Xayl Selassi - Haile Selassie

Ushbu maqola Efiopiya imperatori haqida. Antropolog uchun qarang Yohannes Xayl-Selassi.
"Ras Tafari" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Xayl Selassini hurmat qiladigan diniy harakat uchun qarang Rastafari harakati.

Xayl Selassi I
Negusa Nagast
Imon himoyachisi
Xayl Selassi to'liq kiyingan (kesilgan) .jpg
Xayl Selassi to'liq kiyimda, 1970 yil
Efiopiya imperatori
Hukmronlik1930 yil 2 aprel - 1974 yil 12 sentyabr[nb 1]
Taqdirlash1930 yil 2-noyabr
O'tmishdoshZevditu
VorisAmha Selassie
Bosh Vazir
Efiopiyaning muxtor vakili
Hukmronlik1916 yil 27 sentyabr - 1930 yil 2-aprel
O'tmishdoshTessema Nadyu
VorisIjigayehu Amha Selassie
MonarxZevditu
Tug'ilganRas Tafari Makonnen
(1892-07-23)1892 yil 23-iyul
Ejersa Goro, Sharqiy Xararge, Efiopiya imperiyasi
O'ldi1975 yil 27 avgust(1975-08-27) (83 yosh)
Milliy saroy, Addis-Ababa, Efiopiya
Dafn2000 yil 5-noyabr
Muqaddas Uch Birlik sobori, Addis-Ababa, Efiopiya
Turmush o'rtog'iMenen Asfaw
Nashr
Regnal nomi
(ona) Xayl Selassi I (ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ, qädamawi haylä sallasé);
(Ingliz tili) "Uchbirlikning kuchi"
UySahl Selassi (Sulaymonik - Sulaymonning uyi, Amxara filiali )
OtaMakonnen Volde Mikael
OnaYeshimebet Ali
DinEfiopiya pravoslav tewahedo
1 & 5 Afrika birligi tashkilotining raisi
Ofisda
1963 yil 25 may - 1964 yil 17 iyul
MuvaffaqiyatliGamal Abdel Noser
Ofisda
1966 yil 5 noyabr - 1967 yil 11 sentyabr
OldingiJozef Artur Ankrah
MuvaffaqiyatliJozef-Déziré Mobutu
Haile Selassie I ning imperatorlik standarti
Old tomon
Teskari

Xayl Selassi I (Geez: ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ, romanlashtirilgan:Qädamawi Haylä Sallasé,[nb 2] Amharcha talaffuz:[ˈHaɪla sɨlˈlase] (Ushbu ovoz haqidatinglang);[nb 3] tug'ilgan Lij Tafari Makonnen; 1892 yil 23-iyul - 1975 yil 27-avgust)[3] edi Efiopiya imperatori 1930 yildan 1974 yilgacha. Taxtga o'tirishdan oldin u edi Efiopiyaning muxtor vakili 1916 yildan boshlab. U zamonaviy Efiopiya tarixini belgilovchi shaxs.[4][5] U a'zosi edi Sulaymoniylar sulolasi uning nasabini imperatorga etkazgan Menelik I.

Selassi bir qator orqali mamlakatni modernizatsiya qilishga urindi siyosiy va ijtimoiy islohotlar jumladan, Efiopiyaning kiritilishi birinchi yozma konstitutsiya va qullikni bekor qilish. U davomida Efiopiyani himoya qilish bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatsiz harakatlarga rahbarlik qildi Ikkinchi Italiya-Efiopiya urushi va davrini o'tkazdi Italiya istilosi Angliyada surgun qilingan. U 1941 yilda Britaniya imperiyasi italiyalik istilochilarni mag'lubiyatga uchratganidan keyin Efiopiyani boshqarishga qaytdi Sharqiy Afrika kampaniyasi. U eritib yubordi Efiopiya va Eritreya Federatsiyasi 1950 yilda BMT Bosh Assambleyasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan va shu bilan birga Eritreiyani Efiopiya viloyati sifatida birlashtirgan o'z mustaqilligini oldini olish uchun kurashish.

Uning internatsionalistik qarashlari Efiopiyaning Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining ustav a'zosi bo'lishiga olib keldi.[6] 1963 yilda u tashkil etishga rahbarlik qildi Afrika birligi tashkiloti, ning prekursori Afrika ittifoqi va uning birinchi raisi bo'lib ishlagan. U 1974 yilgi harbiy to'ntarish natijasida ag'darildi Sovet Ittifoqi - orqaga qaytarilgan xunta va xunta tomonidan 1975 yil 27 avgustda o'ldirilgan.

Ba'zi a'zolari orasida Rastafari harakati (Yamaykada 1930-yillarda tashkil etilgan va hozirda uning izdoshlari 700000 dan bir milliongacha bo'lgan deb taxmin qilinmoqda) Xayl Selassi qaytarilgan deb nomlanadi messiah Injilning Xudosi mujassamlangan. Ushbu farqga qaramay, Xayl Selassi nasroniy bo'lgan va din qoidalariga va liturgiyasiga rioya qilgan. Efiopiya pravoslavlari cherkov.[7][8]

U ba'zi tarixchilar tomonidan quruqlikdagi zodagonlar o'rtasidagi qo'zg'olonlarni bostirgani uchun tanqid qilingan masofint ), uning islohotlariga doimiy ravishda qarshi bo'lgan; ba'zi tanqidchilar, shuningdek, Efiopiyaning etarlicha tez modernizatsiya qilinmaganligini tanqid qildilar.[9][10] Uning hukmronligi davrida Harari xalqi quvg'in qilindi va ko'plari tark etishdi Xarari viloyati.[11] Uning rejimi kabi inson huquqlari tashkilotlari tomonidan tanqid qilingan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, avtokratik va noqonuniy sifatida.[10][12]

Ism

Uslublari
Efiopiyalik Xayl Selassi I
Efiopiya imperatorlik gerbi (Haile Selassie) .svg
Yo'naltiruvchi uslub
Og'zaki uslub
  • Imperator shohligingiz
  • Amharcha: ጃንሆይ; djānhoi
  • yoqilgan "Ey [hurmatli] qirol"
Muqobil uslub
  • Rabbimiz (tanish)
  • Amharcha: ጌቶቹ; getochu
  • yoqilgan "Bizning xo'jayinimiz" (pl.)

Xayl Selassi bolaligidanoq tanilgan Lij Tafari Makonnen (Amharcha: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን; Lij Teferī Mekōnnin). Lij "bola" deb tarjima qilingan va yoshlarning olijanob qon ekanligini ko'rsatishga xizmat qiladi. Uning ismi, Tafari, "hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan yoki qo'rqadigan kishi" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Aksariyat Efiopiyaliklar singari, uning "Tafari" ismidan keyin otasining ismi keladi Makonnen va bobosi Voldemikaelning. Uning Geez unga Xayl Selassi ismini unga chaqaloqni suvga cho'mdirish paytida qo'ygan va yana uning bir qismi sifatida qabul qilgan regnal nomi 1930 yilda.

Xarar hokimi sifatida u sifatida tanilgan Ras Tafari Makonnen Ushbu ovoz haqidatinglang (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot ). Ras "bosh" deb tarjima qilingan[13] va unga teng keladigan zodagonlar darajasidir Dyuk;[14] garchi u ko'pincha "shahzoda" deb tarjima qilingan. 1916 yilda, Empress Zewditu I uni lavozimiga tayinladi Balemulu Silt'an Enderase (Regent Vakolatli). 1928 yilda u unga Sheva taxtini berishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo so'nggi paytlarda ba'zi viloyat hukmdorlarining qarshiliklari o'zgarishga va uning unvoniga sabab bo'ldi. Negus yoki "qirol" geografik malakasiz yoki ta'rifsiz berilgan.[15][16]

1930 yil 2-noyabrda Empress Zevditu vafotidan keyin Tafari toj kiydi Negusa Nagast, so'zma-so'z Shohlar qiroli, ingliz tilida "Imperator" sifatida ko'rsatilgan.[17] Osmonga ko'tarilgach, u o'zining ismini Xail Selassie I deb oldi. Xayl Ge'ezda "Quvvat" va degan ma'noni anglatadi Selassi degani uchlik - shuning uchun Xayl Selassi taxminan "Uchbirlik kuchi" ga tarjima qilingan.[18] Xayl Selassining lavozimdagi to'liq unvoni "Fath tomonidan Yahudo qabilasining sheri, Uning imperatorlik shohligi Xayl Selassi I, Shohlar qiroli, Lordlar Lordi, Xudoning saylovchisi ".[19][20][21][22][23][24][nb 4] Ushbu sarlavha Efiopiya sulolalarining barcha monarxlar o'z nasablarini izlashi kerak bo'lgan urf-odatlarini aks ettiradi Menelik I, kimning avlodi edi Shoh Sulaymon va Sheba malikasi.[25]

Efiopiyaliklarga Xayl Selassi ko'plab nomlar bilan tanilgan, jumladan Janxoy, Talaku Meri va Abba Tekel.[26] The Rastafari harakati ushbu apellyatsiyalarning ko'pchiligini ish bilan ta'minlaydi, shuningdek unga murojaat qiladi Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari va HIM ("Uning Imperial Majestesi" qisqartmasi).[26]

Biografiya

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Ras Makonnen Voldemikael va uning o'g'li Lij Tafari Makonnen

