Lemur - Lemur
| Lemur | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lemur xilma-xilligi namunasi; 15 ta biologik nasldan 8 tasi tasvirlangan (yuqoridan, chapdan o'ngga): Lemur, Propitekus, Daubentoniya, †Arxeoindris, Mikrosbus, Lepilemur, Eulemur, Varecia. | |
Ilmiy tasnif  | |
| Qirollik: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Chordata |
| Sinf: | Sutemizuvchilar |
| Buyurtma: | Primatlar |
| Suborder: | Strepsirrhini |
| Qoidabuzarlik: | Lemuriformes |
| Superfamily: | Lemuroidea Kulrang 1821 |
| Oilalar | |
| Turli xillik | |
| Taxminan 100 tirik tur | |
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| Barcha lemur turlari[3] | |
Lemur (/ˈliːmar/ (
tinglang) LEE-mer ) (lotin tilidan lemures - arvohlar yoki ruhlar) sutemizuvchilar ning buyurtma Primatlar, 8 ga bo'lingan oilalar va 15 dan iborat avlodlar va mavjud bo'lgan 100 ga yaqin turlari. Ular faqat orolda tug'ilganlar Madagaskar. Mavjud lemurlarning aksariyati kichkina, tumshug'i uchli, ko'zlari katta va dumi uzun. Ular asosan daraxtlarda yashaydilar (daraxt ) va tunda faol (tungi ).
Lemurlar boshqa primatlar bilan o'xshashlikni taqqoslaydi, ammo undan mustaqil ravishda rivojlanadi maymunlar va maymunlar. Madagaskarning mavsumiy iqlimi tufayli, lemur evolyutsiyasi darajasini ishlab chiqardi turlarning xilma-xilligi boshqa har qanday primat guruhiga raqib. Odamlar orolga taxminan 2000 yil oldin kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, erkaklarnikiga o'xshash lemurlar bo'lgan gorilla. Ko'pgina turlar 1990 yildan beri kashf etilgan yoki to'liq tur holatiga ko'tarilgan; ammo, lemur taksonomik tasnif munozarali va qaysi biriga bog'liq turlar tushunchasi ishlatilgan.
Lemurlarning vazni 30 grammdan (1,1 oz) iborat sichqoncha lemur 9 kilogrammgacha (20 funt) indri. Lemurlar ko'plab oddiy bazal primat xususiyatlariga ega, masalan, divergent raqamlar ularning qo'llari va oyoqlarida va mixlar o'rniga tirnoqlari (ko'pgina turlarda). Biroq, ularning miyaning tanaga nisbati undan kichikroq antropoid primatlar. Hammada bo'lgani kabi strepsirrin primatlar, ular "ho'l burun" ga ega (rinarium ). Lemurlar odatda strepsirrin primatlarning eng ijtimoiy qismidir va vizual signallarga qaraganda hidlar va vokalizatsiya bilan ko'proq aloqada bo'ladi. Lemurlar nisbatan past bazal metabolizm darajasi va natijada namoyish etilishi mumkin uyqusizlik kabi qish uyqusi yoki torpor. Ular ham bor mavsumiy naslchilik va ayollarning ijtimoiy ustunligi. Ko'pchilik turli xil meva va barglarni iste'mol qiladi, ba'zilari esa mutaxassislar. Lemurlarning ikki turi bir xil o'rmonda turli xil parhezlar tufayli yashashi mumkin.
Lemur tadqiqotlari 18-19 asrlarda taksonomiya va namunalarni yig'ishga bag'ishlangan. Lemur ekologiyasi va xulq-atvorini zamonaviy o'rganish 1950 va 60-yillarga qadar jiddiy ravishda boshlamadi. Dastlab Madagaskarda 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida siyosiy muammolar to'sqinlik qildi, dala tadqiqotlari 1980-yillarda qayta tiklandi. Lemurlar tadqiqot uchun juda muhimdir, chunki antropoid primatlari bilan ajdodlarning xususiyatlari va xususiyatlarining aralashmasi primat va inson evolyutsiyasi. Ko'plab lemur turlari yashash joylarini yo'qotish va ov qilish sababli yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida. So'nggi 2000 yil ichida ko'plab lemur turlari allaqachon yo'q bo'lib ketgan va inson faoliyati tufayli "" deb nomlangantoshma osti lemurlari "Garchi mahalliy urf-odatlar lemurs va ularning o'rmonlarini himoya qilishga yordam bersa ham, noqonuniy daraxt kesish, keng tarqalgan qashshoqlik va siyosiy beqarorlik tabiatni muhofaza qilish ishlariga to'sqinlik qiladi va ularga putur etkazadi. Ushbu tahdidlar va ularning kamayib borishi sababli Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi (IUCN) lemurlarni dunyodagi eng xavfli sutemizuvchilar deb hisoblaydi va 2013 yilga kelib qayd etdi[yangilash] keyingi 20-25 yil ichida barcha lemur turlarining 90% gacha yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin.
Etimologiya
Lemur nomi Lotin lemures,[4] bu tomoshabinlar yoki arvohlarni nazarda tutadi quvilgan davomida Lemuriya festivali qadimgi Rim.[5][6]
Karl Linney, zamonaviy asoschisi binomial nomenklatura lemursga 1758 yildayoq ismini bergan 10-nashr Systema Naturae. U turga uchta turni kiritdi Lemur: Lemur tardigradus (the qizil ingichka loris, endi sifatida tanilgan Loris tardigradus), Lemur catta (the halqali dumaloq lemur ) va Lemur volanslari (the Filippin kolugosi, endi sifatida tanilgan Cynocephalus volans).[7]
[Men ularni lemur deb atayman, chunki ular asosan tunda odamlarga o'xshash tarzda aylanib yurishadi va sekin sur'atda yurishadi.]
Linney, Adolphi Friderici Regis muzeyi[8]
ga murojaat qilib qizil ingichka loris[9]
"Lemur" atamasi birinchi marta mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da ingichka lorises, u tez orada bilan cheklangan edi endemik O'shandan beri "lemurlar" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Malagas primatlari.[10] Linneyning o'z izohiga ko'ra, bu nom taniqli lorisning tungi faolligi va sekin harakatlari tufayli tanlangan.[9] Asarlari bilan tanishish Virgil va Ovid va uning nomlash sxemasiga mos keladigan o'xshashlikni ko'rgan Linnaus "lemur" atamasini ushbu tungi primatlar uchun moslashtirdi.[11]
2012 yilda Linneeusning ruhga o'xshash ko'rinishini nazarda tutganligi haqida keng tarqalgan va yolg'on taxmin qilinganligi ta'kidlangan, ko'zgu ko'zlari Lemurlarning hayajonli qichqirig'i.[9] Bundan tashqari, Linney ba'zi malagasiyaliklar lemurlar ota-bobolarining ruhi ekanligi haqida afsonalar borligini bilgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb taxmin qilishgan.[12] ammo bu nom Hindistonning ingichka loralari uchun tanlanganligi ehtimoldan yiroq emas.[9]
Evolyutsiya
Lemurlar suborderga tegishli primatlardir Strepsirrhini. Boshqa strepsirrin kabi primatlar, kabi lorises, pottos va galagos, ular ajdodlarimiz bilan bo'lishadilar (yoki plesiomorfik ) dastlabki primatlar bilan xususiyatlar. Shu munosabat bilan lemurslar xalq orasida ajdodlarning primatlari bilan chalkashtiriladi; lemurlar maymunlar va maymunlarni keltirib chiqarmadi (simianlar ). Buning o'rniga, ular mustaqil ravishda mustaqil ravishda rivojlanib bordi Madagaskar.[13] Lemurlarni o'z ichiga olgan barcha zamonaviy strepsirrinlar an'anaviy ravishda dastlabki primatlardan rivojlangan deb o'ylashadi mos kiyimlar davomida Eosen (56 dan 34 gachamya ) yoki Paleotsen (66 dan 56 mya gacha).[13][14][2] Adapiformalarda tishlarning maxsus joylashuvi yo'q, ular a deb nomlanadi tish pichog'i deyarli barcha tirik strepsirrinlarga ega.[15][16][17] Yaqinda gipoteza lemurlar lorisoidlardan (lorisga o'xshash) primatlardan kelib chiqqanligi. Buni solishtirma tadqiqotlar qo'llab-quvvatlaydi sitoxrom b gen va strepsirrin tish po'stining ikkala guruhda mavjudligi.[17][18] Lemurlarning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ajdodlari bo'lish o'rniga, adaptivlar lemurlar va lorisoidlarni keltirib chiqargan bo'lishi mumkin, bu bo'linish tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi mumkin molekulyar filogenetik tadqiqotlar.[17] Keyinchalik lemurlar va lorislar o'rtasida bo'linish molekulyar tadqiqotlar bo'yicha taxminan 62 dan 65 myagacha bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi,[19] Afrikadagi boshqa genetik testlar va fotoalbomlar bu xilma-xillik uchun 50 dan 55 mya gacha bo'lgan konservativ hisob-kitoblarni taklif qilsa ham.[1] Biroq, Madagaskarda eng qadimgi lemur qoldiqlari toshqotgan toshlar bilan tanishish Kech pleystotsen.[2]
Bir paytlar superkontinentning bir qismi Gondvana, Madagaskar oroli sharqdan ajralib chiqqanidan beri izolyatsiya qilingan Afrika (~ 160 mya), Antarktida (~ 80-130 mya), va Hindiston (~ 80-90 mya).[20][21] Ajdodlar lemurlari Afrikada taxminan 62 dan 65 milliongacha paydo bo'lgan deb o'ylashlari sababli, ular kesib o'tgan bo'lishi kerak Mozambik kanali, Afrika va Madagaskar o'rtasidagi eng kam kengligi 560 km (350 milya) bo'lgan chuqur kanal.[17] 1915 yilda, paleontolog Uilyam Diller Metyu Madagaskarda sutemizuvchilar biologik xilma-xilligi (lemurlar ham kiradi) faqat tasodifiy hisobga olinishi mumkin. rafting tadbirlari Bu erda juda oz sonli aholi katta daryolardan dengizga chiqib ketadigan o'simliklarning chigallashgan paspaslariga yaqin Afrikadan yiqilib tushgan.[22] Ushbu shakl biologik tarqalish millionlab yillar davomida tasodifan sodir bo'lishi mumkin.[17][23] 1940-yillarda amerikalik paleontolog Jorj Geylord Simpson bunday tasodifiy hodisalar uchun "lotereya gipotezasi" atamasini kiritdi.[24] Rafting shundan beri Madagaskarning lemur kolonizatsiyasi uchun eng ko'p qabul qilingan tushuntirish bo'lib kelgan,[25][26] ammo yaqin vaqtgacha bu safar juda qiyin deb o'ylardi, chunki kuchli okean oqimlari oroldan uzoqda oqing.[27] Yilda 2010 yil yanvar, hisobot shuni ko'rsatdiki, Madagaskar va Afrika 60 milya atrofida o'zlarining hozirgi pozitsiyalaridan 1650 km (1,030 mil) janubda joylashgan bo'lib, ularni boshqa joyga joylashtirgan. okean girasi, hozirgi holatiga zid bo'lgan oqimlarni ishlab chiqarish. Okean oqimlari bugungi kunga qaraganda kuchliroq ekanligi ko'rsatilib, ular salni tezroq bosib, sayohatni 30 kunga yoki undan kamroq muddatga qisqartirishi mumkin edi - bu kichik sutemizuvchilar osongina omon qolish uchun etarli. Sifatida kontinental plitalar shimol tomon siljigan, oqimlar asta-sekin o'zgardi va 20 million yilga kelib okeanik tarqalish uchun oyna yopilib, lemurlar va quruqlikdagi Malagasiya faunasining qolgan qismini materik Afrikadan ajratib qo'ydi.[27] Madagaskarda cheklangan miqdordagi sutemizuvchilar raqobatchilari bilan ajralib turadigan lemurslar boshqa rivojlanayotganlar bilan raqobatlashishlari shart emas edi. daraxt kabi sutemizuvchilar guruhlari sincaplar.[28] Ular bilan raqobatlashishdan xalos bo'lishdi maymunlar, keyinchalik rivojlangan. Maymunlarning aql-zakovati, tajovuzkorligi va hiyla-nayrangliligi ularga atrofni ekspluatatsiya qilishda boshqa primatlardan ustunlik berdi.[4][16]
Tarqatish va xilma-xillik
Lemurlarda bor moslashtirilgan ko'pchilikni to'ldirish ekologik uyalar Madagaskarga yo'l olganidan beri.[16][28] Ularning fe'l-atvori va morfologiyasida (tashqi ko'rinishi) xilma-xilligi dunyoning boshqa joylarida joylashgan maymunlar va maymunlarga o'xshashdir.[4] 30 g (1,1 oz) dan kattaligi Madam Bertning sichqonchani lemurasi, dunyodagi eng kichik primat,[29] yaqinda yo'q bo'lib ketgan 160-200 kg (350-440 lb) gacha Arxeoindris fontoynonti,[30] lemurlar harakatlanishning xilma-xil shakllarini, turli xil ijtimoiy murakkablik darajalarini va mahalliy iqlimga xos moslashuvlarni rivojlantirdilar.[16][31]
