Katta markaziy terminal - Grand Central Terminal
Katta markaziy terminal  | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l Terminal | |||||||||||||||||||
    Yuqori chapdan soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha: 42-ko'chaning old qismi; poezdlar ostidagi shiypon va yo'llar; Asosiy konkurs; axborotlar kabinasi ustidagi ikonik soat | |||||||||||||||||||
| Manzil | 89 Sharqiy 42-uy (da Park xiyoboni ) Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri | ||||||||||||||||||
| Muallif |
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| Tomonidan boshqariladi |
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| Qator (lar) | Park avenyu tunnel (Hudson Line) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Platformalar | 44: 43 orol platformalari, 1 yon platforma (6 ta trek bilan Ispancha eritma ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Treklar | 67: 56 yo'lovchilar uchun treklar (30 yuqori darajadagi, 26 pastki darajadagi) 43 yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun foydalanilmoqda 11 ta yulka | ||||||||||||||||||
| Aloqalar | Nyu-York shahridagi metropoliten:       poezdlarda Katta Markaziy - 42-chi ko'cha  NYCT avtobusi: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, 32-savol NYCT avtobusi, MTA avtobusi, Akademiya avtobusi: tezkor xizmatlar | ||||||||||||||||||
| Qurilish | |||||||||||||||||||
| Platforma darajalari | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Kirish imkoniyati o'chirilgan | Kirish mumkin[N 1] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Boshqa ma'lumotlar | |||||||||||||||||||
| Veb-sayt | Rasmiy veb-sayt  | ||||||||||||||||||
| Asosiy sanalar | |||||||||||||||||||
| Qurilish | 1903–1913 1913 yil 2-fevralda ochilgan | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yo'lovchilar | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 yil | 66,952,732 Har yili, haftalik hisob-kitoblarga asoslanib[2] (Metro-Shimoliy) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Xizmatlar | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Interaktiv xarita | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Koordinatalar | 40 ° 45′10 ″ N 73 ° 58′38 ″ V / 40.75278 ° 73.97722 ° VKoordinatalar: 40 ° 45′10 ″ N 73 ° 58′38 ″ V / 40.75278 ° 73.97722 ° V | ||||||||||||||||||
| Me'mor | Reed va Stem; Uorren va Vetmor | ||||||||||||||||||
| Me'moriy uslub (lar) | Beaux-Art | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mehmonlar | 21,6 million (2018 yilda)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Belgilangan | 1976 yil 8-dekabr | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yo'q ma'lumotnoma. | 75001206 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Belgilangan | 1975 yil 17-yanvar 1983 yil 11 avgust (o'sish) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yo'q ma'lumotnoma. | 75001206, 83001726 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Belgilangan | 1967 yil 2-avgust 1980 yil 23 sentyabr (ichki makon) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yo'q ma'lumotnoma. | 0266 (asosiy belgilash) 1099 (ichki) | ||||||||||||||||||
Katta markaziy terminal (GCT; deb ham ataladi Grand Central Station[N 2] yoki shunchaki Katta Markaziy) a qatnovchi temir yo'l Terminal joylashgan 42-ko'cha va Park xiyoboni yilda Midtown Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri. Grand Central - janubiy terminusi Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l "s Harlem, Xadson va New Haven chiziqlari, ning shimoliy qismlariga xizmat qiladi Nyu-York metropoliteni. Bundan tashqari, ga ulanish mavjud Nyu-York metrosi da Grand Central - 42-chi stantsiya. Terminal Shimoliy Amerikadagi eng gavjum uchinchi temir yo'l stantsiyasi, keyin Nyu-York Penn Stantsiyasi va Toronto Union Station.
Grand Central Terminalning o'ziga xos arxitekturasi va ichki dizayni stantsiya uyi unga bir nechta muhim belgilar, shu jumladan a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish. Uning Beaux-Art dizayn ko'p narsalarni o'z ichiga oladi san'at asarlari. Grand Central Terminal dunyodagi eng ko'p tashrif buyuriladigan sayyohlik diqqatga sazovor joylaridan biri hisoblanadi.[4] poezd va metro yo'lovchilarini hisobga olmaganda, 2018 yilda 21,6 million tashrif buyuruvchilar bilan.[3] Terminalning asosiy konkursi ko'pincha uchrashuv joyi sifatida ishlatiladi va ayniqsa filmlar va televidenieda namoyish etiladi. Grand Central Terminal-da turli xil do'konlar va oziq-ovqat sotuvchilari, shu jumladan pastki darajadagi oziq-ovqat korti mavjud.
Grand Central Terminal tomonidan qurilgan va nomi berilgan Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'li; u ham xizmat qildi Nyu-York, Nyu-Xeyven va Xartford temir yo'li va keyinchalik, Nyu-York markazining vorislari. 1913 yilda ochilgan terminal xuddi shunday nomlangan ikkita stantsiya o'rnida qurilgan bo'lib, ulardan birinchisi 1871 yilga to'g'ri keladi. Katta markaziy terminal xizmat ko'rsatgan shaharlararo poezdlar 1991 yilgacha, qachon Amtrak boshlangan poezdlarini yaqin Penn Stantsiyasi orqali yo'naltirish. The Sharqiy tomonga kirish olib keladigan loyiha Long Island temir yo'l yo'li xizmat yangi stantsiya terminal ostida, 2022 yil oxirida qurib bitkazilishi kutilmoqda.
Grand Central 48 gektar maydonni (19 ga) egallaydi va 44 ga teng platformalar, dunyodagi boshqa temir yo'l stantsiyalaridan ko'proq. Uning maydonchalari butun er osti platformalarida yuqori sathda 30 ta, pastki qismida 26 ta trekka xizmat qiladi. Hammasi bo'lib 67 ta trek, shu jumladan a temir yo'l hovlisi va pervazlar; shulardan 43 ta yo'l yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishda, qolgan ikki o'ntasi esa poezdlarni saqlash uchun ishlatiladi.[N 3] East Side Access doirasida mavjud stansiya tagida yana ikkita sakkizta trekka va to'rtta platforma barpo etilmoqda.
Ism
Grand Central Terminal tomonidan nomlangan Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'li, saytida stantsiyani va uning avvalgilarini qurgan. U "har doim ko'proq og'zaki va mehr bilan" Grand Central Station "nomi bilan tanilgan", bu uning bevosita oldingisining nomi[5][6][N 2] 1900 yildan 1910 yilgacha ishlagan.[8][9] "Grand Central Station" nomi ham yaqin atrofda joylashgan AQSh pochta idorasi stantsiya Lexington avenyu-450[10] va, so'zma-so'z, bilan Katta Markaziy - 42-chi ko'cha metro yonidagi terminal.[11]
Xizmatlar
Qatnovchi temir yo'l
Grand Central Terminal yiliga 67 million yo'lovchiga xizmat ko'rsatadi, bu boshqa Metro-Shimoliy stantsiyalarga qaraganda ko'proq.[2][12] Ertalab shov-shuv vaqtida terminalga poyezd har 58 soniyada keladi.[13]
Metro-Shimoliy beshta asosiy yo'nalishdan uchtasi Grand Central-da tugaydi:[14]
- Harlem Line ga Vassayk, Nyu-York
- Hudson chizig'i ga Poughkeepsie, Nyu-York (Amtrak aloqasi Albani )
- New Haven Line ga Nyu-Xeyven, Konnektikut (Amtrak aloqasi Xartford, Springfild, Boston; Shore Line East ga Yangi London )
Ushbu liniyalar orqali terminal Metro-Shimoliy yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatmoqda va qaytib keladi Bronks Nyu-York shahrida; Vestchester, Putnam va Dutchess tumanlar Nyu York; va Feyrfild va Nyu-Xeyven tumanlar Konnektikut.[14]
Xizmatlarni ulash
The Nyu-York metrosi qo'shni Grand Central - 42-chi stantsiya quyidagi yo'nalishlarga xizmat qiladi:[11]
- 4, 5, 6va <6> poezdlar (IRT Lexington avenyu liniyasi ), ostida diagonal joylashgan Pershing Square Building /Sharqiy 42-uy 110, 42-ko'cha va Grand Hyatt Nyu-York
- 7 va <7>Poezdlar (IRT yuvish liniyasi ), 42-ko'chaning ostida Park xiyoboni va g'arbda Uchinchi avenyu
- S poezd (42-chi Shuttle), o'rtasida 42-chi ko'chada Medison-avenyu va Vanderbilt xiyoboni
Bular MTA mintaqaviy avtobus operatsiyalari avtobuslar Grand Central yaqinida to'xtaydi:[1][15]
- NYCT avtobusi:
- M1, M2, M3, M4 va 32-savol mahalliy avtobuslar Madison avenyu (shimoliy yo'nalishda) va Beshinchi avenyu (janubga)
- X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM6, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM11, SIM22, SIM25, SIM26, SIM30, SIM31 va SIM33C tezyurar avtobuslar Madison avenyu (shimoliy yo'nalishda)
- X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM25, SIM31 va SIM33C Beshinchi avenyuda (janub tomonda) tezyurar avtobuslar
- M42 42-ko'chada mahalliy avtobus
- M101, M102 va M103 mahalliy avtobuslar Uchinchi avenyu (shimoliy yo'nalishda) va Leksington prospektida (janub tomon)
- X27, X28, X63, X64 va X68 Uchinchi avenyuda (shimol tomonda) tezyurar avtobuslar
- SIM6, SIM11, SIM22 va SIM26 Lexington avenyuidagi tezkor avtobuslar (janub tomon)
- MTA avtobusi:
- BxM3, BxM4, BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10, BxM18, BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4 va BM5 tezyurar avtobuslar Madison avenyu (shimol tomon) va Beshinchi avenyu (janub tomon)
- BxM1 Leksington prospektidagi tezkor avtobus (janub tomon)
- BxM1, QM21, QM31, QM32, QM34, QM35, QM36, QM40, QM42 va QM44 Uchinchi avenyuda (shimol tomonda) tezyurar avtobuslar
- Akademiya avtobusi:
Avvalgi xizmatlar
Terminal va undan oldingi qurilmalar shaharlararo xizmatga mo'ljallangan bo'lib, 1871 yilda birinchi stantsiya binosi qurib bitkazilgandan boshlab Amtrak 1991 yilda terminalda ishlamay qolguniga qadar faoliyat ko'rsatgan. O'tkazmalar orqali yo'lovchilar AQShning barcha asosiy yo'nalishlariga, shu jumladan, Kanadalik, Empire Builder, San-Fransisko Zefir, Southwest Limited, Yarim oy, va Sunset Limited Amtrak ostida. Belgilangan joylar San-Fransisko, Los Anjeles, Vankuver, Yangi Orlean, Chikago va Monreal.[16] Yana bir diqqatga sazovor sobiq poezd Nyu-York Markaziy poyezdi edi 20th Century Limited kompaniyasi, Chikagoda ishlaydigan hashamatli xizmat LaSalle ko'chasi stantsiyasi 1902 va 1967 yillar orasida va o'z davrining eng mashhur poezdlaridan biri bo'lgan.[17][18]
1971 yildan 1991 yilgacha barcha Amtrak poezdlari ichki qismdan foydalangan holda Empire Corridor ga Niagara sharsharasi Grand Central-da bekor qilingan; davlatlararo Shimoli-sharqiy koridor Penn Stantsiyasidan foydalanilgan poezdlar.[19] Grand Central-dagi mashhur Amtrak xizmatlariga quyidagilar kiradi Sohil ko‘li, Empire xizmati, Ethan Allen Express, Adirondack, Niagara kamalagi, zarang yaprog'i va Empire State Express.[20][21][22]
Rejalashtirilgan xizmatlar
Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi olib kelishni rejalashtirmoqda Long Island temir yo'l yo'li shahar poezdlari yangi stantsiya East Side Access loyihasi doirasida Grand Central ostida.[23] Loyiha terminalni temir yo'l bilan bog'laydi Asosiy yo'nalish,[24] LIRRning barcha filiallari va deyarli barcha stantsiyalariga ulanadi.[25] 2018 yildan boshlab[yangilash], xizmat 2022 yil oxirida boshlanishi kutilmoqda.[26][27]
Ichki ishlar
Grand Central Terminal yo'lovchilar uchun ikkita asosiy darajadan iborat bo'lib qurilgan: yuqori qismi shaharlararo poezdlar uchun, pastki qismi esa shahar poezdlari uchun. Nyu-York Markaziy vitse-prezidenti tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ushbu konfiguratsiya Uilyam J. Vilgus, shaharlararo va yo'lovchi tashish uchun ajratilgan shaharlararo yo'lovchilar, stantsiya va u orqali odamlar oqimini tekislashdi. 1991 yilda shaharlararo xizmat tugagandan so'ng,[28] yuqori daraja Bosh konkurs va pastki Ovqatlanish konkursi deb o'zgartirildi.[28][29]
Grand Central interyerining asl rejasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Reed va Stem, ba'zi bir ish bilan Uitni Uorren ning Uorren va Vetmor.[30][31]
Asosiy konkurs
Dastlab Express Concourse nomi bilan tanilgan Asosiy konkurs, Grand Central-ning yuqori platforma darajasida, stantsiya binosining geografik markazida joylashgan. 35000 kvadrat metr (3300 m.)2) konkurs[32] to'g'ridan-to'g'ri terminalning yuqori qismidagi yo'llarning ko'p qismiga olib boradi, garchi ba'zilariga kirish joyi yaqinidagi o'tish joylaridan kirish mumkin.[33] Asosiy konkurs odatda gavjum olomon bilan to'ldiriladi va ko'pincha yig'ilish joyi sifatida ishlatiladi.[34]
Terminalning chiptalarni sotadigan kabinalari Bosh kassada joylashgan, garchi ko'plari chiptalarni sotadigan avtomatlar ishga tushirilgandan buyon yopilgan yoki qayta jihozlangan. Konkursning katta Amerika bayrog'i u erdan bir necha kun o'tgach o'rnatildi 11 sentyabr hujumlari ustida Jahon savdo markazi.[7][34] Asosiy trassa yon tomonlarining aksariyat qismida balkonlar bilan o'ralgan. Sharqiy tomoni an Apple Store, g'arbiy tomonini esa Italiyaning Cipriani Dolci restorani egallaydi (qismi Cipriani S.A. ), Kempbell Palm sudi va Kempbell bar, sobiq moliyachining ish joyi.[33] Sharqiy va g'arbiy balkonlar ostida Grand Central-ning o'tish yo'llari, devorlari bo'ylab do'konlar va chipta sotish mashinalari joylashgan.[35]
Axborot kabinasi va soat
18 tomonli asosiy ma'lumot kabinasi - dastlab "axborot byurosi" - konkurs markazida joylashgan. Uning xizmatchilari poezdlarning harakat jadvallarini va boshqa ma'lumotlarni jamoatchilikka etkazib berishadi;[36] MTA vakili so'zlariga ko'ra, 2015 yilda ular soatiga 1000 dan ortiq savollar berishdi.[37] Marmar va guruch pagoda ichidagi eshik spiral zinapoyani stantsiyaning Dining Concourse-dagi shunga o'xshash stendga yashiradi.[38][39][37]