Xayl Selassining shohligi (otasining onasi orqali) Shevandan kelib chiqqan Amxara Sulaymon shohi, Sahl Selassi.[27] U 1892 yil 23-iyulda qishlog'ida tug'ilgan Ejersa Goro, ichida Harar Efiopiya viloyati. Uning onasi Vizero ("Xonim") edi. Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, hukmron boshliqning qizi Ilu kiygan yilda Vullo viloyat, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.[28] Uning onasi buvisi edi Gurage meros lekin Oromo Etsentlik.[29] Tafarining otasi edi Ras Makonnen Volde Mikael, qirol Sahl Selassining nabirasi va Xarar hokimi. Ras Makonnen shu tariqa onalik bilan bog'liq edi Amxara lekin ota tomonidan Oromo[30] va general sifatida xizmat qilgan Birinchi Italo-Efiopiya urushi, da asosiy rol o'ynaydi Adva jangi;[28] Xayl Selassi shu tariqa imperatorning xolasi bo'lgan otasi buvisi Vizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassi orqali imperatorlik taxtiga o'tirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Menelik II va Sheva shohi Negusning Sulaymon Amxarasining qizi Sahl Selassi. Shunday qilib, Xayl Selassi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kelib chiqishini da'vo qildi Makeda, Shoba malikasi va qadimgi podshoh Sulaymon Isroil.[31]

Ras Makonnen Tafari va uning birinchi amakivachchasi uchun uyushtirdi, Imru Xayl Selassi, Hararda ta'lim olish uchun Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, efiopiyalik kapuchin rohib va doktor Vitaliendan, jarroh Gvadelupa. Tafari nomi berilgan Dejazmach (so'zma-so'z "darvoza qo'mondoni", taxminan teng "hisoblash ")[32] 13 yoshida, 1905 yil 1-noyabrda.[33] Ko'p o'tmay, uning otasi Ras Makonnen vafot etdi Kulibi, 1906 yilda.[34]

Gubernatorlik

Dejazmatch Tafari, Xarar hokimi sifatida

Tafari 1906 yilda Selale nomli gubernatorligini qabul qildi, marginal ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan sohada,[35] ammo unga o'qishni davom ettirishga imkon beradigan narsa.[33] 1907 yilda u viloyatning bir qismiga gubernator etib tayinlandi Sidamo. Ta'kidlanishicha, Xayl Selassi o'spirinlik davrida turmushga chiqqan Woizero Altayech va bu ittifoqdan, uning qizi Rim malikasi Tug'ilgan.[36]

Uning ukasi Yelma 1907 yilda vafot etganidan so'ng, Xarar gubernatorligi bo'sh qoldi,[35] va uni boshqarish Menelikning sodiq generaliga topshirildi, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Balcha Safoning Xararni ma'muriyati samarasiz edi, shuning uchun Menelik II kasalligi va Empressning qisqa hukmronligi davrida. Taitu Bitul, Tafari 1910 yilda Xararga hokim etib tayinlangan[34] yoki 1911 yil.[37]

1911 yil 3-avgustda u turmushga chiqdi Menen Asfaw ning Elchi, taxt vorisining jiyani Lij Iyasu.

Regency

Tafari Makonnen tushadigan harakatga qanday hissa qo'shgan Lij Iyasu keng muhokama qilindi, xususan, Xayle Selassining ushbu masala bo'yicha batafsil bayonida. Iyasu 1913 yildan 1916 yilgacha Efiopiyaning tayinlangan, ammo tojsiz imperatori bo'lgan. Iyasuning janjalli xatti-harakatlari va zodagonlarga nisbatan hurmatsizlik munosabati bilan bobosi Menelik II saroyida obro'si.[38] uning obro'siga putur etkazdi. Iyasuning Islom bilan noz-karashmasi xiyonat deb qabul qilingan Efiopiya pravoslav nasroniysi imperiya rahbariyati. 1916 yil 27 sentyabrda Iyasu hokimiyatdan chetlashtirildi.[39]

Empress Zevditu ishonchli ruhoniylaridan biri bilan
Ras Tafari 1917 yil 11 fevralda regent sifatida sarmoyalash paytida

Iyasuni ag'darib yuborgan harakatga hissa qo'shganlar, masalan, konservatorlar Fitavrari Habte Giyorgis, Menelik II ning uzoq yillik harbiy vaziri. Iyasuni ag'darish harakati Tafarini afzal ko'rdi, chunki u ham progressiv, ham konservativ fraksiyalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Oxir oqibat Iyasu Islomni qabul qilganligi sababli lavozimidan ozod qilindi.[13][39] Uning o'rniga Menelik II ning qizi (Iyasuning xolasi) Empress nomini oldi Zevditu, Tafari esa darajasiga ko'tarilgan edi Ras va qilingan merosxo'r va Valiahd shahzoda. Keyingi hokimiyatni tartibga solishda Tafari rolini qabul qildi Regent Muxtor (Balemulu 'Inderase)[nb 5] va bo'ldi amalda hukmdori Efiopiya imperiyasi (Mangista Ityop'p'ya). Tefari boshqargan bo'lsa, Zevditu boshqaradi.[40]Iyasu 1916 yil 27 sentyabrda lavozimidan ozod etilgan bo'lsa, 8 oktyabrda u qochib qutulishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Ogaden sahrosi va uning otasi, Negus Wollo'dan Mikael, unga yordamga kelishga ulgurdi.[41] 27 oktyabrda Negus Mikael va uning armiyasi qo'l ostidagi qo'shin bilan uchrashdi Fitavrari Xabte Giyorgis Zevditu va Tafariga sodiq. Davomida Segale jangi, Negus Mikael mag'lubiyatga uchradi va qo'lga olindi. Iyasu taxtni qaytarib olish uchun har qanday imkoniyat tugadi va u yashirinib qoldi. 1921 yil 11-yanvarda, taxminan besh yil davomida qo'lga olinishdan qochib, Iyasu hibsga olingan Gugsa Araya Selassie.

1917 yil 11 fevralda Zevditu uchun tantanali marosim bo'lib o'tdi. U o'zining Regent Tafari orqali adolatli hukmronlik qilishga va'da berdi. Tafari ikkalasi orasida ko'proq ko'rinadigan bo'lsa, Zevditu faxriy hukmdordan uzoq edi. Uning pozitsiyasi raqobatchi fraksiyalarning da'volariga hakamlik qilishni talab qildi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, u oxirgi so'zni aytdi. Tafari kundalik ma'muriyat yukini ko'targan, ammo mavqei nisbatan zaif bo'lganligi sababli, bu ko'pincha befoyda mashq edi. Dastlab uning shaxsiy armiyasi yaxshi jihozlanmagan, moliya cheklangan va imperatriça, urush vaziri yoki viloyat gubernatorlarining birgalikdagi ta'siriga dosh berishga unchalik kuch topmagan.[41]

O'zining Regency davrida yangi valiahd shahzoda Menelik II tomonidan boshlangan ehtiyotkorlik bilan modernizatsiya qilish siyosatini ishlab chiqdi. Bundan tashqari, bu vaqt ichida u omon qoldi 1918 yilgi gripp pandemiyasi, kasallik bilan tushgan.[42] U Efiopiyaning qabul qilinishini ta'minladi Millatlar Ligasi 1923 yilda qullikni yo'q qilishga va'da berib; beri har bir imperator Tewodros II to'xtatish to'g'risida e'lon qilgan edi qullik,[43] ammo samarasiz: xalqaro miqyosda tanqid qilingan amaliyot 1930 yillarning boshlarida Efiopiyada taxminan 2 million qul bilan Xayl Selassining hukmronligi davrida saqlanib qoldi.[44][45]

Chet elga sayohat

1924 yilda, Ras Tafari Evropa va Yaqin Sharqni ziyorat qilib Quddus, Iskandariya, Parij, Lyuksemburg, Bryussel, Amsterdam, Stokgolm, London, Jeneva va Afina. U bilan gastrol safari tarkibida bir guruh bor edi Ras Seyum Mangasha g'arbiy Tigray viloyati; Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot ning Gojjam viloyat; Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu ning Illubabor viloyati; Ras Makonnen Endelkachew; va Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase. Evropaga sayohatning asosiy maqsadi Efiopiyaning dengizga chiqishini ta'minlash edi. Parijda Tafari buni bilib olishi kerak edi Frantsiya tashqi ishlar vazirligi (Quai d'Orsay ) bu maqsad amalga oshmasligini.[46] Biroq, bu muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan holda, u va uning tarafdorlari maktablarni, kasalxonalarni, fabrikalarni va cherkovlarni ko'zdan kechirdilar. Evropa modellaridan keyin ko'plab islohotlarga asos solgan bo'lsa-da, Tafari Evropa bosimidan ehtiyot bo'lib qoldi. Himoya qilish iqtisodiy imperializm, Tafari barcha korxonalar kamida qisman mahalliy mulkka ega bo'lishlarini talab qildi.[47] O'zining modernizatsiya kampaniyasida u: "Bizga Evropa taraqqiyoti kerak, chunki biz uni o'rab olganimiz uchun. Bu darhol foyda va baxtsizlikdir".[48]