Lemurlarda boshqa barcha primatlardan ajralib turadigan umumiy xususiyatlar yo'q.[32] Lemurlarning har xil turlari Madagaskarning qattiq, mavsumiy iqlimi bilan kurashish uchun g'ayrioddiy xususiyatlarning noyob kombinatsiyalarini rivojlantirdilar. Ushbu xususiyatlarga mavsumiy yog'ni saqlash, gipometabolizm (shu jumladan) kiradi torpor va qish uyqusi ), kichik guruh o'lchamlari, past ensefalizatsiya (nisbiy miya hajmi), kateterlik (kunduzi ham, kechasi ham faoliyat) va qat'iy naslchilik mavsumlari.[14][31] Resurslarning o'ta cheklanganligi va mavsumiy naslchilik, shuningdek, lemurning boshqa uch oddiy xususiyatini keltirib chiqardi deb o'ylashadi: ayollarning ijtimoiy ustunligi, jinsiy monomorfizm va past darajadagi er-xotin uchun raqobat agonizm, kabi sperma raqobati.[33]
Taxminan 1500-2000 yil oldin odamlar kelguniga qadar orol bo'ylab lemurlar topilgan.[28] Biroq, dastlabki ko'chmanchilar tezda o'rmonlarni aylantirdilar guruch paxtalari va o'tloq orqali kesilgan qishloq xo'jaligi (mahalliy sifatida tanilgan tavy), lemurlarni orolning taxminan 10% maydoniga, ~ 60,000 km ga cheklash2 (23000 kvadrat milya)[34] Bugungi kunda lemur jamoalarining xilma-xilligi va murakkabligi ortib bormoqda gulli xilma-xillik va yog'ingarchilik va eng yuqori yomg'ir o'rmonlari sharqiy sohilning.[2] Ob-havoning og'ir sharoitlariga moslashishlariga qaramay, yashash muhitini yo'q qilish va ov qilish natijasida lemur populyatsiyasi keskin kamayib ketdi va ularning xilma-xilligi kamaydi, yaqinda sakkizta nasldan kamida 17 tur yo'q bo'lib ketdi;[28][30][35] kollektiv sifatida toshma osti lemurlari. Lemurning taxminan 100 turi va pastki turlarining aksariyati tahdid ostida yoki xavf ostida. Agar tendentsiyalar o'zgarmasa, yo'q bo'lib ketish davom etishi mumkin.[36]
Yaqin vaqtgacha Madagaskarda ulkan lemurlar mavjud edi. Endi ular faqat yaqinda yoki subfosil qoldiqlari bilan ifodalanadi, ular ilgari ajralib chiqqan holda rivojlangan boy lemur xilma-xilligining bir qismi bo'lgan zamonaviy shakllar edi. Ularning ba'zi moslashishlari tirik qarindoshlarida ko'rilganiga o'xshamas edi.[28] Yo'qolgan barcha 17 lemurlar mavjud bo'lgan (jonli) shakllardan kattaroq edi, ba'zilari og'irligi 200 kg (440 lb),[4] va kun davomida faol bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi.[37] Ular nafaqat tirik lemurlardan farqli o'laroq, ham tashqi qiyofasi bilan, balki endi mavjud bo'lmagan yoki endi ishsiz qolgan ekologik bo'shliqlarni to'ldirdilar.[28] Hozirda o'rmon va lemurlardan xoli bo'lgan Madagaskarning katta qismlarida bir vaqtlar lemur o'lchamlarini to'liq qamrab oladigan 20 dan ortiq lemur turlarini o'z ichiga olgan turli xil primat jamoalari joylashgan.[38]
Taksonomik tasnif va filogeniya
| Raqobatdosh lemur filogeniyalari | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Ikki raqobatdosh lemur filogeniyasi mavjud, ulardan biri Horvat va boshq. (tepada)[39] va biri Orlando tomonidan va boshq. (pastki).[40] E'tibor bering, Horvat va boshq. joylashtirishga urinmadi toshma osti lemurlari. |
Taksonomik nuqtai nazardan "lemur" atamasi dastlab turkumga tegishli edi Lemur, hozirda faqat halqali dumaloq lemur. Ushbu atama endi so'zlashuv barcha Malagas primatlariga nisbatan ma'no.[41]
Lemur taksonomiyasi munozarali bo'lib, barcha mutaxassislar ham rozi emas, ayniqsa tan olingan turlar sonining ko'payishi bilan.[32][42][43] Ga binoan Rassel Mittermeyer, prezidenti Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish (CI), taksonomist Kolin Groves va boshqalar, mavjud bo'lgan (yoki tirik) lemurning 100 ga yaqin taniqli turlari yoki turlari mavjud bo'lib, ular beshta oilaga va 15 avlodga bo'lingan.[44] Genetik ma'lumotlar yaqinda yo'q bo'lib ketgan subfosil lemurlarning tirik lemurlar bilan chambarchas bog'liqligini ko'rsatganligi sababli,[45] qo'shimcha uchta oila, sakkizta nasl va 17 turni jami tarkibiga kiritish mumkin.[30][35] Aksincha, boshqa mutaxassislar buni shunday belgilashgan taksonomik inflyatsiya,[43] Buning o'rniga 50 turga yaqin turni afzal ko'rmoqdasiz.[32]
Strepsirrhini suborderidagi lemurlarning tasnifi bir xil darajada ziddiyatli, garchi ko'pchilik mutaxassislar bunga qo'shiladilar filogenetik daraxt. Bir taksonomiyada Lemuriformes infraorderida ikkita superfamiladagi barcha tirik strepsirrinlar, Lemuroidea barcha lemurlar uchun, Lorisoidea lorisoidlar uchun (lorisidlar va galagos).[1][46] Shu bilan bir qatorda, lorisoidlar ba'zida o'zlarining infratizimida, Lorisiformesda, lemurlardan ajratiladi.[47] Colin Groves tomonidan nashr etilgan boshqa bir taksonomiyada, aye-aye o'zlarining infraqiziliga, Chiromyiformesga joylashtirilgan, qolgan lemurlar Lemuriformes va Lorisiformesdagi lorisoidlarga joylashtirilgan.[48]
Aye-aye lemur qopqog'ining eng bazal a'zosi ekanligi haqida umumiy fikrga kelishgan bo'lsada, qolgan to'rt oila o'rtasidagi munosabatlar kamroq aniq, chunki ular so'nggi Eosen (42 mya) orasidagi 10 dan 12 million yillik tor oynada ajralib chiqqan. ) va Oligotsenga (30 mya) kiradi.[19][25] Ikki asosiy raqobatlashadigan gipoteza qo'shni tasvirda ko'rsatilgan.
| 2 ta buzilish[46] | 3 ta buzilish[47] | 4 ta buzilish[48] |
|---|---|---|
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|
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Lemur taksonomiyasi 1758 yilda Karl Linney tomonidan lemurlarning birinchi taksonomik tasnifidan beri sezilarli darajada o'zgardi. Eng katta muammolardan biri bu yaqin kunlargacha munozara mavzusi bo'lgan aye-aye tasnifi.[4] Gacha Richard Ouen 1866 yilda aniq anatomik tadqiqotni e'lon qildi, dastlabki tabiatshunoslar aye-aye (jins) bo'ladimi-yo'qmi shubha bilan qarashdi. Daubentoniya) edi a primat, kemiruvchi, yoki marsupial.[49][50][51] Biroq, aye-ayeni "Primatlar" buyrug'i doirasida joylashtirish juda yaqin vaqtgacha muammoli bo'lib qoldi. Uning anatomiyasiga asoslanib, tadqiqotchilar jinsni tasniflashni qo'llab-quvvatladilar Daubentoniya ixtisoslashgan sifatida indriid, a opa-singillar guruhi barcha strepsirinlarga va primatlar tartibida noaniq takson sifatida.[18] Molekulyar testlar Daubentoniidae ning barcha Lemuriformes uchun bazal ekanligini ko'rsatdi,[18][52] va 2008 yilda Rassel Mittermeyer, Kolin Grouvz va boshqalar lemurlarni monofilit deb ta'riflab, Daubentoniidae, shu jumladan beshta tirik oilani o'z ichiga olgan yuqori darajadagi taksonomiya masalalariga e'tibor bermadilar.[44]
Lemur oilalar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar ham muammoli ekanligi isbotlangan va haligacha hal qilinmagan.[18] Muammoni yanada murakkablashtirish uchun bir nechta Paleogen kabi Madagaskar tashqarisidagi fotoalbom primatlar Bugtilemur, lemurlar deb tasniflangan.[53] Biroq, ilmiy konsensus bu topshiriqlarni genetik dalillarga asoslanib qabul qilmaydi,[18][52] va shuning uchun Malagas primatlari monofilit ekanligi odatda qabul qilinadi.[18][25][54] Qarama-qarshiliklarning yana bir sohasi - bu sport lemurslari va yo'q bo'lib ketganlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar koala lemurlari (Megaladapidae). Ilgari tishlarning o'xshashligi sababli bir oilada guruhlangan,[55] genetik tadqiqotlar tufayli ular endi bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq deb hisoblanmaydi.[54][56]
Ko'proq taksonomik o'zgarishlar genlar darajasida ro'y berdi, garchi ushbu reviziyalar yanada aniqroq isbotlangan bo'lsa-da, ko'pincha genetik va molekulyar tahlillar bilan ta'minlanadi. Eng ko'zga ko'ringan reviziyalar keng tarqalgan jinsning bosqichma-bosqich bo'linishini o'z ichiga oldi Lemur uchun alohida nasllarga halqali dumaloq lemur, qo'pol lemurs va jigarrang lemurs bir qator morfologik farqlar tufayli.[57][58]
Rassel Mittermeyer, Kolin Groves va boshqalarning bir necha taksonomik tahrirlari tufayli tanilgan lemur turlari 1994 yilda 33 tur va pastki turdan 2008 yilda taxminan 100 ga o'sdi.[32][44][59] Davom etish bilan sitogenetik va molekulyar genetik tadqiqotlar, shuningdek davom etayotgan dala tadqiqotlari, ayniqsa bilan sirli turlar sichqon lemurlari kabi taniqli lemur turlari ko'payib boraveradi.[32] Biroq tan olingan turlar sonining tez o'sishi taksonomistlar va lemur tadqiqotchilari orasida o'z tanqidchilariga ega. Chunki tasniflash oxir-oqibat bog'liq turlar tushunchasi ishlatilgan, tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha mutaxassislar ko'pincha atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish uchun genetik jihatdan ajralib turadigan populyatsiyalarning alohida turlarga bo'linishiga olib keladigan ta'riflarni ma'qullashadi. Boshqalar batafsilroq tahlilni ma'qullashadi.[32][43]
Anatomiya va fiziologiya
Lemurlar hajmi jihatidan juda katta farq qiladi. Ular dunyodagi eng kichik primatlarni o'z ichiga oladi va yaqin vaqtgacha eng kattalarini ham o'z ichiga olgan. Hozirgi vaqtda ularning hajmi taxminan 30 g (1,1 oz) gacha Madam Bertning sichqonchani lemurasi (Microcebus berthae) uchun 7-9 kg gacha (15-20 funt) indri (Indri indri) va diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema).[60][61] Yaqinda yo'q bo'lib ketgan turlarning biri raqobatdosh edi gorilla uchun 160-200 kg (350-440 lb) gacha Arxeoindris fontoynonti.[4][30]
Barcha primatlar singari, lemurlar ham beshta ajralib turadi raqamlar bilan mixlar (ko'p hollarda) ularning qo'llari va oyoqlarida. Ko'pchilik lemurlar yon tomondan siqilgan, cho'zilgan mixga ega, a dush panjasi, ikkinchi barmog'ida va uni chizish va tarash uchun ishlating.[50][62] Dushxonadan tashqari lemurlar boshqa xususiyatlarni boshqa strepsirrin primatlar bilan bo'lishadilar, ular tarkibiga rinarium (yoki "nam burun"); to'liq funktsional vomeronazal organ, aniqlaydigan feromonlar; a postorbital bar va etishmasligi postorbital yopilish (ko'zning orqasida ingichka suyakning devori); orbitalar (ko'zni o'rab turgan suyakli uyalar) to'liq oldinga burilmagan; chap va o'ng mandible (pastki jag ') to'liq birlashtirilmagan suyaklar; va kichik miya va tana massasining nisbati.[17][63]
Boshqalar bilan bo'lishadigan qo'shimcha xususiyatlar prosimian primatlar (strepsirrin primatlari va buzadigan amallar ) ikki yoshlilarni (ikki shoxli) o'z ichiga oladi bachadon va epiteliyokriyal platsentatsiya.[15][63] Ularning bosh barmoqlari faqat yolg'onga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli, ularning harakatlari boshqa barmoqlardan kam mustaqil bo'ladi,[62] ularning qo'llari narsalarni ushlash va manipulyatsiya qilishda mukammal emas.[21] Oyoqlarida ular keng miqyosda o'g'irlangan hallux (birinchi barmoq), bu daraxtning oyoq-qo'llarini ushlashni osonlashtiradi.[50] Lemurlarda a bor degan keng tarqalgan noto'g'ri tushuncha prehenile quyruq, faqat shu xususiyat Yangi dunyo maymunlari, ayniqsa atelidlar, primatlar orasida.[62] Lemurlar, asosan, hidlash hissiyotiga ko'proq ishonadilar, bu xususiyat boshqa sutemizuvchilar va erta primatlarga xosdir, ammo ingl.[21] Ushbu hid hissi hududni belgilash nuqtai nazaridan muhimdir, shuningdek, boshqa lemurning naslchilik uchun munosib sherik ekanligi yoki yo'qligini ko'rsatib beradi.