Stend tepasida Grand Central-ning eng taniqli piktogrammalaridan biri bo'lgan to'rt yuzli guruchli soat o'rnatilgan.[40] Soat tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Genri Edvard Bedford va tashla Vaterberi, Konnektikut.[34] Uning mexanizmi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan O'z-o'zidan o'ralgan soat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya va tomonidan qurilgan Set Tomas soat kompaniyasi, terminalda bir nechta boshqa soatlar bilan birga.[7][41] Har bir 24 dyuymli (61 sm) yuz[38] opal shishadan tayyorlanadi, hozirda ko'pincha opal shisha yoki sutli stakan. 1990-yillarda yoki undan oldinroq bo'lgan xabarlarda paydo bo'lgan shahar afsonasi soat yuzlari aslida yaratilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda opal, qimmatbaho marvarid va taniqli kim oshdi savdosi uylari ularning qiymatini millionlab dollarga baholagan edi. Ushbu afsonani terminalda turistik qo'llanmalar, 2006-2013 yillarda Vikipediyada haqiqat sifatida taqdim etilishi va hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan yirik yangiliklar nashrlari tarqatishdi. Bu tomonidan bekor qilindi O'zlashtirilmagan Nyu-York 2020 yilda.[42]
Soat birinchi marta 1954 yilda, kuniga bir-ikki daqiqa yutqazishi aniqlangandan keyin to'xtatilgan.[43] 1968 yilda militsiya xodimining o'qi to'rtta soat yuzidan biriga zarar etkazgan, u esa uning a'zolarini ta'qib qilgan Yoshlar xalqaro partiyasi terminal ichida norozilik namoyishini o'tkazgan. Yorilgan yuz 1990-yillarda terminalni qayta tiklash paytida olib tashlangan. U nusxa bilan almashtirildi; asl nusxasi endi Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi to'plam.[42]
Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'l tizimining qolgan soatlari bilan bir qatorda u ilgari Grand Central-dagi poezd dispetcherlik idorasida soatni o'rnatgan.[44] 1980-yillar orqali ular Grand Central-dagi ustaxonada asosiy soatni o'rnatdilar.[45] 2004 yildan boshlab ular Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz rasadxonasi "s atom soati, soniyaning milliarddan biriga to'g'ri keladi.[37][46]
Chiqish va eshik taxtalari
Terminalning asosiy uchish taxtasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri chipta oynalarining ikkita to'plami ustiga o'rnatilgan bo'lib, janub tomonda joylashgan. Og'zaki so'zlar bilan "Katta kengash" nomi bilan tanilgan, u keladigan va jo'nab ketadigan poezdlarning yurishi va holatini ko'rsatadi.[47][48]
Terminal tarixida beshta uchish taxtasi ishlatilgan: 1913-1967 yillardagi taxtalar, 1967-1985 yillardagi Solari taxtasi, 1985-1996 yillardagi Omega taxtalari, 1996-2019 yillar. LCD taxta va 2019 to'liq raqamli displey. Terminal ishlagan dastlabki 54 yil davomida poezdlarning kelishi va jo'nab ketishi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar a doska. Qora taxta hanuzgacha Biltmore xonasida qoldiq bo'lib osilgan, ammo 1967 yilda uning vazifasi elektromexanik chiptalar oynalari ustidagi asosiy konkursda ko'rsatish.[49][50] Italiyaning ishlab chiqaruvchisi sharafiga Solari taxtasi deb nomlangan ushbu yangi displey Solari di Udine, qatorlar bo'yicha poezd ma'lumotlarini ko'rsatdi panellarni almashtirish Bu o'zgarishlarni aks ettirish uchun aylanayotganda o'ziga xos chayqaladigan ovozni chiqardi.[47][48] 1985 yilda Solari taxtasi texnologik jihatdan ancha rivojlangan Omega taxtasi bilan almashtirildi, buklama panellari qo'lda kirish o'rniga poezd ma'lumotlarining kompyuter ma'lumotlar bazasi tomonidan boshqarildi.[50] U soatsoz tomonidan qurilgan Omega SA ning Advanced Computer Systems tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Dayton, Ogayo shtati uni o'rnatgan.[51] Ushbu taxta 1996 yil iyul oyida terminalni ta'mirlash paytida olib tashlandi; u bir necha oydan so'ng bilan almashtirildi suyuq kristalli displeylar[50] eski taxtalarning o'xshash ko'rinishini takrorlagan, ammo sharqiy va g'arbiy kassalarni birinchi bo'lib egallagan.[52] 2019 yil mart va sentyabr oylari orasida,[53] dasturiy ta'minot mavjud bo'lmagan LCD plitalari[54] - uylaridan olib tashlandi va o'rniga LED video devor ekranlar.[52][53][55][56] MTA va Nyu-York shtatining tarixiy muhofaza qilish idorasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan LED displeylari yorqinroq, o'qilishi osonroq va ADA -muvofiq; ular ma'lumotni o'qitish uchun real vaqtda yangilanishlarni taklif qiladigan kengashlarning birinchisi.[57] Yangi displeylarga nisbatan shahar tashqarisidagi shikoyatlar, shuningdek, 1967, 1985 va 1996 yillarda uch marta almashtirilganligi haqidagi shikoyatlar yangiliklarda e'lon qilindi.[49][52][58]
• 1913–1967 yillarda poyezdlar darvozasi namoyishi
• 1967–1985 yillarda Solari darvozasi displeyi (idishni tashqarisida)
• 1996–2020 yillardagi LCD displeylar
• 2019 yil - to'liq raqamli displeylar
Shuningdek, platformaning har bir eshigida kelish va ketish displeylari mavjud, jami 93 ga yaqin.[56] Dastlab bular perron kirish joylarida joylashtirilgan poezd ma'lumotlari tushirilgan mato pardalari edi.[51] Belgilar oxir-oqibat panellar bilan almashtirildi, 1987 yilda yana Omega kengashi o'rnatilishi bilan almashtirildi,[51] va yana 2017 yildan 2020 yilgacha almashtirilgan LCD panellari bilan almashtirildi.[53][59]
Foydalanadi
Asosiy konkursning kattaligi uni ideal reklama maydoniga aylantirdi.[60] Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiylarining tasvirlari tushirilgan katta devor, konkursda osilgan,[60] va 1950 yildan 1989 yilgacha Kodak Colorama ko'rgazma taniqli armatura edi.[61][62][63] O'n uch yarim metrli (4,1 m) yoritilgan soat 1960 yildan 1990 yilgacha asosiy kutish xonasiga kiraverishdagi Asosiy konkursda osilgan edi. Ba'zan "Big Ben" deb nomlanadigan soat chimesga ega edi va 1986 yildan keyin yangiliklar va aktsiyalar haqida ma'lumot. Soat kamida beshta kompaniya tomonidan homiylik qilingan; uning birinchi va eng ahamiyatlisi edi Westclox.[64][65] Ushbu reklama va jihozlarning barchasi 1990-yillarda terminalni yangilash vaqtida olib tashlangan; konkursda faqat to'rtta reklama ekrani qoladi, ularning har biri taxminan 7 x 6 fut.[66]
Asosiy konkurs shuningdek, yig'ilish joyi sifatida ishlatilgan. 1960-yillarda terminalning ijarachisi CBS o'rnatilgan CBS News kosmik parvozlarni kuzatish uchun kassalar ustidagi televizion ekran Mercury loyihasi;[67] parvozlarning asosiy voqealarini tomosha qilish uchun minglab odamlar asosiy konkursda to'planishadi.[68][69][70] AQSh prezidentlari kabi siyosatchilar Kalvin Kulidj va Garri S. Truman; prezidentlikka nomzodlar Tomas Devi va Robert F. Kennedi; va gubernator Gerbert Lehman konkurs doirasida ham tadbirlar o'tkazdilar.[71] Asosiy konkurs yodgorliklarni, shu jumladan AQShning Frantsiyadagi elchisini xotirlash tadbirlarini o'tkazish uchun ishlatilgan Miron T. Herrik va sobiq birinchi xonim Jaklin Kennedi Onassis vafotlaridan keyin; bayramlar Martin Lyuter Kingning kuni; va keyin yaratilgan tezkor bo'lmagan yodgorlik 11 sentyabr hujumlari 2001 yilda.[72] Terminalda bir nechta tantanalar bo'lib o'tdi, masalan Nyu-York gigantlari ular g'alaba qozonganlaridan keyin NFL chempionati 1933 yilda;[73] uchun tadbir Bruklin Dodjers 1941 yilda;[73][74] va bir nechta katta partiyalar va Yangi yil bayramlari.[73][75]
Turli xil maxsus eksponatlar va tadbirlar yillar davomida Bosh konkursda ham o'tkazilgan.[76]
O'tish yo'llari
Reed & Stem stantsiyaning ichki qismini loyihalashda aylanma tizimni yaratdi, bu esa poezdlardan tushgan yo'lovchilarga Bosh konkursga kirishga, so'ngra undan chiqib ketadigan turli yo'llardan o'tishga imkon beradi.[77] Ular orasida shimoldan janubga 42-chi ko'chadan o'tish va Shutldan o'tish yo'llari bor, ular janubdan 42-chi ko'chaga o'tadilar; va sharqdan g'arbiy uchta o'tish yo'li - Grand Central Market, Greybar dovoni va Lexington dovoni - bu 43-ko'chada Lexington prospektiga 240 fut sharqda o'tib boradi.[33][78] Terminalning shimolidan bir nechta o'tish joylari, shu jumladan 45-ko'chaga va Madison prospektiga olib boruvchi 45-chi ko'chadan shimoldan janubgacha,[79] va 45-dan 48-gacha bo'lgan har bir ko'chada chiqishga olib boradigan Grand Central North shimolidagi tunnellar tarmog'i.[33]
Sharqdan g'arbiy o'tish yo'llarining har biri boshqa bino orqali o'tadi. Eng shimoliy - Greybar dovoni,[33] ustiga qurilgan birinchi qavat ning Graybar binosi 1926 yilda.[80] Uning devorlari va ettita katta ko'ndalang ravoqlari kulrang kullardan yasalgan traverten va zamin terrazzo. Shift etti kishidan iborat tos suyaklari, ularning har biri bezakli bronza qandilga ega. Dastlabki ikkita kassa, Grand Central-dan chiqib ketayotganda, bo'yalgan bulutli bulutlar, uchinchisida esa a mavjud 1927 yildagi devoriy rasm Amerika transporti tasvirlangan Edvard Trumbull tomonidan.[81][82]
O'rta o'tish yo'lida oziq-ovqat do'konlari klasteri bo'lgan Grand Central Market joylashgan.[33][83] Dastlab sayt 43-chi ko'chaning segmenti bo'lib, u 1913 yilda terminalning birinchi xizmat ko'rsatish punktiga aylandi.[84] 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida kosmosda omonat kassasi qurildi,[85] 1998 yilda bozorga aylantirildi va binoga yangi ohaktoshli fasad o'rnatildi.[86] Balkonda bozor va 43-ko'chaga qaraydigan binoning ikkinchi qavatida restoran joylashishi kerak edi, ammo buning o'rniga uni saqlash uchun foydalanilgan.[78][87]
Uchlikning eng janubi - Leksington dovoni dastlab "Commodore Passage" deb nomlangan Commodore mehmonxonasi, u orqali o'tib.[78] Mehmonxona Grand Hyatt deb o'zgartirilganda, parvoz ham xuddi shu tarzda o'zgartirildi. Ushbu o'tish joy hozirgi nomini 1990-yillarda terminalni ta'mirlash paytida olgan.[86]
Katta Markaziy Shimoliy
■ Shimoli-sharqiy o'tish
■ 45-chi ko'chadan o'tish yo'li
■ 47-chi ko'cha o'tish yo'li
■ Bosh bino va poezd saroyi
Grand Central North - bu odamlarga stantsiya binosi (42 va 44-ko'chalar o'rtasida joylashgan) va 45, 46, 47 va 48-chi ko'chalarda chiqish uchun imkon beradigan to'rtta tunnel tarmog'i.[88] 1000 fut (300 m) shimoli-g'arbiy o'tish va 1200 fut (370 m) shimoliy-sharqiy o'tish yo'llari yuqori sathidagi yo'llarga parallel ravishda, ikkita qisqa yo'llar esa yo'llarga perpendikulyar ravishda o'tadi.[89][90] 47-chi ko'cha kesishmasi yuqori va pastki yo'llar o'rtasida, ko'cha sathidan 30 fut (9,1 m) pastda; u yuqori darajadagi treklarga kirishni ta'minlaydi. 45-chi ko'cha kesishmasi pastki yo'llar ostida, ko'cha sathidan 50 metr (15 m) pastda harakatlanadi. Bagaj va pochta xabarlarini tashish uchun qurilgan yo'lakdan aylantirildi,[90] u pastki darajadagi treklarga kirishni ta'minlaydi.
Tunnellarning har biri mustaqil shisha inshoot bilan o'ralgan ko'cha darajasidagi kirish joylari,[90] Sharqiy 47-ko'chaning shimoliy-sharqiy burchagida o'tir va Medison-avenyu (Shimoli-g'arbiy o'tish yo'li), Sharqiy 48-ko'chaning shimoli-sharqiy burchagi va Park xiyoboni (Shimoliy-sharqiy o'tish), sharqiy va g'arbiy tomonlarda 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building ) 45 va 46-ko'chalar o'rtasida va (2012 yildan beri) 47-ko'chaning janub tomonida Park va Leksington prospektlari o'rtasida.[91] Piyodalar, shuningdek, Madison va Vanderbilt prospektlari orasidagi Sharqiy 47-ko'chaning shimoliy tomonidan 47-ko'chaga o'tish joyiga ko'tarilishlari mumkin.[92]
Ushbu tunnellar bo'yicha takliflar kamida 1970-yillardan beri muhokama qilingan. MTA 1983 yilda dastlabki rejalarni tasdiqladi,[93] 1991 yilda yakuniy tasdiqni berdi,[94] qurishni 1994 yilda boshlagan.[89] North End Access Project deb nomlangan bu ish 1997 yilda 64,5 million dollarga yakunlanishi kerak edi,[94] ammo bu binoning asl loyihalarining to'liq bo'lmaganligi va Sharqiy 45-ko'chaning ostida ilgari kashf qilinmagan er osti suvlari tufayli sekinlashdi.[89] O'tish yo'llari 1999 yil 18 avgustda ochilib, yakuniy qiymati 75 million dollarni tashkil qildi.[89]
Parchalarda an MTA san'ati va dizayni tomonidan mozaikani o'rnatish Ellen Driskoll, rassom Bruklin.[89]
Grand Central North-ga kirish joylari dastlab soat 6:30 dan 21:30 gacha ochiq bo'lgan. Dushanbadan jumagacha va soat 9.00 dan 21.30 gacha. shanba va yakshanba kunlari. Oddiy ish kunida taxminan 30,000 kishi foydalangan, ammo odatdagi dam olish kunlari atigi 6000 kishi.[95] 2006 yil yozidan buyon Grand Central North dam olish kunlari yopiq edi; MTA mutasaddilari kam foydalanish va pulni tejash zarurligini ta'kidladilar.[96]
Asosiy qavatdagi boshqa joylar
Vanderbilt zali
Vanderbilt zali - bu terminalning janubiy qismida, janubda joylashgan Park Avenue kirish yo'li bilan shimolda joylashgan Bosh konkurs o'rtasida voqealar maydoni. Uning g'arbiy qismida oziq-ovqat zali joylashgan.[33] Joyni Beaux-Arts qandillari yoritadi, ularning har biri to'rt qavatda 132 lampadan iborat.[97]
