by American isolationists.[361][362]
By late April 1935, the "Gardens of the Nations" on the RCA Building's 11th-story roof was complete.[363] Upon opening, its collection of exotic flora attracted many visitors,[364] and it became the most popular garden in Rockefeller Center.[365] However, this novelty soon faded, and the gardens started running a $45,000-per-year deficit by 1937 ($672,000 in 2019 dollars[14]) due to the massive expense involved in hoisting plants, trees, and water to the roofs, as well as a lack of interest among tourists.[366] Gardens on the roofs of the two theaters would also be installed in 1937, but they were not open to the public.[367]
The underground pedestrian mall and ramp system, connecting the three blocks between 48th and 51st streets, was finished in early May.[368] At the time of the mall's opening, 22 of the 25 retail spaces had been leased,[342] and three more buildings were ready for occupancy that month.[368] The underground concourse contained a post office, payphones, and several public restrooms.[369] The complex was starting to attract large crowds of visitors, especially to Radio City Music Hall or one of the other exhibition and performance spaces.[370] Despite this seeming success in the face of the Depression, construction was considered to be behind schedule: all the buildings had originally been set for completion by mid-1935, yet the central parts of the northern and southern blocks were still undeveloped.[342]
Around this time, Rockefeller Center's managers were selling the lots for their failed Rockefeller Plaza extension.[340][341] In January 1935, newly elected mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia proposed that a Municipal Art Center be built in or near the Rockefeller complex. It would have contained the Zamonaviy san'at muzeyi; The Guggenheim Collection; a costume museum; or broadcasting facilities for the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).[371] Initially, the project was supposed to be located in Markaziy Park. However, due to legal challenges, the site for the planned art center was moved several blocks south to a site between 51st and 53rd streets between Fifth and Sixth avenues, immediately north of Rockefeller Center.[372] In October 1936, the Museum of Modern Art acquired a site on 53rd Street, across the street from the Municipal Art Center site.[373] Several plans for an art center were discussed, but none were executed because of the same complications that befell the aborted Rockefeller Plaza extension.[374]
Also in 1935, plans were filed for a 16-story western extension of the RCA Building, made of the same material but with extensive links to the pedestrian tunnel system and an elaborate entrance from the under-construction IND station at 47th–50th streets.[375] The subway connection started construction in 1936[369] but would not open until 1940.[36] Until the subway connection opened, the underground shopping mall was an elaborate catacomb that dead-ended on all sides.[369] The retail space on the lower plaza was not profitable because the stores in the plaza were hidden underneath the rest of the buildings and behind the Prometey statue, which made the shops hard for tourists to find.[376][377] By 1935, there were ten times as many workers entering the RCA Building every day as there were visitors to the lower plaza.[377] After several rejected suggestions to beautify the plaza, the managers finally decided on building the Rink at Rockefeller Center for $2,000[377][378] after Nelson Rockefeller found that a new system had been invented that allowed artificial outdoor ice skating, enabling him to bring the pastime to Midtown Manhattan.[379] The new rink was open by Christmas 1936.[380][377][378] The rink was originally intended as a "temporary" measure,[379][378][381] but it became popular, and so it was kept.[381][382]
Tugatish
By 1936, ten buildings had been built and about 80% of the existing space had been rented.[198] The buildings, constituting the first phase of construction,[198] were the International Building; the four small retail buildings; the RKO Building; the Center Theatre; the Music Hall; the RCA Building; and the RCA Building's western extension.[383][198] The total investment in the center up to that point had been about $104.6 million[383][198] (about $1.5 billion in 2019 dollars[14]), which was composed of $60 million of John Rockefeller Jr.'s money and $44.6 million from Metropolitan Life.[198]
Developing the remaining empty lots
Rockefeller Center Inc. needed to develop the remaining empty lots of the northern and southern blocks.[378] Notably, the southern plot was being used as a Avtomobil to'xtash joyi,[262] and at the time, it was the city's largest parking facility.[384] 1936 yilda, Time Inc. expressed interest in moving out of their Chrysler binosi offices into a larger headquarters, having just launched their Hayot jurnal.[385] Rockefeller Center's managers persuaded Time to move to a proposed skyscraper on part of the southern empty lot, located on Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th streets.[378] The steelwork for that building was begun on September 25, 1936, and was complete by November 28, forty-three working days later.[386] The 36-story Time & Life Building, as it was known,[f] opened on April 1, 1937,[378][389] along with the final block of Rockefeller Plaza abutting the building, between 48th and 49th streets.[389]