Tafarining Evropaga qilgan safari davomida Levant va Misr, u va uning atrofidagilar ishtiyoq va maftun bilan kutib olindi. Seyum Mangasha unga va Xailu Tekle Xaymanotga hamrohlik qildilar, ular Tafari singari, to'rtinchi asr oldin Italiyaga qarshi g'alaba qozongan urushga hissa qo'shgan generallarning o'g'illari edi. Adva jangi.[49] Uning atrofidagi boshqa bir kishi Mulugeta Yeggazu aslida Advada yoshligida jang qilgan. Efiopiyaliklarning "Sharq qadr-qimmati"[50] va ularning "boy, chiroyli sud kiyimi"[51] ommaviy axborot vositalarida sensatsiyaga uchragan; uning atrofidagilar orasida u hattoki sherlarning mag'rurligini ham o'z ichiga olgan va uni Prezidentga sovg'a sifatida tarqatgan Aleksandr Millerand va Bosh vazir Raymond Puankare ning Frantsiya, ga Qirol Buyuk Britaniyadan Jorj V va Zoologik bog'ga (Jardin Zoologique ) Parij, Frantsiya.[49] Bir tarixchi ta'kidlaganidek: "Ekskursiya juda ko'p latifalarni ilhomlantirishi mumkin".[49] Ikki sher evaziga Buyuk Britaniya Tafariga imperator imperatorlik tojini sovg'a qildi Tewodros II uning Empress Zewditu-ga xavfsiz qaytishi uchun. Tojni olib ketishgan Umumiy Ser Robert Napier davomida 1868 yil Habashistonga ekspeditsiya.[52]

Bu davrda valiahd shahzoda Armaniston monastiriga tashrif buyurdi Quddus. U erda u 40ni qabul qildi Arman etimlar (አርባ ልጆች Arba Lijoch, "qirq bola"), Usmonli qirg'inlarida ota-onasidan ayrilgan. Tafari yoshlarning musiqiy ta'limini tashkil etdi va ular imperatorlik darmon guruhini tuzishga kelishdi.[53]

Qirol va imperator

Shuningdek qarang: Xayl Selassi davridagi modernizatsiya

1928 yilda Tafari vakolatiga qarshi kurash olib borildi Dejazmach Balcha Safo katta qurolli kuch bilan Addis-Ababaga bordi. Tafari viloyatlar ustidan o'z mavqeini mustahkamlaganida, Menelik tomonidan tayinlanganlarning ko'plari yangi qoidalarga rioya qilishdan bosh tortdilar. Balcha Safo, gubernator (Shum) kofega boy Sidamo viloyati, ayniqsa muammoli edi. U markaziy hukumatga o'tkazgan daromadlari hisoblangan foydani aks ettirmadi va Tafari uni Addis-Ababaga chaqirdi. Chol baland dodgeonda va haqoratomuz ravishda katta qo'shin bilan keldi.[nb 6] The Dejazmatch Empress Zewdituga hurmat bajo keltirdi, ammo Tafarini xiralashtirdi.[54][55] 18 fevral kuni Balcha Safo va uning shaxsiy qo'riqchisi[nb 7] Tafari Addis-Ababada bo'lgan Ras Kassa Xayl Darj uning armiyasini sotib olib, uni ko'chirishga majbur qildi Shum Sidamo viloyati[56] O'z o'rnini Birru Volde Gabriel egallagan Desta Damtyu.[41]

Shunga qaramay, Balcha Safoning ishorasi imperatriya Zevdituga siyosiy jihatdan kuch bag'ishladi va u Tafarini sinab ko'rishga urindi. xiyonat. U Italiya bilan xayrixoh munosabatlari, shu jumladan a 20 yillik tinchlik sulhi 2 avgustda imzolangan.[33] Sentyabr oyida saroy reaktsionerlari guruhi, shu jumladan imperatorning ba'zi saroylari a Tafaridan xalos bo'lish uchun so'nggi taklif. Harakat qilindi Davlat to'ntarishi kelib chiqishi bilan fojiali va oxir-oqibat kulgili edi. Tafari va uning bir guruh qo'shinlari bilan to'qnashganda, to'ntarish etakchilari Menelik maqbarasidagi saroy maydonchasida boshpana topdilar. Tafari va uning odamlari ularni faqat Zevdituning shaxsiy qo'riqchisi o'rab olish uchun o'rab olishdi. Tafarining xoki kiyingan ko'proq askarlari kelib, qurol ustunligi bilan natijani uning foydasiga hal qilishdi.[57] Ommaviy qo'llab-quvvatlash, shuningdek politsiya ko'magi,[54] Tafari bilan qoldi. Oxir oqibat, Empress tavakkal qildi va 1928 yil 7-oktyabrda u Tafariga toj kiydi Negus (Amharcha: "Qirol").

Tafarining shoh sifatida toj kiyishi munozarali edi. U imperiyaning mintaqaviy qirolligiga borishdan ko'ra, imperator bilan bir xil hududni egallagan. Ikki monarx, hatto biri vassal, ikkinchisi imperator (bu holda imperator) bo'lsa ham, ular hech qachon o'zlarining o'rindiqlari bilan bir xil joyni egallamagan edilar. Efiopiya tarixi. Konservatorlar tojning qadr-qimmatini tahqirlagan ushbu haqoratni bartaraf etish uchun qo'zg'alishdi isyon Ras Gugsa Velle. Gugsa Velle imperator va eri edi Shum ning Begemder Viloyat. 1930 yil boshida u qo'shin tuzdi va uni gubernatorligidan boshladi Gondar tomonga Addis-Ababa. 1930 yil 31 martda Gugsa Vellega sodiq kuchlar kutib olishdi Negus Tafari va mag'lubiyatga uchradi Anxem jangi. Gugsa Velle edi harakatda o'ldirilgan.[58] Gugsa Velle mag'lub bo'lganligi va o'lgani haqidagi xabar 1930 yil 2 aprelda imperator xonim to'satdan vafot etganida Addis-Ababa orqali deyarli tarqalmagan edi. Garchi uzoq vaqtdan beri imperator ayol erining mag'lubiyatidan zaharlangan degan mish-mishlar bo'lgan bo'lsa ham,[59] yoki navbat bilan u ajrashgan, ammo sevikli erining o'limini eshitib, shokdan vafot etgan bo'lsa,[60] O'shandan beri Empressa grippga o'xshash isitma va asoratlarni boshdan kechirgani haqida hujjat berilgan diabet.[61]

Muqovasi Vaqt jurnal, 1930 yil 3-noyabr

Zevdituning o'tishi bilan Tafarining o'zi imperatorga ko'tarildi va e'lon qilindi Neguse Negest ze-'Ityopp'ya, "Efiopiya qirollari qiroli". U tojini 1930 yil 2-noyabrda, soat Addis-Ababening Avliyo Jorj sobori. Taqdir marosimi barcha hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra "eng ajoyib ish" edi,[62] va unda dunyoning turli burchaklaridan podshohlar va obro'li mehmonlar ishtirok etishdi. Ishtirokchilar orasida Glokester gersogi (Shoh Jorj V o'g'li), Marshal Lui Franshet d'Esperi Frantsiya va Udin shahzodasi qirolning vakili Italiyalik Viktor Emmanuel III. Qo'shma Shtatlardan kelgan elchilar,[63] Misr, Turkiya, Shvetsiya, Belgiya va Yaponiya ham bor edi.[62] Britaniyalik muallif Evelin Vo Shuningdek, u voqea haqida zamonaviy ma'ruza va amerikalik sayohat ma'ruzachisini yozdi Berton Xolms tadbirning ma'lum bo'lgan yagona film kadrlarini suratga oldi.[64] Gazetalardan birining xabar berishicha, ushbu bayramni o'tkazish uchun 3 000 000 dollardan oshiqroq mablag 'sarflangan bo'lishi mumkin.[65] Ishtirokchilarning ko'pchiligiga dabdabali sovg'alar topshirildi;[66] bir misolda, xristian imperatori tantanali marosimda qatnashmagan, ammo taxtga o'tirish kunida imperatorga ibodat qilgan amerikalik episkopga oltin zarfli Injilni ham yuborgan.[67]

Xayl Selassi tanishtirdi Efiopiyaning birinchi yozma konstitutsiyasi 1931 yil 16-iyulda,[68] ta'minlash ikki palatali qonun chiqaruvchi organ.[69] Konstitutsiya hokimiyatni dvoryanlar qo'lida ushlab turdi, lekin u dvoryanlar orasida demokratik me'yorlarni o'rnatdi va demokratik boshqaruvga o'tishni nazarda tutdi: "xalq o'zini o'zi tanlash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lmaguncha" g'alaba qozonadi.[69] Konstitutsiya Xayl Selassining avlodlariga taxtga o'tishni chekladi, bu nuqta boshqa sulolaviy knyazlarning, shu jumladan knyazlarning noroziligiga uchradi. Tigray va hatto imperatorning sodiq amakivachchasi Ras Kassa Xayl Darj.

1932 yilda Jimma sultonligi Sulton vafotidan keyin rasmiy ravishda Efiopiyaga singib ketgan Abba Jifar II ning Jimma.