Ilgari bu terminal, ayniqsa shaharlararo sayohatchilar foydalanadigan terminalning asosiy kutish xonasi bo'lgan. Ushbu makonda ikki kishilik eman o'rindiqlari joylashgan bo'lib, ular 700 kishiga mo'ljallangan.[98] 1991 yilda Grand Central-da shaharlararo xizmat to'xtatilgach, xonadan bir necha yuz uysiz odamlar foydalana boshladi. Terminal rahbariyati bunga javoban avval xona skameykalarini echib tashladilar, so'ngra joyni butunlay yopdilar.[N 4] 1998 yilda zal qayta ta'mirlanib, Vanderbilt zali deb nomlangan oila stantsiyani qurgan va egalik qilgan.[78] U har yili Rojdestvo bozori uchun ishlatiladi,[100] shuningdek, maxsus ko'rgazmalar va xususiy tadbirlar uchun.[101]
1999 yildan beri Vanderbilt Hall har yili o'tkazib kelinadi Chempionlar turniri qovoq chempionat.[102] Har bir yanvar oyida musobaqa mutasaddilari 21 metrdan 32 futgacha (6,4 dan 9,8 metrgacha) stakanga mahkam yopiq stakan quradilar. A kabi davra teatri, tomoshabinlar maydonning uch tomonida o'tirishadi.[103]
2016 yilda zalning g'arbiy yarmi Buyuk Shimoliy oziq-ovqat zali bo'lib, beshta pavilionga ega yuqori darajadagi shimoliy shimoliy oziq-ovqat kortiga aylandi. Oziq-ovqat zali bu makonning birinchi uzoq muddatli ijarachisidir; terminalning muhim holati doimiy o'rnatishni oldini oladi.[104]
Ilgari Vanderbilt zalining g'arbiy va sharqiy qismida erkaklar chekish xonasi va ayollarning kutish xonasi joylashgan edi.[104] 2016 yilda erkaklar xonasi 85 o'rinli Nordic mavzusidagi yaxshi ovqatlanish va Agernga ta'mirlandi Mishel yulduzi tomonidan boshqariladigan restoran Noma hammuassisi Klaus Meyer,[105] kim ham ovqat zalini boshqaradi.[104]
Biltmore xonasi
Biltmore xonasi 64-dan 80 futgacha (20 dan 24 m gacha) marmar zaldir[106] 39-dan 42-gacha bo'lgan yo'llarga kirish vazifasini o'taydigan Asosiy konkursning shimoli-g'arbida.[33] 1915 yilda tugatilgan[107] to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ostida Nyu-Yorkdagi Biltmore mehmonxonasi,[106] u dastlab shaharlararo poezdlarni kutish xonasi sifatida rasmiy ravishda kirib kelayotgan poezd xonasi sifatida va og'zaki ravishda "o'pish xonasi" sifatida xizmat qilgan.[107]
Asr o'rtalarida stantsiyaning yo'lovchilar soni kamayganligi sababli, xona qarovsiz qoldi. 1982 va 1983 yillarda Biltmore mehmonxonasini Bank of America Plazaga aylantirgan qurilish paytida xona buzilgan. 1985 yilda, Jorjio Kavalyeri o'sha paytda marmar yorilib, vaqtincha yoritilgan xonani tiklash uchun yollangan. O'sha davrda bir qator shkaflar hali ham Biltmore xonasida joylashgan edi.[108] Keyinchalik, bu xonada gazeta do'konlari, gullar uchun stend va poyabzal porlash kabinalari mavjud edi.[107][109] 2015 yilda MTA Biltmore xonasini Long Island Island Rail Road yo'lovchilari uchun kelish joyiga aylantirish uchun shartnoma tuzdi. Sharqiy tomonga kirish loyiha.[110] Loyiha doirasida xonaning kabinalari va stendlari o'rniga eskalatorlar jufti va liftga ko'tarilish kerak. chuqur darajadagi LIRR konkursi.[107][109]
Xonaning doskasida Nyu-York markaziy poezdlarining 1967 yilgacha kelish va ketish vaqtlari aks etgan,[49] Asosiy konkursda mexanik taxta o'rnatilganda.[106]
Stansiya magistrlik idorasi
36-chi trek yaqinida joylashgan Station Master ofisi, Grand Central-ning yagona kutish xonasiga ega. Joyning uchta devorida skameykalar, hojatxonalar va guldastali aralash vositali devor qog'ozi mavjud. Xonadagi skameykalar ilgari Vanderbilt Hall deb nomlanuvchi sobiq kutish xonasida joylashgan. 2008 yildan buyon ushbu hudud bepul Wi-Fi-ni taqdim etdi.[111]
Sobiq teatr
Hozirda "Markaziy kilerlar" vino-likyor do'koni joylashgan Greybar dovonining chakana savdo maydonlaridan biri ilgari Buyuk Markaziy Teatr yoki Terminal Newsreel teatri bo'lgan.[112][113] 1937 yilda 25 sentlik qabul bilan ochilgan teatr qisqa metrajli filmlar, multfilmlar va boshqalarni namoyish etdi kinostudiyalar[114] soat 9 dan 23 gacha.[115][116] Loyihalashtirilgan Toni Sarg, stadion tarzidagi 242 o'rindiq va kreslolar bilan jihozlangan bo'lim mavjud edi. Kichkina bar kirish eshigi yonida o'tirdi.[117] Teatrning ichki qismida sadolarni yo'q qilish uchun oddiy qarag'ay devorlari ajratilgan edi inglenook sayohatchilarga qulaylik yaratish uchun kamin va yoritilgan soat. "Uchrashuv zali" deb nomlangan qabulxonaning devorlari dunyo xaritalari bilan qoplangan; shiftida Sarg tomonidan bo'yalgan astronomik devor bor edi.[112] The New York Times teatrni qurish uchun 125000 dollar sarflangani haqida xabar bergan, bu teatr va shahar atrofidagi lift o'rtasida qurilish, shuningdek, eshitish qobiliyati past odamlar uchun konditsioner va apparatlar qurilishi bilan bog'liq.[116]
Teatr 1968 yilgacha kinoxronkalarni namoyish qilishni to'xtatdi[118] ammo 1979 yilgacha, chakana savdo maydonchasi ochilguncha ishlashni davom ettirdi.[115] 2000-yillarning boshlarida amalga oshirilgan ta'mirlash ishlari soxta shiftni olib tashlab, teatrning proektsion oynasini va uning astronomik devorini ochib berdi, bu ranglar va uslublar bo'yicha Bosh konkurs shiftiga o'xshash edi.[114]
Ovqatlanish kursi
Pastki darajadagi treklarga kirish Asosiy konkurs ostida joylashgan va unga ko'plab zinapoyalar, panduslar va eskalatorlar bilan bog'langan Dining Concourse tomonidan ta'minlanadi. O'nlab yillar davomida u shahar atrofidagi temir yo'l poezdlarini boshqarganligi sababli shahar atrofi konkursi deb nomlangan.[29] Bugungi kunda u markaziy yashash joylari va dam olish joylariga ega, ular atrofida restoranlar va oziq-ovqat sotuvchilari bor.[33] Konkursda umumiy jamoat o'rindiqlari shunga o'xshash tarzda ishlab chiqilgan Pullman traincarlari.[78] Ushbu joylarga ko'pincha uysizlar tashrif buyurishadi va natijada, 2010 yil o'rtalarida MTA ovqatlanish uchun xaridorlar uchun maxsus o'tiradigan ikkita maydon yaratdi.[119]
Konkurslar 84 metr (26 m) shift ostida 302 fut (92 m) g'arbiy-sharqiy o'qni o'z ichiga olgan ikkita rampa bilan bog'langan.[120] Ular tashqarida joylashgan Dining Concourse-dan biroz nishab bilan kesib o'tishadi Istiridye bar,[33] bilan qoplangan kamar yo'lining tagida Guastavino plitkalari.[121] Archa a hosil qiladi pichirlagan galereya: bir burchakda turgan odam diagonaliga qarama-qarshi burchakda boshqasining yumshoq gapirayotganini eshita oladi.[67][122] Asosiy yo'l bilan Vanderbilt zali o'rtasidagi yo'l o'tkazgich kamar yo'lidan o'tib ketadi; 1927 yildan 1998 yilgacha ko'prikning yon tomonlari balandligi 2,4 m balandlikda devorlar bilan o'ralgan.[120]
1990-yillarning oxiridagi terminalni ta'mirlash ishlari stendlar va restoranlarni konkursga qo'shdi va uni asosiy konkurs darajasiga bog'lash uchun eskalatorlar o'rnatdi.[78] MTA shuningdek, ikkita dumaloq terrazzo dizaynini o'rnatish uchun 2,2 million dollar sarfladi Devid Rokvell va Beyer Blinder Belle, Har biri diametri 45 fut, konkursning asl terrazzo polidan.[123] 2015 yildan buyon qurilayotgan yangi LIRR terminaliga zinapoyalar va eskalatorlar qurish uchun Dining Concourse qismi yopiq. Sharqiy tomonga kirish.[124]
108 va 109-yo'llar yaqinidagi shiftga kvadratchali kichkina soat o'rnatilgan. U noma'lum vaqtda ishlab chiqarilgan O'z-o'zidan o'ralgan soat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya, bu terminalda bir nechta boshqalarni qildi. Soat 2011 yilgacha 19-chi trekda eshikni osilib turdi va 2011 yilga qadar uni yuqori darajadagi platformani takomillashtirish paytida qo'shilgan chiroqlar to'sib qo'ymasligi uchun harakatlantirildi.[41]
Yo'qotilgan va topilgan byuro
Metro-North-ning yo'qolgan va topilgan byurosi Dining Concourse-ning eng sharqiy qismida joylashgan 100-sonli trek yonida joylashgan. Kiruvchi buyumlar funktsiyasi va sanasiga qarab saralanadi: masalan, shlyapalar, qo'lqoplar, kamar va galstuklar uchun alohida qutilar mavjud.[125][126] Saralash tizimi 1990-yillarda kompyuterlashtirilgan.[127] Yo'qolgan narsalar sovg'a qilishdan yoki kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yilishidan oldin 90 kungacha saqlanadi.[122][128]
1920 yilidayoq byuro yiliga 15000 dan 18000 gacha buyumlar qabul qilib turardi.[129] 2002 yilga kelib, byuro "3000 ta palto va kurtka; 2500 ta uyali telefon; 2000 ta kalit to'plam; 1500 ta hamyon, hamyon va shaxsiy guvohnomalarni [sic ]; va yiliga 1100 soyabon ".[127] 2007 yilga kelib, u yiliga 20000 dona buyumlar yig'di, ularning 60 foiziga da'vo qilingan.[128] 2013 yilda byuro tranzit agentligi uchun dunyodagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan biri bo'lgan 80% rentabellik darajasi haqida xabar berdi.[37][122]
Byuro tomonidan to'plangan odatiy bo'lmagan narsalardan ba'zilari orasida soxta tishlar, protez tana qismlari, yuridik hujjatlar, olmos sumkalar, tirik hayvonlar va 100000 dollarlik skripka bor.[126][128] Bitta hikoyada aytilishicha, bir ayol o'z xiyonat qilgan erining kulini uch hafta o'tgach, ularni to'plashdan oldin Metro-Shimoliy poezdida tashlab ketgan.[122][128] 1996 yilda yo'qolgan va topilgan buyumlarning bir qismi badiiy ko'rgazmada namoyish etildi.[130]
Boshqa oziq-ovqat xizmati va chakana savdo joylari
Grand Central Terminal kabi restoranlarni o'z ichiga oladi Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant va Dining Concourse atrofidagi turli xil tezkor ovqatlanish punktlari. Delislar, novvoyxonalar, gurme va yangi oziq-ovqat bozori va boshqalar ilova ning Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi.[131][132] 40 plyusdan iborat chakana savdo do'konlari orasida gazeta do'konlari va tarmoq do'konlari, shu jumladan a Starbucks qahvaxona, a Rite Aid dorixona va boshq Apple Store.[33][133]
Terminaldagi eng qadimgi biznes Oyster Bar Dining Concourse yonida va Vanderbilt Zali ostida joylashgan.[33][104]
Ajoyib tiklangan kokteyl zali Kempbell, 43-ko'cha / Vanderbilt avenyu kirish qismining janubida joylashgan. Yo'lchilar va sayyohlarning aralashmasi unga ko'chadan yoki balkon darajasidan kirishadi.[33] Bu makon bir paytlar 1920 yillarning boylari idorasi bo'lgan Jon V. Kempbell, kim uni 13-asrning gallered zaliga o'xshatib bezatgan Florentsiya saroy.[134][135] 1999 yilda u bar sifatida ochilgan, Kempbell kvartirasi; yangi egasi 2017 yilda ta'mirlanib, uni Kempbell deb o'zgartirdi.[136]
Vanderbilt tennis klubi va sobiq studiyalar
1939 yildan 1964 yilgacha CBS Televizion terminal binosining katta qismini, xususan, Vanderbilt zali ustidagi uchinchi qavat maydonini egallagan.[137][138] "Ilova" deb nomlangan CBS ofislari,[138] ikkita "dastur nazorati" moslamasini o'z ichiga olgan (43 va 44); tarmoqni asosiy boshqarish; mahalliy stantsiya uchun imkoniyatlar WCBS-TV;[137][138][139] va Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin 700000 kvadrat metr (65000 m) ikkita2) ishlab chiqarish studiyalari (41 va 42).[140] Umumiy bo'shliq 225 fut × 60 fut × 40 fut (69 m × 18 m × 12 m) ga teng.[141] Eshittirishlar antennadan yaqin atrofda uzatildi Chrysler binosi CBS ijrochi direktorining buyrug'i bilan o'rnatilgan Uilyam S. Peyli,[139][140] va shuningdek, asosiy konkursda katta ekranda namoyish etildi.[140] 1958 yilda CBS Grand Central-da dunyodagi birinchi yirik videokamera operatsiyasini ochdi. Ettinchi qavatdagi sobiq mashq xonasida joylashgan ushbu inshoot 14 kishidan foydalangan Ampex VR-1000 videokameralari.[137][138]
Duglas Edvards yangiliklar bilan bir necha yil davomida Grand Central-dan efirga uzatilgan Jon Glenn 1962 yil Merkuriy-Atlas 6 kosmik parvoz va boshqa hodisalar. Edvard R. Murrow "s Hozir ko'ring u erda paydo bo'lgan, shu jumladan Senatorda o'zining mashhur eshittirishlari Jozef Makkarti ichida qayta yaratilgan Jorj Kluni film Xayrli tun va omad tilaymiz, garchi film noto'g'ri ravishda CBS News va korporativ ofislarning bir binoda joylashganligini anglatadi. Uzoq davom etgan panel namoyishi Mening qatorim nima? birinchi bo'lib Grand Central-dan xuddi shunday eshittirildi Goldberglar va Ona. Oxir-oqibat CBS o'z operatsiyalarini CBS Broadcast Center.[137][138][140]
1966 yilda bo'shatilgan studiya maydoni Vanderbilt Atletik Klubiga aylantirildi, u quyida zal uchun nomlangan sport klubi.[137][138][142][143] Vengriyadan qochib ketgan sportchi va olimpiya murabbiyi Geza A. Gazdag tomonidan asos solingan uning 1956 yilgi inqilobi,[144] bir paytlar uning ikkita tennis korti o'yinni o'ynash uchun eng qimmat joy - soatiga 58 dollar deb hisoblanardi - moliyaviy tanazzullar klubni soatlik ish haqini 40 dollarga tushirishga majbur qilgunga qadar.[145] Klub uchun qulayliklar 65 x30 fut (19,8 m × 9,1 m) ni o'z ichiga oladi. neylon chang'i sporti pistasi, sog'liqni saqlash klubi saunasi va golf, qilichbozlik, gimnastika va balet mashqlari uchun joylar.[146][147] 1984 yilda klubni ko'chmas mulk magnati sotib oldi Donald Tramp, uni terminalning tashqi qismini yangilash paytida kim kashf etgan[148] va uni 2009 yilgacha ishlab kelgan.[137] Hozirda maydonni dirijyorlar zali va bitta tennis kortiga ega bo'lgan kichikroq sport inshooti egallagan.[138][143]
Bodrum joylari
Grand Central Terminalning 48 gektarlik (19 ga) yerto'lalari shahardagi eng katta yerto'lalardan biridir.[149] Bodrum joylari M42 ni o'z ichiga oladi AC-dan DC-ga o'tkazgichlar trekni quvvatlantirish uchun uchinchi relslar shuningdek, Carey's Hole, sobiq chakana savdo do'koni va hozirgi xodimlar xonasi va yotoqxonasi.