Lemurlar morfologiya va fiziologiya jihatidan turli xil primat guruhidir.[32] Kabi ba'zi lemurlar, masalan sport lemurlari va indriids, ko'proq vaqt bor orqa oyoq-qo'llar dan oldingi oyoqlar, ularni mukammal qiladi leaperlar.[64][65][66] Indriids shuningdek ixtisoslashgan ovqat hazm qilish tizimi uchun barglar, kattalashtirilgan ko'rgazma tuprik bezlari, keng oshqozon va cho'zilgan ko'r ichak osonlashtiradigan (pastki ichak) fermentatsiya.[2][16][61][67][68] The tukli quloqli mitti lemur (Allocebus trichotis) juda uzoq vaqt bor til, uni oziqlantirishga imkon beradi nektar.[50] Xuddi shunday, qizil qorinli lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) tukli cho'tka shaklidagi tilga ega, shuningdek, nektar va polen bilan ovqatlanish uchun noyob tarzda moslangan.[2] Aye-aye primatlar orasida o'ziga xos bo'lmagan ba'zi xususiyatlarni rivojlantirdi va bu lemurlar orasida ajralib turdi. Bunday xususiyatlarga doimiy ravishda o'sib boruvchi, o'tin va qattiq urug'larni kemirishga mo'ljallangan kemiruvchilarga o'xshash old tishlar kiradi; kichik teshiklardan oziq-ovqat olish uchun juda harakatchan, filiform (filament shaklidagi) o'rta barmoq; katta, ko'rshapalak - daraxtlar ichi bo'sh joylarni aniqlash uchun quloqlarga o'xshash;[16][28][50][69] va em-xashak uchun o'z-o'zidan ishlab chiqarilgan akustik signallardan foydalanish.[49]
Lemurlar g'ayrioddiy, chunki ularning ijtimoiy tuzilishida katta o'zgaruvchanlik mavjud, ammo umuman yo'q jinsiy dimorfizm hajmi va it tishlari morfologiyasi bo'yicha.[2][41] Biroq, ba'zi turlar ko'proq urg'ochilarga ega bo'lishga intiladi,[49] va ikki turi haqiqiy lemur (tur Eulemur), the kulrang boshli lemur (E. albocollaris) va qizil lemur (E. rufus), it tishlaridagi kattalik farqlarini namoyish etadi.[70] Haqiqiy lemurlar ko'rsatmoqda jinsiy dikromatizm (mo'yna rangidagi jinsiy farqlar),[41] ammo jinslar o'rtasidagi farq, xuddi bo'lgani kabi, juda aniq farq qiladi ko'k ko'zli qora lemur (E. makako) holatida deyarli sezilmaydi oddiy jigarrang lemur (E. fulvus).[70]
Kripsis yoki odamlarning vizual ravishda ikki yoki undan ortiq turlarni ajrata olmasligi, yaqinda lemurlar orasida, xususan sport lemurlari (Lepilemur) va sichqoncha lemurlari (Mikrosbus). Sport lemurlari bilan, pastki turlari an'anaviy ravishda engil morfologik farqlar asosida aniqlangan, ammo yangi genetik dalillar ushbu mintaqaviy populyatsiyalarga to'liq tur holatini berishni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[56] Sichqoncha lemurlari holatida kulrang sichqoncha lemur (M. murinus), oltin-jigarrang sichqoncha lemur (M. ravelobensis) va Gudmenning sichqoncha lemurasi (M. lehilahytsara) yaqinda genetik tekshiruvlar ularni sirli turlar sifatida aniqlagan paytgacha bir xil turlar deb hisoblangan.[71]
Tish tishi
| Oila | Bargli tish formulasi[55][72] | Doimiy tish formulasi[41][50][73][74] |
|---|---|---|
| Cheirogaleidae, Lemuridae | 2.1.32.1.3 × 2 = 24 | 2.1.3.32.1.3.3 × 2 = 36 |
| Lepilemuridae | 2.1.32.1.3 × 2 = 24 | 0.1.3.32.1.3.3 × 2 = 32 |
| †Archaeolemuridae | 2.1.32.0.3 × 2 = 22 | 2.1.3.31.1.3.3 × 2 = 34 |
| †Megaladapidae | 1.1.32.1.3 × 2 = 22 | 0.1.3.32.1.3.3 × 2 = 32 |
| Indriidae, †Palaeopropithecidae | 2.1.22.1.3 × 2 = 22[a] | 2.1.2.32.0.2.3 × 2 = 30[b] |
| Daubentoniidae | 1.1.21.1.2 × 2 = 16 | 1.0.1.31.0.0.3 × 2 = 18 |
Lemur tish tishi bu heterodont (ko'plab tish morfologiyalariga ega) va ajdodlar primatidan kelib chiqadi doimiy tish ning 2.1.3.32.1.3.3. Indriidlar, sport lemurlari, aye-aye va yo'q bo'lib ketgan yalqov lemurs, maymun lemurlari va koala lemurlari tishlarni kamaytirgan, tishlarini, tishlarini yoki premolarlarini yo'qotgan.[76] Ajdodlar bargli tish bu 2.1.32.1.3, ammo yosh indriidlar, aye-ayes, koala lemurlari, yalqov lemurlar va ehtimol maymun lemurlarining sut tishlari kamroq.[55][72]
Lemurlar orasida tish morfologiyasi va tish topografiyasida sezilarli farqlar mavjud. Indri Masalan, barglarni qirqish va urug'larni maydalash uchun mukammal moslangan tishlarga ega bo'ling.[61] In tish pichog'i lemurlarning ko'pi, pastki qismi tish kesuvchi va it tishlari prokumbent (yuqoriga qarab emas, oldinga qarab) va ingichka masofada joylashgan bo'lib, ikkalasi uchun ham vositani taqdim etadi parvarish yoki ovqatlantirish.[17][55][76] Masalan, indri tishlarini nafaqat parvarish qilish uchun, balki qattiq urug'lardan tortib olish uchun ham ishlatadi epikarp ning Beilschmiedia mevalar,[77] esa vilkalar bilan belgilangan lemurlar daraxtni kesish uchun ularning nisbatan uzun tishlarini ishlating qobiq oqimini keltirib chiqarish daraxt sharbati.[50] Tish po'sti til osti yoki "til osti", sochlar va boshqa qoldiqlarni olib tashlash uchun tish cho'tkasi kabi ishlaydigan maxsus tuzilish. Sublingua tilning uchidan pastga cho'zilib, uchi bilan kesilgan keratinlangan, old tishlar orasida tirnoqli tishli nuqtalar.[78][79]
Faqat aye-aye, yo'q bo'lib ketgan ulkan aye-aye va yo'q bo'lib ketgan ulkan yalqov lemurlarning eng kattasida funktsional strepsirrin tish po'sti yo'q.[76][74] Aye-aye holatida, tug'ilgandan ko'p o'tmay yo'qolgan bargli tishlarning morfologiyasi, ota-bobolarining tish po'sti borligini ko'rsatadi. Ushbu sut tishlari tug'ilgandan ko'p o'tmay yo'qoladi[80] va ularning o'rnini doimiy ravishda o'sib boruvchi (ochiq ildiz)gipselodont ) azizlar.[76]
Lemurdagi tish po'sti odatda oltita tishdan (to'rtta tish va ikkita tish) iborat, garchi indriidlar, maymunlar lemurlari va ba'zi bir yalqov lemurslarda faqat tish yoki tish tishining yo'qolishi sababli to'rtta tishli tish bor.[17][76] Pastki it tish pichog'iga kiritilgan yoki yo'qolganligi sababli, pastki tish qatorini o'qish qiyin kechishi mumkin, ayniqsa birinchi premolar (P2) ko'pincha itning rolini to'ldirish uchun it (kaniniform) shaklida bo'ladi.[55] Yilda bargli (barg yeyuvchi) lemurlar, indriidlardan tashqari, yuqori tishlar juda kamaygan yoki yo'q.[55][76] Tish pichog'i bilan birgalikda ishlatiladi mandible (pastki jag '), bu kompleks anni eslatadi tuyoqli ko'rib chiqish paneli.[76]
Lemurlar tishlarning tez rivojlanishi bilan, ayniqsa, eng katta turlar orasida primatlar orasida g'ayrioddiy. Masalan, indriidlar tana o'sishi nisbatan sekin, ammo tishlarning shakllanishi juda tez va otilish.[81] Aksincha, antropoid primatlar tish hajmi sekinroq rivojlanib, hajmi kattalashib, morfologik rivojlanishi sekinlashadi.[76] Lemurlar ham tishlarga xosdir erta Tug'ilganda va ularning to'liq doimiy tishlari bor sutdan ajratish.[31]
Lemurlarda odatda ingichka bo'ladi tish emal antropoid primatlar bilan taqqoslaganda. Bu qo'shimcha aşınmaya va buzilishga olib kelishi mumkin oldingi (Old) tishlarni parvarish qilishda, ovqatlantirishda va janglarda og'ir foydalanish tufayli. Lemurlar uchun tishlarning sog'lig'i haqida boshqa ozgina ma'lumot mavjud, faqat yovvoyi halqali dumaloq lemurslar bundan mustasno Berenty xususiy qo'riqxonasi vaqti-vaqti bilan ko'rgazma xo'ppozlangan maksiller itlar (tumshug'idagi ochiq yaralar sifatida ko'riladi) va tish chirishi, ehtimol mahalliy bo'lmagan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini iste'mol qilish sababli.[76]
Sezgilar
Hidi, yoki olfaktsiya lemurlar uchun juda muhimdir va aloqada tez-tez ishlatiladi.[2][16][21] Lemurlarda uzun hidlar (haplorrinlarning qisqa burunlari bilan taqqoslaganda) bor, ular an'anaviy ravishda hidni yaxshi saralash uchun burunni joylashtiradi deb o'ylashadi,[16] ammo uzun burunlar yuqori hid sezuvchanligiga aylantirilishi shart emas, chunki bu ularning nisbiy kattaligi emas burun bo'shlig'i hid bilan o'zaro bog'liq, ammo zichligi hid bilish retseptorlari.[82][83] Buning o'rniga uzun burunlar yaxshiroq chaynashni osonlashtirishi mumkin.[83]
Ho'l burun yoki rinarium, bu boshqa strepsirrinlar va boshqa ko'plab sutemizuvchilar bilan bo'lishadigan xususiyatdir, ammo gaplorrin primatlari bilan emas.[50] Bu hidni yaxshilash uchun da'vo qilingan bo'lsa-da,[63] aslida bu yaxshi rivojlangan bilan bog'lanadigan sensorli sensorli organ vomeronazal organ (VNO). Feromonlar odatda uchuvchan bo'lmagan molekulalar bo'lganligi sababli, rinarium hid bilan belgilangan narsaga tegish va feromon molekulalarini pastga o'tkazish uchun ishlatiladi. filtr (burunning o'rta chizig'i yorig'i) orqali VNO ga nasopalatin kanallari orqali sayohat qilganlar kesuvchi teshik ning qattiq tanglay.[15]
Kechasi foydali bo'lgan hid bilan muloqot qilish uchun lemurlar yordam beradi hid belgisi bilan siydik shu qatorda; shu bilan birga hid bezlari bilaklar, tirsak, jinsiy a'zolar yoki bo'yin ichida joylashgan.[15][63] The skrotal teri lemursning aksariyat qismida hid bezlari bor.[84] Ruffed lemurs (tur Varecia) va erkak sifakalarning bo'yin tagida bez bor,[15][50] esa katta bambuk lemur (Prolemur simus) va halqali dumaloq lemur yonida yuqori qo'llarning ichida bezlar mavjud qo'ltiq osti.[15] Erkak halqa-dumli lemurlarning bilaklarining ichki qismida, xuddi tikanga o'xshash jarohat bilan yonma-yon joylashgan hidli bezlar bor va ular daraxt shoxlarini ochish uchun foydalanadilar.[50] Shuningdek, ular dumlarini bilaklari orasida artib, so'ngra raqiblariga dumini silkitib, "yomon kurashlar" ga kirishadilar.[15]
Lemurlar (va umuman strepsirrinlar) yuqori primatlarga qaraganda kamroq ingl.Yo'naltirilgan deb hisoblanadi, chunki ular hid va feromonni aniqlashga juda ishonadilar. The fovea ustida retina, bu esa yuqori hosil beradi ko'rish keskinligi, yaxshi rivojlanmagan. The postorbital septum Gaplorrin primatlarida (yoki ko'zning orqasida suyak yopilishi) ko'zni biroz barqarorlashtiradi va fovea evolyutsiyasiga imkon beradi. Faqatgina postorbital bar bilan lemurslar foveani rivojlantira olmadilar.[85] Shuning uchun lemurslar ularning faoliyat uslubidan qat'i nazar (tungi, katemerial yoki kunduzgi) ko'rish qobiliyati past va yuqori setchatka summasi.[31] Lemurlar antropoid primatlarga qaraganda kengroq ko'rish maydonini ko'rishlari mumkin, chunki quyidagi jadvalda ko'rsatilgandek, ko'zlar orasidagi burchakning bir oz farqi bor:[86]
| Ko'zlar orasidagi burchak | Binokulyar maydon | Birlashtirilgan maydon(durbin + atrof) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lemur | 10–15° | 114–130° | 250–280° |
| Antropoid primatlar | 0° | 140–160° | 180–190° |
Ularga fovea etishmasa ham, ba'zilari kunduzgi lemurlarda a konus - boyroq, ammo kamroq klasterli bo'lsa ham, maydon markazlari.[85] Bu markaziy maydon yuqori darajaga ega novda - hozirgi kunga qadar o'rganilgan ko'plab kunduzgi turlarda konusning hujayralar nisbati, holbuki sutkalik antropoidlarning fovasida tayoq hujayralari yo'q. Yana bir bor, bu antropoidlarga qaraganda lemurda ko'rishning pastligini ko'rsatadi.[87] Bundan tashqari, tayoq-konus hujayralarining nisbati kunduzgi turlar orasida ham o'zgaruvchan bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan; misol uchun, Verroning sifakasi (Propithecus verreauxi) va indri (Indri indri) asosan tayoqcha ustun bo'lgan retinada tarqalgan bir nechta katta konusga ega. Halqali dumaloq lemurning ko'zlarida bitta konusdan beshta novda bor. Sichqoncha lemurlari va kabi tungi lemurlar mitti lemurlar aksincha, butunlay rod hujayralaridan tashkil topgan retinalarga ega.[15]
Konus hujayralari hosil qilganligi sababli rangni ko'rish Lemur ko'zlarda tayoq hujayralarining yuqori tarqalishi ularning yo'qligini ko'rsatishi mumkin rivojlangan rang ko'rish.[15] Eng ko'p o'rganilgan lemur, halqa-dumaloq lemur, ko'k-sariq ko'rishga ega ekanligi isbotlangan, ammo qizil va yashil ranglarni ajrata olish qobiliyati yo'q.[88] Sababli polimorfizm yilda opsin ranglarni qabul qilish kodi bo'lgan genlar, trikromatik ko'rish kabi bir nechta lemur turlarining urg'ochilarida kamdan-kam hollarda paydo bo'lishi mumkin Kokerelning sifakasi (Propithecus coquereli) va qizil gavdali lemur (Varecia rubra). Lemurlarning aksariyati, shuning uchun ham monoxromatlar yoki dikromatlar.[15]
Lemurlarning aksariyati ularni saqlab qolishgan tapetum lucidum, ko'plab umurtqali hayvonlarda uchraydigan ko'zning to'qimalarining aks ettiruvchi qatlami.[41] Bu xususiyat haplorrin primatlarida mavjud emas va uning mavjudligi lemurlarda ko'rish keskinligini yanada cheklaydi.[31][87] Strepsirrin xoroidal tapetum sutemizuvchilar orasida noyobdir, chunki u kristaldan iborat riboflavin va natijada paydo bo'ladigan optik tarqalish ko'rish keskinligini cheklaydi.[87] Lemurlarda tapetum hamma joyda tarqalgan deb hisoblansa-da, haqiqiy lemurlar orasida istisnolar mavjud, masalan, qora lemur va oddiy jigarrang lemur, shuningdek, qo'pol lemurlar.[15][31][87] Tapetumdagi riboflavinlar gistologik tekshiruv uchun qayta ishlanganda eriydi va yo'q bo'lib ketishga moyil bo'lgani uchun, istisnolar hali ham munozarali.[15]
Lemurlarning a kabi tanilgan uchinchi qovog'i ham bor nikitatsiya qiluvchi membrana, aksariyat boshqa primatlar kamroq rivojlangan plica semilunaris. Nikitatsiya qiluvchi membrana shox parda ko'zlar bo'ylab supurib nam va toza.[89][90]
Metabolizm