Italiya bilan ziddiyat

Shuningdek qarang: Habashiston inqirozi va Ikkinchi Italo-Habashiston urushi

Efiopiya 1930-yillarda yangilangan Italiya imperialistik dizaynlarining nishoniga aylandi. Benito Mussolini "s Fashist Italiya Efiopiyaga etkazgan harbiy mag'lubiyatidan qasos olishga intildi Birinchi Italiya-Habashiston urushi va "liberal" Italiyaning mamlakatni zabt etish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishini bekor qilish, chunki bu mag'lubiyat bilan ifodalangan Adva.[70][71][72] Efiopiyani zabt etish fashizm sababini kuchaytirishga va uning imperiyasining ritorikasini kuchaytirishga qodir.[72] Efiopiya, shuningdek, Italiyaning Eritreya va Italiya Somaliland mol-mulk. Efiopiyaning Millatlar Ligasidagi mavqei italiyaliklarni 1935 yilda bosqin qilishdan qaytarmadi; "jamoaviy xavfsizlik "Liga tomonidan ko'zda tutilgan narsa foydasiz bo'lib chiqdi va janjal paydo bo'ldi Hoare-Laval shartnomasi Efiopiya Ligasidagi ittifoqchilari Italiyani tinchlantirish uchun hiyla-nayrang qilayotganlarini aniqladilar.[73]

Mobilizatsiya

1934 yil 5-dekabrda Italiyaning Ogaden viloyati, Vellvel shahrida Efiopiyaga bostirib kirishi ortidan Xayl Selassi o'zining shimoliy qo'shinlariga qo'shilib, shtab-kvartirasini tashkil etdi Desse yilda Vullo viloyat. U o'zining safarbarlik buyrug'ini 1935 yil 3 oktyabrda chiqardi:

Agar siz Efiopiya mamlakatingizdan yo'taldan yoki shamollashdan o'lishni to'xtatsangiz, aks holda siz o'lasiz, qarshilik ko'rsatishdan bosh tortib (sizning tumaningizda, sizning oilangizda va o'z uyingizda) uzoq mamlakatdan hujum qilish uchun kelayotgan dushmanimizga qarshi turing. biz, va agar siz qoningizni to'kmasligingizda davom etsangiz, Yaratguvchingiz buning uchun sizni tanbeh qiladi va sizning avlodlaringiz la'natlaydilar. Shunday qilib, odatlangan dadillik yuragingizni sovitmasdan, kelajakka uzoq davom etadigan tarixingizni yodda tutgan holda, shiddatli kurashga qaror qildingiz ... Agar siz o'zingizning yurishingizda uylar ichidagi biron bir mol-mulkka yoki mollar va tashqaridagi ekinlarga tegmang, hatto o'tlarga ham, somon va go'ng chiqarib tashlangani, bu siz bilan o'layotgan akangizni o'ldirishga o'xshaydi ... Siz, yurtdoshingiz, turli xil kirish yo'llarida yashayapsiz, lager joylashgan joylarda va sizning tumaningiz kuni armiya uchun bozor tashkil qildingiz. Efiopiya ozodligi uchun tashviqot qilayotgan askarlar qiyinchiliklarga duch kelmasligi uchun hokim sizga ko'rsatib beradi. Harbiy lagerlarda marketing bilan shug'ullangan har bir narsangiz uchun kampaniya oxirigacha sizdan aktsiz solig'i olinmaydi: Men sizga remissiya berdim ... Sizga urushga borishga buyruq berilgandan keyin, ammo kampaniyada yo'qolib qolganingizda, Sizni mahalliy boshliq yoki ayblovchi hibsga olganida, meros qilib olgan eringiz, mol-mulkingiz va tanangizga jazo berasiz; ayblovchiga molingizning uchdan bir qismini beraman ...

1935 yil 19 oktyabrda Xayl Selassi o'zining bosh qo'mondoni Rasga o'z qo'shini uchun aniqroq buyruqlar berdi Kassa:

  1. Chodir qurganingizda, u g'orlarda, daraxtlar yonida va o'rmonda bo'lishi kerak, agar bu joy shu to bilan tutashgan bo'lsa va har xil vzvodlarda ajratilgan bo'lsa. Chodirlar bir-biridan 30 tirsak masofada o'rnatilishi kerak.
  2. Samolyotni ko'rganda, katta ochiq yo'llar va keng o'tloqlarni qoldirib, vodiylar va xandaklar va zigzag yo'llari bo'ylab, daraxtlar va o'rmonlar bo'lgan joylar bo'ylab yurish kerak.
  3. Bomba tashlamoqchi bo'lgan samolyot, taxminan 100 metrga tushmasa, bunga mos kelmaydi; shuning uchun u bunday harakat uchun past uchib ketganda, yaxshi va juda uzun qurol bilan volleyni otib, keyin tezda tarqalishi kerak. Uch-to'rtta o'q tegsa, samolyot yiqilib tushishi aniq. Ammo faqat shunday o'q otish uchun tanlangan qurol bilan o'q otishni buyurganlargina bo'lsin, chunki agar hamma qurolga ega bo'lganlarni o'qqa tutsa, unda o'qlarni isrof qilishdan va erkaklar qaerdaligini oshkor qilishdan boshqa afzalligi yo'q.
  4. Samolyot yana ko'tarilayotganda, tarqalib ketganlarning qaerdaligini aniqlab bermasligi uchun, u hali ham juda yaqin bo'lgan joyda ehtiyotkorlik bilan tarqalib ketganimiz ma'qul. Urush paytida qurolni bezatilgan qalqonlarga, bezaklarga, kumush va oltin plashlarga, ipak ko'ylaklarga va shunga o'xshash narsalarga qaratish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Birovning ko'ylagi bormi yoki yo'qmi, eng yaxshisi ranglari xira bo'lgan tor yengli ko'ylak kiying. Qaytganimizda, Xudoning yordami bilan siz oltin va kumush taqinchoqlaringizni o'sha paytda kiyishingiz mumkin. Endi kurashish vaqti keldi. Ehtiyot bo'lmaslik tufayli sizga katta zarar yetmasin degan umidda ushbu barcha maslahat so'zlarini sizga taqdim etamiz. Shu bilan birga, biz urush paytida, sizni ishontirib aytishdan mamnunmiz. Efiopiyaning ozodligi uchun biz sizning orangizda qonimizni to'kishga tayyormiz ... "[74]
1934 yilda Xayl Selassi

Efiopiyaliklar bilan taqqoslaganda, italiyaliklar zamonaviy havo kuchlariga ega bo'lib, ular tarkibiga katta havo kuchlari kiritilgan. Italiyaliklar ham ish topishga kelishadi kimyoviy qurol to'qnashuv davomida keng miqyosda, hatto nishonga olish Qizil Xoch buzilishi bilan dala kasalxonalari Jeneva konvensiyalari.[75]

Urushning rivojlanishi

1935 yil oktyabr oyining boshidan boshlab Italiyaliklar Efiopiyani bosib olishdi. Ammo, noyabr oyiga kelib, bosqinchilik tezligi sezilarli darajada sekinlashdi va Xayl Selassining shimoliy qo'shinlari "deb nomlanuvchi narsalarni uchirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi"Rojdestvoga tajovuzkor ". Ushbu hujum paytida italiyaliklar majburan joylariga qaytib kelib mudofaaga kirishdilar. 1936 yil boshlarida Birinchi Tembien jangi Efiopiya hujumining rivojlanishini to'xtatdi va italiyaliklar hujumlarini davom ettirishga tayyor edilar. Shimoliy Efiopiya qo'shinlarining mag'lubiyati va yo'q qilinishidan so'ng Amba Aradam jangi, Ikkinchi Tembien jangi, va Shire jangi, Xayl Selassi shimoliy frontdagi so'nggi Efiopiya qo'shini bilan maydonga tushdi. 1936 yil 31 martda u qarshi hujum da italiyaliklarning o'ziga qarshi Maychew jangi janubda Tigray. Imperator armiyasi mag'lubiyatga uchradi va tartibsizlikda chekindi. Xayl Selassining armiyasi orqaga chekinishi bilan italiyaliklar qurollanib, italiyaliklar tomonidan maosh olayotgan erdagi isyonkor Raya va Azebo qabilalari bilan birga havodan hujum qilishdi.[76]

Italiyaga qarshilik ko'rsatish uchun kurash oxir-oqibat paydo bo'lganida, Xayl Selassi toshlardan yasalgan cherkovlarga bordi Lalibela ro'za va namoz uchun.[77]

Xayl Selassi yakka odam qildi haj cherkovlarga Lalibela, uning poytaxtiga qaytishdan oldin, qo'lga olish xavfi katta.[78] Davlat kengashining bo'ronli yig'ilishidan so'ng, bunga kelishib olindi, chunki Addis-Ababa himoya qilish mumkin emas edi, hukumat janubiy shaharchasiga ko'chib o'tadi Gore va bu imperatorning rafiqasi bo'lgan imperatorlik uyini saqlab qolish uchun Menen Asfaw va imperator oilasining qolgan qismi zudlik bilan jo'nab ketishlari kerak Frantsiya Somaliland va u erdan davom eting Quddus.[iqtibos kerak ]

Surgun muhokamasi

Imperator Quddusga keladi. 1936 yil may

Xayl Selassi Gorga borishi yoki oilasini surgunga borishi kerakligi to'g'risida keyingi munozaralardan so'ng, u Efiopiyani oilasi bilan tark etib, Efiopiya ishini sudga taqdim etishi kerakligi to'g'risida kelishib olindi. Millatlar Ligasi da Jeneva. Qaror bir ovozdan qabul qilinmadi va bir nechta ishtirokchilar, shu jumladan zodagon Blatta Tekle Wolde Hawariat, Efiopiya monarxining bosqinchi kuchdan qochib ketish g'oyasiga qat'iyan qarshi chiqdi.[79] Xayl Selassi o'zining amakivachchasi Rasni tayinladi Imru Xayl Selassi u yo'qligida shahzoda Regent sifatida, oilasi bilan birga jo'nab ketdi Frantsiya Somaliland 1936 yil 2-mayda.