Rockefeller Center's executives had talks with the Associated Press for a building on the northern empty lot,[390] which was occupied by the complex's truck delivery ramp.[198] The lot had been reserved for the Metropolitan Opera house, but the managers could not wait anymore to develop the lot, and in 1937, the opera plans were formally scrapped.[176][391] The lot had also been planned as a hotel site, but this was also deemed economically infeasible.[392] In January 1938, the Associated Press agreed to rent four floors within the structure at 50 Rokfeller Plazmasi. In exchange, the building would be renamed for the company.[393] 1938 yil aprel oyida temir buyumlar qurilishi boshlandi;[392] 29 ish kunidan so'ng, 15-qavatli inshoot 16 iyun kuni to'ldirildi.[394] Associated Press dekabr oyida 50 Rokfeller Plazasiga ko'chib o'tdi.[395] Associated Press va Time Inc kompaniyasining mavjudligi Rokfeller markazining faoliyat doirasini qat'iy ravishda radio-kommunikatsiya majmuasidan radio va bosma ommaviy axborot vositalarining markaziga qadar kengaytirdi.[396] 1938 yilda Associated Press Gildiyani ochdi, a kinoteatr teatri,[396] bino ostidagi yuk mashinalari rampasining egri chizig'i bo'ylab.[397]
Majmuaning qolgan qismida kichikroq binolar qurish imkonsiz edi, chunki ijarachilarning talablari kattaroq binolarni nazarda tutgan.[398] 15 qavatli Associated Press Building binolarning qolgan qismidagi 7 dan 11 qavatli baland bog'larga qaraganda ancha baland bo'lganligi sababli, tom tomondagi bog'larni qurish endi yaroqsiz edi. favqulodda tik ko'priklardan foydalanmasdan bog'lar tizimi.[164][357][390] Eng janubiy qismdagi so'nggi uchastkani ishlab chiqish kerak edi va bir nechta ijarachilar ko'rib chiqilayotgan edi.[391] 1937 yil boshida markaz menejerlari Gollandiya hukumatiga fitnaning sharqiy qismida 16 qavatli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan "Holland uyi" ni olish uchun murojaat qilishdi.[399][400] Gollandiya hukumati mamlakat ichidagi muammolar, xususan, Gitlerning 1940 yil Gollandiyaga bostirib kirishidan oldin yuz bergan ijtimoiy notinchliklar tufayli bu bitimni imzolamagan.[384][401] Biroq, Rokfeller markazi menejerlari allaqachon muzokara olib borishgan Sharqiy havo liniyalari.[402] Aniq ijarachining yo'qligiga qaramay, 16 qavatli inshootni qazish 10 Rokfeller Plazmasi 1938 yil oktyabrda boshlangan va bino 1939 yil aprelga qadar tugatilgan.[403] Eastern Air Lines kompaniyasining bosh direktori, Eddi Rikbekbeker, 1940 yil iyunigacha ijara shartnomasini imzolamagan. O'sha paytda 10 ta Rokfeller Plazasi "Sharqiy havo liniyalari binosi" deb o'zgartirilgan.[402][404]
Rahbariyatning o'zgarishi
Rokfeller markazining rahbariyati shu vaqtga to'g'ri keldi.[405] 1936 yil noyabrda Jon Todd ikkitasida namoyish etilgan Nyu-Yorker majmuani qurishda uning rolini ta'kidlagan maqolalar.[406] Shu bilan birga, Nelson Rockefeller Center Inc-da o'z mavqeiga ega edi va Toddning deyarli barcha takliflari bilan rozi bo'lmadi.[407] Nelsonning otasi Jon Rokfellerlar oilasining kenja o'g'lidan beri o'z vazifalaridan voz kechgan Dovud G'arbiy 54-uy, 10-uyda joylashgan oilaviy uydan chiqib ketgan edi va Jon endi o'zining shaxsiy hayotiga e'tibor qaratdi.[408] 1937 yil aprelga kelib, Todd taniqli bo'lish qaroridan afsuslandi Nyu-Yorker.[409] 1938 yil mart oyida Nelson Rokfeller markazining prezidenti bo'ldi va u Toddni majmuaning menejeri lavozimidan bo'shatdi va uning o'rniga Xyu Robertsonni tayinladi.[405][410] Nelson va Robertson qochishni xohlashdi ishchilarning ish tashlashlari, bu esa qurilishni tugatishni kechiktiradi. Nelson, Robertson va ishchilar kasaba uyushmalari kasaba uyushmalari ish tashlashi mumkin bo'lmagan shartnomaga rozi bo'lishdi, Robertson qilmasdi qulflang kasaba uyushma ishchilari va ikkalasi ham rozi bo'lishadi hakamlik sudi agar mehnat nizosi kelib chiqsa.[411] Rokfeller markazi 1958 yilga qadar saylangan paytgacha Nelsonning asosiy faoliyatidan biri bo'lgan Nyu-York gubernatori.[412]
Jamiyat bilan aloqalar bo'yicha mutasaddilar ijaraga olingan bo'lib, bog 'va plazma kabi majmuaning turli qismlarini reklama qilishgan.[413] Rokfeller markazining sharq tomonida tomosha qilish uchun platforma o'rnatildi va jamoat qurilishni tomosha qilishi uchun "Sidewalk Supintendents 'Club" tashkil etildi.[408][g] klub a'zolariga kartochkalar berilishi bilan.[414][415]
Oxirgi bino
Oltinchi avenyu ko'tarilgan salbiy ta'sir tufayli janubiy uchastkaning g'arbiy yarmi hali rivojlanmagan edi.[416][417] (Yuqori chiziq 1938 yil dekabr oyining boshida yopilgan edi, uning o'rniga IND Sixth Avenue metrosi almashtirildi,[418] va keyingi yil vayron qilingan.[419]) Oxir oqibat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining kauchuk kompaniyasi qarorgohidan ko'chib o'tishga ishonch hosil qildi Kolumb doirasi Rokfeller markazida joylashgan Amerika qit'asining 1230-chi avenyuigacha. Kompaniya yangi binoda 35000 kvadrat metrga (3300 m) kamayib, o'n bitta qavatni ijaraga oldi2) ijaraga olgan 12 ta hikoyadan 1790 Broadway.[420] AQSh kauchuk kompaniyasining binosi RKO binosining ko'zgusi sifatida rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo bu mumkin emas edi, chunki nosimmetrik tuzilish markaz teatri ustida qimmatbaho konsol qurishga olib kelgan bo'lar edi.[405] AQShning kauchuk kompaniyasining qurilish maydonchasini qazish 1939 yil may oyida boshlangan.[421]
Kompleks 1939 yil oktyabr oyining oxiriga qadar tugallangan deb hisoblanadi.[422] Kichik Jon Rokfeller 1939 yil 1-noyabrda binoning tantanali so'nggi perchini o'rnatdi, bu asl Rokfeller markazi majmuasi qurib bitkazildi.[66][423][424] Oxirgi perchin o'rnatilishi Rokfellerning tantanali nutqi va voqea haqidagi ko'plab yangiliklar bilan birga bo'ldi.[425] 10 Rokfeller Plazasi, 1940 yil oktyabrda bag'ishlanishigacha rasmiy ravishda tugallanmagan edi.[402][426] Gollandiya hukumati dastlab 10 ta Rokfeller Plazasini egallash to'g'risida shartnoma imzolashdan bosh tortgan bo'lsa-da, u ochilgandan so'ng surgundagi idoralarini binoga ko'chirdi.[384]