Lemurlarda past ko'rsatkich mavjud bazal metabolik stavkalar (BMR), bu ularga suv va oziq-ovqat kam bo'lgan quruq mavsumda energiyani tejashga yordam beradi.[2][66] Ular metabolik tezligini o'xshash tana massasi sutemizuvchilar uchun taxmin qilingan ko'rsatkichlardan 20% gacha tushirish orqali energiyadan foydalanishni optimallashtirishlari mumkin.[91] The qizil dumaloq sport lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatusMasalan, sutemizuvchilar orasida metabolizm darajasi eng past ko'rsatkichga ega. Uning past metabolizm darajasi odatda xushbo'y parhez va nisbatan kichik tana massasi bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin.[66] Lemurslar issiqlik yo'qotishlarini kamaytirish va energiyani tejash maqsadida ushbu xususiyatni to'ldirish uchun xatti-harakatlarni, shu jumladan quyosh nurlari, o'tirish, guruhga o'tirish va uyalarni taqsimlashni namoyish etadi.[91] Mitti lemurlari va sichqon lemurlari mavsumiy tsikllarni namoyish etadi uyqusizlik energiyani tejash.[91] Quruq mavsumdan oldin ular tarkibida yog 'to'planib qoladi oq yog 'to'qimasi ularning og'irligini ikki baravar oshirib, quyruq va orqa oyoqlarning tagida joylashgan.[29][92][93] Quruq mavsum oxirida ularning tana massasi quruq mavsumgacha bo'lgan yarmiga tushishi mumkin.[29] Uyqusizlik holatini boshdan kechirmaydigan lemurslar energiya tejash uchun metabolizmning boshqa tomonlarini ham o'chirib qo'yishlari mumkin.[91]
Xulq-atvor
Lemur harakati lemur morfologiyasi kabi o'zgaruvchan. Ratsion, ijtimoiy tizimlar, faoliyat turlari, harakatlanish, aloqa, yirtqichlardan saqlanish taktikasi, naslchilik tizimlari va aql darajasidagi farqlar lemur taksonlarini aniqlashga yordam beradi va ayrim turlarni boshqalaridan ajratib turadi. Garchi tendentsiyalar kichikroq, tungi lemurlarni katta va kunduzgi lemurlardan ajratib tursa-da, ko'pincha bu Malagas primatlarining o'ziga xos va xilma-xil tabiati misolida yordam beradigan istisnolar mavjud.
Parhez
Lemurli parhezlar juda o'zgaruvchan va yuqori darajadagi plastisitni namoyish etadi,[94] umumiy tendentsiyalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, eng kichik turlar asosan meva va hasharotlarni iste'mol qiladi (hamma narsadan iborat ), kattaroq turlari esa ko'proq o'txo'r, asosan o'simlik materiallarini iste'mol qilish.[37] Hamma primatlarda bo'lgani kabi, och lemurs ham iste'mol qilinadigan har qanday narsani iste'mol qilishi mumkin, bu narsa ularning afzal ko'rgan taomlaridan biri bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi.[15] Masalan, halqa-quyruqli lemur hasharotlarni va mayda-chuydalarni iste'mol qiladi umurtqali hayvonlar kerak bo'lganda[37][57] va natijada u odatda fursatparast omnivore sifatida qaraladi.[76] Kokerelning ulkan sichqoncha lemurasi (Mirza coquereli) asosan tejamkor, ammo quruq mavsumda hasharotlar sekretsiyasini iste'mol qiladi.[37]
Da umumiy taxmin mammalogiya kichik sutemizuvchilar butunlay o'simlik materiallari bilan yashay olmasliklari va omon qolish uchun yuqori kaloriya dietasiga ega bo'lishidir. Natijada, mayda primatlarning parhezida protein tarkibidagi hasharotlar ko'p bo'lishi kerak deb o'ylashdi (hasharotlar ). Biroq, tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, sichqon lemurlari, eng kichik yashovchi primatlar, hasharotlarga qaraganda ko'proq meva iste'mol qiladi va bu mashhur farazga ziddir.[15][37]
Lemur dietalarning ko'p qismini o'simlik moddasi tashkil qiladi. Madagaskarda ma'lum bo'lgan o'simlik oilalarining kamida 109 a'zosi (55%) lemurlar tomonidan ekspluatatsiya qilinadi. Lemur asosan daraxtga o'xshash bo'lganligi sababli, ushbu ekspluatatsiya qilingan turlarning aksariyati yog'ochli o'simliklar, shu jumladan daraxtlar, butalar, yoki lianalar. Faqat halqali dumaloq lemur bambuk lemurlari (tur Hapalemur), va oq-qora dag'al lemur (Varecia variegata) iste'mol qilishi ma'lum giyohlar. Madagaskar boy fern xilma-xilligi, bu o'simliklar kamdan-kam hollarda lemurlar tomonidan iste'mol qilinadi. Buning mumkin bo'lgan sabablaridan biri shundaki, paporotniklarda gullar, mevalar va urug'lar etishmaydi - lemur dietasida keng tarqalgan oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari. Ular shuningdek, erga yaqin joyda paydo bo'ladi, lemurlar ko'p vaqtini daraxtlarda o'tkazadilar. Va nihoyat, ferns tarkibidagi tarkib tufayli yoqimsiz ta'mga ega taninlar ularning ichida jabhalar. Xuddi shunday, mangrovlar Tanin miqdori yuqori bo'lganligi sababli lemurlar tomonidan kamdan-kam ekspluatatsiya qilinadigan ko'rinadi.[94] Ba'zi lemurlar tanin va alkaloidlar kabi oddiy o'simlik himoyasiga qarshi rivojlangan javoblarga ega.[77] The oltin bambuk lemur (Hapalemur aureus), masalan, ulkan bambukdan foydalanadi (Cathariostachys madagascariensis ) yuqori darajalarni o'z ichiga oladi siyanid. Ushbu lemur sutkada sutemizuvchilar uchun odatda o'ldiradigan dozadan o'n ikki baravar ko'p iste'mol qilishi mumkin; siyanid zaharlanishidan himoya qiluvchi fiziologik mexanizmlar noma'lum.[2] Da Dyuk Lemur markazi Qo'shma Shtatlarda (DLC) tashqi muhitda yuradigan lemurlarning ovqat eyishi kuzatilgan zaharli pechak (Taxicodendron radikallari), ammo hech qanday yomon ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.[62]
Ko'proq lemur turlari barglarni iste'mol qiladi (barglar ),[94] ayniqsa, indriidlar.[64] Biroq, ba'zi bir kichik lemurlar sport lemurlari (tur Lepilemur) va junli lemurs (tur Avaxi) shuningdek, birinchi navbatda barglarni iste'mol qiladi, ularni eng kichik primatlar qiladi.[66] Lemurlarning eng kichigi odatda barg moddalarini ko'p emaydilar.[94] Birgalikda lemurs kamida 82 ta mahalliy o'simlik oilasi va 15 ta begona o'simlik oilasidan barglarni iste'mol qilganligi to'g'risida hujjatlashtirilgan. Lemurslar bargning yoki o'qning bir qismini iste'mol qilishda, shuningdek uning yoshiga qarab tanlab olishadi. Ko'pincha, yosh barglar etuk barglardan afzalroqdir.[94]
Barglarni iste'mol qiladigan ko'plab lemurslar meva etishmasligi davrida buni qilishadi, ba'zida buning natijasida vazn yo'qotadi.[95] Lemur turlarining ko'pi, shu jumladan mayda lemurlarning ko'pi va ba'zi indriidlar bundan mustasno, asosan meva iste'mol qiladi (tejamkor ) mavjud bo'lganda. Birgalikda lemurslar kamida 86 ta mahalliy o'simlik oilasi va 15 ta begona o'simlik oilasining mevasini iste'mol qilganligi to'g'risida hujjatlashtirilgan. Tropik mevalarni iste'mol qiluvchilarning ko'pchiligida bo'lgani kabi, lemur dietasida ham mevalar ustunlik qiladi Fikus (fig) species.[94] In many anthropoid primates, fruit is a primary source of S vitamini, but unlike anthropoid primates, lemurs (and all strepsirrhines) can synthesize their own vitamin C.[96] Historically, captive lemur diets high in vitamin C-rich fruits have been thought to cause gemosideroz, turi temirni ortiqcha yuklanishining buzilishi, since vitamin C increases iron absorption. Although lemurs in captivity have been shown to be prone to hemosiderosis, the frequency of the disease varies across institutions and may depend on the diet, husbandry protocols, and genetic stock. Assumptions about the problem need to be tested separately for each species.[97] The ring-tailed lemur, for instance, seems to be less prone to the disorder than other lemur species.[98]
Only eight species of lemur are known to be seed predators (granivores), but this may be under-reported since most observations only report fruit consumption and do not investigate whether the seeds are consumed as well. These lemurs include some indriids, such as the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema), the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli), the indri,[2][68] and the aye-aye. The aye-aye, which specializes in structurally defended resources, can chew through Kanariy seeds, which are harder than the seeds that Yangi dunyo maymunlari are known to break open.[49] At least 36 genera from 23 families of plants are targeted by lemur seed predators.[94]
O'simliklar (clusters of flowers) of at least 60 plant families are eaten by lemurs ranging in size from the tiny mouse lemurs to the relatively large ruffed lemurs. If the flowers are not exploited, sometimes the nectar is consumed (nectarivory ) along with the pollen (palynivory ). At least 24 native species from 17 plant families are targeted for nectar or pollen consumption.[94]
Bark and plant exudates such as tree sap are consumed by a few lemur species. The exploitation of exudates has been reported in 18 plant species and only in the dry regions in the south and west of Madagascar. Faqat Masoala vilkasi bilan belgilangan lemur (Faner furcifer) and Coquerel's giant mouse lemur regularly consume tree sap. Bark has never been reported as an important food item in lemur diets, but at least four species eat it: the aye-aye, the red-tailed sportive lemur (Lepilemur ruficaudatus), the oddiy jigarrang lemur (Eulemur fulvus) va Verroning sifakasi (Propithecus verreauxi). Most bark feeding is directly linked to exudate feeding, except for the aye-aye's bark feeding on Afzelia bijuga (tur Afzeliya ) da Nosy Mangabe shimoli-sharqda.[94]
Soil consumption (geophagy ) has also been reported and likely helps with hazm qilish, provides minerals and salts, and helps absorb toxins. Sifakas have been observed eating soil from termit mounds, possibly adding beneficial ichak florasi to aid the digestion of tsellyuloza from their folivorous diet.[62]
Social systems
Lemurs are social and live in groups that usually include fewer than 15 individuals.[2] Kuzatilgan ijtimoiy tashkilot patterns include "solitary but social ", "bo'linish-birlashma ", "juft obligatsiyalar ", va"multi-male group ".[99] Nocturnal lemurs are mostly solitary but social, foraging alone at night but often nesting in groups during the day. The degree of socialization varies by species, gender, location, and season.[28][37] In many nocturnal species, for instance, the females, along with their young, will share nests with other females and possibly one male, whose larger uy oralig'i happens to overlap one or more female nesting groups. Yilda sport lemurlari va fork-marked lemurs, one or two females may share a home range, possibly with a male. In addition to sharing nests, they will also interact vocally or physically with their range-mate while they forage at night.[37] Diurnal lemurs exhibit many of the social systems seen in monkeys and apes,[2][37] living in relatively permanent and cohesive social groups. Multi-male groups are the most common, just as they are in most anthropoid primates. True lemurs utilize this social system, often living in groups of ten or less. Ruffed lemurs have been shown to live in fission-fusion societies,[37] and Indri forms pair bonds.[99]
Some lemurs exhibit female filopatriya, where females stay within their natal range and the males migrate upon reaching maturity, and in other species both sexes will migrate.[2] In some cases, female philopatry may help explain the evolution of female-bonded multi-male groups, such as those of the ring-tailed lemur, Milne-Edvards 'sifaka (Propithecus edwardsi), and the Verreaux's sifaka. Their ancestors may have been more solitary, with females that lived in mother-daughter pairs (or dyads). Over time, these dyads may have allied themselves with other neighboring mother-daughter dyads in order to defend more distributed resources in a wide home range. If this is true, then multi-male groups in lemurs may differ fundamentally in their internal structure from those in katarin primates (Old World monkeys and apes).[100]
The presence of female ijtimoiy ustunlik sets lemurs apart from most other primates and mammals;[2][37][41][101] in most primate societies, males are dominant unless females band together to form coalitions that displace them.[102] Biroq, ko'pchilik Eulemur species are exceptions[37][70] va katta bambuk lemur (Prolemur simus) does not exhibit female dominance.[103] When females are dominant within a group, the way they maintain dominance varies. Ring-tailed lemur males act submissively with or without signs of female aggression. Erkak tojli lemurlar (Eulemur coronatus), on the other hand, will only act submissively when females act aggressively towards them. Female aggression is often associated with, but not limited to, feeding.[104]
There have been many hypotheses that have attempted to explain why lemurs exhibit female social dominance while other primates with similar social structures do not,[2][101] but no consensus has been reached after decades of research. The dominant view in the literature states that female dominance is an advantageous trait given the high costs of reproduction and the scarcity of resources available.[101] Indeed, female dominance has been shown to be linked to increased maternal investment.[102] However, when reproductive costs and extreme seasonality of resources were compared across primates, other primates demonstrated male dominance under conditions that were similar to or more challenging than those faced by lemurs. In 2008, a new hypothesis revised this model using simple o'yin nazariyasi. It was argued that when two individuals were equally matched in fighting capacity, the one with the most need would win the conflict since it would have the most to lose. Consequently, the female, with higher resource needs for pregnancy, lactation, and maternal care, was more likely to win in resource conflicts with equally sized males. This, however, assumed monomorphism between sexes.[101] The following year, a new hypothesis was proposed to explain monomorphism, stating that because most female lemurs are only sexually receptive for a day or two each year, males can utilize a more passive form of mate guarding: copulatory plugs, which block the female reproductive tract, preventing other males from successfully mating with her, and thus reducing the need for aggression and the evolutionary drive for sexual dimorphism.[33]