Elektr va issiqlik stansiyasi
Katta Markaziy Terminal va undan oldingi kompaniyalar o'zlarining elektr stantsiyalarini o'z ichiga olgan. 1870-yillarda Grand Central Depot uchun qurilgan bunday birinchi zavod Madison avenyu va 46-ko'chadagi yer usti temir yo'l hovlisida joylashgan. Ikkinchisi 1900 yilda Buyuk Markaziy Stantsiyaning g'arbiy tomoni ostida 43-ko'chaga yaqin joyda qurilgan.[150]
Terminal yaratilgach, 49 va 50-ko'chalar o'rtasida Park prospektining sharqiy qismida yangi elektr va issiqlik stantsiyasi qurildi.[151][152] Ikki tutunli inshoot kuniga o'rtacha 5 million funt sterling (2300000 kg) etkazib berishi mumkin bug 'isitish.[150][153] Shuningdek, zavod Nyu-Yorkdagi Markaziy elektr stantsiyalarini to'ldirib, temir yo'llarni va stantsiyani quvvat bilan ta'minladi Yonkerlar (keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi Glenvud elektr stantsiyasi ) va Bronksdagi Morris porti (buzib tashlanganidan beri).[150] Port Morris va Yonkers zavodlari 11000-volt o'zgaruvchan tok kelayotgan va ketayotgan lokomotivlar uchun Grand Central zavodi o'zgaruvchan tokni 800 voltga aylantirdi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqim terminalning o'zi tomonidan foydalanish uchun uchinchi temir yo'l -kuchli lokomotivlar.[150][154] Bundan tashqari, Grand Central elektr stantsiyasi yaqin atrofdagi binolarni elektr energiyasi bilan ta'minladi.[150][152]
1920-yillarning oxiriga kelib, ko'pgina elektr ta'minoti va isitish xizmatlari bilan shartnoma tuzildi Konsolidatsiyalangan Edison,[155] va shuning uchun elektrostantsiya 1929 yilda buzib tashlandi.[156] Uning qolgan qoldiqlari ostidagi omborxona Waldorf Astoria Nyu-York 1931 yilda qurilgan mehmonxona.[152] O'sha paytda dunyodagi eng katta yangi podstansiya Greybar binosi ostida 3 metrga 100 fut (30 metr) ostida qurilgan.[150][157] 250 dan 50 futgacha (76 x 15 m) to'rt qavatli maydonni egallash,[150][155] it is divided into substation 1T, which provides 16,500 kilowatts (22,100 hp) for third-rail power, and substation 1L, which provides 8,000 kilowatts (11,000 hp) for other lighting and power.[150]
A sub-basement, dubbed M42, contains the AC-dan DC-ga o'tkazgichlar that supply DC tortish oqimi to the tracks.[122] Though sources vary on its exact depth, it is thought to be located 105 to 109 feet (32 to 33 m) below ground,[158] or either 10 or 13 stories deep.[159] The M42 basement was installed in the former boiler void excavated in the bedrock beneath the present-day Grand Central Market and the entrance to the Graybar Building, three levels below the lower Metro-North level.[160] Two of the original aylanadigan konvertorlar remain as a historical record. Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.[149][161][162] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.[163] The Abver, a German espionage service, sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.[149] M42 also included a system to monitor trains in and around the terminal, which was used from 1913 until 1922, when it was supplemented by telegraphs.[122]
Carey's Hole
Another part of the basement is known as Carey's Hole. The two-story section is directly beneath the Shuttle Passage and adjacent spaces. In 1913, when the terminal opened, J. P. Carey opened a barbershop adjacent to and one level below the terminal's waiting room (now Vanderbilt Hall). Carey's business expanded to include a laundry service, shoe store, and galantereya. In 1921, Carey also ran a limousine service using Packard cars, and in the 1930s, he added regular car and bus service to the city's airports as they opened. Carey would store his merchandise in an unfinished, underground area of the terminal, which railroad employees and maintenance staff began calling "Carey's Hole". The name has remained even as the space has been used for different purposes, including currently as a lounge and dormitory for railroad employees.[164]
Platformalar va treklar
The terminal holds the Ginnesning Rekordlar kitobi for having the most platforms of any railroad station:[165] 28, which support 44 platform numbers. Hammasi orol platformalari except one yon platforma.[166] Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west side. 2016 yildan boshlab[yangilash], there are 67 tracks, of which 43 are in regular passenger use, serving Metro-North.[167][168] At its opening, the train shed contained 123 tracks, including duplicate track numbers and storage tracks,[168] with a combined length of 19.5 miles (31.4 km).[169]
The tracks slope down as they exit the station to the north, to help departing trains accelerate and arriving ones slow down.[170] Because of the size of the rail yards, Park Avenue and its side streets from 43rd to 59th Streets are raised on viaducts, and the surrounding blocks were covered over by various buildings.[171]
At its busiest, the terminal is served by an arriving train every 58 seconds.[37]
Track distribution
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| Map not to scale. Manba:[172][173] 59-ko'chadan shimolda joylashgan Metro-Shimoliy yo'lni rejalashtirish bo'yicha qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun qarang Park Avenue main line#Line description.[174] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 
61 
55 
90 
3 
1 
125 
The upper Metro-North level has 42 numbered tracks. Twenty-nine serve passenger platforms; these are numbered 11 to 42, east to west.[169][172] Tracks 12, 22, and 31 do not exist, and appear to have been removed.[175] To the east of the upper platforms sits the East Yard: ten storage tracks numbered 1 through 10 from east to west.[168][172] A balloon loop runs from Tracks 38–42 on the far west side of the station, around the other tracks, and back to storage Tracks 1–3 at the far east side of the station;[172] this allows trains to turn around more easily.[176][177]
North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria mehmonxonasi.[172] The yard formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.[152] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not exist). Two private loading platforms, which cannot be used for passenger service, sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.[172] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Ruzvelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,[178] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by Jon J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.[179] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.[180] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[181][182] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.[169][172]
Track 63 held MNCW #002, a bagaj mashinasi, for about 20 to 30 years. The railcar's location near Roosevelt's Track 61 led former tour guide Dan Brucker and others to falsely claim that this was the president's personal train car used for transporting his limousine. The baggage car was moved to the Danbury temir yo'l muzeyi 2019 yilda.[183][184]
The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.[168][172][185] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.[28][29] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle elektr birligi used on commuter lines[186] was removed at an unknown date.[168] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island temir yo'l yo'li (LIRR) concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the Sharqiy tomonga kirish loyiha.[187]
The upper and lower levels have different track layouts and, as such, are supported by different sets of columns. The upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over 7 million oyoq-funt kuchi (9,500,000 J ).[188]
The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two 100-foot-deep (30 m) double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.[189] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of the two caverns, with each cavern containing two tracks and one platform on each level. A mezzanine will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.[190][191]
Control center
Grand Central Terminal was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track blokirovkalar around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.[186][192] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.[193]
Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.[194][195][196][186][197] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.[192][196]
After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986,[198] the signal towers were consolidated into a single Operations Control Center, where controllers could monitor the switches by computer. Completed in 1993,[199] the center is operated by a crew of 24 people.[200]
Kasalxona
During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.[201] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).[202] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.[203]
Kutubxonalar
Located on an upper floor above the Apple Store, the Williamson Library is a meeting space and research center for the New York Railroad Enthusiasts.[204][205] Upon its founding in 1937, the association was granted use of the space in perpetuity by Frederick Ely Williamson, once president of the New York Central Railroad as well as a rail enthusiast and member of the association.[204] Today, it contains about 3,000 books, newspapers, films, photographs, and other documents about railroads, along with artifacts, including part of a 20th Century Limited red carpet.[205] The library is only accessible through secure areas, making it little known to the public and not included in tours of the terminal's hidden attributes.[205] The association holds monthly meetings in the space, open to new visitors for free, and allows research visits by appointment.[206][207]
Another library, the Frank Julian Sprague Memorial Library of the Electric Railroaders Association, was created in the terminal in 1979. The library has about 500,000 publications and slides, focusing on electric rail and trolley lines.[207] A large amount of these works were donated to the New York Transit Museum in 2013.[208]
Arxitektura
Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Art uslubi bo'yicha Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,[77] va Uorren va Vetmor, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.[209][210][211] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jyul-Feliks Koutan, Silvain Salières va Pol Sezar Helleu.[211] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its jabha.[212] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.[213]
The terminal is widely recognized and favorably viewed by the American public. Yilda Amerikaning sevimli me'morchiligi, a 2006-07 public survey by the American Institute of Architects, respondents ranked it their 13th-favorite work of architecture in the country, and their fourth-favorite in the city and state after the Empire State Building, Chrysler binosi va Avliyo Patrik sobori.[214] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[215] The terminal is also recognized by the Amerika qurilish muhandislari jamiyati kabi Tarixiy qurilish muhandisligi, added in 2013.[216]
As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt xiyoboni g'arbda, Leksington avenyu sharqda, 42-ko'cha janubda va 45-chi ko'cha shimolga. It included a post office on its east side.[29] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.[217][218]
The station house measures 800 feet (240 m) along Vanderbilt Avenue (120 feet longer than originally planned), 300 feet (91 m) on 42nd Street, and 105 feet (32 m) tall.[29][219]
Tarkibi va materiallari
The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large steel columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.[220][221]
The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granit. Because granite emits radiation,[222] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem /year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.[223][224] The base of the exterior is Stoni-Krik granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, dan Bedford, Indiana.[225]
The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Kan toshi for the Main Concourse; krem rangli Botticino marble for the interior decorations; va pushti Tennessi marmari for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,[81] and Vanderbilt Hall,[104] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.[40][77][226] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portlend tsement.[40] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.[225] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.[31][121]
Fasad
In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.[227] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.[228] The central window resembles a zafarli kamar.[227][229] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Korinf tartibi, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.[228] The facade was also designed to complement that of the Nyu-York ommaviy kutubxonasining asosiy filiali, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.[229]
The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) clock, which contains the world's largest example of Tiffany stakan.[230] The clock is surrounded by the Savdo shon-sharafi sculptural group, a 48-foot-wide (15 m) sculpture by Jyul-Feliks Koutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Gerkules va Merkuriy.[213][231] At its unveiling in 1914, the work was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[231][232][233] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 Kornelius Vanderbilt haykali, longtime owner of New York Central. Haykaltaroshlik tomonidan Ernst Plassmann,[234] the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) bronze is the last remnant[235] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad omborxona St. John's Park;[236] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[237]
Ichki ishlar
Main Concourse
The Main Concourse, on the terminal's upper platform level, is located in the geographical center of the station building. The cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide by 125 ft (38 m) high;[67][238][239]:74 a total of about 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2).[32] Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.[30]
The concourse is lit by ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs 800 pounds (360 kg)[97] and contains 110 bulbs.[240] Natural light comes from large windows in its east and west walls.[40] Each wall has three round-arched windows, about 60 feet (18 m) high,[77] identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade.[241] Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows.[122][242] Their floors are made of semi-transparent tosh kristall, cut two inches (51 mm) thick.[243]
The Main Concourse is surrounded on most of its sides by balconies which may be reached by the concourse's West Stairs, original to the station, or the matching East Stairs, added during a 1990s renovation.[77][226] The staircases were modeled after those of the Palais Garnier in Paris, along with the concourse's set of arched windows.[243] Underneath the east and west balconies lie two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, which date to the terminal's opening, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.[35]
Main Concourse ceiling
The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical bochkadan sakrash, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal.[244]
A false ceiling of square boards, installed in 1944, bears an elaborate mural of constellations painted with more than 2,500 stars and several bands in gold set against a turquoise backdrop.[77][151][244][245][246] It is a less-detailed version of an earlier mural painted directly on the ceiling itself. The original mural, conceived in 1912 by architect Warren and painter Pol Sezar Helleu and executed in 1913 by Brooklyn's Hewlett-Basing Studio,[247][248] became water-damaged and faded by the 1920s. In 1945, New York Central covered it with cement-and-asbestos boards and a new version of the mural. Both the original mural and its mid-century copy contain several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[249] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[77][250]
There are half-moon ruhoniy windows on the north and south sides, with carvings by Salières, alternately depicting a globe adorned with Mercury's staff and a winged wheel that symbolizes the speed of the railway, adorned with lightning bolts to symbolize the line's then-recent electrification. Both designs include laurel and oak branches.[251]
Ikonografiya
Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted oak leaves and acorns, nuts of the oak tree. Cornelius Vanderbilt chose the acorn as the symbol of the Vanderbiltlar oilasi, and adopted the saying "Great oaks from little acorns grow" as the family motto.[104][238] Among these decorations is a brass acorn nihoyatda atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.[37][114] Other acorn or oak leaf decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; reliefs above the train gates; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.[252] These decorations were designed by Salières.[252]
The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in frizlar atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.[253] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The turtki of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.[254] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24 soatlik soat, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.[255]
Ta'sir
Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie stantsiyasi, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, Nyu-York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.[256][257] Qo'shimcha ravishda, Birlik stantsiyasi yilda Utica, Nyu-York was partially designed after Grand Central.[258]
Tegishli tuzilmalar
Park Avenue Viaduct
The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,[241] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and return to street level at 46th Street.[259]
The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street[260] and along Park Avenue, which at the time was New York City's only discontinuous major north–south avenue.[261] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[262] it served both directions of traffic, and also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. After an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added in 1928, the western leg was used for southbound traffic only.[260] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs along the section of the viaduct that is parallel to 42nd Street.[263]
Post office and baggage buildings
Grand Central Terminal has a post office at Lexington avenyu-450, originally built from 1906 to 1909,[10][28] though with a high-rise tower built atop it in 1992.[264] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.[265] The post office building expanded into a second building, also built by Warren & Wetmore, and directly north of the original structure, in 1915.[265][266] The building, then known as the Railroad Mail Service Building and today known as 237 Park Avenue, has been extensively renovated since its opening.[267] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office buildings were designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though they were not as large as the Jeyms A. Farley binosi, the post office that was built with the original Penn stantsiyasi.[268]
The terminal complex also originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North ), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.[28][130] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.[28] The baggage building was later converted to an office building, and was demolished in 1961[269][270] uchun yo'l ochish MetLife Building.[28]
Metro bekati
The terminal's subway station, Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington avenyu liniyasi (xizmat qilish 4, 5, 6va <6> poezdlar), the IRT yuvish liniyasi (xizmat qilish 7 va <7> trains), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle ga Times Square.[11] Dastlab. Tomonidan qurilgan Interborough tezkor tranzit kompaniyasi (IRT),[271][272] the lines are operated by the MTA as part of the Nyu-York metrosi.[273][274]
The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.[33][273] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.[274]
The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the asl IRT metrosi.[271] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,[275] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.[276] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;[277] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the Sharqiy daryo to the east of Grand Central.[272][277] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Uchinchi avenyu ko'tarilgan,[272] which stopped at Katta Markaziy starting in 1878;[278] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.[279]
During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks. However, these plans were deemed impractical because commuter trains would have been too large to fit within the subway tunnels.[272]
Tarix
Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.[280]
O'tmishdoshlar
Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, Nyu-York va Harlem temir yo'llari, va Nyu-York va Nyu-Xeyven temir yo'li in modern-day Midtown Manhattan.[280][281][282] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park xiyoboni ),[283][284][285][286] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.[283][284][285] The business magnate Kornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.[285][286][287] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.[280]
Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.[288][289] Snook's final design was in the Ikkinchi imperiya uslubi.[284][290] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.[284] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.[284] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.[284] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.[291] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.[170][291][292]
Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,[293] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.[294] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.[293][295] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[67][238] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.[8]
As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by parovozlar in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.[170][290][296][297] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,[297][298][299] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.[300][301][302] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.[296][299][303][304] Uilyam J. Vilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.[238][303] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.[170][297][298][305] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.[298][305]
O'zgartirish
The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[67][238] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.[N 5]
The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pensilvaniya stantsiyasi, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pensilvaniya temir yo'li tomonidan McKim, Mead & White.[307] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.[308] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,[209] bo'lgani kabi Uorren va Vetmor, who were not part of the original competition.[209][304][309][310][311] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Art tashqi.[304][311][312] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[310]
Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.[309] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and build the terminal in three sections or "bites",[313] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.[314] About 3.2 million cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.[197][315][316] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.[219] Gudson yo'nalishidagi elektr poezdlar 1906 yil 30-sentabrda Grand Central tomon harakatlana boshladilar,[317] va Grand Central-ga o'tgan barcha uchta chiziqlarning segmentlari 1907 yilgacha elektrlashtirildi.[316]
1910 yil 5-iyun yarim tunda Grand poezddan so'nggi poezd ketgandan so'ng, ishchilar zudlik bilan eski vokzalni buzishga kirishdilar.[9] Sobiq Grand Central Station-dan qolgan so'nggi yo'llar 1912 yil 21-iyunda bekor qilindi.[313] Yangi terminal 1913 yil 2 fevralda ochilgan.[318][319][320]
Heyday
Terminal atrofni rivojlantirishga turtki berdi, xususan yuqorida joylashgan treklar yopilgan savdo va ofis tumani Terminal Siti.[321][322][323][324] Terminal shahrining rivojlanishi, shuningdek, qurilishini ham o'z ichiga olgan Park Avenue Viaduct, 1920-yillarda stantsiyani o'rab olgan.[325][326][327] Yangi elektr xizmati Nyu-York shahrining chekka hududlarida rivojlanishning kuchayishiga olib keldi va terminal qurib bitkazilgandan keyingi etti yil ichida Grand Central shahriga yo'lovchi tashish qatnovi ikki baravarga oshdi.[328] Yo'lovchi tashish shunchalik tez o'sdiki, 1918 yilga kelib Nyu-York markaziy markazi markaziy terminalini kengaytirishni taklif qildi.[329]
1923 yilda Katta markaziy san'at galereyalari terminalda ochilgan. U ochilgandan bir yil o'tgach, galereyalar Katta Markaziy San'at maktabi 7000 kvadrat metrni (650 m) egallagan2) terminalning sharqiy qanotining ettinchi qavatida.[330][331] Buyuk Markaziy San'at maktabi 1944 yilgacha sharqiy qanotda qoldi,[332] va u ko'chib o'tdi Biltmore mehmonxonasi 1958 yilda.[333][N 6]
Rad etish
1947 yilda 65 milliondan ziyod kishi Grand Central orqali sayohat qildi, bu tarixdagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdir.[197] Tez orada stansiyaning pasayishi boshlanishi bilan sodir bo'ldi Jet yoshi va qurilish Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari tizimi. Terminalni o'zgartirish bo'yicha bir nechta takliflar bo'lgan, shu jumladan stantsiya binosini osmono'par bino bilan almashtirish; rejalarning hech biri bajarilmadi.[335] Garchi asosiy qurilish maydoni qayta ishlanmagan bo'lsa ham, Pan Am Building (hozirgi MetLife Building ) shimol tomonda, 1963 yilda ochilgan.[336]
1968 yilda Nyu-York Markaziy bankrotlikka duch kelib, Pensilvaniya temir yo'li bilan birlashib Penn Markaziy Temir yo'l. Yangi korporatsiya Grand Central Terminalni buzishni va uni osmono'par bino bilan qurishni taklif qildi, chunki Pensilvaniya temir yo'li dastlabki Penn stantsiyasida 1963 yilda qilgan edi.[337] Biroq, Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi 1967 yilda Grand Central-ni shaharning diqqatga sazovor joyiga aylantirgan, rejalarni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[338][339] The natijada sud jarayoni ga bordim Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi, bu shahar foydasiga hukmronlik qildi.[340] 1970 yilda Penn Central bankrot bo'lganidan so'ng, Grand Central Terminal nomini saqlab qoldi.[341] Penn Central qayta tashkil etilganida Amerika Premier Anderrayterlari (APU) 1994 yilda Penn Central-ga egalik huquqini saqlab qoldi. O'z navbatida, APU o'zlashtirildi Amerika moliyaviy guruhi.[342]
1970-yillarda Grand Central va uning atrofidagi mahalla xarob bo'lib qoldi va Grand Central-ning ichki qismida ulkan reklamalar hukmronlik qildi, ular ichida Kodak Kolorama fotosuratlar va Westclox "Big Ben" soati.[65] 1975 yilda, Donald Tramp sotib oldi Commodore mehmonxonasi terminaldan sharqda 10 million dollarga sotib olib, keyin bitim tuzdi Jey Pritsker uni birinchilardan biriga aylantirish Grand Hyatt mehmonxonalar.[343] Grand Central Terminal ro'yxatga olingan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1975 yilda va e'lon qildi Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish keyingi yilda.[344][345][346] Ushbu davr 1976 yil 11 sentyabrda bir guruh bombardimon bilan nishonlandi Xorvat millatchilar "Grand Central Terminal" dagi tanga shkafiga bomba qo'yishdi va samolyotni olib qochgan; bomba to'g'ri qurolsizlanmagan va portlash uch kishini jarohatlagan NYPD zobitlar va bitta bomba otryadining mutaxassisi o'ldirilgan.[347][348]
Terminal uchun ishlatilgan shaharlararo tranzit 1991 yilgacha. Amtrak, 1971 yilda tashkil etilgan milliy temir yo'l tizimi, 1991 yil 6 aprelda Grand Central-dan so'nggi poezdini, Empire aloqasi Manxettenning G'arbiy tomonida. Ulanish poezdlarga Empire Corridor dan Albani, Toronto va Monreal Penn Stantsiyasidan foydalanish.[349] Biroq, ba'zi Amtrak poezdlari Penn Stantsiyasida texnik xizmat ko'rsatish sababli 2017 va 2018 yil yozlarida Grand Central-dan foydalangan.[350][351]
Ta'mirlash va keyingi kengayishlar
1988 yilda MTA Buyuk Markaziy Terminalni o'rganishni buyurdi va terminalning qismlarini chakana savdo maydonchasiga aylantirish mumkin degan xulosaga keldi.[352] Agentlik 1995 yilda terminalni 113,8 million dollarlik ta'mirlashni e'lon qildi.[86] Ushbu ta'mirlash vaqtida barcha e'lonlar olib tashlandi va stantsiya tiklandi.[65] Eng ajoyib effekt - bu asosiy konkurs shiftini tiklash edi bo'yalgan osmon manzarasi va burjlar.[353][354] Ta'mirlash ishlariga G'arbiy zinapoyalarga mos keladigan stantsiya binosining sharq tomonida egri yodgorlik zinapoyasi - Sharq zinapoyalari qurildi.[355] 1998 yil 1 oktyabrda ichki yangilanishlarning yakuniga bag'ishlangan rasmiy qayta bag'ishlash marosimi bo'lib o'tdi.[356][357]
2013 yil 1 fevralda terminalning yuz yilligini nishonlashga bag'ishlangan ko'plab namoyishlar, spektakllar va tadbirlar o'tkazildi.[358][359] MTA 2017 yil dekabr oyida Grand Central Terminal-da namoyish taxtalari va ommaviy e'lon tizimlarini almashtirish va xavfsizlik kameralarini qo'shish bo'yicha shartnomalar imzoladi.[59] Shuningdek, MTA 2020-2020 yillarda MTA kapital dasturi doirasida Grand Central Terminal temir yo'l temir yo'llarining beton va temir temirlarini ta'mirlashni taklif qildi.[360] 2019 yil fevral oyida Grand Hyatt Nyu-York mehmonxonasi sharqda joylashgan Grand Central Terminal-ni buzib tashlashi va kelgusi bir necha yil ichida katta hajmdagi aralash tuzilma bilan almashtirilishi ma'lum qilindi.[361][362]
The Sharqiy tomonga kirish 2007 yildan beri amalga oshirilayotgan loyihani olib kelish rejalashtirilgan Long Island temir yo'l yo'li qurib bo'lingandan so'ng terminalga kirib boradi. LIRR poyezdlari Grand Central-dan etib boradi Garold Interlocking yilda Sunnyside, Queens mavjud orqali 63-ko'cha tunnel Manhetten va Kvins tomonlarida ham qurilayotgan yangi tunnellar. LIRR poyezdlari Metro-Shimoliy yo'llardan 90 metr (27 m) dan pastroqda to'rtta platformasi bo'lgan ikki darajali, sakkiz yo'lli tunneldan kelib tushadi.[27] Loyiha 350,000 kvadrat metrlik yangi chakana savdo va ovqatlanish majmuasini o'z ichiga oladi[363] 45, 46 va 48-ko'chalarda yangi kirish joylari.[364] Xarajatlar smetasi 2004 yilda 4,4 milliard dollardan 2006 yilda 6,4 milliard dollarga, keyin 11,1 milliard dollarga ko'tarildi. Yangi stantsiyalar va tunnellar xizmatni 2022 yil dekabrda boshlashi kerak.[26][27]
2006 yil dekabr oyida American Financial kompaniyasi Grand Central Terminalni Midtown TDR Ventures MChJ tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan investitsiya guruhiga sotdi Argent korxonalari,[365] bu MTA bilan 2274 yilgacha ijara shartnomasini qayta ko'rib chiqqan.[366] 2018 yil noyabr oyida MTA stantsiyani va Hudson va Harlem Laynlarini ijarada ko'rsatilgan yagona sotib olish oynasidan foydalangan holda 35,065 million dollarga sotib olishni taklif qildi: 2017 yil apreldan 2019 yil oktyabrgacha.[341][367] MTA ushbu taklifni 2018 yil 15 noyabrda ma'qulladi,[368][369][370] va agentlik 2020 yil mart oyida terminal va temir yo'l liniyalariga egalik qildi.[371] 2020 yil sentyabr oyida osmono'par bino Bitta Vanderbilt ochildi, uning bazasida joylashgan poezd zali, uni terminal bilan bog'laydigan piyodalar maydonchasi va majmuaning metro stantsiyasiga yo'l osti yo'lagi. Plazma Vanderbilt prospektining bir qismida qurilgan bo'lib, birinchi marta ushbu qismni avtoulovlar harakati uchun doimiy ravishda yopib qo'ygan.[372]
Innovatsiyalar
Yo'lovchilarni takomillashtirish
Qurilish tugagandan so'ng, Grand Central Terminal tranzit-markaz dizaynida bir nechta yangiliklarni taklif qildi. Ulardan biri muassasa orqali yo'lovchilar va yuklarni o'tkazish uchun zinapoyalardan emas, balki panduslardan foydalanish edi. Ikki rampa pastki darajadagi shahar atrofi asosiy yo'l bilan bog'langan; yana bir nechtasi asosiy ko'chadan 42-ko'chadagi kirish joylariga olib bordi. Ushbu rampalar barcha sayohatchilarga Grand Central-ning ikkita er osti sathidan osongina o'tishga imkon berdi.[31][229][373] Shuningdek, stantsiya atrofida 15 yo'lovchi lifti va oltita yuk va yo'lovchi liftlari tarqalgan.[229] Qatnovchi va shaharlararo poezdlarni, shuningdek kiruvchi va chiquvchi poezdlarni ajratish, ma'lum bir rampada yo'lovchilarning ko'pi bir yo'nalishda harakatlanishini ta'minladi.[374] 1913 yilda ochilganida terminal nazariy jihatdan yiliga 100 million yo'lovchini qabul qilishga qodir edi.[194]
Terminal atrofida o'ralgan Park Avenue Viaduct, Park Avenue trafigi yaqin atrofdagi ko'chalarga yo'naltirilmasdan binoni chetlab o'tishga imkon berdi,[260] va Manxetten markazidagi yagona shimoliy-janubiy prospektni qayta bog'lab qo'ydi.[261] Vokzal binosi, shuningdek, Nyu-York shahri talab qilgan bo'lsa, konkurs orqali o'tib, 43-ko'chaning har ikkala qismining qayta ulanishini ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan.[67][238]
Yangi terminal dizaynerlari uni iloji boricha qulay qilishga harakat qilishdi. Xizmatchilar ishtirok etadigan ayollar uchun eman bilan qoplangan kutish xonasi; poyabzal xonasi, shuningdek, ayollar uchun; telefonlar joylashgan xona; jinsi ajratilgan qismlarga ega go'zallik saloni; echinish xonasi, xizmatkorlar haq evaziga mavjud; erkaklar sartaroshxonasi, bu erda ko'plab madaniyatlarning sartaroshlari joylashgan jamoat joyi, shuningdek ijaraga olinadigan shaxsiy maydon mavjud.[67][238][320] Grand Central har bir darajadagi bittadan ikkita konkurs bilan ishlab chiqilgan. "Chiqish" konkursi 15000 kishilik, "kiruvchi" konkurs esa 8000 kishilik imkoniyatga ega bo'lar edi. Har bir konkursga tutashgan kutish xonasi yana 5000 kishiga sig'inishi mumkin.[219] Broshyuralar yangi Grand Central terminalni "sayyohlar shoshilinch poezdlar tomonidan javobgarlikka tortilishidan qo'rqmasliklari yoki mehmonxonalar yo'lovchilari, haydovchilar yoki ko'k forma kiygan boshqa shaxslar tomonidan zo'rlashi mumkin bo'lgan savollarni berishlari mumkin bo'lgan" sayyohlarga qulay joy sifatida reklama qilishdi; barcha madaniyat vakillari uchun xavfsiz va mehmondo'st joy, bu erda "muhojirlar va mardikorlar to'dalari uchun maxsus joylar ajratilishi kerak"; va "sayohatchining go'zalligi va nosimmetrik chiziqlariga qoyil qolgani - toshga yozilgan she'r" umumiy turistik diqqatga sazovor joy.[67][238] Hozirgi Vanderbilt Xollning asosiy konkursidagi kutish zali ham ko'pchilikdan, shu jumladan Penn Stantsiyasidan ustunroq edi: Grand Central kutish xonasi kutish uchun tinch joy edi, barcha chiptaxonalar, axborot stollari, yuk joylari va yig'ilish joylari olib tashlangan. Asosiy konkursga.[375]
Grand Central Terminaldagi har bir poyezd belgilangan vaqtdan bir daqiqa kechroq jo'naydi. Qo'shimcha daqiqa so'nggi daqiqada sekinlashishi uchun poezdlarni ushlashga shoshilayotgan yo'lovchilarni rag'batlantirish uchun mo'ljallangan. Ga binoan Atlantika, Buyuk Markaziy Terminal AQShning polga o'xshash barcha boshqa stantsiyalariga nisbatan eng past sirpanish, sayohat va marmar pollarga tushish ko'rsatkichlariga ega.[376]