Keyinchalik qurilish
Dastlabki kompleks qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, Rokfeller Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi deyarli barcha fuqarolik qurilish loyihalarini to'xtatgan bo'lsa ham, kengaytirish yo'llarini izlay boshladi.[427] 1943 yilda majmua menejerlari majmua yaqinidagi uchta ko'chaning burchaklaridan yer va binolarni sotib oldilar.[428] Rokfeller Markazi 1944 yilda janubi-g'arbiy va shimolga kengaytirish rejalarini e'lon qildi. O'sha paytda majmuaning mavjud ijaraga olinadigan maydoni 5,29 million kvadrat futni (491 000 m) tashkil etdi.2), 99,7% maydon ijaraga berilishi bilan.[429]
1940 va 1950 yillar
Esso kengaytirishni istagan ijarachilardan biri edi va agar Rokfeller markazining menejerlari ular uchun bino qurmasa, kompaniya o'zining ofis minorasini qurishini bildirdi.[430] 1944 yilda kichik Jon Rokfeller Rokfeller Plazaning shimoliy qismida joylashgan Rokfeller nazoratidagi quruqlikda bino qurish haqidagi Esso taklifini rasman ma'qulladi. Dastlab, mulk menejerlari ushbu mulkda 16 qavatli, 2 million dollarlik inshoot qurmoqchi edilar, ammo asl kompleksning yagona qolgan me'mori Xyu Robertson, foyda keltirishi uchun minora 36 qavat balandlikda bo'lishi kerakligini aytdi.[431] 1947 yil fevral oyida, qurilayotgan qurilish Esso Building, mavjud mulkning shimoliy qismida, bino egalik huquqi Haswin Corporation-dan Rockefeller Center, Inc-ga o'tkazilgandan so'ng, Rokfeller markazining bir qismiga aylandi.[432] Keyingi oyda 33 qavatli Esso binosi to'ldirilgan.[433]
1949 yilda, torayib borayotgan jamoat oldida, Aziz Nikolay cherkovi cherkov binosini ijaraga oldi Massachusets Mutual Hayot sug'urtasi kompaniyasi, keyin u taklif qilingan 28 qavatli bino uchun Rokfeller markazidan uchta qo'shni uchastkani ijaraga oldi. Yangi binoning Beshinchi avenyu jabhasi 11-qavatda to'siq bo'ladi va 49-ko'chadagi o'rta blokli fasad Rokfeller markazi menejerlari bilan kelishuvga binoan ko'chaning narigi qismida joylashgan Ma Maison Francaise-dan ko'rinishni to'sib qo'ymaydi.[434][435] Cherkov Beshinchi avenyu va 48-ko'chadagi uchastkasidan chiqib ketdi va keyinchalik eski cherkov binosi buzib tashlandi.[436] Qurilish 1950 yilda 600 Beshinchi avenyuda boshlangan va minora 1952 yilga qadar qurib bitkazilgan.[434][435] Bino sakkizta qavatni ijaraga olgan Sinkler Oil kompaniyasi nomi bilan atalgan.[437] Garchi 600 Beshinchi avenyu Rokfeller Markazi Inc tomonidan ishlab chiqilmagan bo'lsa-da, ushbu kompaniyaga Massachusets Mutual bilan tuzilgan shartnoma asosida binoning umumiy Art Deco dizaynini belgilashga ruxsat berildi. Buning evaziga Massachusets Mutual binosi Rokfeller markazining yer osti konkursiga kirishni o'z ichiga olganligini va Uilyam Kromvelning qolgan uchastkalari uchun ijara shartnomalari Rokfeller markaziga o'tkazilishini belgilab qo'ydi.[438]
Kichik markaz teatri Radio City Music Hall uchun keraksiz deb topilgan va so'nggi yillarda NBC va RCA radioeshittirish maydoni sifatida ishlatilgan.[439][440] 1953 yilda NBC va RCA Sinkler hozirgina bo'shatib bergan 30 ta Rokfeller markazidagi ofis maydonlarini kengaytirdilar.[435] Radioeshittirish studiyasidan voz kechilgandan so'ng, AQShning kauchuk kompaniyasi o'zining ofis binosini foydalanilmagan teatr egallagan maydonga kengaytirishni xohlaganligini ko'rsatdi.[435][441] 1953 yil oktyabrda teatr buzilishi e'lon qilindi.[442] Yiqitish jarayonida AQShning rezina binosi vaqtincha ish ga tushirildi tikanlar, buzilish jarayonida sobiq teatr ustidagi idoralar hanuzgacha ishg'ol qilingan.[443] Sobiq teatrning izi qolmadi, chunki Amerika qit'asining 1230 avenyusi asl bino bilan bir xil maydonni egallaydi.[441]
Time-Life shuningdek kengayishni xohladi, chunki uning 1-Rokfeller Plazmasidagi maydoni 1953 yilga kelib etishmay qoldi.[444] O'sha yilning avgust oyida Rokfeller Markazi MChJ Oltinchi avenyuning g'arbiy qismida 50 va 51-ko'chalar o'rtasida er uchastkasini sotib oldi.[445] Rokfeller markazining menejerlari dastlab qo'shimcha NBC studiyasini yoki a Ford transport vositasi ko'rgazma xonasi saytda. Biroq, ular Time Inc kompaniyasining kengayish ehtiyojlarini ko'rganlaridan keyin fikrlaridan qaytishdi: kompaniya o'z bosh qarorgohini bitta binoda joylashtirmoqchi edi. 1954 yilga kelib, ular 1-Rokfeller Plazasidagi mavjud maydonlaridan kattaroq bo'lganligi sababli, kompaniya boshqa joyga ko'chib o'tishi kerak edi. Kompleks menejerlari Time Inc kompaniyasining ijarasidan mahrum bo'lishni xohlamaydilar Xarrison va Abramovits, Uolles Xarrison va Maks Abramovits, yangi sotib olingan uchastkada NBC va Time-ni joylashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan bino uchun rejalar tuzish.[444] Keyinchalik NBC bosh direktori Devid Sarnoffning noroziligi sababli shartnomani bekor qildi.[387]
1956 yilda, Markaz teatri buzilgandan ikki yil o'tgach, rasmiylar yangi minora qurilishi haqida e'lon qilishdi Vaqt hayotini qurish, Oltinchi avenyuning g'arbiy tomonida, 50 va 51 ko'chalar o'rtasida. 500 fut (150 m), 7 million dollarlik bino (2019 yilda 98,9 dollar)[14]) mavjud o'tish tizimiga va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uning g'arbidagi Roksi teatriga ulanishlarni o'z ichiga oladi.[446] Minora 48 qavatli plita sifatida ko'tarilib, sharqida plazasi va g'arbiy va shimoliy tomonlarida sakkiz qavatli ilova mavjud edi.[387] Rokfeller markazining sho'ba korxonalaridan biri Westprop Inc. havo huquqlari yangi minora 1916 yildagi rayonlashtirish qaroriga mos kelishi uchun qo'shni Roxy teatriga.[447] Time Inc va Rokfeller markazi a Qo'shma korxona, Rock-Time Inc., bu minoraning ijara daromadlarini ular o'rtasida bo'lishadigan.[387] 1958 yil aprel oyida Time-Life Building temir po'lat quyish inshooti boshlandi,[448] va tuzilish o'sha yilning noyabr oyida eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi.[449] Binoning tamal toshi 1959 yil iyun oyida bino qurilishi tugagandan so'ng qo'yilgan edi.[450] va birinchi ijarachilar 1959 yil dekabrda minoraga ko'chishni boshladilar.[388]