5 may kuni marshal Pietro Badoglio Italiya qo'shinlarini Addis-Ababaga olib bordi va Mussolini Efiopiyani Italiya viloyati deb e'lon qildi. Viktor Emanuel III yangi deb e'lon qilindi Efiopiya imperatori. O'tgan kuni, Efiopiya surgunlari Frantsiya Somalilendini ingliz kreyserida tark etishdi HMS Korxona. Ular majburiy edi Quddus ichida Falastinning Britaniya mandati, bu erda Efiopiya qirol oilasi turar joyni saqlab qoldi. Imperator oilasi tushdi Hayfa keyin Quddusga yo'l oldi. U erga kelgan Xayl Selassi va uning tarafdorlari Jenevada o'z ishlarini boshlashga tayyor edilar. Quddusni tanlash juda ramziy edi, chunki Sulaymoniylar sulolasi dan kelib chiqishini da'vo qilgan Dovudning uyi. Chiqish Muqaddas er, Xayl Selassi va uning atrofidagilar ingliz kreyserida suzib ketishdi HMS Kettaun uchun Gibraltar, qaerda u qolgan Rok mehmonxonasi. Gibraltardan surgunlar oddiy laynerga ko'chirildi. Bu bilan Birlashgan Qirollik hukumati davlat qabuli hisobidan tejab qolindi.[80]

Kollektiv xavfsizlik va Millatlar Ligasi, 1936 yil

Mussolini Efiopiyani bosib oldi va zudlik bilan o'zini e'lon qildi "Italiya imperiyasi ". Millatlar Ligasi Xayl Selassiga assambleyada nutq so'zlash imkoniyatini berganidan so'ng, Italiya o'zining Liga delegatsiyasini 1936 yil 12-mayda tark etdi.[81] Aynan shu nuqtai nazardan Xayl Selassi Assambleya Prezidenti tomonidan "Uning Imperial Majestesi, Efiopiya Imperatori" deb nomlangan Millatlar Ligasi zaliga kirib bordi (Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Ethiopie). Ushbu kirish galereyadagi ko'plab italiyalik jurnalistlarning jirkanish, xekling va hushtak chalishlariga sabab bo'ldi. Ma'lum bo'lishicha, ularga oldinroq Mussolinining kuyovi Count tomonidan hushtaklar berilgan Galeazzo Ciano.[82] Ruminiya delegati, Nikolae Titulesku, bunga javoban taniqli ravishda oyoqqa sakrab chiqdi va "Vahshiylar bilan eshikka!" deb qichqirgan va huquqbuzar jurnalistlar zaldan olib tashlangan. Xayl Selassi zalning tozalanishini tinchgina kutib turdi va "ulug'vor" javob berdi[83] ba'zilar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan nutq bilan[kim tomonidan? ] 20-asrning eng qo'zg'atuvchisi orasida.[84]

Liganing ishchi tili bo'lgan frantsuz tilini yaxshi bilsa ham, Xayl Selassi o'zining tarixiy nutqini ona tilida o'qishni tanladi Amharcha. Uning ta'kidlashicha, uning "Ligaga bo'lgan ishonchi mutlaq edi", endi uning xalqi qatl qilinmoqda. Uning ta'kidlashicha, Efiopiya foydasiga Millatlar Ligasida topilgan xuddi shu Evropa davlatlari Efiopiya kreditidan bosh tortishmoqda va matériel harbiy va fuqarolik maqsadlarida kimyoviy qurol ishlatadigan Italiyaga yordam berayotganda.

Bu davrni o'rab olish operatsiyalari bo'lgan Makale Italiya qo'mondonligi tartibsizlikdan qo'rqib, dunyoga denonsatsiya qilish mening burchim bo'lgan tartib-qoidaga amal qilgan edi. Maxsus purkagichlar samolyot bortiga ulanishi uchun, ular keng hududlarda, o'limga olib keladigan yomg'ir yog'ishi mumkin edi. To'qqiz, o'n besh, o'n sakkizta samolyotdan iborat guruhlar bir-birining ortidan ergashar, shunda tumanlar uzluksiz varaq hosil qiladi. Shunday qilib, 1936 yil yanvar oyining oxiridan boshlab, askarlar, ayollar, bolalar, mollar, daryolar, ko'llar va yaylovlar bu halokatli yomg'ir bilan doimiy ravishda suvga botdi. Barcha tirik jonzotlarni muntazam ravishda yo'q qilish uchun, suv va yaylovlarni aniqroq zaharlash uchun Italiya qo'mondonligi o'z samolyotlarini qayta-qayta o'tkazishga majbur qildi. Bu uning asosiy urush usuli edi.[85]

O'zining "12 million aholisi bo'lgan, qurolsiz, manbasiz kichik odamlar" Italiya singari 42 million kishilik va "eng ko'p o'limga duchor bo'lgan qurollarning cheksiz miqdori" kabi yirik davlat hujumiga hech qachon dosh berolmasligini ta'kidlab, u. tajovuz barcha kichik davlatlarga tahdid solayotgani va barcha kichik davlatlar amalda qisqartirilganligi haqida bahslashdi vassal davlatlar jamoaviy harakatlar bo'lmasa. U Ligani "Xudo va tarix sizning hukmingizni yodda saqlaydi" deb ogohlantirdi.[86]

Bu jamoaviy xavfsizlik: bu Millatlar Ligasining o'zi. Har bir davlat xalqaro shartnomalarga kirishi kerak bo'lgan ishonch ... Bir so'z bilan aytganda, xalqaro axloq qoidalari xavf ostida. Shartnomaga qo'shilgan imzolar faqat imzolagan kuchlar shaxsiy, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bevosita manfaatdor bo'lgan vaqtgacha qo'shilganmi?

Ushbu nutq imperatorni butun dunyodagi antifashistlar uchun belgi qildi va Vaqt unga "Yil odami" deb nom berdi.[87] Ammo u eng kerakli narsani ololmadi: Liga Italiyaga nisbatan qisman va samarasiz sanksiyalarga rozi bo'ldi. 1937 yilda faqat oltita davlat Italiyaning bosib olinishini tan olmadi: Xitoy, Yangi Zelandiya, Sovet Ittifoqi, Ispaniya Respublikasi, Meksika va AQSh.[71] Italiyaning Habashistonga bostirib kirishini qoralamaganligi sababli Millatlar Ligasi samarali ravishda qulab tushgani haqida tez-tez aytiladi.

Surgun

1937 yilda Angliyada Xayl Selassi tomonidan sotilgan kechki ovqat xizmatidan lavha
1942 yilda Xayl Selassi

Xayl Selassi surgun yillarini (1936–41) o'tkazdi Vanna, Angliya, yilda Fairfield House u sotib olgan. Imperator va Kassa Xayl Darj 14 xonali Viktoriya uyining baland devorlari ortida ertalab sayr qildilar. Xayl Selassining sevimli kitobxonligi "diplomatik tarix" edi. Ammo uning jiddiy soatlarining aksariyati hayoti davomida amxar tilida zahmat bilan yozgan 90000 so'zli hikoyasi bilan band edi.[88]

Fairfield House oldidan u qisqa vaqt ichida Warne's Hotel-da joylashgan Ovqatlanish[89] va Parkside, Uimbldon.[90] A Xayl Selassining büstü tomonidan Xilda Seligman yaqin joyda turdi Kannizaro bog'i bu vaqtni eslash uchun va Londonning Rastafari jamoati uchun mashhur ziyoratgoh bo'lgan, u 2020 yil 30 iyunda namoyishchilar tomonidan vayron qilingan.[91] Xayl Selassi Abbey mehmonxonasida joylashgan Malvern 1930-yillarda va uning nabiralari va saroy amaldorlarining qizlari o'qigan Klarendon qizlar uchun maktabi yilda Shimoliy Malvern. Malvernda bo'lganida, u Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovida xizmatlarda qatnashgan Top Top bog'laning. A ko'k blyashka 2011 yil 25 iyunda Malvernda bo'lganligini eslatib o'tdi. Tantanali marosim doirasida Rastafari harakati delegatsiyasi qisqa manzil va davul bilan chiqish qildi.[92][93][94][95][96]

Xayl Selassining ushbu davrdagi faoliyati Italiyaning Efiopiya qarshilik holati va bosib olinish qonuniyligi haqidagi targ'ibotiga qarshi kurashishga qaratilgan edi.[97] U ibodat uylari va tarixiy eksponatlarni tahqirlashga qarshi (shu jumladan, 1600 yillik imperator obeliskini o'g'irlash) qarshi chiqdi va Efiopiya tinch aholisi tomonidan sodir etilgan vahshiyliklarni qoraladi.[98] U Liga aralashuvini iltimos qilishni davom ettirdi va "Xudoning hukmi oxir-oqibat kuchsiz va qudratli kishilarga keladi" degan ishonchni davom ettirishni davom ettirdi,[99] Italiyaga qarshi kurashni qo'llab-quvvatlashga bo'lgan urinishlari, Italiya 1940 yil iyun oyida Germaniya tomonida Ikkinchi Jahon urushiga kirgunga qadar muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan.[100]

Imperatorning xalqaro qo'llab-quvvatlash haqidagi iltijolari Qo'shma Shtatlarda, xususan, Efiopiya ishiga xayrixoh bo'lgan afro-amerikalik tashkilotlar orasida ildiz otdi.[101] 1937 yilda Xayl Selassi o'zining taksisi yo'l-transport hodisasiga uchraganida, tizzasi singan holda uni tashlab ketganda, o'z tarafdorlariga minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun Amerika xalqiga Rojdestvo kuni radiosi orqali murojaat qilishi kerak edi.[102] Radioeshittirishni bekor qilish o'rniga, u xristianlik va xayrixohlikni bu bilan bog'laydigan manzilni etkazdi Millatlar Ligasining Kelishuvi va "Urush urushni to'xtatishning yagona vositasi emas" deb ta'kidladi:[102]

Xudoning O'g'li tug'ilishi bilan misli ko'rilmagan, takrorlanmas va uzoq kutilgan hodisa yuz berdi. U saroy o'rniga otxonada, beshik o'rniga oxurda tug'ilgan. Uning ulug'vor kamtarligi tufayli Donishmandlarning qalbini qo'rquv va hayrat bosdi. Shohlar Unga sajda qilib, Unga sajda qildilar. "Yaxshi iroda egalariga tinchlik bo'lsin". Bu birinchi xabar bo'ldi.