Terminalning barcha yoritgichlari yalang'och lampalardir. Terminal qurilgan paytda elektr energiyasi hali ham yangi ixtiro edi va elektr lampalar qo'shilishi ushbu yangilikni namoyish etdi.[37][97] 2009 yilda, akkor lampalar energiya va pulni tejash bilan almashtirildi lyuminestsent chiroq armatura.[240]
Grand Central Terminal ochilgach, yo'lovchilarga yordam berish uchun har xil rangdagi qalpoqchalar bilan belgilangan ikki turdagi yuk ko'taruvchilarni yolladi.[377] Qizil qalpoqli yuk ko'taruvchilar xizmat qildi qo'ng'iroqlar, Grand Central Terminal atrofida yuklarni aylantirish va kamdan-kam pullik maslahatlar.[377][378] Bir vaqtning o'zida 500 dan ortiq qizil qalpoqli yuk ko'taruvchilar bor edi.[377] Yashil qalpoqli yuk ko'taruvchilar, 1922 yilda kiritilgan pozitsiya,[379] pullik evaziga telegramma yoki telefon xabarlarini yuborish yoki qabul qilish bo'yicha axborot xizmatlarini ko'rsatdilar.[377][380][381] Keyinchalik ular tashlab ketmoqdalar va paketlarni ham olib ketmoqdalar. Faqat o'n ikki yashil qalpoqli yuk ko'taruvchilar, shuningdek terminalning g'arbiy qismida almashinuvga xabar olib kelgan ikkita xabarchi bor edi.[377]
Yaxshilangan narsalarni kuzatib boring
Grand Central Terminal soatiga 200 ta poezdni boshqarish uchun qurilgan, ammo haqiqiy trafik hech qachon unga yaqinlashmagan.[197] Unda 46 ta trek va 30 ta platforma, ikkitadan ko'proq Penn Station 21 ta trek va 11 ta platforma bo'lgan.[67][221][238] Uning 70 gektarlik (28 ga) temir yo'l hovlisida 1149 ta vagon sig'moq mumkin edi, bu avvalgi stantsiyadagi 366 donadan ancha ko'p edi va u Penn Stantsiyasining 28 gektarlik (11 ga) hovlisini mitti qildi.[197]
Tuzilganidek, yuqori daraja shaharlararo poezdlarga, pastki daraja esa shahar poezdlariga to'g'ri keldi. Bu yo'lovchi va shaharlararo yo'lovchilarga bir-biriga aralashmasdan poyezdlarga chiqish va chiqish imkoniyatini berdi.[28][29]
Balon ilmoqlari stantsiyani o'rab turgan holda, poezdlarni xizmat ko'rsatish uchun avtoulovlar maydonchalariga olib kelish uchun murakkab kommutatsiya harakatlariga ehtiyoj yo'q edi.[29][177][382][383] O'sha paytda yo'lovchi vagonlari o'z kuchlari bilan harakatlanmagan, balki teplovozlar tomonidan tortilgan va lokomotiv manyovr harakatlarini yer ostida bajarish xavfli bo'lgan. Poezdlar yo'lovchilarni stantsiyaning bir tomoniga tushirib yuborishi mumkin, ehtimol u erda saqlanishi yoki xizmat ko'rsatilishi mumkin temir yo'l hovlisi, keyin burilish halqalarini ishlating va boshqa tomonda yo'lovchilarni oling.[383] Ilmoqlar g'arbda Vanderbilt avenyu ostida va sharqda Leksington avenyu ostida cho'zilgan.[384]
Terminal shahri
Terminal yo'llarini va platformalarini ko'mib tashlash ham temir yo'llarni yer usti sotish imkoniyatini yaratdi havo huquqlari ko'chmas mulkni rivojlantirish uchun.[321][322] Shunday qilib Grand Central qurilishi Manxettenda Madison va Leksington xiyobonlari o'rtasida 42-dan 51-gacha bo'lgan ko'chmas mulkning bir nechta bloklarini ishlab chiqardi.[321][322]
Uilyam Vilgus ushbu havo huquqlarini faqatgina terminal qurilishini moliyalashtirish vositasi deb bildi. Reed & Stem dastlab ushbu makon uchun "Faxriy sud" ni taklif qilgan bo'lsa, boshqa takliflar orasida yangi Metropolitan Opera Uy, a Madison Square Garden yoki a Milliy dizayn akademiyasi bino.[385] Oxir oqibat, temir yo'llar hududni tijorat idorasi tumaniga aylantirishga qaror qilishdi.[321][322]
Rivojlanishni rejalashtirish terminal tugashidan ancha oldin boshlangan. 1903 yilda Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'li Grand Central temir yo'l xiyobonlari ustidagi qurilishni nazorat qilish uchun Nyu-York shtatining ko'chmas mulk va terminali kompaniyasini yaratdi.[386] Keyinchalik ushbu korxonaga Nyu-Xeyven temir yo'li qo'shildi.[387] Ushbu hudud uchun dastlabki taklif qilingan nomlardan biri "Pershing maydoni ", bu nom oxir-oqibat Grand Central Terminalning janubiy tomonida qo'llanilgan.[388] Terminalning shimoliy tomonidagi bloklar keyinchalik "Terminal Siti" yoki "Buyuk Markaziy Zona" deb nomlandi.[321][322][323]
1906 yilga kelib, Grand Central rejalari haqidagi yangiliklar allaqachon yaqin atrofdagi mulk qiymatlarini oshirib yuborgan.[389] Ushbu loyiha bilan birgalikda Grand Central temir yo'l xiyobonlari ustidagi Park Avenyu bo'lagi obodonlashtirilgan medianani oldi va 43 metrga (140 metr) kengaytirildi.[390][391] 1913 yilda terminal ochilguniga qadar uning atrofidagi bloklarning har biri 2 milliondan 3 million dollargacha baholandi.[194] Tez orada Terminal Siti Manxettenning eng kerakli savdo va ofis tumaniga aylandi. 1904 yildan 1926 yilgacha Park Avenyu bo'ylab er qiymatlari ikki baravarga o'sdi va Terminal Siti hududidagi er qiymatlari 244 foizga oshdi.[392] 1920 yil Nyu-York Tayms maqolada aytilishicha, "Grand Central mulkini rivojlantirish ko'p jihatdan asl taxminlardan oshib ketgan. Mehmonxonalari, ofis binolari, kvartiralari va er osti ko'chalari bilan u nafaqat ajoyib temir yo'l terminali, balki ajoyib fuqarolik markazi hamdir."[393]
Ta'sis tuzilmalari
Rieltorlik va Terminal kompaniyasi odatda havo huquqlaridan quyidagi ikki usulda foydalandi: inshootlarni qurish va ularni ijaraga berish, yoki o'z binolarini quradigan xususiy ishlab chiqaruvchilarga havo huquqlarini sotish.[387] Terminal shahridagi birinchi bino yangi bino edi Katta markaziy saroy, 1911 yilda ochilgan va shu nomdagi boshqa bino o'rnini bosgan.[265][394][392]
Kabi tumanlarga ofis binolari kiradi Chrysler binosi, Chanin binosi, Bowery Jamg'arma banki binosi va Pershing Square Building; Park avenyu bo'ylab hashamatli uylar; o'z ichiga olgan yuqori darajadagi mehmonxonalar qatori Commodore, Biltmor, Ruzvelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Leyn va Valdorf Astoriya;[324][392] Katta Markaziy saroy; va Nyu-York shahrining Yel klubi.[395][392] Grand Central Terminal atrofidagi inshootlar terminal ochilgandan ko'p o'tmay ishlab chiqilgan, Park Avenue bo'ylab esa 1920-1930 yillarda qurilgan.[387]
Ushbu inshootlar terminal arxitekturasini to'ldiruvchi neoklassik uslubda ishlab chiqilgan.[385] Garchi Uorren va Vetmor ushbu binolarning aksariyatini loyihalashtirgan bo'lsalar-da, boshqa me'morlarning rejalarini (masalan, rejalarini) kuzatib borishgan Jeyms Gambl Rojers, yangi binolarning uslubi Terminal Siti uslubiga mos kelishini ta'minlash uchun Yel klubini ishlab chiqqan).[396] Umuman olganda, Terminal Siti saytining rejasi Shahar chiroyli harakati qo'shni binolar orasidagi estetik uyg'unlikni rag'batlantirdi. Arxitektura uslublarining izchilligi, shuningdek investitsiya bankirlari tomonidan taqdim etilgan katta mablag 'Terminal Siti muvaffaqiyatiga hissa qo'shdi.[386]
The Graybar binosi 1927 yilda qurib bitkazilgan, Terminal shahrining so'nggi loyihalaridan biri edi. Bino Grand Central-ning ko'plab poezd platformalarini, shuningdek terminaldan Leksington avenyuigacha cho'zilgan sotuvchilar va poezd eshiklari joylashgan Greybar dovoni yo'lakchasini o'z ichiga oladi.[397] 1929 yilda Nyu-York Markaziy shtab-kvartirasini 34 qavatli binoda qurdi, keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi Helmsley Building, Terminalning shimolidagi Park avenyu atrofida joylashgan.[398] Davomida rivojlanish keskin sekinlashdi Katta depressiya,[392] va Terminal shahrining bir qismi asta-sekin vayron qilingan yoki keyinchalik temir-shisha konstruktsiyalar bilan qayta qurilgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi.[324][399] Xususan, Park xiyobonidagi ko'p qavatli uy-joylar almashtirildi Xalqaro uslub 1950 va 1960 yillarda osmono'par binolar, ularning aksariyati tijorat maqsadlarida foydalanish uchun rayonlashtirildi.[400] Lexington avenyusi bo'ylab ba'zi bir turar-joy binolari hanuzgacha mavjud.[324] Neoklassik dizaynning qoldiqlarini Vanderbilt prospektidagi Yel klubi va Ruzvelt mehmonxonasida ham ko'rish mumkin.[385]
Hudud shu kabi chegaralarni taqsimlaydi Katta markaziy biznesni takomillashtirish tumani, ushbu hududdagi obodonlashtirish va ta'mirlashni birgalikda moliyalashtiradigan korxonalari bo'lgan mahalla. Tuman yaxshi mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan; 1990 yilda u eng katta byudjetga ega edi biznesni takomillashtirish tumani Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[401] Tumanning tashkil etilishi va faoliyati Grand Central Partnership tomonidan boshqariladi, u stantsiya binosiga bepul ekskursiyalar o'tkazgan.[402][403] Hamkorlik terminalni qayta tiklash bo'yicha ba'zi loyihalarni moliyalashtirdi, shu jumladan o'zining fasadini yoritadigan lampalar o'rnatish va Park Avenue Viaduct-da turgan ko'cha chiroqlarini sotib olish.[404]
Favqulodda xizmatlar
Terminalga Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi politsiya boshqarmasi, uning Beshinchi tumani bosh qarorgohi[405] ovqatlanish konturidagi stantsiyada.[33] Politsiya kuchlari terminalning ichki qismini va boshqa yirik stantsiyalarni kesib o'tish uchun ixtisoslashtirilgan transport vositalaridan foydalanadi; Ushbu transport vositalariga T3 Motion kompaniyasining uch g'ildirakli elektr skuterlari va kommunal xizmatlar kiradi Global elektr avtomobillari.[406]
O'tgan yillar davomida MTA xodimlarining terminaldagi turli xatti-harakatlari OAV e'tiboriga sazovor bo'ldi. 1988 yilda ettita zobit o'zlarini noo'rin tutgani, shu jumladan uysiz odamni bezovta qilgani va kiyimsiz patrul qilgani uchun to'xtatib qo'yilgan edi.[407] 2000-yillarning boshlarida, zobitlar o'zlarining jinsiy xususiyatlariga mos keladigan hojatxonalardan foydalanishga urinayotgan ikkita transgender odamni - 2002 yilda Din Spad va 2006 yilda Xelena Stounni hibsga oldilar. Sud jarayonlari MTA-ni ayblovlarni bekor qilishga majbur qildi va bundan keyin hojatxonalardan jinsiga qarab foydalanishga ruxsat berdi.[408][409] 2017 yilda ofitser terminalda yo'lovchini poezddan olib chiqib ketayotgan konduktorga hujum qilib hibsga olgan.[410]
Yong'in va tibbiy favqulodda xizmatlar 1987 yilda tashkil etilgan ko'ngilli tashkilot bo'lgan Grand Central Fire Brigade tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Metro-Shimoliy tizimidagi bunday oltitadan biri bu brigada Metro-North xodimlaridan iborat bo'lib, ularning aksariyati ko'k. yoqa ishchilari: chilangarlar, elektrchilar, mashinistlar va qo'riqchilar. Har bir a'zo ko'ngillidir, o't o'chiruvchi bundan mustasno. Barchasi kamida 150 soat o'qitiladi; EMS sertifikatiga ega a'zolar har uch yilda qo'shimcha 170 soat oladilar. Brigada kuniga o'rtacha ikkita favqulodda vaziyatni ko'rib chiqadi, asosan tibbiy xususiyatga ega. Brigada muntazam ravishda mashg'ulot olib boradi NYPD, FDNY va MTA politsiyasi terminalda va uning millaridagi tunnellarda harakat qilish uchun va Metro-North kompaniyasining boshqa xodimlarini birinchi yordam va KPRga o'rgatishadi. Shuningdek, terminalda o'tkaziladigan maxsus tadbirlar uchun yong'in xavfsizligi bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar va stantsiyalarning yong'in xavfsizligi.[411][412]
14-trek yonidagi ko'rfazda saqlanadigan brigadaning parki sirenalar va qizil chiroqlar bilan jihozlangan uchta elektr aravani o'z ichiga oladi: oq rangga bo'yalgan tezyordam kasalxonada yotoqxonadan kengroq emas, bu zambil, kislorod idishlari, defibrilatorlar va boshqa tibbiy asbob-uskunalarni olib yuradi; 200 litr suv va 300 fut o't o'chirish shlangi ko'taradigan qizil pamper; va havo qutilari, majburiy kirish vositalari va qizil qutqaruv mashinasi va burilish moslamasi.[411][412][413]
Badiiy installyatsiyalar va spektakllar
Ning doimiy asarlari orasida jamoat san'ati Grand Central-da asosiy yo'lning osmon shiftidir,[213][231] The Savdo shon-sharafi ish, haykali Kornelius Vanderbilt binoning janubiy jabhasi oldida,[236][414] va terminalning fasadlarini bezab turgan ikkita cho'yan burgut haykali.[415] Vaqtinchalik ishlar, ko'rgazmalar va tadbirlar muntazam ravishda Vanderbilt zalida o'rnatiladi,[416] Dining Concourse-da vaqtinchalik eksponatlar mavjud yorug'lik qutilari.[417] Terminal ham o'ziga xosligi bilan mashhur ishlash va o'rnatish san'ati,[418][419] shu jumladan flesh-moblar va boshqa spontan hodisalar.[420]
Ommaviy madaniyatda
Katta Markaziy Terminal adabiyot, televizion va radio epizodlar va filmlarning mavzusi, ilhomlantiruvchisi yoki muhiti bo'lgan.[67][421]
Film va televidenie
Ko'pgina filmlar va televizion filmlar terminalda suratga olingan sahnalarni o'z ichiga olgan. MTA har yili 25 ga yaqin yirik va yuzlab kichikroq yoki havaskor mahsulotlarga mezbonlik qiladi.[422] Grand Central-da ishlab chiqarish bilan shug'ullanadigan Kayl Makkarti "Grand Central - bu Nyu-Yorkdagi kvintessentsial joylardan biri. Kinorejissyorlar Nyu-Yorkka yoki transport sahnalariga kelish uchun kerakli kadrlarga muhtoj bo'lsalar ham, qayta tiklangan diqqatga sazovor joylar uchun bino jozibali va haqiqiydir" dedi.[423] Ayniqsa, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida, Grand Central juftliklar o'rtasidagi romantik uchrashuvlar uchun zamin bo'ldi. 1950-yillarda terminal rad etilgandan so'ng, u qorong'u, xavfli joy sifatida ishlatilgan, hatto betartiblik va yo'nalishni buzish uchun metafora,[421] ta'qib qilish sahnalari, otishmalar, uysizlar va ruhiy kasallarni namoyish etadi. 1990 yilda filmda Birinchi kurs talabasi, masalan, Metyu Broderik Uning xarakteri behush odamga qoqilib tushadi va uning atrofida kichik jinoyatlar sodir bo'lishini qo'rqinchli kuzatadi.[424]
Terminalning poezd saroyidagi deyarli har bir sahna ustunsiz kam sonli platformalardan biri bo'lgan 34-trekda suratga olingan.[37][425]
Grand Central Terminal paydo bo'lgan birinchi suratga olingan sahna 1909 yilgi qisqa komediya bo'lishi mumkin Janob Jonsda karta partiyasi mavjud.[426] Terminalning birinchi kinematik ko'rinishi 1930 yilgi musiqiy filmda bo'lgan Rittda,[425] va uning birinchi Texnik rang ko'rinishi 1953 yil filmida bo'lgan Tarmoqli vagon.[37] 20-asrning ba'zi filmlari, shu jumladan Katta Markaziy qotillik, Yupqa odam uyiga qaytadi, Salom, Dolli! va Maymunlar sayyorasi ostida terminalda turish uchun Gollivudda qurilgan Grand Central rekonstruktsiyalaridan foydalanilgan.[421][427] Bundan tashqari, terminal chizilgan va animatsion filmlarda foydalanish uchun animatsiya qilingan Madagaskar (2005)[428] va Vayronagarchilik-Ralf (2012).[429]
Terminal paydo bo'lgan boshqa filmlarga quyidagilar kiradi:[67][421][422][426][428]
- Yigirmanchi asr (1934)
- Spellbound (1945)
- Ma va Pa Kettle shaharga boring (1950)
- Shimoliy-g'arbiy tomonidan shimoliy (1959)
- Soniyalar (1966)
- Shahar tashqarisidagi odamlar (1970)
- Frantsuz aloqasi (1971)
- Nekrologiya (1971)
- Begona odam tomosha qilmoqda (1982)
- Paxta klubi (1984)
- Kerol ko'chasidagi uy (1988)
- Fisher King (1991)
- Tides shahzodasi (1991)
- Karlitoning yo'li (1993)
- Bitta yaxshi kun (1996)
- Muzli bo'ron (1997)
- Armageddon (1998)
- Qora kiyimdagi erkaklar II (2002)
- Men afsonaman (2007)
- Inqilobiy yo'l (2008)
- Artur (2011)
- Manfaat yo'lida do'stlik (2011)
- Qasoskorlar (2012)
- Poezddagi qiz (2016)
- Qatnovchi (2018)
- Jon Vik: 3-bob (2019)
2017 yil 19 oktyabrda ushbu filmlarning bir nechtasi MTA tomonidan yaratilgan tadbir uchun terminalda namoyish etildi, Uyingizda filmlari, va Harakatli tasvir muzeyi. Tadbirda me'mor va muallifning kinematografiya tarixi bo'yicha ma'ruzasi tinglandi Jeyms Sanders.[430]
Katta markaziy terminalning arxitekturasi, shu jumladan uning asosiy konkurs soati sahnada tasvirlangan Saturday Night Live, an NBC teleshou.[426] Terminalni ovozli bosqichda qayta qurish Studio 8H birinchi marta 2003 yilda o'rnatildi.[431][432]
Boshqalar
Terminal bilan jihozlangan adabiyotlar o'z ichiga oladi Katta markaziy terminal haqida hisobot, 1948 yilda yadro fizikasi tomonidan yozilgan Leo Szilard; Javdar ichidagi ovchi tomonidan J. D. Salinger; Mirth House tomonidan Edit Varton; Katta Markaziy qotillik tomonidan yaratilgan Sue MacVeigh tomonidan shu nomdagi film 1942 yilda; Begona odam tomosha qilmoqda tomonidan Meri Xiggins Klark;[426] va 1946 yilgi bolalar klassikasi Shoshgan taksi tomonidan Lucy Sprague Mitchell.[67] Grand Central infratuzilmasi romanni ilhomlantirdi Ugo Kabret ixtirosi va o'z navbatida, film Ugo.[433] Grand Central-dagi uysiz erkaklar va ayollarning xavfli hayoti va uning tunnellari va o'tish yo'llari ilhomlantirdi Li Stringer "s Katta Markaziy Qish: Ko'chadagi voqealar va Tina S. tarjimai holida jurnalist Jeymi Pastor Bolnik bilan hamkorlik Dunyo chekkasida yashash: Katta markaziy stantsiya tunnellarida o'spirinning omon qolishi.[434][435]
Grand Central Station, terminalda o'rnatilgan NBC radio drama, 1937 yildan 1953 yilgacha bo'lgan.[426] Terminalga ega bo'lgan video o'yinlar orasida Marvelning o'rgimchak odami, Haqiqiy jinoyat: Nyu-York shahri va Tom Klensining "Bo'lim".[282]
Shuningdek qarang
- Nyu-York shahrining me'morchiligi
- Nyu-York shahridagi transport
- Shimoliy Amerikadagi eng gavjum temir yo'l stantsiyalari ro'yxati
Adabiyotlar
Tushuntirish yozuvlari
- ^ Grand Central Terminal nogironlar to'g'risidagi qonun (ADA) talablariga javob beradi. Bu ADA Full Access stantsiyasining talablariga javob bermaydi.[1]
- ^ a b Temir yo'l "Terminal" avvalgi Grand Central Terminal kabi O'qish terminali Filadelfiyada va Los-Anjelesdagi Union yo'lovchi terminali poezdlar bir xil yo'nalishda kirib-chiqadigan temir yo'l liniyasining oxiridagi inshootdir. Temir yo'l stantsiya, kabi Pensilvaniya stantsiyasi G'arbiy tomonda, 30-ko'cha bekati Filadelfiyada va Birlik stantsiyasi Vashingtonda, bir yoki bir nechta qo'shni temir yo'l liniyalari bo'ylab joylashgan poezdlar turli yo'nalishlarda kirib-chiqib ketishi mumkin.[7]
- ^ Yo'lovchi bo'lmagan 24 ta trekka biron bir platformaga tutash bo'lmagan 11 ta yo'lak va platformalarga ulashgan, ammo yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishda foydalanilmaydigan 13 ta yo'l kiradi.