In general, levels of agonizm (or aggression) tend to correlate with relative canine height. The ring-tailed lemur has long, sharp upper canine teeth in both sexes, and it also exhibits high levels of agonism. The Indri, on the other hand, has smaller canines and exhibits lower levels of aggression.[31] When neighboring groups of the same species defend their territories, the conflict can take the form of ritualized defense. In sifakas, these ritualized combats involve staring, growling, scent-marking, and leaping to occupy certain sections of the tree. The indri defends its home range with ritualized "singing" battles.[2]
Like other primates, lemurs groom socially (allogroom ) to ease tensions and solidify relationships. They groom in greeting, when waking up, when settling in for sleep, between mother and infant, in juvenile relations, and for sexual advances.[105] Unlike anthropoid primates, who part the fur with the hands and pick out particles with the fingers or mouth, lemurs groom with their tongue and scraping with their toothcomb.[2][105] Despite the differences in technique, lemurs groom with the same frequency and for the same reasons as anthropoids.[105]
Activity patterns
The biological rhythm can vary from nocturnal in smaller lemurs to diurnal in most larger lemurs. Diurnality is not seen in any other living strepsirrhine.[28] Katemerallik, where an animal is active sporadically both day and night, occurs among some of the larger lemurs. Few if any other primates exhibit this sort of activity cycle,[106] either regularly or irregularly under changing environmental conditions.[2] The most heavily studied cathemeral lemurs are the true lemurs.[41][107] Garchi monguz lemur (E. mongoz) is the best-documented example, every species in the genus studied has shown some degree of cathemeral behavior,[70] although night activity is often restricted by light availability and moon periodicity.[15] This type of behavior was first documented in the 1960s in true lemur species as well as other Lemuridae kabi turlar qo'pol lemurs va bambuk lemurlari. Initially described as "krepuskulyar " (active at dawn and dusk), antropolog Yan Tattersall stimulated additional research and coined the new term "cathemeral",[106] although many non-anthropologists prefer the terms "circadian" or "diel".[15]
In order to conserve energy and water in their highly seasonal environment,[91][108] mouse lemurs and dwarf lemurs exhibit seasonal behavioral cycles of uyqusizlik where the metabolic rate and body temperature are lowered. They are the only primates known to do so.[91] They accumulate fat reserves in their hind legs and the base of their tail before the dry winter season, when food and water are scarce,[29][92] and can exhibit daily and prolonged torpor quruq mavsumda. Daily torpor constitutes less than 24 hours of dormancy, whereas prolonged torpor averages two weeks in duration and signals qish uyqusi.[91] Mouse lemurs have been observed experiencing torpor that lasts for several consecutive days, but dwarf lemurs are known to hibernate for six to eight months every year,[28][29][93] particularly on the west coast of Madagascar.[108]
Dwarf lemurs are the only primates known to hibernate for extended periods.[91][109] Unlike other hibernating mammals from mo''tadil mintaqalar, which have to awaken regularly for a few days, dwarf lemurs experience five months of continuous deep hibernation (May through September). Before and after this deep hibernation, there are two months (April and October) of transition, where they will forage on a limited basis to reduce demands on their fat reserves.[108] Unlike any other hibernating mammal, the body temperature of hibernating dwarf lemurs will fluctuate with the ambient temperature rather than remaining low and stable.[29][93][108]
Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats (such as tree holes), sharing nests, and reducing exposed body surfaces, such as by hunched sitting and group huddling. Also, the ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemurs, and sifakas are commonly seen sunning, thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat.[91]
Joylashtirish
Locomotor behavior in lemurs, both living and extinct, is highly varied and its diversity exceeds that of anthropoids.[37] Locomotor postures and behaviors have included vertical clinging and leaping (shu jumladan saltatory behavior), seen in indriids and bamboo lemurs;[37][64] slow (Loris -like) arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by Mesopropithecus;[110] fast arboreal quadrupedal locomotion, seen in true lemurs and ruffed lemurs;[37][111] partially terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, seen in the ring-tailed lemur; highly terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion, once exhibited by monkey lemurs kabi Hadropitek;[37] va yalqov -like suspensory locomotion, once exhibited by many of the sloth lemurs, kabi Palaeopropithecus.[2][37] The Lac Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur alaotrensis) has even been reported to be a good suzuvchi.[2] Sometimes these locomotor types are lumped together into two main groups of lemurs, the vertical clingers and leapers and the arboreal (and occasionally terrestrial) quadrupeds.[62]
The jumping prowess of the indriids has been well documented and is popular among ekoturistlar visiting Madagascar.[112] Using their long, powerful back legs, they catapult themselves into the air and land in an upright posture on a nearby tree, with both hands and feet tightly gripping the trunk.[16] Indriids can leap up to 10 m (33 ft) rapidly from tree trunk to tree trunk,[16][67] an ability referred to as "ricochetal leaping".[77] Verroning sifakasi (Propithecus verreauxi) manages to do this in the spiny forests of southern Madagascar. It is unknown how it avoids impaling its palms on the thorn-covered trunks of large plants such as Alluaudiya.[16] When distances between trees are too great, sifakas will descend to the ground and cross distances more than 100 m (330 ft) by standing upright and hopping sideways with the arms held to the side and waving up and down from chest to head height, presumably for balance.[16][67] This is sometimes described as a "dance-hop".[16]
Aloqa
Lemur communication can be transmitted through sound, sight, and smell (olfaktsiya ). The ring-tailed lemur, for instance, uses complex though highly stereotyped behaviors such as scent-marking va vokalizatsiya.[88] Visual signals are probably the least used by lemurs, since they lack many of the muscles used in common primate mimika.[86] Given their poor vision, whole-body postures are probably more noticeable. However, the ring-tailed lemur has demonstrated distinct facial expressions including a threat stare, pulled back lips for submission, and pulled back ears along with flared nostrils during scent-marking.[88] This species has also been observed using yawns as threats.[113][114] Their ringed tails also communicate distance, warn off neighboring troops, and help locate troop members.[88] Sifakas are known to exhibit an open-mouth play face[115] as well as a submissive teeth-baring grimace used in agonistic interactions.[68]
Olfaction is particularly important to lemurs,[2] except for the indri, which lacks most common lemur scent glands and has a greatly reduced olfactory region in the brain.[77] Olfaction can communicate information about age, sex, reproductive status, as well as demarcate the boundaries of a territory. It is most useful for communication between animals that rarely encounter each other.[49] Small, nocturnal lemurs mark their territories with siydik, while the larger, diurnal species use scent glands located on various parts of their anatomy. The ring-tailed lemur engages in "stink fights" by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists, and then flicking its tail at other male opponents. Some lemurs najas in specific areas, otherwise known as latrine behavior. Although many animals exhibit this behavior, it is a rare trait among primates. Latrine behavior can represent territorial marking and aid in interspecies signaling.[15]
Compared to other mammals, primates in general are very vocal, and lemurs are no exception.[15] Some lemur species have extensive vocal repertoires, including the ring-tailed lemur and ruffed lemurs.[88][116] Some of the most common calls among lemurs are predator alarm calls. Lemurs not only respond to alarm calls of their own species, but also alarm calls of other species and those of non-predatory birds. The ring-tailed lemur and a few other species have different calls and reactions to specific types of predators.[37] With mating calls, it has been shown that mouse lemurs that cannot be discerned visually respond more strongly to the calls of their own species, particularly when exposed to the calls of other mouse lemurs that they would encounter normally within their home range.[71] Lemur calls can also be very loud and carry long distances. Ruffed lemurs use several loud calls that can be heard up to 1 km (0.62 mi) away on a clear, calm day.[116] The loudest lemur is the indri, whose calls can be heard up to 2 km (1.2 mi) or more[50][61] and thus communicate more effectively the territorial boundaries over its 34 to 40 hectares (0.13 to 0.15 sq mi) home range.[77] Both ruffed lemurs and the indri exhibit contagious calling, where one individual or group starts a loud call and others within the area join in.[61][116] The song of the indri can last 45 seconds to more than 3 minutes and tends to coordinate to form a stable duet comparable to that of gibbonlar.[61][66]
Taktil communication (touch) is mostly used by lemurs in the form of grooming, although the ring-tailed lemur also clumps together to sleep (in an order determined by rank), reaches out and touches adjacent members, and cuffs other members. Reaching out and touching another individual in this species has been shown to be a submissive behavior, done by younger or submissive animals towards older and more dominant members of the troop. Allogrooming, however, appears to occur more frequently between higher ranking individuals, a shared trait with other primate species.[117] Unlike anthropoid primates, lemur grooming seems to be more intimate and mutual, often directly reciprocated. Anthropoids, on the other hand, use allogrooming to manage agonistic interactions.[118] The ring-tailed lemur is known to be very tactile, spending between 5 and 11% of its time grooming.[117]
| Sample lemur vocalizations | |
|---|---|
Yirtqichlardan qochish
All lemurs experience some predation pressure.[119] Common defenses against predation include the use of qo'ng'iroq qo'ng'iroqlari va predator mobbing,[120] mostly among diurnal lemurs.[37] The leaping abilities of lemurs may have evolved for predator avoidance rather than for travel, according to a study in kinematik.[121] Nocturnal lemurs are difficult to see and track at night and decrease their visibility by foraging alone. They also try to avoid predators by using concealing sleeping locations, such as nests, tree holes, or dense vegetation,[37] Some may also avoid areas frequented by predators by detecting the smell of their feces[122] and alternating between multiple sleeping locations.[29] Even torpor and hibernation states among xirogaleidlar may be partly due to high levels of predation.[119] Infants are protected while foraging by either leaving them in the nest or by stashing them in a hidden location, where the infant remains immobile in the absence of the parent.[37]
Diurnal lemurs are visible during the day, so many live in groups, where the increased number of eyes and ears helps aid in predator detection. Diurnal lemurs use and respond to alarm calls, even those of other lemur species and non-predatory birds. The ring-tailed lemur has different calls and reactions to different classes of predators, such as predatory birds, mammals, or snakes.[37] Some lemurs, such as the indri, use kripsis to camouflage themselves. They are often heard but difficult to see in the trees due to the dappled light, earning them the reputation of being "ghosts of the forest".[77]
Ko'paytirish