Shu vaqt ichida rejalar Rokfeller markazining shimol tomon kengayishini talab qildi. Rokfeller markazi, Uris Buildings Corporation va Veb va Knapp 75-Rokfeller markazining g'arbiy qismida mehmonxona qurish uchun yana bir qo'shma korxona, Rok-Uris Corp tashkil etdi. Biroq, Uebb va Knapp pul tanqisligiga duch kelishdi va qo'shma korxona bu erdan eng foydali foydalanish mehmonxona emasligini aniqladi. Buning o'rniga qo'shma korxona 43 metrli shisha-beton ofis binosini qurishga qaror qildi va kompleksning er osti trassasiga ulangan.[451] 1961 yilda binoga nom berilgan Sperry korporatsiyasi, kelajakdagi binoda sakkiz qavatni ijaraga olgan.[452] Rejalashtirilgan mehmonxona Oltinchi prospektning g'arbiy tomonida, 53-ko'chalar orasidagi shimoldan ikki blok narida joylashgan boshqa joyga ko'chirildi.[451] Bu bo'ldi Nyu-York Xilton Rokfeller markazida 1963 yilda ochilgan.[453] Mehmonxonaning nomi chalkash edi, chunki u majmuadan tashqarida joylashgan va er osti savdo markaziga ulanmagan. Savdo markazi baribir uzaytirilmadi, chunki 53-chi ko'chadagi metro yo'lda edi.[451] Oltinchi avenyuning g'arbiy qismida, Xilton va yangi Time-Life Building o'rtasida Rokfeller markazini yanada kengaytirish mumkin emas edi, chunki Teng hayotni ta'minlash jamiyati ikki mulk o'rtasida minora qurgan edi.[451]
1960 va 1970 yillar
1963 yilda Esso rasmiylari Gustav Eyssellga murojaat qilishdi,[454] 1948 yilda Xyu Robertson iste'foga chiqqandan beri Rokfeller Markazi Inc prezidenti bo'lgan.[455] Esso, Eyssell kompaniyasiga Rokfeller markazida egallab turgan joydan oshib ketgan boshqa bino uchun ruxsat berishni taklif qildi. Eyssell ushbu taklifni jiddiy ko'rib chiqdi, chunki majmua Esso ijarasini yo'qotishni istamadi va kompleksning mavjud ijarachilari 2 million kvadrat fut (190 000 m) so'radilar.2) qo'shimcha joy.[454] Rokfeller markazi menejerlari Oltinchi avenyuning g'arbiy qismida uchta yangi minorani loyihalashtirish uchun Xarrison va Abramovitsni qayta ishga yolladilar, 47 va 50 ko'chalar orasidagi bloklarning har birida bitta minoradan iborat edi. Menejerlar taklif qilingan uchta bino uchun erni xususiy ravishda sotib olishdi. Bir vaqtning o'zida ular katta potentsial ijarachilar bilan maslahatlashdilar va oxir-oqibat Esso bilan shartnoma imzolashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, McGraw-Hill va Celanese binolar uchun asosiy ijarachilar sifatida. Rejaga ko'ra, Esso (keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi) Exxon ) eng shimoliy minoraga ko'chib o'tishi kerak edi 1251 Amerikaning xiyoboni, McGraw-Hill markaziy minorani egallab turganda 1221 va Celanese eng janubiy minoraga ega bo'lar edi 1211.[456] Ularni "XYZ binolari" deb atashgan, chunki uchta minoralar bir-biriga o'xshash bo'lganligi sababli ularning joylashuvi bir-birining o'rnini bosishi mumkin edi.[457]
Xarrison va Abramovitsning rejalariga bir nechta dizayn elementlari ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[456] Eng muhimi, firma Rokfeller markazining har bir yangi binolari oldiga ularning so'nggi dizaynidan kelib chiqib, plazalarni qo'shishni xohladi. Linkoln nomidagi sahna san'ati markazi ustida Yuqori G'arbiy tomon markaziy maydon atrofida bir nechta binolarni o'z ichiga olgan.[458][h] Rokfeller markazining yangi binolari old plazalari asl majmuadagi pastki plazaga o'xshash katta yig'ilish joylari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Dastlabki Rokfeller markazida Oltinchi avenyu bo'ylab plazalar mavjud emas edi, chunki ko'tarilgan chiziq bu bo'shliqlarni soya qilar edi, ammo endi ko'tarilgan Oltinchi avenyu buzilgandan so'ng, yangi binolarning plazalari majmuaning Oltinchi avenyu tomoniga ochiq joy qo'shadi. Bonus sifatida plazalar xiyobonning sharqiy qismida joylashgan binolarning vizual effektlarini bekor qildi, ular to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mulk chizig'idan ko'tarilib, jarlikka o'xshash effekt yaratdi.[460] Va nihoyat, 1961 yildagi 1916 yilgi rayonlashtirish to'g'risidagi qarorning qayta ko'rib chiqilishiga binoan, jamoat plazalarining kiritilishi minoralar quruvchilariga har bir binoga ko'proq ofis maydonlarini kiritish imkoniyatini beradi.[461]
Kichik Jon D. Rokfellerning estetik istaklarini qondirishi kerak bo'lgan eski majmuadan farqli o'laroq, yangi minoralar haddan tashqari chiroyli bo'lishi shart emas edi: Rokfeller markazining hozirgi rahbarlari binolarning funktsional imkoniyatlari bilan ko'proq shug'ullanishgan.[462] Biroq, yangi minoralarning taklif etilayotgan dizayni Xarrison va Nelson Rokfeller o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni keskinlashtirdi. Bu ommaviy axborot vositalarining taklif qilingan ekspansiyani qattiq tanqid qilishidan kelib chiqdi, uni bir tanqidchi "iqtisodiy odamlarning dahshatli Stonehenjasi" deb ta'rifladi.[463]