- ^ Zalning bir nechta skameykalari Stantsiya magistrlik ofisidagi kichikroq kutish xonasiga ko'chirildi. 2018 yilda skameykalardan ikkitasi uzoq muddatli kreditga yuborilgan Sprinfild, Massachusets "s Birlik stantsiyasi.[99]
- ^ Loyihalar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan:[306]
- Grand Central Yard qazish
- Grand Central stantsiyasi binosini qurish
- Harlem, Gudson va Nyu-Xeyven bo'limlarini elektrlashtirish
- tushirish Port Morris filiali Bronx-dagi treklar
- atrofida Gudzon bo'limi bo'ylab tunnellar qurish Harlem daryosi kemalari kanali yilda Marble Hill, Manxetten (oxir-oqibat hech qachon qurilmagan, chunki Harlem daryosi kemasi kanali boshqa joyga ko'chirilgan)
- o'tish joylarini yo'q qilish
- Harlem va Nyu-Xeyven bo'limlarida treklarni qo'shish
- ^ Ular Biltmorda 1981 yilgacha 23 yil turdilar va keyin G'arbiy 57-ko'chaga ko'chib o'tdilar va 1994 yilga qadar o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdilar.[334]
Iqtiboslar
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- ^ a b Warerkar, Tanay (2018 yil 13-dekabr). "Grand Central Terminal uchun yakuniy qo'llanma". Tizilgan. Olingan 20 mart, 2020.
- ^ Shildlar, Ann (2014 yil 10-noyabr). "Dunyo bo'ylab eng ko'p tashrif buyuriladigan 50 ta sayyohlik ob'ekti - № 3: Nyu-York shahridagi Tayms-skver - yillik tashrif buyuruvchilar: 50 000 000". Sayohat + Bo'sh vaqt. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2018.
№ 3 Times Square, ... Yo'q. 4 (taqish) Markaziy bog', ... Yo'q. 10 Grand Central Terminal, Nyu-York
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- ^ a b v "Grand Central-ning chiqish kengashi, ketib qoldi!". The New York Times. 1996 yil 23-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 avgust, 2016.
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- ^ a b v Alexa, Aleksandra (2019 yil 30-aprel). "Grand Central Terminalning chiqish taxtalari raqamli shaklga o'tmoqda". 6 kv. Olingan 30 aprel, 2019.
- ^ a b v "Metro-Shimoliy va LIRR qo'mitasining qo'shma yig'ilishi 2019 yil sentyabr" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2019 yil 23 sentyabr. 302. Olingan 29 mart, 2018.
- ^ Guse, Kleyton (2019 yil 5-may). "Grand Central Terminalni egallab olgan yuqori texnologiyali yangi LED taxtalar ba'zi yo'lovchilarning hafsalasini pir qiladi va arxitektura ixlosmandlariga g'azablantiradi". Nyu-York Daily News. Olingan 6 may, 2019.
- ^ Yosh, Mishel (2019 yil 29 aprel). "Katta markaziy terminalning retro ko'rinishga ega chiqish kengashi hozirda almashtirilmoqda". O'zlashtirilmagan shaharlar. Olingan 30 aprel, 2019.
- ^ a b Karlson, Jen (2019 yil 29 aprel). "Katta markaziy terminalning" katta taxtasi "" yorqinroq "ekranlarga almashtirilmoqda". Gothamist. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2019 yil 29 aprelda. Olingan 30 aprel, 2019.
- ^ "Katta taxtalar bu erda!". Milepostlar. Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2019 yil sentyabr. Olingan 17 sentyabr, 2019.
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- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 207–208 betlar.
- ^ "Katta markaziy terminalda millionlab yirik gilamchalar ko'rgan katta rangli fotosuratlar". The New York Times. 1951 yil 19-iyul. Olingan 3 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Grundberg, Enni (1989 yil 3-dekabr). "Ko'ngil ochish; Kamera". O'yin-kulgi; Kamera. Olingan 3 fevral, 2019.
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- ^ Anderson, Syuzan Xeller; Dunlap, Devid V. (1986 yil 11-avgust). "Nyu-York kundan-kunga; Grand Central Clock o'zgarmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 3 fevral, 2019.
- ^ a b v Dunlap, Devid V. (2008 yil 20-noyabr). "Reklamasiz kosmik Grand Central-da o'z bayonotini beradi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 8 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Anders, Marjori (2013 yil 4-fevral). "Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l katta markaziy terminalda raqamli axborot vositalari bilan reklama daromadlarini ikki barobarga oshirdi". Ommaviy transport. Olingan 3 fevral, 2019.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Roberts 2013 yil.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 210.
- ^ Robertson, Nan (1962 yil 21 fevral). "Nyu-York Glenn -" Uchish paytida astronavtga millionlab e'tiborni qaratishni "to'xtatishga to'xtadi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Braun, xristian (1963 yil 16-may). "Grand Central-da 8000 tomosha o'qi - katta hajmdagi televizor atrofidagi sig'imdagi olomon murabbo qavati 9:04 AM.: Yuzlar ko'tarilishning kuchlanishini aks ettiradi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 210-211 betlar.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 214-215 betlar.
- ^ a b v Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 199.
- ^ Childs, Kingsley (1941 yil 26 sentyabr). "10000 muxlislar qaytib kelgan Dodjerlarni maqtash uchun katta markazni to'playdilar; Bruklinesada tegishli fikrlar bilan namoyish etilgan plakatlar - Makfeyl, 125-chi stantsiyada, jamoat poezdlarini supurib tashlaganini ko'rmoqdalar". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Barron, Jeyms (1991 yil 26-dekabr). "1991 yilda Grand Central-da raqsga tushishga tayyorgarlik". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 200, 205–206-betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g Langmead 2009 yil, p. 175.
- ^ a b v d e f Dunlap, Devid V. (1998 yil 2-avgust). "Savdo markazi sifatida qayta tug'ilgan Grand Central; Terminal do'kon va restoranlarga kirish eshigiga aylandi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2018.
- ^ Goldberg, Betsi (2010 yil 14-yanvar). "Katta Markaziy Terminal safari". Timeout.com. Olingan 14 fevral, 2019.
- ^ "Terminalga yangi o'tish yo'li bino qismidir". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1926 yil 19 sentyabr. P. 31. Olingan 18 dekabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com
. - ^ a b "Katta markaziy tuman" (PDF). Nyu-York shahrining shaharsozlik bo'limi. 1991 yil noyabr. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Thurber, Dan (2017 yil 23-aprel). "Grand Central-ning boshqa ship devorlari haqida hikoya". Kitob qurtlari tarixi. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Katta markaziy bozor". Katta markaziy terminal. Olingan 11 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Belle & Leyton 2000 yil, p. 155.
- ^ "152 hijriy 2d 216 yil - Grinvich Assocs. V. MTA., Nyu-York shtati Oliy sudining apellyatsiya bo'limi, birinchi bo'lim". Olingan 1 fevral, 2019.
- ^ a b v Dunlap, Devid V. (1995 yil 29 yanvar). "Katta markaziy bo'yanish tayyor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 11 fevral, 2018.
- ^ "Grand Central-dagi taom". Crainning Nyu-Yorkdagi biznesi. 2012 yil 20-may. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Finkelshteyn, Ketrin E. (1999 yil 19-avgust). "Terminalda o'tish yo'lini engillashtiradigan yo'l ochildi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 2 iyul, 2011.
- ^ a b v d e Ems, Lin (1999 yil 10 oktyabr). "Manhettendan ko'rinish; Qisqa qatnov". The New York Times. Olingan 16 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v Ems, Lynne (1999 yil 24 oktyabr). "Grand Central-da qatnovni qisqartirish". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Katta Markaziy Shimolga yangi kirish Park va Leksington prospektlari o'rtasida 47-ko'chada qurilgan" (Matbuot xabari). Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l. 2010 yil 11-yanvar. Olingan 29 iyun, 2010.
- ^ Grand Central North xaritasi (risola (skanerlash)). Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2018 yil 6-dekabr. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018 - Brayan Vaynberg orqali, Flickrdan.
- ^ Joys, Fay S. (1983 yil 30 aprel). "Grand Central-da ko'proq chiqish yo'llari shishani engillashtirish uchun rejalashtirilgan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b "Tunnel oxirida hali yorug'lik yo'q". Journal News. Oq tekisliklar, Nyu-York. 1999 yil 18-yanvar. P. 9. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018 - gazetalar.com orqali .
- ^ "MTA 2005 yilgi dastlabki byudjet (7–29-04) - 2-jild - MNR" (PDF). Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. Olingan 3 fevral, 2014.
- ^ "MTA Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l". Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. Olingan 3 fevral, 2014.
- ^ a b v Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 96.
- ^ "Temir yo'l parvozlari va arxitektura ixlosmandlari diqqatiga: Buyuk Markaziy Terminal yuz yillik ko'rgazmasi uchun taqdim etilgan buyumlar". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2010 yil 2-avgust. Olingan 25 mart, 2019.
- ^ Goonan, Peter (July 16, 2018). "'A work of art': Springfield unveils restored Grand Central benches at Union Station". Ommaviy jonli. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Grand Central Holiday Fair". Nyu-York shahrining rasmiy veb-sayti. December 20, 2017. Olingan 1 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Vanderbilt Hall at Grand Central Terminal". NYC & Company. 2018 yil 26-yanvar. Olingan 1 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "ToC History". Chempionlar turniri. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Douglass, Lynn (January 23, 2013). "Grand Central Station's Glass Box Amazes Again". Forbes. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d e f Dunlap, David W. (April 6, 2016). "Nordic Food Court Rises at Grand Central, With an Order to Leave No Trace". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Agern – New York : a Michelin Guide restaurant". ViaMichelin. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v Schneider, Daniel B. (August 6, 2000). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d Mann, Ted (September 26, 2012). "Station Will Restore 'Kissing Room'". Wall Street Journal. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Tomasson, Robert E. (April 21, 1985). "Waiting Room at Grand Central Regains Sense of Grandeur". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Carlson, Jen (September 26, 2012). "Grand Central's Kissing Room Is Returning To Its Former Glory". Gothamist. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2018 yil 6 oktyabrda. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "news – MTA Awards Contract to Build Long Island Rail Road's Future Terminal Under Grand Central Terminal". MTA. 2015 yil 5-fevral. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Grand Central Terminal's Station Master's Offices Goes Wireless". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2008 yil 27 may. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Diehl, Lorraine (May 25, 2002). "Secret City". Nyu-York Daily News. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Young, Michelle (April 24, 2015). "The Lost Movie Theater of Grand Central Terminal". Untapped Cities. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v Ferguson, Colleen (August 8, 2018). "Secrets of Grand Central Terminal: missing decorations, hidden staircases and a tiny acorn". Journal News. Olingan 19 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 177–178 betlar.
- ^ a b McManus, John T (May 9, 1937). "Big Doings at the Depot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 14 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ Carlson, Jen (April 22, 2015). "Did You Know There Used To Be A Movie Theater In Grand Central Terminal?". Gothamist. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on December 29, 2018. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 179-180-betlar.
- ^ Berger, Paul; St. John, Alexa (July 24, 2019). "MTA Blames Décor, Homeless for Dip in Grand Central Terminal Dining". The Wall Street Journal. Olingan 24 iyul, 2019.
- ^ a b "An Oasis of Tranquility, in Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. 2015 yil 16-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 8 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 89.
- ^ a b v d e f g "Inaccessible New York: Behind The Scenes At Grand Central Terminal". CBS Nyu-York. 2013 yil 30 mart. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Rohde, David S. (1997 yil 28-dekabr). "A Grand Design Takes Shape On the Floor of Grand Central". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 2 fevral, 2019.
- ^ "Milestone for East Side Access: Workers to Break Through Lower Level Floor To Build Housing for Escalators and Stairways to Future LIRR Concourse". www.mta.info. Olingan 17 fevral, 2016.
- ^ Wald, Matthew L. (April 4, 1978). "Parcel Room Lost & Found; Grand Central 'Finds Treasure And Trash Left By Commuters; 'What Was In the Bag?'; False Teeth and Crutches; Systematized Cartons; Commuter Goes Hungry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b Lombardi, Kate Stone (July 28, 1996). "Lost and Found, on Metro-North". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b Santora, Marc (August 20, 2002). "Teeth Missing? Try Lost and Found; At Grand Central, Even Dentures Have Been Reclaimed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b v d Belson, Ken (May 8, 2007). "Lost on Metro-North, but Most Likely Found". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Strange Finds on Trains – More Than 15,000 Articles Turned in Annually at Grand Central". The New York Times. 1920 yil 19 sentyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 128.
- ^ Haughney, Christine (July 25, 2011). "More Crowded Crowds: Grand Central to Welcome Apple and Shake Shack". The New York Times. Olingan 30 iyul, 2011.
- ^ Hugh Merwin (October 2, 2013). "7 Things You Should Know About Shake Shack Grand Central, Opening Saturday". GrubStreet. Olingan 3 oktyabr, 2014.
- ^ "Apple Store Grand Central Opens Friday, December 9" (Matbuot xabari). Olma. 2011 yil 7-dekabr. Olingan 19 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Campbell Apartment Bar in New York". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 3 fevralda.
- ^ Kulrang, Kristofer (1994 yil 9-yanvar). "Grand Central Terminal; In a Forgotten Corner, a Curious Office of the 20's". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-iyul, 2011.
- ^ Simonson, Robert (May 15, 2017). "Return of the Campbell, an Ornate Grand Central Bar". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 7 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d e f Sherman, William (March 19, 2009). "Donald Trump Bounced off Grand Central Tennis Deal". Daily News. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ a b v d e f g Rubinstein, Dana (November 23, 2010). "A Tennis Court That Will Cost $210 an Hour". The Wall Street Journal. Olingan 4-iyul, 2011.
- ^ a b Wolters, Larry (August 24, 1937). "News of Radio". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2019 - gazetalar.com orqali .
- ^ a b v d Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 174.
- ^ "Seldes Picked As Television Director". Noksvil jurnali. 1937 yil 29-avgust. P. 20. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ "A Look at the Hidden Tennis Courts of Grand Central Terminal, Once Leased by Trump". Untapped Cities. 2017 yil 9-fevral. Olingan 10 fevral, 2018.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 164.
- ^ Friedman, Charles (January 26, 1978). "Most Expensive Tennis Club Sheds Status Symbol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25 aprel, 2019.
- ^ Friedman, Charles (1978). "Most Expensive Tennis Club Sheds Status Symbol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 10 fevral, 2018.
- ^ "Hungarian Creates Ski Slope in Heart Of New York City". Keyingi yarim oy. November 8, 2020. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ "Now Skiers Train at Grand Central". Nyu-York Daily News. 1967 yil 16-yanvar. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (August 31, 2006). "Game, Set, Match Above the Roar of the City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 12 fevral, 2018.
- ^ a b v "The Top 10 Secrets of Grand Central Terminal". Untapped Cities.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Blalock, Thomas J. "A Mammoth Move: Relocating the 50th Street Substation". IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Railway and Locomotive Engineering: A Practical Journal of Railway Motive Power and Rolling Stock. 1913. p. 85. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 150.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 154.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 152.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 157.
- ^ "Preparing Block for New Waldorf – Work Will Start Tomorrow in Removal of New York Central's Great Power Plants. Sells Estate in Greenwich". The New York Times. March 31, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Huge Power Plant 100 Feet Under City – Biggest Substation in World Moved Into Bedrock Under Grand Central Terminal – Service Never Cut Off – $3,000,000 System Ran Trains While Being Moved to Make Way for New Waldorf". The New York Times. February 16, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 26 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Sources that mention the 109-foot figure include: * Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 12, 2017). "Man and Machine, Both Beautiful, Meet at Grand Central". Shahar xonasi. Olingan 10 fevral, 2019. * Taylor, Ross (March 3, 2008). "A Grand Place". Xartford Courant. Olingan 10 fevral, 2019. A figure of 105 feet is also given by Solis 2005, p. 118.
- ^ At least two sources give a figure of nine flights or 13 stories: *Heidenry, Margaret (December 7, 2015). "'In 24 Hours': Track 61 and Grand Central's M42". CNN Travel. Olingan 10 fevral, 2019. *Reynolds, Emma (June 6, 2018). "Dark world under New York streets". NewsComAu. Olingan 10 fevral, 2019. The 10-story figure is mentioned by: "9 Secret Spaces Hidden Under Our Cities". Qiziqarli muhandislik. 2017 yil 5-dekabr. Olingan 10 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Solis, Julia (2005). New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City. Yo'nalish. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-95013-8. Olingan 22 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "New York". Yer osti shaharlari. Season 1. Episode 107. June 4, 2007. Tarix. Olingan 15 fevral, 2011.
- ^ Inside Grand Central. National Geographic Video. 2005. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi on August 7, 2012. Olingan 15 fevral, 2012.
- ^ "Video: Inside Grand Central's Secret Sub-Basement, Which Nazis Nearly Destroyed". Gothamist. 2015 yil 14 oktyabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2019 yil 12 dekabrda. Olingan 12 dekabr, 2019.
- ^ "General Engineering Consulting Feasibility Study for Redevelopment of Carey's Hole: Section 1: History of Carey's Hole". Beyer Blinder Belle. 2010 yil 29-noyabr. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2018.
- ^ "Largest railway station (no. of platforms)". Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi. Olingan 11 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Katta markaziy terminal". nyctourist.com.