Except for the aye-aye and the Lac Alaotra gentle lemur, lemurs are seasonal breeders[2][41] with very short mating and birth seasons influenced by the highly seasonal availability of resources in their environment. Mating season usually last less than three weeks each year,[37] va ayol qin opens up only during a few hours or days of her most receptive time of estrus.[84] These narrow windows for reproduction and resource availability appear to relate to their short homiladorlik periods, rapid maturation, and low basal metabolic rates, as well as the high energy costs of reproduction for females. This may also relate to the relatively high mortality rate among adult females and the higher proportion of adult males in some lemur populations—both unusual traits among primates. In both the aye-aye and Lac Alaotra gentle lemur, birth (tug'ish ) occurs over a six-month period.[2]
Lemurs time their mating and birth seasons so that all sutdan ajratish periods are synchronized to match the time of highest food availability.[84][95] Weaning occurs either before or shortly after the eruption of the first permanent molars in lemurs.[31] Mouse lemurs are able to fit their entire breeding cycle into the wet season, whereas larger lemurs, such as sifakas, must laktat for two months during the dry season.[95] Infant survival in some species, such as Milne-Edwards' sifaka, has been shown to be directly impacted by both environmental conditions and the rank, age, and health of the mother. The breeding season is also affected by geographical location. For example, mouse lemurs give birth between September and October in their native habitat in the Janubiy yarim shar, but from May through June in the captive settings in the Shimoliy yarim shar.[84]
Xushbo'y hid factors heavily into lemur reproduction. Scent-marking activity escalates during the juftlashish mavsumi. Pheromones may coordinate reproductive timing for females coming into estrus.[84] Juftlik ham bo'lishi mumkin monogam yoki buzuq for both males and females, and mating can include individuals from outside the group.[2][37] Monogamous lemurs include the qizil qorinli lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) va monguz lemur (E. mongoz), although the mongoose lemur has been observed mating outside of its pair bond.[37] Monogamy is most common among nocturnal species, although some exhibit scramble competition, sexual suppression of subordinates, or competitions between males that avoid direct fighting.[31] In mouse lemurs, males utilize sperm plugs, developed enlarged moyaklar during the mating season, and develop size dimorphism (likely due to the enlarged testes). These indicate a mating system known as scramble competition polygyny, where males cannot defend females or the resources that might attract them.[123]
The homiladorlik davri varies within lemurs, ranging from 9 weeks in mouse lemurs and 9–10 weeks in dwarf lemurs to 18–24 weeks in other lemurs.[84] The smaller, nocturnal lemurs, such as mouse lemurs, giant mouse lemurs, and dwarf lemurs, usually give birth to more than one infant, whereas the larger, nocturnal lemurs, such as fork-marked lemurs, sportive lemurs, and the aye-aye usually have one offspring.[28] Dwarf and mouse lemurs have up to four offspring, but both average only two. Ruffed lemurs are the only large, diurnal lemurs to consistently give birth to two or three offspring. All other lemurs have single births. Multiple births in lemurs are normally fraternal, and are known to occur in every five to six births in species such as the ring-tailed lemur and some Eulemur.[84]
After the offspring are born, lemurs either carry them around or stash them while foraging. When transported, the infants either cling to the mother's fur or are carried in the mouth by the scruff. In some species, such as bamboo lemurs, infants are carried by mouth until they are able to cling to their mother's fur.[124] Species that park their offspring include nocturnal species (e.g. mouse lemurs, sportive lemurs, and dwarf lemurs), bamboo lemurs, and ruffed lemurs.[28][124] In the case of the ruffed lemurs, the young are altrikial and the mothers build nests for them, much like the smaller, nocturnal lemur species.[2] Woolly lemurs are unusual for nocturnal lemurs because they live in cohesive family groups and carry their single offspring with them rather than parking them.[64][65] Alloparenting (multiple or group parenting) has been reported in all lemur families except the sportive lemurs and aye-aye. Allonursing is also known to occur in several lemur groups.[125] Even males have been observed caring for infants in species such as the red-bellied lemur, mongoose lemur,[70] eastern lesser bamboo lemur, silky sifaka,[125] fat-tailed dwarf lemur,[126] and ruffed lemurs.[127]
Yet another trait that sets most lemurs apart from anthropoid primates is their long lifespan together with their high infant mortality.[95] Many lemurs, including the ring-tailed lemur, have adapted to a highly seasonal environment, which has affected their birthrate, maturation, and twinning rate (r-selection ). This helps them to recover rapidly from a population crash.[88] In captivity, lemurs can live twice as long as they do in the wild, benefiting from consistent nutrition that meets their dietary requirements, medical advancements, and improved understanding of their housing requirements. In 1960, it was thought that lemurs could live between 23 and 25 years. We now know that the larger species can live for more than 30 years without showing signs of aging (qarilik ) and still be capable of reproduction.[84]
Cognitive abilities and tool use
Lemurs have traditionally been regarded as being less intelligent than anthropoid primates,[128] bilan maymunlar and apes often described as having more cunning, guile, and deceptiveness.[16] Many lemur species, such as sifakas and the ring-tailed lemur, have scored lower on tests designed for monkeys while performing as well as monkeys on other tests.[16][105] These comparisons may not be fair since lemurs prefer to manipulate objects with their mouths (rather than their hands) and only take interest in objects when in captivity.[105] Recent studies have shown that lemurs exhibit levels of technical intelligence on par with many other primates, although they manipulate objects less often.[129] Asboblardan foydalanish has not been witnessed by lemurs in the wild, although in captivity the common brown lemur and the ring-tailed lemur have been demonstrated to be able to understand and use tools.[15]
A few lemurs have been noted to have relatively large brains. Yo'qolib ketgan Hadropitek was as large as a large male babun and had a comparably sized brain, giving it the largest brain size relative to body size among all prosimians.[130] The aye-aye also has a large brain-to-body ratio, which may indicate a higher level of intelligence.[41] However, despite having a built-in tool in the form of its thin, elongated middle finger, which it uses to fish for insect grubs, the aye-aye has tested poorly in the use of extraneous tools.[15]
Ekologiya
- See above: Parhez, Metabolizm, Activity patterns va Joylashtirish
Madagascar not only contains two radically different climatic zones, the rainforests of the east and the dry regions of the west,[2] but also swings from extended drought to siklon -generated floods.[131] These climatic and geographical challenges, along with poor soils, low plant productivity, wide ranges of ekotizim complexity, and a lack of regularly fruiting trees (such as anjir daraxtlari ) have driven the evolution of lemurs' immense morphological and behavioral diversity.[14][2][31][95] Their survival has required the ability to endure the persistent extremes, not yearly averages.[131]
Lemurs have either presently or formerly filled the ekologik uyalar normally occupied by monkeys, squirrels, qarag'aylar, and grazing tuyoqlilar.[16] With the diversity of adaptations for specific ecological niches, habitat selection among lemur families and some genera is often very specific, thus minimizing musobaqa.[2] In nocturnal lemurs from the more seasonal forests in the west, up to five species can coexist during the wet season due to high food abundance. However, to endure the extreme dry season, three of the five species utilize different dietary patterns and their underlying physiological traits to allow them to coexist: fork-marked lemurs feed on tree gum, sportive lemurs feed on leaves, and giant mouse lemurs sometimes feed on insect secretions. The other two species, the gray mouse lemur and the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius), avoid competition through reduced activity. The gray mouse lemur uses bouts of torpor, while the fat-tailed dwarf lemur hibernates completely.[28] Similarly, on the east coast entire genera focus on specific food to avoid too much niche overlap. True lemurs and ruffed lemurs are frugivorous, indriids are folivorous, and bamboo lemurs specialize in bamboo and other grasses. Once again, seasonal dietary differences as well as subtle differences in substrat preferences, forest strata used, activity cycle, and social organization enable lemur species to coexist, although this time the species are more closely related and have similar niches.[2] A classic example involves resurslarni ajratish between three species of bamboo lemur that live in close proximity in small forested areas: the golden bamboo lemur, the greater bamboo lemur, and the eastern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus). Each utilizes either different species of bamboo, different parts of the plant, or different layers in the forest.[16][55] Nutrient and toxin content (such as cyanide) help regulate food selection,[2] though seasonal food preferences are also known to play a role.[55]
Dietary regimes of lemurs include folivory, frugivory va hamma narsadan iborat, with some being highly adaptable while others specialize on foods such as plant exudates (tree gum) and bamboo.[132] In some cases, lemur feeding patterns directly benefit the native plant life. When lemurs exploit nectar, they may act as pollinators as long as the functional parts of the flower are not damaged.[94] In fact, several unrelated Malagasy flowering plants demonstrate lemur-specific pollination traits, and studies indicate that some diurnal species, such as the red-bellied lemur and the ruffed lemurs, act as major pollinators.[2] Two examples of plant species that rely on lemurs for pollination include traveller's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis )[58] va turlari dukkakli ekinlar -like liana, Strongylodon cravieniae.[2] Urug'larning tarqalishi is another service lemurs provide. After passing through the lemur gut, tree and vine seeds exhibit lower mortality and nihol faster.[95] Latrine behavior exhibited by some lemurs may help improve soil quality and facilitate seed dispersal.[15] Because of their importance in maintaining a healthy forest, frugivorous lemurs may qualify as keystone mutualists.[95]
All lemurs, particularly the smaller species, are affected by predation[28][119] and they are important prey items for predators.[123] Humans are the most significant predator of diurnal lemurs, despite taqiqlar that occasionally forbid the hunting and eating of certain lemur species.[2] Other predators include native euplerids kabi fossa, yovvoyi mushuklar, uy itlari, ilonlar, diurnal yirtqich qushlar va timsohlar. Extinct giant eagles, including one or two species from the genus Akila va gigant Malagasiyalik burgut tojini kiydi (Stephanoaetus mahery), as well as the giant fossa (Kriptoprokta tezligi ), previously also preyed on lemurs, perhaps including the giant subfossil lemurs or their subadult offspring.[28][119] The existence of these extinct giants suggests that predator-prey interactions involving lemurs were more complex than they are today.[2] Today, predator size restricts owls to the smaller lemurs, usually 100 g (3.5 oz) or less, while the larger lemurs fall victim to the larger diurnal birds of prey, such as the Madagascan harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus) va Madagaskar shovqini (Buteo brachypterus).[119]
Tadqiqot
Similarities that lemurs share with anthropoid primates, such as diet and social organization, along with their own unique traits, have made lemurs the most heavily studied of all mammal groups on Madagascar.[2][60] Research often focuses on the link between ecology and social organization, but also on their behavior and morphophysiology (the study of anatomy in relation to function).[2] Ularning hayotiy xususiyatlarini, xulq-atvorini va ekologiyasini o'rganish primat evolyutsiyasini tushunishga yordam beradi, chunki ular ajdodlar primatlari bilan o'xshashliklarga ega deb o'ylashadi.