Qurilish boshlanishida bir nechta to'siqlar mavjud edi. Ularning ichida eng muhimi, yangi binolarning taklif qilinadigan maydon maydoni 1961 yil qaroriga binoan ruxsat etilgan miqdordan kattaroq bo'lganligi edi. Urban Design Group, ning bo'limi Nyu-York shahar rejalashtirish bo'limi, minoralarga chakana savdo maydonchasi bilan yopiq yo'lakchani, shuningdek binolardan birida kinoteatrni qo'shishni taklif qildi.[464][465] McGraw-Hill binosi podvalni o'z ichiga olishi kerak edi planetariy Selanese binosi teatrni o'z ichiga olishi kerak bo'lganida, sho'ba korxonasi tomonidan boshqariladigan er sathidan baland gumbaz bilan.[465] Ushbu diqqatga sazovor joylarning birortasi ham bunyod etilmadi: Planetarium makrini Makgrav-Xill o'zining planetariy sho'ba korxonasini sotgandan keyin kichik teatr egallab oldi, teatr rejasi esa mablag 'etishmasligi va hudud teatr sanoatining pasayishi tufayli bekor qilindi. Ushbu byurokratik talablar tufayli qurilishni boshlash bir necha yilga kechiktirildi.[466] Rokfeller Center Inc Celanese Building-dan g'arbiy yopiq yo'lakni, shuningdek Exxon va McGraw-Hill binolaridan g'arbiy ikkita parkni qurishga va'da berganidan keyin shahar nihoyat loyihani ma'qulladi.[467]
Yangi binolarning rejalari 1967-1970 yillar oralig'ida jadvali bo'yicha e'lon qilindi. Exxon Building 1967 yil avgustida e'lon qilindi,[468] undan keyin 1967 yil noyabr oyida McGraw-Hill binosi[469] va 1970 yilda Celanese Building.[470] Oltinchi avenyu g'arbiy qismida rejalashtirilgan Celanese Building saytida yashovchi G'arbiy 48-ko'chada yashovchi 132-uyda yashovchi Uilyam A. Ruben uyidan ko'chib o'tishni rad etganda asoratlar paydo bo'ldi. U nihoyat 1968 yil iyul oyida 22000 AQSh dollaridan ziyod tovon puli olganida (2019 yilda 161,700 dollarga teng) ko'chib o'tishga rozi bo'ldi.[471] Qurilish jarayoniga ish tashlashlar yanada to'sqinlik qildi.[466] 1969 yil o'rtalarida Exxon va McGraw-Hill Buildings ishchilari ish tashlashdi.[472] Uch yil o'tgach, 1972 yil iyul oyida shahar bo'ylab bir nechta loyihalarda, shu jumladan Celanese Building-da qurilish ishchilari bir oydan ko'proq ish tashlashdi.[473]
Uchta minoraning eng shimoliy qismi bo'lgan Exxon Building birinchi bo'lib 1971 yilda qurib bitkazildi.[457] 54 qavatli minora 2,101,115 kvadrat metrni (195,200 m) tashkil qilgan2) ofis maydoni.[474] Buning ortidan 1973 yilda markaziy minora bo'lgan McGraw-Hill binosi paydo bo'ldi.[457] Ushbu 51 qavatli bino 2 199 982 kvadrat metr (204 385 m) edi2) ofis maydoni.[475] Eng janubiy minora bo'lgan Celanese Building 1974 yilda ochilgan so'nggi bino bo'ldi.[457] 45 qavatli bino 1 854 912 kvadrat metr (172 327 m) bo'lgan2) ofis maydoni.[476] Yakuniy bino qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, markaz 22 gektar (8,9 ga) erga tarqaldi va taxminan 17 million kvadrat metrni (1,6 million m) egalladi.2) 19 bino bo'ylab ofis maydoni.[477]
Adabiyotlar
Izohlar
- ^ 1916 yilgi rayonlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan, ko'chaga qaragan har qanday minoraning devori faqat ma'lum bir balandlikka ko'tarilishi mumkin, bu ko'chaning kengligi bilan mutanosib bo'lib, u holda binoni ma'lum nisbat bilan orqaga qaytarish kerak edi. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizliklar tizimi minora qavat sathiga etib borguncha davom etaverar edi, unda bu qavat maydonchasi er sathidan 25% tashkil etadi. Shundan so'ng, 25% eshikka erishilgandan so'ng, bino cheklovsiz ko'tarilishi mumkin edi.[123] Ushbu qonun bekor qilingan 1961 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori.[124]
- ^ Taniqli ko'chmas mulk oilasidan yagona omon qolgan Ella Vendel 1935 yilda vafotigacha 51-ko'chadagi qator uyidan voz kechmadi.[259][260] Qo'shimcha ravishda, 20th Century Fox asoschisi va kino prodyuseri Uilyam Foks 1931 yil oxirigacha 48-ko'chadagi oltita qatorli uylarini sotishdan bosh tortdi Markaz teatri uning mol-mulki atrofida deyarli to'liq edi.[261] Foxning binolari 1930-yillarning oxiriga qadar, ko'pgina majmualar qurib bo'lingandan keyin saqlanib qoladi.[262]
- ^ Do'konlar Jon F. Maksvell evaziga 1 million dollar olgan taqdirdagina o'z ko'chmas mulkini 50-ko'chada sotar edi. Noto'g'ri aloqa tufayli Geydt Rokfellerga Maksvell hech qachon sotmasligini aytdi, Maksvellning o'zi esa unga hech qachon Rokfellerlar murojaat qilmaganligini aytdi; Binobarin, Maksvell o'z mulkini saqlab qoldi va Rokfeller markazi 1970 yilgacha Maksvell ijarasini sotib olmadi.[263][264] Maksvellning talabi Dianel Xarli va Patrik Deyli, 49-ko'chada joylashgan, 250 million dollarga sotiladigan spiker egalari bilan taqqoslaganda ancha past bo'ldi. Rokfeller to'lashdan bosh tortdi, chunki bu butun traktning narxi edi. Ular 1975 yilgacha o'z mulklarini ijaraga berish bilan yakun topdilar.[264][265]
- ^ 1936 yilda Kromvel 12 West 49th-da o'n yillik ijara haqini oldindan to'lab, qo'shni qator uy uchun to'lanmagan ijara haqini muvozanatlashtirdi va 14 West 19-dan mahrum bo'lishga rozi bo'ldi.[267]
- ^ Kerol Xerselle Krinskiy ommaviy foydalanish qiyin bo'lar edi, deb yozadi taniqli domen xususiy ko'cha uchun jarayonlar.[340] Bundan tashqari, 21 klub taklif qilingan kengaytma yo'li bo'ylab 52-ko'chada joylashgan o'z mulkidan ko'chib o'tishni rad etdi.[340][341] Va nihoyat, kengayish hududni turar joydan tijorat maqsadlarida foydalanishni o'zgartirishni talab qilishi kerak edi, bu qiyin jarayon edi.[340]
- ^ Keyinchalik "Time-Life Building" apellyatsiyasi tegishli bo'ladi 1271 Amerika qit'asi xiyoboni, shuningdek, Rokfeller markazida joylashgan,[387] 1959 yilda ochilgan.[388] Keyinchalik, asl Time & Life Building nomi ma'lum bo'ldi 1 Rokfeller Plazmasi.[387]
- ^ Manbalar klubni kim asos solgani borasida kelishmovchiliklar mavjud. Daniel Okrent bu fikr uchun Krouellga kredit berdi.[408] Biroq, Daniel Shneyder The New York Times Rokfeller markazining o'sha paytdagi press-reliziga ko'ra, kichik Rokfeller bir kuni qurilishni tomosha qilayotganida, qo'riqchi unga "yurishni" buyurgan va shu bilan unga klub yaratishga ilhom bergan.[414]
- ^ Linkoln markazi tasodifan yangisi joylashgan joy edi Metropolitan Opera teatri. Yangi Metning dastlabki rejasi Rokfeller markazining rivojlanishini rag'batlantirishga yordam berdi.[459]
Iqtiboslar
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- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, 88-89 betlar.