...Although the toils of wise people may earn them respect, it is a fact of life that the spirit of the wicked continues to cast its shadow on this world. The arrogant are seen visibly leading their people into crime and destruction. The laws of the League of Nations are constantly violated and wars and acts of aggression repeatedly take place… So that the spirit of the cursed will not gain predominance over the human race whom Christ redeemed with his blood, all peace-loving people should cooperate to stand firm in order to preserve and promote lawfulness and peace.[102]

During this period, Haile Selassie suffered several personal tragedies. His two sons-in-law, Ras Desta Damtew and Dejazmach Beyene Merid, were both executed by the Italians.[99] The emperor's daughter, Princess Romanework, wife of Dejazmach Beyene Merid, was herself taken into captivity with her children, and she died in Italy in 1941.[103] His daughter Tsehai died during childbirth shortly after the restoration in 1942.[104]

After his return to Ethiopia, he donated Fairfield House to the city of Bath as a residence for the aged.[105]

1940 va 1950 yillar

Newspaper illustration drawn by Charles H. Alston for the U.S. Office of War Information Domestic Operations Branch News Bureau, 1943
Meeting with Crown Prince Akixito 1955 yilda
Haile Selassie with Brigadier Daniel Sandford (left) and Colonel Qanot (right) in Dambacha Fort, after its capture, 15 April 1941
Plaque commemorating the visit of Haile Selassie I to Mexico, 1954 – Etiopía Station, line 3 of the Mexiko shahri metrosi

British forces, which consisted primarily of Ethiopian-backed African and South African colonial troops under the "Gideon kuchlari " of Colonel Orde Wingate, coordinated the military effort to liberate Ethiopia. The emperor himself issued several imperial proclamations in this period, demonstrating that, while authority was not divided up in any formal way, British military might and the emperor's populist appeal could be joined in the concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.[100]

On 18 January 1941, during the Sharqiy Afrika kampaniyasi, Haile Selassie crossed the border between Sudan va Efiopiya near the village of Um Iddla. The standard of the Yahudo sher was raised again. Two days later, he and a force of Ethiopian patriots joined Gideon kuchlari which was already in Ethiopia and preparing the way.[106] Italy was defeated by a force of the United Kingdom, the Millatlar Hamdo'stligi, Ozod Frantsiya, Free Belgium, and Ethiopian patriots. On 5 May 1941, Haile Selassie entered Addis-Ababa and personally addressed the Ethiopian people, five years to the day since his 1936 exile:

Today is the day on which we defeated our enemy. Therefore, when we say let us rejoice with our hearts, let not our rejoicing be in any other way but in the spirit of Christ. Do not return evil for evil. Do not indulge in the atrocities which the enemy has been practicing in his usual way, even to the last.

Take care not to spoil the good name of Ethiopia by acts which are worthy of the enemy. We shall see that our enemies are disarmed and sent out the same way they came. As Saint George who killed the dragon is the Patron Saint of our army as well as of our allies, let us unite with our allies in everlasting friendship and amity in order to be able to stand against the godless and cruel dragon which has newly risen and which is oppressing mankind.[107]

On 27 August 1942, Haile Selassie confirmed the legal basis for the abolition of qullik that had been enacted by Italy throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading.[108] After World War II, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. 1948 yilda Ogaden, a region disputed with both Italiya Somaliland va Britaniya Somaliland, was granted to Ethiopia.[109] On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of Eritreya (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.[110] Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.[110]

Despite his centralization policies that had been made before World War II, Haile Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the programmes he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well.[111] Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",[112] and the emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the post-war era.[111] Where Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often still passed by the landowners to the peasants.[111]

Between 1941 and 1959, Haile Selassie worked to establish the avtosefali ning Efiopiya Pravoslav Tevahedo cherkovi.[113] The Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the Abuna, a bishop who answered to the Iskandariya Kopt pravoslav cherkovi papasi. In 1942 and 1945, Haile Selassie applied to the Kopt pravoslav cherkovining muqaddas sinodi to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the Coptic Church of Alexandria.[113] Finally, in 1959, Pope Kyrillos VI elevated the Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos.[113] The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.[111] In addition to these efforts, Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.[111]

1948 yilda Harari Muslims of Harar peacefully protested against religious oppression; however, the state responded violently. Hundreds were arrested and the entire town of Harar was put under house arrest.[114] The government also took control of many assets and estates belonging to the people.[115][116] This led to a massive exodus of Hararis from the Xarari viloyati, which had not occurred in their history prior.[11][117] The dissatisfaction of the Harari stemmed from the fact that they had never received limited autonomy of Harar, which was promised by Menelik II after his conquest of the kingdom. The promise was eroded by successive Amxara governors. According to historian Tim Carmicheal, Haile Selassie was directly involved in the suppression of the Harari movement through his policies.[118]

In keeping with the principle of jamoaviy xavfsizlik, for which he was an outspoken proponent, Haile Selassie sent a contingent, under General Mulugueta Bulli, known as the Kagnev batalyoni, to take part in the Koreya urushi qo'llab-quvvatlash orqali Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti qo'mondonligi. Bu amerikalikka biriktirilgan edi 7-piyoda diviziyasi, va shu qatorda bir qator kelishuvlarda kurashgan Cho'chqa cho'p tepaligidagi jang.[119] In a 1954 speech, the Selassie spoke of Ethiopian participation in the Koreya urushi as a redemption of the principles of collective security:

Nearly two decades ago, I personally assumed before history the responsibility of placing the fate of my beloved people on the issue of collective security, for surely, at that time and for the first time in world history, that issue was posed in all its clarity. My searching of conscience convinced me of the rightness of my course and if, after untold sufferings and, indeed, unaided resistance at the time of aggression, we now see the final vindication of that principle in our joint action in Korea, I can only be thankful that God gave me strength to persist in our faith until the moment of its recent glorious vindication.[120]

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, photographed during a radio broadcast

During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile Selassie introduced a revised constitution,[121] whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the Empire. The country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernization, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the state's ancient monarchical structure.

Haile Selassie compromised, when practical, with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to Afar lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The Revised Constitution of 1955 has been criticized for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative powerlessness of the peasants.[122]

Haile Selassie also maintained cordial relations with the government of the United Kingdom through charitable gestures. He sent aid to the British government in 1947 when Britain was affected by heavy flooding. His letter to Lord Meork, National Distress Fund, London said, "even though We are busy of helping our people who didn't recover from the crises of the war, We heard that your fertile and beautiful country is devastated by the unusually heavy rain, and your request for aid. Therefore, We are sending small amount of money, about one thousand pounds through our embassy to show our sympathy and cooperation."[123] He also left his home in exile, Fairfield House, Bath, to the City of Bath for the use of the aged in 1959.

1958 famine of Tigray

In 1958, there was a widespread famine in the Tigray province of northern Ethiopia. Despite this, Emperor Haile Selassie refused to send significant emergency food aid, resulting in the deaths of approximately 100,000 people.[124][125][126]

1960-yillar

Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Kongodagi operatsiyasi peacekeeping force during the 1960 Kongo inqirozi, to preserve Congolese integrity, per United Nations Security Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's eldest son Asfa Wossen imperator sifatida. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup d'état. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support, was denounced by the Efiopiya pravoslav cherkovi, and was unpopular with the army, havo kuchlari va politsiya. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the emperor had support among students and the educated classes.[127] The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".[128] Student populations began to empathize with the peasantry and poor and advocate on their behalf.[128] The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.

Haile Selassie with U.S. President Jon F. Kennedi, October 1963

The emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of dekolonizatsiya in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the UN.

A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federatsiya with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.[129] Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate Constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961 the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of Eritrea's parliament.

Emperor Haile Selassie with President Gamal Abdel Noser ning Misr in Addis Ababa for the Afrika birligi tashkiloti summit, 1963.

In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrad, FPR Yugoslaviya. This is considered to be the founding conference of the Qo'shilmaslik harakati.

In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritreya mustaqillik urushi. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.[130] The war would continue for 30 years, as first Haile Selassie, then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him, attempted to retain Eritrea by force.