Lemurlarning diqqat markazida bo'lgan monografik qator, tadbirlar rejalari, dala qo'llanmalari va etologiyada klassik asarlar.[60] Shu bilan birga, hozirgi kunga qadar oz sonli turlar to'liq o'rganilgan va tadqiqotlarning aksariyati dastlabki va bitta hudud bilan cheklangan.[2] Yaqinda kam ma'lum bo'lgan turlarning xulq-atvori va ekologiyasining asosiy jihatlarini tushuntirish uchun ko'plab ilmiy maqolalar chop etildi. Dala tadqiqotlari haqida tushuncha berdilar aholi dinamikasi va evolyutsion ekologiya ko'pgina avlodlar va ko'plab turlar.[60] Belgilangan shaxslarga qaratilgan uzoq muddatli tadqiqotlar boshlang'ich bosqichida va faqat bir nechta aholi uchun boshlangan. Biroq, yashash joylarini yo'q qilish va boshqa omillar orol bo'ylab lemur populyatsiyasining mavjud bo'lishiga tahdid solishi bilan o'rganish imkoniyatlari tobora kamayib bormoqda.[2]
Lemurlar dengizchilarning sayohat jurnallarida 1608 yilda va 1658 yilda frantsuz savdogari tomonidan kamida etti lemur turini batafsil tavsiflaganligi haqida eslatib o'tilgan, Etien de Flakur U, shuningdek, u g'olib bo'lgan ulkan (hozirgi kunda yo'q bo'lib ketgan) lemur mavjudligini xronikaga yozgan yagona odam bo'lishi mumkin edi, uni u tretretret. 1703 atrofida savdogarlar va dengizchilar lemurlarni Evropaga qaytarishni boshladilar, o'sha paytda Jeyms Petiver Londonda joylashgan apoteker monguz lemurini tasvirlab berdi va tasvirlab berdi. 1751 yildan boshlab London illyustratori Jorj Edvards ba'zi lemur turlarini tasvirlab va tasvirlashni boshladi, ulardan bir nechtasi turli xil nashrlarga kiritilgan Systema Naturae Karl Linney tomonidan yozilgan. 1760 va 1770 yillarda frantsuz tabiatshunoslari Jorj-Lui Lekler, Komte de Buffon va Lui-Jan-Mari Daubenton bir nechta lemur turlarining anatomiyasini tasvirlay boshladi. Lemurlarga izoh bergan birinchi sayohatchi tabiatshunos bu edi Filibert Kommerxon 1771 yilda, garchi u bo'lsa ham Per Sonnerat sayohat paytida lemur turlarining xilma-xilligini qayd etgan.[131][133]
19-asr davomida yangi lemur tavsiflari va nomlari portlashi yuz berdi, keyinchalik ularni tartibga solish uchun o'nlab yillar kerak bo'ldi. Shu vaqt ichida professional kollektsionerlar namunalarni to'plashdi muzeylar, menejerlar va shkaflar. Ba'zi yirik kollektsionerlar edi Yoxann Mariya Xildebrandt va Charlz Immanuil Forsit-mayor. Ushbu kollektsiyalardan, shuningdek, lemurlarning tabiiy yashash joylarida kuzatuvlarini ko'payishi, muzey tizimchilar shu jumladan Albert Gyunter va Jon Edvard Grey lemurning yangi turlari uchun yangi nomlarni qo'shishda davom etdi. Biroq, ushbu asrning eng muhim hissalari orasida ishi ham bor Alfred Grandidye, o'zini Madagaskarning tabiiy tarixi va mahalliy aholini o'rganishga bag'ishlagan tabiatshunos va tadqiqotchi. Yordamida Alphonse Milne-Edvards, kunduzgi lemurlarning aksariyati shu vaqtda tasvirlangan. Biroq, lemur taksonomik nomenklaturasi 1920 va 30-yillarda zamonaviylashdi va standartlashtirildi Ernst Shvarts 1931 yilda.[131][133]
Lemur taksonomiyasi rivojlangan bo'lsa-da, faqatgina 1950 va 1960 yillarda lemur xatti-harakatlari va ekologiyasini joyida (yoki joyida) o'rganish gullashni boshladi. Jan-Jak Petter va Arlette Petter-Rousseaux 1956 va 1957 yillarda Madagaskarda bo'lib, ko'plab lemur turlarini o'rganib chiqdi va ularning ijtimoiy guruhlari va ko'payishi to'g'risida muhim kuzatuvlar o'tkazdi. 1960 yilda, Madagaskar mustaqilligi yili, Devid Attenboro lemurslarni G'arbga tijorat filmi bilan tanishtirdi. Rahbarligi ostida Jon Buettner-Yanush, kim asos solgan Dyuk Lemur markazi 1966 yilda, Alison Jolli Madagaskarga 1962 yilda halqa quyruqli lemur va Verrening sifakasining ovqatlanishini va ijtimoiy xatti-harakatlarini o'rganish uchun borgan. Berenty xususiy qo'riqxonasi. Petters va Jolli lemur ekologiyasi va xulq-atvoriga bo'lgan qiziqishning yangi davrini yaratdilar va ko'p o'tmay antropologlar tomonidan ta'qib etildilar. Alison Richard, Robert Sussman, Yan Tattersall va boshqalar. 1970-yillarning o'rtalaridagi siyosiy notinchlik va Madagaskar inqilobidan so'ng, Duke Lemur markazining rahbarligi ostida Duke Lemur markazining yangi ishtiroki tufayli, 1980-yillarda dala tadqiqotlari qayta boshlandi. Elvin L. Simons va tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha harakatlar Patrisiya Rayt.[2][131][133] Keyingi o'n yilliklarda lemur tadqiqotlarida ulkan yutuqlarga erishildi va ko'plab yangi turlar kashf etildi.[4]
Ex situ tadqiqotlari (yoki saytdan tashqaridagi tadqiqotlar) ushbu sohada sinab ko'rish qiyin bo'lgan savollarga javob berishga intilayotgan tadqiqotchilar orasida ham mashhurdir. Masalan, harakatlar genomning ketma-ketligi kulrang sichqoncha lemurasi tadqiqotchilarga qaysi genetik xususiyatlar boshqa sutemizuvchilardan primatlarni ajratib turishini tushunishga yordam beradi va oxir-oqibat qanday genomik xususiyatlar odamlarni boshqa primatlardan ajratib turishini tushunishga yordam beradi.[32] Lemurni tadqiq qilishning eng muhim ob'ektlaridan biri Dyuk Lemur Markazi (DLC) Durham, Shimoliy Karolina. U Madagaskardan tashqarida eng katta asirga olingan lemur populyatsiyasini saqlaydi va bu invaziv bo'lmagan tadqiqotlarni olib boradi asir etishtirish.[134] U erda ko'plab muhim ilmiy loyihalar, shu jumladan lemur vokalizatsiyasini o'rganish,[135] asosiy harakatlantiruvchi tadqiqotlar,[136] The kinematik bipedalizm,[137] ijtimoiy murakkablikning o'tkinchi mulohazalari ta'siri,[138] va lemurning ketma-ketliklarni xotiradan olish va olish qobiliyatini o'z ichiga olgan bilimlarni o'rganish.[139] Kabi boshqa inshootlar, masalan Lemurni saqlash fondi, yaqin joylashgan Myakka Siti, Florida, shuningdek, lemurslarning funktsional fazilatlarga asoslangan vositalarni imtiyozli tanlash qobiliyatini ko'rib chiqadigan ilmiy loyihalar o'tkazildi.[140]
Tabiatni muhofaza qilish
Lemurlarga ko'plab ekologik muammolar, shu jumladan tahdid solmoqda o'rmonlarni yo'q qilish, ov qilish bushmeat, jonli suratga olish ekzotik uy hayvonlari savdosi,[141] va iqlim o'zgarishi.[95] Barcha turlar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan CITES kuni Ilova, namunalar yoki qismlar savdosini taqiqlovchi, ilmiy maqsadlardan tashqari.[142] 2005 yildan boshlab Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi (IUCN) barcha lemur turlarining 16 foizini sanab o'tdi juda xavfli, 23% sifatida xavf ostida, 25% sifatida zaif, "Ma'lumotlar etishmasligi" sifatida 28%, va faqatgina 8% eng kam tashvish.[134] Keyingi besh yil ichida kamida 28 tur yangi aniqlandi, ularning birortasi ham ularning saqlanish holati baholanmagan.[44] Ko'pchilik e'tiborga olinishi mumkin tahdid qildi chunki yaqinda tavsiflangan yangi lemur turlari odatda kichik mintaqalarda joylashgan.[143] Davom etish darajasi hisobga olingan holda yashash joylarini yo'q qilish, aniqlanmagan turlar aniqlanmasdan oldin yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin.[60] Taxminan 2000 yil oldin orolga odamlar kelganidan beri, 10 kg (22 lb) dan yuqori bo'lgan barcha endemik Malagasiya umurtqali hayvonlar yo'q bo'lib ketdi,[36] shu jumladan 17 tur, 8 nasl va lemurlarning 3 oilasi.[35][38] The IUCN turlarini saqlab qolish bo'yicha komissiya (IUCN / SSC), Xalqaro Primatologik Jamiyat (IPS) va Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish (CI) besh yillik lemurni o'z ikki yillik faoliyatiga qo'shgan "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan eng yaxshi 25 ta primat "2008-2010 yillar ro'yxatida katta bambuk lemur mavjud, kulrang boshli lemur (Eulemur cinereiceps), ko'k ko'zli qora lemur (Eulemur flavifrons), shimoliy sport lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis) va ipak sifaka.[144] 2012 yilda, tomonidan baholash Primate Specialist Group ning Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi (IUCN) o'sha paytda tavsiflangan 103 turdagi lemurlarning 90% ni ro'yxatga olish kerak degan xulosaga keldi tahdid qildi ustida IUCN Qizil ro'yxati,[145] lemursni yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan sutemizuvchilar guruhiga aylantirish.[146] IUCN 2013 yilda o'z xavotirini yana bir bor ta'kidlab, mahalliy aholiga yordam berishga qaratilgan 7 yillik 3 yillik muhofaza rejasini amalga oshirmasa, lemurning 90%% 20-25 yil ichida yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkinligini ta'kidladi.[147][148]
Madagaskar dunyodagi eng qashshoq davlatlardan biri,[149][150] yuqori bilan aholining o'sishi yiliga 2,5% va qashshoqlikda yashovchi aholining deyarli 70%.[37][149] Mamlakat, shuningdek, yuqori darajadagi qarzlar va cheklangan resurslar yukida.[150] Madagaskar oroli IUCN / SSC tomonidan 20 yildan buyon muhim primat mintaqasi sifatida tan olingan bo'lsa ham, ushbu ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy muammolar tabiatni muhofaza qilish ishlarini murakkablashtirdi.[143] Nisbatan kichik er maydoni tufayli - 587,045 km2 (226,659 sqm mil) - boshqa ustuvor yo'nalishlar bilan taqqoslaganda biologik xilma-xillik mintaqalar va uning yuqori darajalari endemizm, mamlakat dunyodagi eng muhim mamlakatlardan biri hisoblanadi biologik xilma-xillik punktlari, lemurni saqlash eng muhim ustuvor vazifa hisoblanadi.[134][143] Tabiatni muhofaza qilishga ko'proq urg'u berilganiga qaramay, odamlarning kelishi bilan boshlangan yo'q bo'lib ketishlar tugaganiga ishora yo'q.[36]
Yovvoyi tabiatdagi tahdidlar
Lemur populyatsiyani tashvishga soladigan eng katta muammo bu yashash joylarining buzilishi va buzilishidir.[37][142] O'rmonlarni yo'q qilish mahalliy hayotdan foydalanish shaklini oladi, masalan qirqish va yoqish qishloq xo'jaligi (deb yuritiladi tavy Malagasiyada), yaratilishi yaylov mollarni yoqish orqali va qonuniy va noqonuniy o'tin yig'ish o'tin yoki ko'mir ishlab chiqarish; tijorat kon qazib olish; va noqonuniy daraxt kesish qimmatbaho qattiq daraxtlar tashqi bozorlar uchun.[37][141] Asrlar davomida beqaror foydalanishdan, shuningdek 1950 yildan beri tez sur'atlarda o'sib borayotgan o'rmonlardan so'ng,[134] 60000 km dan kam2 (23000 kvadrat milya) yoki Madagaskarning 10% er maydoni o'rmon bo'lib qolmoqda. Faqat 17000 km2 (6,600 kvadrat milya) yoki orolning quruqlik maydonining 3% himoyalangan va og'ir iqtisodiy sharoitlar tufayli va siyosiy beqarorlik, muhofaza qilinadigan hududlarning aksariyati samarasiz boshqariladi va himoya qilinadi.[141][143] Ayrim muhofaza qilinadigan hududlar chetdan ajratilgan, chunki ular tabiiy ravishda o'zlarining uzoq, izolyatsiya qilingan joylari, ko'pincha tik jarliklarda himoyalangan. Kabi boshqa sohalar, masalan quruq o'rmonlar va tikanli o'rmonlar g'arb va janubdan ozgina himoyaga ega va ularni yo'q qilish xavfi katta.[37]
Ba'zi turlar o'rmonlarni to'liq kesmasdan ham yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lishi mumkin, masalan, yashash muhitining buzilishiga juda sezgir bo'lgan qo'pol lemurs.[60] Agar katta mevali daraxtlar olib tashlansa, o'rmon turlarning kam sonli shaxslarini saqlab qolishi va ularning ko'payish muvaffaqiyatlari yillar davomida ta'sir qilishi mumkin.[95] Kichik populyatsiyalar uzoq avlodlar tufayli izolyatsiya qilingan o'rmon parchalarida 20 dan 40 yilgacha saqlanib turishi mumkin, ammo uzoq muddatda bunday populyatsiyalar hayotga yaramaydi.[151] Kichkina, ajratilgan populyatsiyalar ham xavf tug'diradi ekspiratatsiya tabiiy ofatlar va kasalliklar avj olishi bilan (epizootiya ). Lemur uchun xavfli bo'lgan va ajratilgan lemur populyatsiyasiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan ikkita kasallik toksoplazmoz, yovvoyi mushuklar tomonidan tarqaladigan va oddiy herpes virusi odamlar tomonidan olib boriladi.[152]
Iqlim o'zgarishi va ob-havo bilan bog'liq tabiiy ofatlar ham lemurning omon qolish xavfini tug'diradi. So'nggi 1000 yil ichida g'arbiy va tog'li hududlar sezilarli darajada quruqlashib bormoqda, ammo so'nggi bir necha o'n yilliklar ichida qattiq qurg'oqchilik tez-tez uchraydi. O'rmonlarning kesilishi va o'rmonlarning parchalanishi ushbu bosqichma-bosqich qurib borishni tezlashtirayotganiga ishora mavjud.[95] Qurg'oqchilikning ta'siri hatto tropik o'rmonlarda ham seziladi. Yillik yog'ingarchilik kamaygan sari balandlikni tashkil etadigan kattaroq daraxtlar soyabon o'limning ko'payishi, mevalarning etishmasligi va yangi barglarning kamayib ketishi azoblanadi, bu esa xushbo'y lemurslar afzal ko'radi. Siklonlar maydonni defoliatsiyalashi, soyabon daraxtlarni qulatishi, ko'chkilar va toshqinlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Bu kelgusi bahorga qadar lemur populyatsiyasini mevasiz yoki bargsiz qoldirishi mumkin, bu kabi inqirozli oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini iste'mol qilishni talab qiladi epifitlar.[153]