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- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 338.
- ^ Alpern va Durst 1996 yil, p. 38.
- ^ a b v Okrent 2003 yil, 93-94 betlar, xarita p. 92.
- ^ a b Alpern va Durst 1996 yil, 38, 40-betlar.
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- ^ "Goelet Building" (PDF). Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi. 1992 yil 14-yanvar. P. 2018-04-02 121 2. Olingan 2 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ "Cherkov Rokfellerga saytni sotmaydi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "'Radio City "qazish ishlari ertaga boshlanadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1931 yil 26-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 187.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 193.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 194-195 betlar.
- ^ "Radio Cityda 7,000,000 dollarlik qurilish boshlandi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1931 yil 12-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 192.
- ^ "Radio City Towers ohaktosh bo'ladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1931 yil 24-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Radio City uchun eng katta po'lat buyurtma berildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1931 yil 19 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 197.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 198.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 198-199 betlar.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 251-252 betlar.
- ^ "70 qavatli Rokfeller bo'linmasida birinchi po'lat ustun qurilgan". The New York Times. 1932 yil 8 mart. P. 43. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 275-276-betlar.
- ^ "Britaniyalik tosh tosh Rokfeller shahrida" (PDF). The New York Times. 1932 yil 3-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Nobleman Radio City-da burchak toshini qo'ydi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1932 yil 3-iyul. P. 6. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazida 5000 kishi ishlaydi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1932 yil 16 sentyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Nelson Rokfeller ertaga osmono'par binolar ishchilariga murojaat qiladi" (PDF). Tarrytown Daily News. 1932 yil 19 sentyabr. P. 16. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ "Britaniya bo'limi Rokfeller markazida boshlandi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1932 yil 19 oktyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Vernon tog'i Nyu-Yorkdagi Radio City Music Hall ochilishida shon-sharaf bilan o'rtoqlashdi" (PDF). Kundalik Argus. Vernon tog'i, Nyu-York. 1932 yil 28-dekabr. P. 16. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ "Musiqa zali dizayndagi yangi davrni belgilaydi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1932 yil 28-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 239.
- ^ "Rokfeller bo'linmasidagi fasad" tashqariga chiqdi " (PDF). The New York Times. 1932 yil 11-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Balfur 1978 yil, p. 94.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 244.
- ^ a b Adams 1985 yil, 51-52 betlar.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 78.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 241-243 betlar.
- ^ a b Balfur 1978 yil, p. 95.
- ^ "Qadimgi Roksi o'z nomini saqlab qoladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 16-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Roksi sahna xarajatlari ketidan ketmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 9-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 79-80-betlar.
- ^ "Herriot yangi do'stlikni kutib oladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 30-aprel. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 93.
- ^ "Bu hafta ikkita osmono'par bino ochiladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 30-aprel. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, p. 185.
- ^ "R.C.A. rasadxonasi jamoatchilikka ochildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 19-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 254.
- ^ "Radio City boshlang'ich xoshak bog'lari'" (PDF). Nyu-York Evening Post. 16 sentyabr 1933. p. 6. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 107.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazi 70 metrlik daraxtga ega bo'ldi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 19-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 188.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller markazi tirbandlikka yordam beradi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 16-sentyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b "'Rokfeller Plazaning shahar katalogiga qo'shildi " (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 16-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 269.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 270–271-betlar.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 272.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazi ishchilar sonini 34 500 kishini tashkil etishni rejalashtirgan" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 23-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 252-253 betlar.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 80.
- ^ "Neft instituti harakatga keladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 26-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 261–262 betlar.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 90.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 257.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 262-263 betlar.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 259.
- ^ "Xayriya tashkilotlar RCA qurilish maydonini ijaraga olishadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 27 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 264.
- ^ "Rokfeller guruhi 1000000 dollarga sudga berildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 11-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 2 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 267.
- ^ a b v Krinskiy 1978 yil, 82-83-betlar.
- ^ "Ikki metro vagonlari yarim tunda ochildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1933 yil 18-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2015.
- ^ "Yangi Queens metrosi xizmati bugun tunda ishga tushiriladi; Manhettendan Jekson balandligigacha tunnel ochiladi; oxir-oqibat xizmat Yamaykaga uzatiladi" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. 1933 yil 18-avgust. P. 20. Olingan 27 iyul, 2016 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 84.
- ^ "Metropoliten uchun 95 000 000 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi kredit". The New York Times. 1933 yil 29-iyun. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 8 aprel, 2018.
- ^ "Hokim metroning oltinchi avtoulovida ish boshlaydi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 22 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 8 aprel, 2018.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, 84-85-betlar.
- ^ "Rokfeller kliring mulki" (PDF). Nyu-York Quyoshi. 1935 yil 14-noyabr. P. 43. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ a b v d Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 85.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 381.
- ^ a b v Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 88.
- ^ "Ijarachilar 5-Av. Markazga borishadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 27-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 209.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 327.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller birliklari 8 000 000 dollarga tushadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 9-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v d Balfur 1978 yil, p. 48.
- ^ a b International Building Landmark Belgilanishi 1985 yil, p. 9.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 279.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 282.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, p. 205.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 283-284-betlar.