In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Afrika birligi tashkiloti (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide Afrika ittifoqi (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis-Ababa. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Bilan birga Modibo Keyta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Marokash va Jazoir. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the Afrika Qo'shma Shtatlari, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Qaddafiy.[131]

On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations[132][133] referring in his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:

Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenceless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.[134]

Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965 yil

On 25 November 1963, the emperor was among other davlat rahbarlari, including France's President Sharl de Goll, who traveled to Washington, D.C., and attended the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.

In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility who had previously avoided paying most of their taxes.[135] Even with alterations, this law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.

Haile Selassie on a state visit to Washington, 1963

While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Hindiston, consistently deploring it as needless suffering and calling for the Vetnam urushi to end on several occasions. At the same time he remained open toward the United States and commended it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s, while visiting the US several times during these years.

In 1967, he visited Monreal, Canada, to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the Expo '67 World's Fair where he received great acclaim among other World leaders there for the occasion.

Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. Marksizm took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of the globe.[127] Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement, and also damaged the standing of the government, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image. As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime Minister, Aklilu Habte Wold, and concentrated more on foreign affairs.

1970-yillar

Haile Selassie I in Toledo (Spain) in April 1971. Picture by Eduardo Butragueño.

Outside of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest-serving head of state in power, he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such as the davlat dafn marosimlari ning Jon F. Kennedi va Sharl de Goll, the summits of the Qo'shilmaslik harakati, va 1971 celebration of the 2,500 years of the Fors imperiyasi. In 1970 he visited Italy as a guest of President Juzeppe Saragat va Milan u uchrashdi Giordano Dell'Amore, President of Italian Savings Banks Association. He visited China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet Mao Szedun following the death of Mao's designated successor Lin Biao in a plane crash in Mongolia.

Human rights in Ethiopia under Selassie's regime were poor. Civil liberties and political rights were low with Freedom House giving Ethiopia a "Not Free" score for both civil liberties and political rights in the last years of Selassie's rule.[136] Common human right abuses included imprisonment and torture of political prisoners and very poor prison conditions.[12] The Imperial Ethiopian Army also carried out a number of these atrocities while fighting the Eritrean separatists. This was due to a policy of destroying Eritrean villages that supported the rebels. There were a number of mass killings of hundreds of civilians during the war in the late 1960s and early '70s.[137][138][139][140]

Wollo famine

Ochlik —mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some parts of Tigray—is estimated to have killed 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians[10][141] between 1972 and 1974. A BBC News report[142] has cited a 1973 estimate that 200,000 deaths occurred, based on a contemporaneous estimate from the Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. While this figure is still repeated in some texts and media sources, it was an estimate that was later found to be "over-pessimistic".[144] Although the region is infamous for recurrent crop failures and continuous food shortage and starvation risk, this episode was remarkably severe. A 1973 production of the ITV dastur The Unknown Famine tomonidan Jonathan Dimbleby[145][146] relied on the unverified estimate of 200,000 dead,[142][147] stimulating a massive influx of aid while at the same time destabilizing Haile Selassie's regime.[141]

Against that background, a group of dissident army officers instigated a creeping coup against the emperor's faltering regime. To guard against a public backlash in favour of Haile Selassie (who was still widely revered), they contrived to obtain a copy of The Unknown Famine which they intercut with images of Africa's grand old man presiding at a wedding feast in the grounds of his palace. Qayta nomlangan The Hidden Hunger, bu film noir was shown around the clock on Ethiopian television to coincide with the day that they finally summoned the nerve to seize the emperor himself.

— Jonathan Dimbleby, "Feeding on Ethiopia's famine"[148]
The 1973 yilgi neft inqirozi, the severity of which is demonstrated by this graph, hit Ethiopia amidst a devastating famine, compounding its effect and undermining support for the emperor.[122]

Some reports suggest that the emperor was unaware of the famine's extent,[142] while others assert that he was well aware of it.[149][150] In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the Kreml 's depiction of Haile Selassie's Ethiopia as backwards and inept (relative to the purported utopia of Marksizm-leninizm ) contributed to the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the rise of Mengistu Xayl Mariam.[151] The famine and its image in the media undermined the government's popular support, and Haile Selassie's once unassailable personal popularity fell.[152]

The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high neft narxi, the latter a result of the 1973 yilgi neft inqirozi. The international economic crisis triggered by the oil crisis caused the costs of imported goods, gasoline, and food to skyrocket, while unemployment spiked.[122]

Inqilob

In February 1974, four days of serious riots in Addis Ababa against a sudden economic inflation left five dead. The emperor responded by announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but the promised 33% military wage hike was not substantial enough to pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in Asmara and spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-Vold on 27 February 1974.[153] Haile Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands for still greater pay, and named Endelkachew Makonnen as his new Prime Minister. Despite Endalkatchew's many concessions, discontent continued in March with a four-day general strike that paralyzed the nation.

Qamoq

The deposition of Emperor Haile Selassie I (above rear window) from the Jubilee Palace on 12 September 1974, marking the coup d'état's action on that day and the assumption of power by the Derg.

The Derg, a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted men, set up in June to investigate the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose the 82-year-old Selassie on 12 September.[154] Umumiy Aman Mikael Andom, a Protestant of Eritrean origin,[153] served briefly as provisional head of state pending the return of Valiahd shahzoda Asfa Wossen, who was then receiving medical treatment abroad. Selassie was placed under house arrest briefly at the 4th Army Division in Addis Ababa,[153]. At the same time, most of his family was detained at the late Duke of Harar 's residence in the north of the capital. The last months of the emperor's life were spent in imprisonment, in the Grand Palace.[155] Reportedly, his mental condition was such that he believed he was still Emperor of Ethiopia.[156]

Later, most of the imperial family was imprisoned in the Addis Ababa prison Kerchele, also known as "Alem Bekagne ", or "I've had Enough of This World". On 23 November 60 former high officials of the imperial government were otishma otib tashlangan holda trial,[157] which included Selassie's grandson Iskinder Desta, a rear admiral, as well as General Andom and two former bosh vazirlar.[155][158] These killings, known to Ethiopians as "Bloody Saturday", were condemned by Crown Prince Asfa Wossen; the Derg responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his imperial legitimacy, and announcing the end of the Sulaymoniylar sulolasi.[157]

Death and interment

On 28 August 1975, the state media reported that Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory failure" following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.[159] Doktor Asrat Woldeyes denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government version of his death. The prostate operation in question apparently had taken place months before the state media claimed, and Selassie had apparently enjoyed strong health in his last days.[160] In 1994, an Ethiopian court found several former military officers guilty of strangling the emperor in his bed in 1975. Three years after the military socialist Derg regime was overthrown[161] the court charged them with genocide and murder, claiming that it had obtained documents attesting to a high-level order from the military regime to assassinate Selassie for leading a "feudal regime".[162] Documents have been widely circulated online showing the Derg's final assassination order and bearing the military regime's seal and signature.[163][164] The veracity of these documents has been corroborated by multiple former members of the military Derg regime.[165][166]

The Soviet-backed PDRE fell in 1991. In 1992, Selassie's bones were found under a concrete slab on the palace grounds,[167] though some reports suggest that his remains were discovered beneath a latrine.[168] Selassie's coffin rested in Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near his great-uncle Menelik II 's resting place.[169] On 5 November 2000, the Ethiopian Orthodox church gave him a funeral, but the government refused calls to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral.[169]

Prominent Rastafari figures such as Rita Marley participated in the funeral, but most Rastafari rejected the event and refused to accept that the bones were Selassie's remains. There is some debate within the Rastafari harakati whether he actually died in 1975.[170]

Avlodlar

Shahzoda Makonnen, son of Haile Selassie I

By Menen Asfaw, Haile Selassie had six children: Princess Tenagnework, Valiahd shahzoda Asfaw Wossen, Princess Zenebework, Princess Tsehai, Shahzoda Makonnen va Prince Sahle Selassie.

There is some controversy about Haile Selassie's eldest daughter's motherhood, Princess Romanework. While the living members of the royal family state that Romanework is the eldest daughter of Empress Menen,[171] it has been asserted that Princess Romanework is actually the daughter of a previous union of the emperor with a Woizero Altayech.[172] This may be a nickname she used, as nobleman Blata Merse Hazen Wolde Kirkos, a contemporary source prominent in both the Imperial Court and the Efiopiya Pravoslav Tevahedo cherkovi names her as Woizero Woinetu Amede. The emperor's own autobiography makes no mention of this previous marriage or having fathered children with anyone other than Empress Menen. However, he mentions the death of this daughter in captivity at Turin. Other sources such as Blata Merse Hazen Wolde Kirkos mentions Princess Romanework's mother Woizero Woinetu Amede as attending the wedding of her daughter to Dejazmatch Beyene Merid in a firsthand account in his book about the years before the Italian occupation.

Prince Asfaw Wossen was first married to Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum and then following their divorce to Princess Medferiashwork Abebe. Prince Makonnen was married to Princess Sara Gizaw. Prince Sahle Selassie was married to Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam. Princess Romanework married Dejazmatch Beyene Merid. Princess Tenagnework first married Ras Desta Damtew, and after she was widowed later married Ras Andargachew Messai. Princess Zenebework married Dejazmatch Haile Selassie Gugsa. Princess Tsehai married Lt. General Abiye Abebe.