- ^ "Unknown Grand Central Terminal, New York City, New York". Interesting America.
- ^ a b v d e Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 136.
- ^ a b v Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 138.
- ^ a b v d Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 4.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 63.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Yashil, Richard E. (2009). Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l izlari xaritasi (Xarita). § Katta markaziy terminal.
- ^ "Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l harakati jadvallari, parvarishlash dasturi, blokirovkalash diagrammasi va hovli diagrammasi" (PDF). Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l. 2015. p. 84. Olingan 12 may, 2019.
- ^ Linch, Endryu (2020). "Nyu-York shahridagi metro yo'lining xaritasi" (PDF ). vanshnookenraggen.com. Olingan 6 fevral, 2020.
- ^ "Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l harakati jadvallari, parvarishlash dasturi, blokirovkalash diagrammasi va hovli diagrammasi" (PDF). Metro-Shimoliy temir yo'l. 2015. p. 84. Olingan 12 may, 2019.
- ^ Samson, Peter R. (2004). Grand Central Terminal, Upper Level (PDF).
- ^ a b Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 5.
- ^ Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 67.
- ^ "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Olingan 18-noyabr, 2009.
- ^ "The secret below Grand Central Station". BBC yangiliklari. 2009 yil 16-yanvar. Olingan 17 yanvar, 2009.
- ^ Joseph Brennan (2002). "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Olingan 2 may, 2014.
- ^ Forrest Wickman (May 1, 2014). "Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider-Man Real? Explained". Slate.
- ^ "Secret "FDR Train Car" No Longer Beneath Grand Central (And Was Never His!)". O'zlashtirilmagan Nyu-York. 2019 yil 12-dekabr. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2020.
- ^ "The "FDR Car" Track 61 Myth". NYC URBANISM. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ Samson, Peter R. (2004). Grand Central Terminal, Lower Level (PDF).
- ^ a b v Engineering News-record (golland tilida). McGraw-Hill. 1920. p. 501. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "1-bob: Maqsad va ehtiyoj". Atrof muhitga ta'siri to'g'risidagi bayonot (PDF). Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2006. PDF p. 3. Olingan 12 dekabr, 2019.
- ^ Schlichting 2001, 77-78 betlar.
- ^ "MTA OK's contract for East Side Access". TimesLedger. Olingan 17 fevral, 2016.
- ^ Dobnik, Verena (November 4, 2015). "Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central". NBC Nyu-York. Olingan 19 yanvar, 2016.
- ^ "East Side Access transforming the LIRR". Herald jamoat gazetalari. 2018 yil 21-avgust. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 143.
- ^ "Taming of the Iron Horse". The New York Times. September 10, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b v "With the Surrounding Buildings It Covers an Area of Thirty City Blocks – Can Accommodate 100,000,000 People a Year". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 140, 143-betlar.
- ^ a b Temir yo'l yoshi va temir yo'llarni ko'rib chiqish. Simmons-Boardman nashriyot kompaniyasi. 1910. p. 620. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ a b v d e "Katta markaziy terminal". ACP Metropolitan bo'limi. 1902 yil 8-yanvar. Olingan 11 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Boorstin, Robert O. (September 23, 1986). "Grand Central Blaze Damage to Mean Delays Till Weekend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 147.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 25, 2009). "The Zoo That Is Grand Central, at Full Gallop". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 6 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Developments at the Grand Central Terminal in New York". Temir yo'llarni ko'rib chiqish. 57 (8): 231. August 21, 1915.
- ^ "Grand Central Emergency Hospital". Temiryo'lchilar. 25 (9): 268–9. 1912 yil iyun. Olingan 9-fevral, 2019.
- ^ "Grand Central Terminal Builds Legend During its 50 Years". Journal News. November 13, 1963. p. 21. Olingan 9-fevral, 2019 - gazetalar.com orqali .
- ^ a b "N.Y. Central Opens Library for Railroaders". Bruklin Times-Union. 1937 yil 2-iyun. P. 5. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2020 - gazetalar.com orqali .
- ^ a b v Moser, Emily (November 30, 2012). "A visit to the secret library inside Grand Central Terminal". I Ride the Harlem Line. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ "Uchrashuv haqida ma'lumot". The New York Railroad Enthusiasts. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ a b Hecker, Don R. (April 17, 1994). "A Hidden Wealth of Railroad History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ "Friends of the New York Transit Museum 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). New York Transit Museum. 2013 yil. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2020.
- ^ a b v Belle & Leighton 2000, 49-50 betlar.
- ^ Schlichting 2001, 118-120-betlar.
- ^ a b Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 66.
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (March 5, 2014). "At Trade Center Transit Hub, Vision Gives Way to Reality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 21 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v Schlichting 2001, p. 124.
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- ^ "'"Yashil qalpoqchalar" unutiluvchan sayohatchilarga yordam beradi - Grand Central-ning yangi funktsiyalari, shaxsiy kotibning idoralarini bajarish uchun ". The New York Times. 1922 yil 25-iyun. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Yashil qalpoqchadagi kun g'alati ish bilan to'ldiriladi". The New York Times. 1923 yil 19-avgust. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Yangi Grand Central Green Caps barcha muammolarni bir tiyin evaziga yo'q qiladi" (PDF). New York Tribune. 1922 yil 2-iyul. P. 4. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2019 - Fultonhistory.com orqali.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 44.
- ^ a b Schlichting 2001 yil, p. 80.
- ^ Schlichting 2001 yil, 81-82-betlar.
- ^ a b v Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 106-107 betlar.
- ^ a b Schlichting 2001 yil, p. 161.
- ^ a b v Schlichting 2001 yil, 162–163-betlar.
- ^ "Pershing Square" istaydi - JM Bowman Grand Central Terminal Zone nomini taklif qildi ". The New York Times. 1918 yil 22-iyul. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Taklif etilayotgan temir yo'l stantsiyalari atrofida barcha yo'nalishlarda yuqori qiymatlar". The New York Times. 25 mart 1906. p. 23. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ "Central Now ajoyib Plazmani rejalashtirmoqda - yangi Grand Central Terminalni obodonlashtirish uchun ko'proq millionlab mablag 'sarflanadi". The New York Times. 1910 yil 4 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ Schlichting 2001 yil, p. 176.
- ^ a b v d e Fitch va Waite 1974 yil, p. 6.
- ^ "TERMINAL ZONA BOSHQA QURILMA; Commodore mehmonxonasi qarshisida 12 qavatli tijorat inshooti qurilishi kerak. 1913 yilda yangi terminal ochilganidan buyon ushbu bo'limning 500 ming dollar atrofida ajoyib rivojlanishi". The New York Times. 1920 yil 14 sentyabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 17 oktyabr, 2019.
- ^ "Yangi katta markaziy saroy may oyida tayyor bo'ladi". Vashington Post. Vashington, DC. 1913 yil 12 fevral. p. 39. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018 - gazetalar.com orqali .
- ^ Nyu-York Markaziy 1912 yil, p. 24.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, 108-109 betlar.
- ^ "Greybar binosi" (PDF). Belgilangan joylarni saqlash bo'yicha komissiya. 2016 yil 22-noyabr. Olingan 7 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Park xiyoboni, to'xtatildi". The New York Times. 2014 yil 21-dekabr. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 8 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Robinlar va Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi 2013, p. 113.
- ^ Schlichting 2001 yil, 180-181 betlar.
- ^ Goldberger, Pol (1990 yil 3-iyun). "Tong nurida Buyuk Markaziy Basklar". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "Nyu-Yorkka oid savollarga javob berish". The New York Times. 2014 yil 27 aprel. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Kugel, Set (2008 yil 16-noyabr). "Katta markaziy yulduzlar shiftida boshpana berish". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Shepard, Richard F. (1991 yil 29 mart). "Buyuk Markaziy Elegance uchun yangi yoritgich". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "MTA politsiyasi biz bilan bog'laning". Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. Olingan 26 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Kaminer, Ariel (2010 yil 22 oktyabr). "Xizmat qilish va himoya qilish, 3 g'ildirakda ishlaydigan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2020.
- ^ Xvesi, Dennis (1988 yil 4-avgust). "7 ta temir yo'l xodimi hazil lentasi uchun to'xtatib qo'yildi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019. *Xvesi, Dennis (1988 yil 7-avgust). "Politsiya lentasi milliy e'tiborni jalb qilmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Kavanag, S.L. (2010). Vanna xonalarida navbatchilik qilish: Jins, shahvoniylik va gigienik tasavvur. Toronto universiteti Press, ilmiy nashrlar bo'limi. ISBN 978-1-4426-9997-7. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ Associated Press (2015 yil 25 mart). "Jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan NYC ayol ayollarning hojatxonasidan foydalangani uchun hibsga olingan". Fox News. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ "Konduktorlar kasaba uyushmasi militsiya shafqatsizligini ko'rsatib, otishma va MTA politsiyasini hibsga olishga chaqirmoqda. lohud.com. 2017 yil 18-avgust. Olingan 4-fevral, 2019.
- ^ a b "Metro-Shimolning Katta Markaziy Terminal Yong'in xizmati 20 yilligini nishonlamoqda". Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2007 yil 14-may. Olingan 2 fevral, 2019.
- ^ a b Kadden, Jek (2006 yil 5 fevral). "Grand Central-da sizning hayotingiz ularning qo'lida". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 2 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Goldberg, Maks (2015 yil 15-dekabr). "Nyu-Yorkning markaziy markaziy yong'in xizmati bilan sahna ortida". Drayv. Olingan 2 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Grey, Kristofer (2006 yil 19 mart). "Komodorning qiziqarli sayohatlari". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 15 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Ortiz, Brennan (2014 yil 24-fevral). "Asl katta markaziy terminalning quyma burgutlari qayerda?". O'zlashtirilmagan shaharlar. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Masalan, qarang: * Yarrow, Endryu L. (1987 yil 9 oktyabr). "Sarguzasht ijrochilar kutilmagan joylarda". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018. * Miller, Andrea (2013 yil 1-sentyabr). "Chelik, atirgullar va qullar kemalari". Arslon shovqini. Olingan 19 dekabr, 2016. * Yablonskiy, Linda (2004 yil 27 iyun). "SAN'AT; Katta markazni egallagan gilam". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018. * "Poezdga boradigan yo'lda otlarga ehtiyot bo'ling". The New York Times. 2013 yil 24 mart. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "MTA | yangiliklari | Tranzit uchun MTA san'ati Grand Central-da yangi qog'ozli ko'rgazmani namoyish etadi". Mta.info. 2013 yil 27 sentyabr. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Opi, Ketrin. "Katta markaziy stantsiyadagi Sin Songning qog'oz arxitekturasi". Installationmag.com. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Qo'shiq, Sin. "Tomas Vitt Grand Central Station-da soyalarni kesmoqda". Installationmag.com. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Trebay, Yigit (2011 yil 14 fevral). "Monkler-Grenobl shousi markaziy markazni egallaydi". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 22 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d "Katta markaziy terminalning filmdagi eng yaxshi o'n daqiqasi". The Bowery Boys: Nyu-York shahri tarixi. 2018 yil 21-fevral. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b "Oskar GCT-ni tayyorlaydi!". Milepostlar. Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. Avgust 2019. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2019.
- ^ "Oyning sanoat yulduzi". Kino, teatr va radioeshittirishlar meriyasi. 2005 yil 1 oktyabr. Olingan 14 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Dunlap, Devid V. (2017 yil 5-iyul). "Jahannam yozida" Grand Central jannatga aylanishi mumkin ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Olingan 19 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Chaudhury, Nadiya (2013 yil 27-yanvar). "Grand Central Terminal haqida siz bilmagan 12 ta narsa". Nyu-Yorkdagi vaqt. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b v d e Langmead 2009 yil, 165–166-betlar.
- ^ Winogura, Deyl (1972). "Maymunlar, maymunlar va boshqa maymunlar haqida muloqotlar" (PDF). Cinefantastique: Maymunlar sayyorasi: 37. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ a b Rozen, Nil. "Filmlardagi katta markaziy terminal". NY1. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ "'Yiqilish-it-Ralf Disney yo'lida ko'zni qamashtiradi ". USA Today. 2012 yil 1-noyabr. Olingan 13 iyun, 2020.
- ^ Weaver, Shaye (2017 yil 11-oktabr). "Katta Markaziy Terminal faqat bir kunga kinoteatrga aylanadi". AM Nyu-York. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- ^ Saks, Andrea (2013 yil 21 fevral). "Men bilan 100-marotaba Grand Central-da uchrashish". Washington Post. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2020.
- ^ "29 yoshga to'lgan SNL". Turli xillik. 2003 yil 25 sentyabr. Olingan 21-noyabr, 2020.
- ^ "Ugo Kabret muallifi bilan Grand Central sirlarini o'rganish - Nyu-York jamoat radiosi, podkastlar, jonli efir radiosi, yangiliklar". WNYC. 2012 yil 6-yanvar. Olingan 24 yanvar, 2019.
- ^ Jiler, Jon (28.06.1998). "Ko'cha xonandasi". Filmlar. The New York Times. Olingan 17 fevral, 2019.
- ^ Levinson, D.; Geyl guruhi; Sage nashrlari (2004). Uysizlikning ensiklopediyasi. Berkshir ma'lumotnomasi. SAGE nashrlari. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7619-2751-8. Olingan 17 fevral, 2019.
Umumiy ma'lumotnomalar
- Belle, Jon; Leyton, Maksin Reya (2000). Grand Central: Bir million hayotga kirish eshigi. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04765-3.
- Bilotto, Gregori; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017). Katta markaziy terminal qurilishi. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5.
- Fitch, Jeyms Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Katta markaziy terminal va Rokfeller markazi: ularning ahamiyatini tarixiy-muhim baholash. Albani, Nyu-York: Bo'lim.
- Nyu-York markaziy chiziqlarining katta markaziy terminali. Nyu-York markaziy chiziqlari. v. 1912 yil.
- "Katta markaziy terminal" (PDF). Belgilangan joylarni saqlash bo'yicha komissiya. 1967 yil 2-avgust.
- "Katta markaziy terminalning ichki qismi" (PDF). Belgilangan joylarni saqlash bo'yicha komissiya. 1980 yil 23 sentyabr.
- Langmead, Donald (2009). Amerika me'morchiligining nishonlari: Alamodan Jahon Savdo Markazigacha. Greenwood Piktogramma. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3.
- Roberts, Sem (2013 yil 22-yanvar). Grand Central: Poezd stantsiyasi Amerikani qanday o'zgartirdi. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9.
- Robins, A.V .; Nyu-York tranzit muzeyi (2013). Katta markaziy terminal: Nyu-Yorkning diqqatga sazovor joyiga 100 yil. ABRAMS. ISBN 978-1-61312-387-4. Olingan 6 dekabr, 2018.
- Shlichting, Kurt S. (2001). Katta markaziy terminal: Nyu-Yorkdagi temir yo'llar, arxitektura va muhandislik. Baltimor: Jons Xopkins universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8018-6510-7.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi (1939). "Nyu-York shahar qo'llanmasi". Nyu York: Tasodifiy uy. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Scholarly Press tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan, 1976; ko'pincha deb nomlanadi Nyu-York shahriga WPA qo'llanmasi.)
- Frid, Frederik; Gillon, kichik Edmund Vinsent (1976). Nyu-Yorkdagi fuqarolik haykaltaroshligi: Tasviriy qo'llanma. Nyu-York: Dover nashrlari. ISBN 978-0-486-23258-4.
- Midlton, Uilyam D. (1999). Grand Central, dunyodagi eng buyuk temir yo'l terminali. San-Marino: Oltin g'arbiy kitoblar. OCLC 49014602.
- O'Hara, Frank; Allen, Donald (1995). Frank O'Haraning she'rlari. Berkli: Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-20166-8.
- Rid, Genri Hope; Gillon, kichik Edmund Vinsent (1988). Nyu-Yorkdagi Beaux-Art arxitekturasi: Fotografiya qo'llanmasi. Nyu-York: Dover nashrlari. ISBN 978-0-486-25698-6.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregori; Massengeyl, Jon Montague (1983). Nyu-York 1900: Metropolitan arxitektura va shaharsozlik, 1890-1915. Nyu-York: Ritsoli. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
Tashqi havolalar
| Tashqi video | |
|---|---|
 "Katta markaziy terminalning har bir tafsiloti tushuntirildi" kuni YouTube, Me'moriy Digest, 2018 | |
| "Poezd stantsiyasiga sayohat: Katta markaziy terminal" kuni YouTube, Transport tarmog'i, 2016 yil | |
| "Katta Markaziy Terminal LED Yulduzlari" kuni YouTube, Metropolitan Transport Authority, 2010 yil |
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Katta markaziy terminal Vikimedia Commons-da- Rasmiy veb-sayt
Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari - Katta Markaziy Terminal uchun Metro-Shimoliy stantsiya sahifasi
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