- ^ "Ruslar Rokfeller bo'linmasini qidirmoqdalar" (PDF). The New York Times. 1934 yil 27-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b "Markazdagi 463 ta ijara shartnomasi" (PDF). Nyu-York Quyoshi. 1 iyun 1935. p. 43. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ a b Adams 1985 yil, p. 129.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 151.
- ^ a b Vaysman 1959 yil, p. 59.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 285.
- ^ "Yangi osmono'par rekord" (PDF). The New York Times. 1935 yil 26-iyun. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, p. 49.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, 87-88 betlar.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, p. 42.
- ^ "RCA bog'lari tomonidan bekor qilingan Bobil" (PDF). Nyu-York Post. 16 aprel 1935. p. 7. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 91.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 355.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 356.
- ^ "2 ta shahar shahar teatrlari tom bog 'qurish uchun" (PDF). The New York Times. 1937 yil 30-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller Siti tunnellarni tugatdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1935 yil 4-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v Okrent 2003 yil, p. 357.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 353.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 85-86 betlar.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 86-87 betlar.
- ^ "Modern Art Group yangi uyga ega bo'ladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1936 yil 1 oktyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 87.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 77.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 92-93 betlar.
- ^ a b v d Okrent 2003 yil, p. 358.
- ^ a b v d e f Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 93.
- ^ a b WGBH Amerika tajribasi. Rokfellerlar. Amerika tajribasi. Jamoat eshittirish xizmati. Olingan 19 dekabr, 2016.
- ^ "Rokfeller Plazasida konki uchun suv havzasi ochiladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1936 yil 10-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Okrent 2003 yil, p. 360.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 169.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller yangi ish o'rinlari bilan ta'minlash markazini birdaniga tugatadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 19-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v Adams 1985 yil, p. 219.
- ^ "Tezlik bilan belgilanadigan biznes" (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 2-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Rokfeller blokida po'lat ishi tugadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1936 yil 28-noyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v d e Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 112.
- ^ a b "Vaqt ijarachilari ko'chib o'tishni boshlaydilar". The New York Times. 1959 yil 22-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller bo'limi ochilishga tayyor" (PDF). The New York Times. 1937 yil 31 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 27-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 94.
- ^ a b "Rokfeller markazi opera rejalaridan voz kechdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1937 yil 11-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Balfur 1978 yil, p. 54.
- ^ "Rokfeller Siti bo'sh joyni A.P.ga ijaraga beradi." (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 25-yanvar. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Po'lat bilan ishlov berish tugadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 17-iyun. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Associated Press yangi uyni egallab oldi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 19-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Adams 1985 yil, p. 210.
- ^ "Kino uyi bugun ochiladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1938 yil 2-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 95.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 96.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 398.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 408.
- ^ a b v Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 97.
- ^ "Yangi Rokfeller bo'linmasi chiqarildi'" (PDF). The New York Times. 1939 yil 7 aprel. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Havo liniyalari yangi ofis maydonini egallamoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1940 yil 13-iyun. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v Balfur 1978 yil, p. 56.
- ^ Yuborilgan Balfur 1978 yil, p. 56 va Okrent 2003 yil, 382-38 betlar. Maqolalarning o'zi uchun qarang:
- "Prometey ortidagi odam - men". Nyu-Yorker. 1936 yil 7-noyabr. Olingan 5 dekabr, 2017.
- "Prometey ortidagi odam - II". Nyu-Yorker. 1936 yil 14-noyabr. Olingan 5 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 378-379-betlar.
- ^ a b v Okrent 2003 yil, p. 377.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 382.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 384.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 391.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 331.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, 57-58 betlar.
- ^ a b Shnayder, Daniel B. (1997 yil 26 oktyabr). "F.y.i." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ Tauranak 2014 yil, p. 249.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 98.
- ^ Adams 1985 yil, p. 231.
- ^ "Oltinchi avenyu ko'tarilgan gey olomon 60 yillik mavjudotni ko'taradi". The New York Times. 1938 yil 5-dekabr. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2018.
- ^ "Oltinchi avenyu uchastkasi eski ko'tarilgan chiziq va metro qurilishi ortidan yangi o'sish davriga to'g'ri keladi". The New York Times. 1939 yil 8 oktyabr. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2018.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 98-99 betlar.
- ^ "Oltinchi avenyu burchagi maydoni Rokfeller markazidagi so'nggi bo'lim uchun tozalanmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1939 yil 3-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazi qurildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1939 yil 29 oktyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazi uning yaratuvchisi tinchlik uchun da'vogar sifatida yakunlandi". The New York Times. 1939 yil 2-noyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 393.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, 405-406 betlar.
- ^ "Bu erda aviakompaniya binosi bag'ishlangan" (PDF). The New York Times. 1940 yil 16 oktyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, 102-103 betlar.
- ^ "Rokfellerlar 6-chi avenyu binolarini sotib olishadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1943 yil 4-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Rokfeller markazi urushdan keyin yangi binolarni rejalashtirmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1944 yil 4-may. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 103.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 104.
- ^ "Esso Building Rokfeller markazining bir qismidir" (PDF). The New York Times. 1947 yil 5-fevral. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Eski shon-shuhrat" "yangi tuzilmani" boshladi (PDF). The New York Times. 1947 yil 13 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b 600 Beshinchi avenyu belgisi belgisi 1985, p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
- ^ a b v d Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 108.
- ^ "Aziz Nikolay cherkovi ofis binosiga yo'l ochadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1949 yil 1-aprel. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Sinkler qadimgi Nikolay cherkovi yonidagi osmono'par binoga ko'chib o'tmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1950 yil 4-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Okrent 2003 yil, p. 424.
- ^ Balfur 1978 yil, p. 97.
- ^ Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 107.
- ^ a b Balfur 1978 yil, p. 98.
- ^ Kuper, Li E. (1953 yil 22-oktabr). "Markaziy teatr yirtilib ketadi" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Osmono'par bino vayronagarchiliklar ustida turibdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1954 yil 9 oktyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Krinskiy 1978 yil, p. 111.
- ^ "Midtown Block Is Sold" (PDF). The New York Times. August 10, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 27-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Ennis, Thomas W. Jr. (December 14, 1956). "Rockefeller Center To Add Skyscraper" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 16-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, 112–113-betlar.
- ^ "Time-Life Building Gets First Steel" (PDF). The New York Times. April 4, 1958. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ "Time-Life Building Tops Out at 587-Ft. With a Yule Tree" (PDF). The New York Times. 1958 yil 25-noyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ "Cornerstone Set For Skyscraper" (PDF). The New York Times. June 24, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ a b v d Krinsky 1978, p. 114.