Lemurlarni mahalliy Malagasiya oziq-ovqat uchun yoki mahalliy yashash uchun ovlaydi[4][141] yoki yirik shaharlarda hashamatli go'sht bozorini etkazib berish.[154] Malagasiyaning aksariyat qishloqlari "yo'qolib ketish xavfi" nimani anglatishini tushunmaydi, shuningdek, lemurlarni ov qilish noqonuniy ekanligini yoki lemurslar faqat Madagaskarda joylashganligini bilmaydi.[155] Ko'pgina Malagasiyada tabu mavjud yoki chiroyli, lemurni ovlash va iste'mol qilish haqida, ammo bu ko'plab mintaqalarda ovlashga xalaqit bermaydi.[2] Ilgari ov qilish lemur populyatsiyasiga tahdid solgan bo'lsa ham, so'nggi paytlarda ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sharoit yomonlashib borayotgani sababli yanada jiddiy tahdidga aylandi.[141] Iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklar odamlarni ish qidirib mamlakat bo'ylab harakatlanishiga olib keldi va mahalliy urf-odatlarni buzishga olib keldi.[60][142][155] Qurg'oqchilik va ocharchilik ham tinchlantiradi chiroyli lemurlarni himoya qiladi.[60] Sifaka va qo'pol lemur kabi yirik turlar odatiy nishon hisoblanadi, ammo kichikroq turlari ham ovlanadi yoki tasodifan katta o'lja uchun mo'ljallangan tuzoqlarga tushib qoladi.[4][142] Tajribali, uyushtirilgan ov qurollari, o'q otish qurollari, slinglar va portlatgichlar yordamida bir safarda sakkizdan yigirmaga qadar lemur o'ldirilishi mumkin. Himoyalanmagan hududlarda ham, qo'riqlanadigan hududlarning chekka burchaklarida ham uyushtirilgan ov partiyalari va lemur tuzoqlarini topish mumkin.[60] Milliy bog'lar va boshqa qo'riqlanadigan hududlar huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari tomonidan etarli darajada muhofaza qilinmaydi.[155] Ko'pincha, katta maydonni qoplash uchun parkni qo'riqchilari juda kam, ba'zida esa park ichidagi erlar muntazam tekshirib turish uchun juda qo'poldir.[156]
O'rmonlarni yo'q qilish va ov qilish kabi ahamiyatli bo'lmasa-da, ba'zi lemurslar, masalan, tojli lemurlar va asirlikda muvaffaqiyatli saqlanib qolgan boshqa turlari, vaqti-vaqti bilan ekzotik uy hayvonlari Malagas xalqi tomonidan.[50][134] Bambuk lemurlari ham uy hayvonlari sifatida saqlanadi,[134] garchi ular faqat ikki oygacha omon qolishadi.[157] Boy mamlakatlarda ekzotik uy hayvonlari savdosi uchun jonli suratga olish odatda ularning eksportini nazorat qiluvchi qat'iy qoidalar tufayli tahdid deb hisoblanmaydi.[134][142]
Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha harakatlar
Lemurlar Madagaskar va uning yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlariga katta e'tibor qaratdi. Ushbu lavozimda ular quyidagi kabi harakat qilishadi flagman turlari,[60][134] shulardan eng ahamiyatlisi - bu mamlakatning ikonasi hisoblangan halqali dumaloq lemur.[58] Milliy bog'larda lemurlarning mavjudligi haydashga yordam beradi ekoturizm,[134] Bu, ayniqsa, milliy bog'lar atrofida yashovchi mahalliy jamoalarga yordam beradi, chunki u ishga joylashish imkoniyatini beradi va jamoat bog'ga kirish to'lovlarining yarmini oladi. Bo'lgan holatda Ranomafana milliy bog'i, ish imkoniyatlari va uzoq muddatli tadqiqotlardan olingan boshqa daromadlar ekoturizm bilan raqobatlashishi mumkin.[158]
1927 yildan boshlab Malagasiya hukumati barcha lemurlarni "himoyalangan" deb e'lon qildi[69] hozirda uchta toifaga kiruvchi muhofaza etiladigan hududlarni tashkil etish orqali: Milliy bog'lar (Parks Nationaux), Qattiq qo'riqxonalar (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales) va Maxsus qo'riqxonalar (Réserves Spéciales). Hozirgi kunda 18 ta milliy bog'lar, 5 ta qo'riqxonalar va 22 ta maxsus qo'riqxonalar, shuningdek, boshqa bir nechta kichik xususiy qo'riqxonalar mavjud. Berenty qo'riqxonasi va Seynt-Lyus xususiy qo'riqxonasi, ikkalasi ham yaqin Dofin Fort.[134] Maxsus qo'riqxonalar bundan mustasno, barcha qo'riqlanadigan hududlar Madagaskar quruqligining taxminan 3 foizini tashkil qiladi va ular tomonidan boshqariladi. Madagaskar milliy bog'lari ilgari l'Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées (ANGAP) nomi bilan tanilgan va boshqalar nodavlat tashkilotlar (NNT), shu jumladan Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish (CI), the Yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyati (WCS) va Butunjahon tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamg'armasi (WWF).[134][143] Lemur turlarining aksariyati ushbu qo'riqlanadigan hududlar tarmog'i bilan qamrab olingan va bir nechta turlarni bir nechta bog'larda yoki qo'riqxonalarda topish mumkin.[143]
Tabiatni muhofaza qilish ham yordam beradi Madagaskar faunasi guruhi (MFG), deyarli 40 hayvonot bog'i va tegishli tashkilotlarning birlashmasi, shu jumladan Dyuk Lemur markazi, Durrell yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish tresti, va Sent-Luis zoologik parki. Ushbu xalqaro nodavlat tashkilot Madagaskar tashkilotini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Park Ivoloina, himoya qilishga yordam beradi Betampona qo'riqxonasi va boshqa muhofaza etiladigan hududlar hamda dala tadqiqotlari, naslchilik dasturlari, tabiatni muhofaza qilishni rejalashtirish va hayvonot bog'larida ta'lim olishga yordam beradi.[159] Ularning asosiy loyihalaridan biri Betampona qo'riqxonasida kamayib borayotgan aholini qayta tiklashga yordam berish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan qora va oq rangdagi lemurlarni ozod qilish edi.[159][160]
Habitat koridorlari Ushbu muhofaza qilinadigan hududlarni bir-biriga bog'lash uchun kerak, shunda kichik populyatsiyalar ajratilmaydi.[143] Yilda 2003 yil sentyabr yilda Durban, Janubiy Afrika, Madagaskarning sobiq prezidenti Mark Ravalomanana besh yil ichida orolning qo'riqlanadigan hududlari hajmini uch baravar oshirishga va'da berdi.[141] Bu "Durban Vision" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[134] 2007 yil iyun oyida Butunjahon meros qo'mitasi yangi sifatida Madagaskarning sharqiy yomg'ir o'rmonlarining katta qismini o'z ichiga olgan YuNESKO Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati.[32]
Qarzdan qutulish Madagaskarga biologik xilma-xillikni himoya qilishga yordam berishi mumkin.[150] Bilan siyosiy inqiroz 2009 yilda, noqonuniy daraxt kesish ko'payib ketdi va endi shimoliy-sharqdagi tropik o'rmonlarga, shu jumladan lemur aholisi va mahalliy jamoalar ishonadigan ekoturizmga tahdid solmoqda.[149]
Asirga tushgan lemur populyatsiyalari mahalliy va Madagaskardan tashqarida ko'plab hayvonot bog'larida saqlanadi, ammo turlarining xilma-xilligi cheklangan. Masalan, sikafalar asirlikda yaxshi omon qololmaydilar, shuning uchun kam sonli binolarda ular mavjud.[2][61] Eng katta asirga olingan lemur populyatsiyasini Dyuk Lemur markazida (DLC) topish mumkin, uning vazifasi invaziv bo'lmagan tadqiqotlar, tabiatni muhofaza qilish (masalan.). asir etishtirish ) va xalq ta'limi.[134] Lemur qo'riqxonasi tomonidan boshqariladigan yana bir yirik lemur koloniyasi Lemurni saqlash jamg'armasi (LCF), shuningdek lemur tadqiqotlarini o'tkazadi.[161] Madagaskarda, Lemurslar bog'i janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan bepul, xususiy ob'ekt Antananarivo omma uchun lemurlarni namoyish etadi, shuningdek asirlikda tug'ilgan lemurlarni qayta tiklaydi qayta tiklash Yovvoyi tabiatda.[162]
Malagasiya madaniyatida
Malagas madaniyatida lemurlar va umuman hayvonlar mavjud qalblar (ambiroa) tirikligida masxara qilingan yoki shafqatsiz tarzda o'ldirilgan bo'lsa, qasos olishi mumkin. Shu sababli, lemurlar, kundalik hayotning boshqa ko'plab elementlari singari, manbai bo'lgan taqiqlar, mahalliy sifatida tanilgan chiroyli, to'rtta asosiy printsipga ega bo'lgan hikoyalar atrofida bo'lishi mumkin. Qishloq yoki mintaqa lemurning ma'lum bir turi bo'lishi mumkin deb ishonishi mumkin ajdod klanning Shuningdek, ular lemurning ruhi qasos olishiga ishonishi mumkin. Shu bilan bir qatorda, hayvon xayrixoh bo'lib ko'rinishi mumkin. Lemurlar, shuningdek, yaxshi yoki yomon fazilatlarini inson go'daklariga beradilar deb o'ylashadi.[163] Umuman, chiroyli taqiqlangan tuyg'udan tashqarida, lekin omad keltirmaydigan voqealarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.[80]
Lemurning bir misoli chiroyli 1970 yilda aytilgan Ambatofinandrahana ichida Fianarantsoa viloyati. Hisobga ko'ra, bir kishi lemurni tuzoqqa tushirib uyiga olib kelgan, ammo tirik. Uning bolalari lemurni uy hayvonlari singari saqlamoqchi edilar, ammo otasi ularga uy hayvonlari emasligini aytganda, bolalar uni o'ldirishni iltimos qilishdi. Bolalar lemurni qiynashganidan so'ng, u oxir-oqibat vafot etdi va yeyildi. Bir oz vaqt o'tgach, barcha bolalar kasallikdan vafot etdilar. Natijada, otasi lemurni o'yin-kulgi uchun qiynoqqa solgan har qanday odam "yo'q qilinadi va uning avlodlari bo'lmaydi" deb e'lon qildi.[163]
Yaxshi nafaqat lemur va ularning o'rmonlarini barqaror sharoitda himoya qilishga yordam beradi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy vaziyatlar Ammo, agar ular lemur yomon omad keltirishi ma'lum bo'lsa, masalan, agar ular shahar bo'ylab yursa, ular kamsitish va ta'qiblarga olib kelishi mumkin.[60][163] Boshqa yo'llar bilan, chiroyli barcha lemurlarni bir xil darajada himoya qilmaydi. Masalan, ba'zi turlarni ovlash va iste'mol qilish taqiqlangan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, boshqa turlar bir xil himoyaga ega bo'lmasligi mumkin va shuning uchun ular maqsadga qaratilgan.[2][163] Yaxshi bir xil hududdagi qishloqlardan qishloqlarga farq qilishi mumkin.[69] Agar odamlar yangi qishloqqa yoki mintaqaga ko'chib ketishsa, ularning chiroyli mahalliy mavjud bo'lgan lemur turlariga tatbiq etilmasligi mumkin, bu ularni iste'mol qilish uchun imkon beradi. Yaxshi ochlik va qurg'oqchilik davrida lemur go'shtiga cheklovlarni yumshatish mumkin.[60]
Madagaskar bo'ylab aye-aye deyarli hamma uchun yoqimsiz hisoblanadi,[80] ertaklar har bir qishloqda va har bir mintaqada turlicha bo'lishiga qaramay. Agar odamlar ayy-a ko'rsalar, uni o'ldirib, jasadni shahar tashqarisidagi yo'l yaqinidagi ustunga osib qo'yishlari mumkin (shuning uchun boshqalar omadsizlikni olib ketishlari mumkin) yoki o'z qishloqlarini yoqib ko'chib ketishlari mumkin.[51][69] Aye-aye ortidagi xurofotlar chiroyli ular tovuqlarni yoki odamlarni o'ldirishi va yeyishi, odamlarni uyqusida aorta tomirini kesib o'ldirishi haqidagi e'tiqodlarni o'z ichiga oladi;[60] ular ajdodlar ruhini o'zida mujassam etgani,[69] yoki ular kasallik, o'lim yoki oiladagi omadsizlik haqida ogohlantiradilar.[50][51] 1970 yildan boshlab odamlar Marolambo Tumani Toamasina viloyati ae-ae-dan qo'rqardilar, chunki ular bu g'ayritabiiy kuchlarga ega deb hisoblashgan. Shu sababli, hech kimga birovni masxara qilish, o'ldirish yoki yeyish taqiqlangan.[163]
Bundan tashqari, keng tarqalgan chiroyli indri va sifakas haqida. Odamlar va ota-bobolariga o'xshashligi sababli ular ko'pincha ov va iste'moldan saqlanadi, asosan ularning kattaligi va tik yoki ortograd holati. Ko'pchilik tirik lemurlarning uzun dumidan mahrum bo'lgan indri uchun o'xshashlik yanada kuchliroq.[61][81] Mahalliy sifatida tanilgan babakoto ("Inson ajdodi"), indri ba'zan oila yoki klanning avlodlari sifatida qaraladi. Insonni daraxtdan tushishiga yordam bergan indri haqidagi hikoyalar ham bor, shuning uchun ular xayrixohlar sifatida qaraladi.[163] Boshqa lemur chiroyli agar eri o'ldirsa, xotini xunuk bolalari bo'ladi degan ishonchni o'z ichiga oladi junli lemur yoki agar homilador ayol mitti lemurni iste'mol qilsa, uning chaqalog'i chiroyli, yumaloq ko'zlarini oladi.[163]
Ommaviy madaniyatda
Lemurlar ham mashhur bo'lib qoldi G'arb madaniyati yaqin o'tkan yillarda. Lemurlar 2000 yilda paydo bo'lgan Disney animatsion film Dinozavr Yar, Plio, Suri va Zini belgilaridan iborat. The DreamWorks animatsiyasi franchayzing Madagaskar belgilarning xususiyatlari Qirol Julien, Moris va Mort Taxminan 100 million odam teatrlarda va 200-300 million odamlar DVD-da butun dunyo bo'ylab ko'rgan.[59] Ushbu filmdan oldin, Zoboomafoo, a Jamoat eshittirish xizmati 1999 yildan 2001 yilgacha (PBS) bolalar teleseriali,[164] jonli efir orqali sifakalarni ommalashtirishga yordam berdi Kokerelning sifakasi Dyuk Lemur markazidan, shuningdek qo'g'irchoqdan.[165] Yigirma epizodli serial Lemur Shohligi (Qo'shma Shtatlarda) yoki Lemur ko'chasi (Buyuk Britaniya va Kanadada) 2008 yilda efirga uzatilgan Hayvon sayyorasi. U odatdagi hayvonni birlashtirdi hujjatli bilan dramatik rivoyat Berenty xususiy qo'riqxonasidagi halqa dumli lemurlarning ikki guruhi haqida hikoya qilish.[166][167][168][169]
Izohlar
- ^ Chaqaloq yo'q Mesopropitek, Babakotiya, yoki Arxeoindris qoldiqlari topilgan va ularning tishli tishlamasi haqida kam ma'lumot mavjud Paleoropropitekus. Rivojlanish naqshlari ularning eng yaqin qarindoshlari - indriidlarning rivojlanish naqshlaridan kelib chiqadi.[75]
- ^ Indriidlarda doimiy tish tishida bargli pastki tish yoki pastki it o‘rniga almashtirilmaydi. Buning turli xil talqinlari turli xil dental formulalarni keltirib chiqaradi. Shuning uchun bu oila uchun muqobil tish formulasi 2.1.2.31.1.2.3 × 2 = 30.[55]
Adabiyotlar
Iqtiboslar
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Tashqi havolalar
- Dyuk Lemur markazi A research, conservation, and education facility
- Lemur Conservation Foundation A research, conservation, and education facility
- Madagaskar lemurlari Info about lemurs and the national parks they can be found in
- Bronx Zoo Presents Lemur Life A site created by the Wildlife Conservation Society that provides lemur videos, photos and educational tools for teachers and parents
- BBC tabiati Lemurs: from the planet's smallest primate, the mouse lemur, to ring-tailed lemurs and indris. News, sounds and video.
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