A public rift between some of the descendants ensued when the late Emperor's Patek Philippe watch came up for auction in 2017. In the end it was sold for $2.9 million by leading international auction house Christie's.[173]

Rastafari messiah

…Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God.

— Zabur 68:31

Today, Haile Selassie is worshipped as God mujassamlangan[174] among some followers of the Rastafari harakati (taken from Haile Selassie's pre-imperial name Ras—meaning Bosh, a title looking equivalent to Duke—Tafari Makonnen), which emerged in Yamayka during the 1930s under the influence of Leonard Howell, a follower of Markus Garvi 's "African Redemption" movement. He is viewed as the messiah who will lead the peoples of Africa and the Afrika diasporasi to freedom.[175] His official titles are Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah va King of Kings of Ethiopia and Elect of God, and his traditional lineage is thought to be from Solomon and Sheba.[176] These notions are perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of the return of the messiah in the prophetic Vahiy kitobi ichida Yangi Ahd: Shohlar qiroli, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, va Root of David. Rastafari faith in the incarnate ilohiyot of Haile Selassie[177] began after news reports of his coronation reached Jamaica,[178] particularly via the two Vaqt magazine articles on the coronation the week before and the week after the event. Haile Selassie's own perspectives permeate the philosophy of the movement.[178][179]

In 1961, the Jamaican government sent a delegation composed of both Rastafari and non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia to discuss the matter of repatriation, among other issues, with the emperor. He reportedly told the Rastafari delegation (which included Mortimer Planno ), "Tell the Brethren to be not dismayed, I personally will give my assistance in the matter of repatriation."[180]

Haile Selassie visited Jamaica on 21 April 1966, and approximately one hundred thousand Rastafari from all over Jamaica descended on Palisadoes Airport yilda Kingston to greet him.[178] Spliffs[181] va piyoz[182] were openly[183] smoked, causing "a haze of ganja smoke" to drift through the air.[184][185][186] Haile Selassie arrived at the airport but was unable to come down the airplane's mobile steps, as the crowd rushed the tarmac. He then returned into the plane, disappearing for several more minutes. Finally, Jamaican authorities were obliged to request Ras Mortimer Planno, a well-known Rasta leader, to climb the steps, enter the plane, and negotiate the emperor's descent.[187] Planno re-emerged and announced to the crowd: "The Emperor has instructed me to tell you to be calm. Step back and let the Emperor land".[188] This day is widely held by scholars to be a major turning point for the movement,[189][190][191] and it is still commemorated by Rastafari as Grounation Day, the anniversary of which is celebrated as the second holiest holiday after 2 November, the emperor's Coronation Day.

From then on, as a result of Planno's actions, the Jamaican authorities were asked to ensure that Rastafari representatives were present at all state functions attended by the emperor,[190][191] and Rastafari elders also ensured that they obtained a private audience with the emperor,[190] where he reportedly told them that they should not emigrate to Ethiopia until they had first liberated the people of Jamaica. This dictum came to be known as "ozodlik oldin vatanga qaytarish ".

Haile Selassie defied expectations of the Jamaican authorities[192] and never rebuked the Rastafari for their belief in him as the returned Jesus. Instead, he presented the movement's faithful elders with gold medallions—the only recipients of such an honor on this visit.[193][194] Davomida PNP leader (later Jamaican Prime Minister) Maykl Menli 's visit to Ethiopia in October 1969, the emperor allegedly still recalled his 1966 reception with amazement, and stated that he felt that he had to be respectful of their beliefs.[195] This was the visit when Manley received the Rod of Correction or Rod of Joshua as a present from the emperor, which is thought to have helped him to win the 1972 election in Jamaica.

Rita Marley, Bob Marley 's wife, converted to the Rastafari faith after seeing Haile Selassie on his Jamaican trip. She claimed in interviews (and in her book Yo'q, ayol, yig'lama) that she saw a stigmatalar print on the palm of Haile Selassie's hand as he waved to the crowd which resembled the markings on Christ's hands from being nailed to the cross—a claim that was not supported by other sources, but was used as evidence for her and other Rastafari to suggest that Haile Selassie I was indeed their messiah.[196] She was also influential in the conversion of Bob Marley, who then became internationally recognized. As a result, Rastafari became much better known throughout much of the world.[197] Bob Marley's posthumously released song "Iron Lion Zion " refers to Haile Selassie.

Selassie's position

In a 1967 recorded interview with the CBC, Haile Selassie appeared to deny his alleged divinity. In the interview Bill McNeil says: "there are millions of Christians throughout the world, your Imperial Majesty, who regard you as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ." Selassie replied in his native language:

I have heard of that idea. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity.[198]

For many Rastafari the CBC interview is not interpreted as a denial of his divinity. According to Robert Earl Hood, Haile Selassie neither denied nor affirmed his divinity either way.[199] Yilda Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music, Kevin Chang and Wayne Chen note:

It's often said, though no definite date is ever cited, that Haile Selassie himself denied his divinity. Former senator and Gleaner editor, Hector Wynter, tells him, during his visit to Jamaica in 1966, when he told Rastafari he was not God. "Who am I to disturb their belief?" replied the emperor.[192]

After his return to Ethiopia, he dispatched Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to the Karib dengizi to help draw Rastafari and other West Indians to the Ethiopian church and, according to some sources, denied his divinity.[200][201][202][203]

In 1948, Haile Selassie donated a piece of land at Shashamane, 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of Addis Ababa, for the use of people of African descent from the West Indies. Numerous Rastafari families settled there and still live as a community to this day.[204]

Sarlavhalar va uslublar

Asosiy maqola: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie
  • 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
  • 1 November 1905 – 8 September 1911: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
  • 8 September 1911 – 7 October 1928: Ras Tafari Makonnen
  • 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
  • 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I (Power of the Holy Trinity), King of Kings, Lord of Lord's, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God Peacemaker and Light of the Universe.
  • 111th King of the Kingdom of Axum, 225th Head of the Royal House of David and 328th King of the Solmonic Dynasty.
  • On 21st January 1965, H.I.M Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.

National orders

Ajdodlar

Harbiy unvonlar

Haile Selassie held the following ranks:[iqtibos kerak ]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ 1936 yil 2-maydan surgunda - 1941 yil 5-may
  2. ^ "Uchbirlikning kuchi" ga tarjima qilinadi.[1]
  3. ^ Ingliz tili: /ˈhaɪlmensəˈlæsmen,-ˈlɑːsmen/[2]
  4. ^ Geez ግርማዊ ቀዳማዊ አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ሞዓ አንበሳ ዘእምነገደ ይሁዳ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ዘኢትዮጵያ ሰዩመ እግዚአብሔር; girmāwī ḳedāmāwī 'aṣē ḫayle śillāsē, mō'ā' anbessā ze'imneggede yihudā niguse negest ze'ītyōṗṗyā, siyume 'igzī'a'bihēr.[iqtibos kerak ]
  5. ^ Balemulu so'zma-so'z "to'liq vakolatli" yoki "to'liq vakolatli" degan ma'noni anglatadi, shuning uchun uni umumiy foydalanishdan ajratib turadi EnderaseImperatorning fifler yoki vassallarga vakili yoki leytenanti bo'lish, aslida a General-gubernator yoki Noib zamonaviy imperatorlik davrida, Xayl Selassi hukmronligi davrida viloyat gubernatorlari qaysi muddatga murojaat qilishgan.[iqtibos kerak ]
  6. ^ Balcha Safo o'zi bilan Sidamodan o'n ming kishilik qo'shin olib keldi.[41]
  7. ^ Balcha Safoning shaxsiy qo'riqchisi besh yuzga yaqin edi.[41]

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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Manbalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Xenze, Pol B (2000), ""Xayl Selassining ko'tarilishi: qiyinchiliklar vaqti, Regent, imperator, surgun "va" Zamonaviy dunyoda Efiopiya: Xayl Selassi zafardan to fojia sari"", Vaqt qatlamlari: Efiopiya tarixi, Nyu-York: Palgrave, ISBN  978-0-312-22719-7.
  • Kapushtski, Rishard (1978), Imperator: Avtokratning qulashi, ISBN  978-0-679-72203-8.
  • Xayl Selassi I: Efiopiyaning Yahudo sheridir, 1979, ISBN  0-88229-342-7
  • Xayl Selassining urushi: Italiya-Efiopiya kampaniyasi, 1935–1941, 1984, ISBN  0-394-54222-3
  • Xayl Selassi, g'arbiy ta'lim va Efiopiyadagi siyosiy inqilob, 2006, ISBN  978-1-934043-20-2
  • Shohlar qiroli: Efiopiya imperatori Xayl Selassi I ning g'alabasi va fojiasi, 2015, ISBN  978-1-910376-14-0
  • Mozli, Leonard, Xayl Selassi: Fath etuvchi sher. Prentice Hall 1965 LCCN 65-11882

Tashqi havolalar

Xayl Selassi
Tug'ilgan: 1892 yil 23-iyul O'ldi: 1975 yil 27 avgust
Regnal unvonlari
Oldingi
Zewditu I		 Efiopiya imperatori
1930 yil 2-noyabr - 1974 yil 12-sentyabr		Monarxiya bekor qilindi
Nomzodlar chiroyli ko'rinishda
Nomni yo'qotish
- TITULAR -
Efiopiya imperatori
1974 yil 12 sentyabr - 1975 yil 27 avgust		Muvaffaqiyatli
Valiahd shahzoda Amha Selassi