- ^ "Building Is Named For Sperry Rand" (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 27-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "New Hilton Hotel Will Open Today" (PDF). The New York Times. June 26, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Krinsky 1978, p. 116.
- ^ Okrent 2003, p. 429.
- ^ a b Krinsky 1978, p. 117.
- ^ a b v d Nash & McGrath 1999, p. 127.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, 117-118 betlar.
- ^ Ericson, Raymond (September 17, 1966). "Rudolf Bing Announces Settlement of the Musicians' Strike From Stage of the Met". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 6 aprel, 2018.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, p. 118.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, 119-120-betlar.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, p. 121 2.
- ^ Okrent 2003, p. 427.
- ^ Huxtable, Ada Louise (May 5, 1968). "In This Corner, New York City" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ a b Krinsky 1978, p. 122.
- ^ a b Krinsky 1978, p. 123.
- ^ Krinsky 1978, p. 125.
- ^ "Rockefeller Center To Add Skyscraper" (PDF). The New York Times. August 30, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "McGraw-Hill Plans a 48-Story Tower" (PDF). The New York Times. November 28, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Fowler, Glenn (September 16, 1970). "Celanese to Build Skyscraper In Rockefeller Center Complex". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Adamant Tenant Gets $22,375 To Vacate His $72 Apartment" (PDF). The New York Times. August 20, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "Builders To Meet Striking Unions" (PDF). The New York Times. 1969 yil 14-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ Stetson, Damon (August 6, 1972). "Building Contractors See No Early End to City's 5‐Week‐Old Construction Strike". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29-noyabr, 2017.
- ^ "1251 Avenue of the Americas". CTBUH Osmono‘par binolar markazi.
- ^ "McGraw-Hill Building". CTBUH Osmono‘par binolar markazi.
- ^ "Celanese Building". CTBUH Osmono‘par binolar markazi.
- ^ Prial, Frank J. (June 17, 1982). "22 Acres Of Real Estate That Generate Millions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 23-noyabr, 2017.
Manbalar
- Adams, Janet (1985). "Rockefeller Center Designation Report" (PDF). Nyu York: Nyu-York shahri; Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2017 yil 7-noyabrda. Olingan 22-noyabr, 2017.
- Alpern, Endryu; Durst, Seymour B. (1996). Nyu-Yorkning Arxitektura Holdouts. Mineola, NY: Dover nashrlari. ISBN 978-0-486-29425-4.
- Balfour, Alan (1978). Rockefeller Center: Architecture as Theater. Nyu-York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 978-0-07003-480-8.
- Blaszczyk, R.L. (2002). Imagining Consumers: Design and Innovation from Wedgwood to Corning. Studies in Industry and Society. Baltimor, tibbiyot fanlari doktori: Jons Xopkins universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8018-6914-3.
- Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi (1939). "Nyu-York shahar qo'llanmasi". Nyu York: Tasodifiy uy. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Scholarly Press tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan, 1976; ko'pincha deb nomlanadi Nyu-York shahriga WPA qo'llanmasi.)
- Fitch, Jeyms Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal va Rokfeller markazi: ularning ahamiyatini tarixiy-muhim baholash. Albany, NY: The Division.
- Glancy, Dorothy J. (January 1, 1992). "Preserving Rockefeller Center". 24 Urb. Qonun 423.
- "International Building" (PDF). New York: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 23, 1985.
- Jekson, Kennet T., tahrir. (2010). Nyu-York shahrining entsiklopediyasi (2-nashr). Nyu-Xeyven: Yel universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
- Kayden, Jerold S.; The Municipal Art Society of New York (2000). Privately Owned Public Space: The New York City Experience. Xoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-47136-257-9.
- Krinsky, Carol H. (1978). Rokfeller markazi. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-19502-404-3.
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- Nash, Eric; McGrath, Norman (1999). Manhattan Skyscrapers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press. p.63. ISBN 978-1-56898-181-9.
- "Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company Building (formerly 600 Fifth Avenue Building)" (PDF). New York: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 23, 1985.
- Okrent, Doniyor (2003). Ajoyib omad: Rokfeller markazi dostoni. London: Penguenlar kitobi. ISBN 978-0-142-00177-6.
- Phillips-Matz, M.J. (1984). The Many Lives of Otto Kahn. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 978-0-91872-836-4.
- "Radio City Music Hall" (PDF). New York: New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. March 28, 1978.
- Roussel, Christine (2006). Rokfeller san'ati markazi. Nyu-York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-39306-082-9.
- "Radio City to Cost $250,000,000". Popular Science Monthly, illustrated by Benjamin Goodwin Seielstad. Bonnier korporatsiyasi. September 1930.
- Smith, Richard Norton (2014). On His Own Terms: A Life of Nelson Rockefeller. Nyu-York: tasodifiy uy. ISBN 978-0-37550-580-5.
- Tauranac, John (2014). Empire State Building: Yo'nalish yaratish. Nyu York: Charlz Skribnerning o'g'illari. ISBN 978-0-684-19678-7.
- Weisman, Winston R. (1959). "The First Landscaped Skyscraper". Arxitektura tarixchilari jamiyati jurnali. 18 (2): 54–59. doi:10.2307/987977. JSTOR 987977.
- "World's Largest Theater in Rockefeller Center Will Seat Six Thousand Persons". Mashhur mexanika. Hearst Magazines: 252. August 1932.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Loth, David G. (1966). The City Within a City: The Romance of Rockefeller Center. W. Morrow. ISBN 978-1-19985-910-5.
- Rockefeller, John D., Jr.; Rockefeller, Nelson A.; Butler, Nicholas Murray; Sarnoff, David; Murray, Thomas A.; LaGuardia, Fiorello H. (1940). The Last Rivet: The Story of Rockefeller Center, a City within a City, as Told at the Ceremony in which John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Drove the Last Rivet of the Last Building, November 1, 1939. Nyu-York: Kolumbiya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-1-25815-535-3.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrik; Mellins, Tomas (1987). Nyu-York 1930: Ikki jahon urushi orasidagi me'morchilik va shaharsozlik. Nyu-York: Ritsoli. pp. 617–671. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
- A more extensive list of sources can be found in Adams 1985, pp. 273–274; Balfour 1978, p. 243; Krinsky 1978, pp. 213–214; va Okrent 2003, pp. 473–480.
Tashqi havolalar
- Lunch Atop A Skyscraper (video). Nyu-York shahri: Vaqt. 1932 – via YouTube.