Piyodalar o'tish joyi - Pedestrian crossing

"Piyodalar o'tish joyi" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Piyodalar o‘tish joyi (ajralish).

Painted crosswalk with complex multi-colored patterns in Boston
Crosswalk with simple white parallel lines in Edinburgh
Aerial view of a crosswalk crossing a street at a skewed angle, marked with simple white parallel lines, in San Francisco
Crosswalk with simple yellow parallel lines in Hong Kong
Piyodalar o'tish joyi (soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha, yuqori chapdan) London, Boston, Gonkong va San-Fransisko

A Piyodalar o'tish joyi (birinchi navbatda Britaniya ingliz tili ) yoki piyodalar o‘tish joyi (birinchi navbatda Amerika ingliz tili ) uchun belgilangan joy piyodalar kesib o'tish a yo'l, ko'cha yoki xiyobon. Shuningdek, "piyodalar o'tish joyi" atamasi yo'l harakati va yo'l belgilariga oid ba'zi xalqaro shartnomalarda, masalan, Yo'l harakati to'g'risida Vena konventsiyasi va Yo'l belgilari va signallari to'g'risida Vena konventsiyasi.

Belgilangan piyodalar o'tish joylari ko'pincha topiladi chorrahalar, shuningdek, band bo'lgan yo'llarning boshqa joylarida bo'lishi mumkin, aks holda transport vositalarining raqamlari, tezligi yoki yo'lning kengligi tufayli yordamisiz o'tish juda xavfli bo'ladi. Ular, shuningdek, ko'p sonli piyodalar o'tishga harakat qilayotgan joylarda (masalan, savdo maydonchalarida) yoki zaif yo'l harakati qatnashchilari (maktab o'quvchilari kabi) muntazam ravishda kesib o'tadigan joylarda o'rnatiladi. Qoidalar xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun piyodalar o'tish joylaridan foydalanishni tartibga soladi; masalan, ba'zi joylarda piyodalar haydovchining oldiga borguncha piyodalar o'tish joyidan o'tib ketishi kerak.

Umuman olganda, signalizatsiya qilingan va signalizatsiya qilinmagan chorrahalarni o'z ichiga olgan ikkita kesishish mavjud [1]. Har qanday transport vositasi (piyodalar yoki yo'l transporti vositalari) o'tish joyidan foydalanishi mumkin bo'lganda signalizatsiya qilingan piyodalar o'tish joylari aniq ajratiladi. Signalizatsiya qilinmagan o'tish joylari odatda piyodalarga yordam beradi va odatda piyodalarga joylashuviga qarab birinchi o'ringa qo'yiladi. Pelikan piyodalar o'tish joylari piyodalarni ko'rinadigan joyda birga saqlash uchun signallardan foydalaning avtoulovchilar va ular eng ko'p o'tishi mumkin bo'lgan joy xavfsiz oqimi bo'ylab transport vositasi tirbandlik, aksincha zebra o'tish joylari nazoratsiz va piyodalarning quyi oqimlari uchun ko'proq mos keladi. Faqatgina piyodalar o'tish joylari kabi ko'rinadigan narsa, asosan, a shaklida yaratilishi mumkin trafikni tinchlantirish texnika, ayniqsa piyodalarning ustuvorligi kabi boshqa xususiyatlar bilan birlashganda, boshpana orollari yoki ko'tarilgan yuzalar.

Tarix

Rimning Pompey shahrida piyodalar o'tish joylari keng tarqalgan edi.

[2]

Politsiya birinchi piyodalar o'tishi signalining ishlashini tushuntirib berayotgani haqida London 1868 y.
Piyodalar o'tish joyi (Berlin 1952)

Piyodalar o'tish joylari 2000 yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin mavjud edi, buni xarobalarda ko'rish mumkin Pompei. Yo'lda ko'tarilgan to'siqlar piyodalarga yo'lning ustiga chiqmasdan ko'chani kesib o'tishga imkon berdi, bu esa Pompeyning drenaj va kanalizatsiya tizimiga aylandi. Bloklar orasidagi bo'shliqlar ot aravalari yo'l bo'ylab o'tishga imkon berdi.[3]

Piyodalar o'tish joyidan birinchi signal Vestminster, Bridj-stritda o'rnatildi. London, 1868 yil dekabrda. Bu temir yo'l muhandisi Jon Pik Naytning fikri edi, u piyodalarga ushbu band bo'lgan shosse orqali xavfsiz o'tishga imkon beradi deb o'ylardi. Signal semafor qo'lidan iborat edi (temir yo'l signalizatsiyasi ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lgan Saksbi va Farmer tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan), uni tirgakning yon tomonidagi dastani aylantiradigan politsiya konsteli qo'l bilan ko'tarib tushirgan. Semafor qo'llari tunda signal ko'rinishini oshirish uchun yuqori qismida (yashil va qizil) gaz bilan yoritilgan chiroqlar bilan kuchaytirildi. Biroq, 1869 yil yanvar oyida tepadagi chiroqlarni yoqish uchun ishlatilgan gaz oqib chiqdi va portlash sodir bo'ldi va politsiya operatori jarohat oldi. Ellik yil o'tgach, signal berilgan piyodalar o'tish joylarida boshqa ish olib borilmadi.[4]

20-asrning boshlarida avtomobillar harakati keskin oshdi. O'quvchi The Times 1911 yilda muharrirga yozgan:

"Siz piyodalarga bizning umumiy ko'chalarimiz va yo'llarimizdagi eski xavfsizlik chegaralarini tiklashiga yordam beradigan biror narsa qila olasizmi? Qo'rqinchli o'limlar haqida o'qish juda hayajonli. Agar piyodada endi bitta ikkilanish yoki muvaffaqiyatsizlik bo'lsa, undan qutulish imkoniyati mavjud Hozirda dahshatli o'lim barcha avtoulovlar sekinroq bo'lgan paytdagiga qaraganda ancha past, shuningdek, avtoulovlar harakatida oxirgi lahzagacha tezlikni pasaytirmaslik istagi bor, bu shubhasiz, umumiy yo'llarda noaniqlik bo'lishi kerak. Ko'chalar va yo'llar hamma uchun zarur bo'lsa-da, piyodalar va bularning eng zaiflari eng yuqori e'tiborga sazovor bo'lishlari kerak. "[5]

Zegeerning so'zlariga ko'ra,

"Piyodalar yo'llardan xavfsiz ravishda o'tish huquqiga ega va shuning uchun rejalashtiruvchilar va muhandislar xavfsiz o'tish joylarini rejalashtirish, loyihalashtirish va o'rnatish uchun professional mas'uliyatga ega."[6]

O'rnatish mezonlari

Ba'zi mamlakatlarda piyodalar uchun qulayliklar yaratishning aniq mezonlari mavjud; Masalan, ular mahalliy sharoitga qarab, odatda quyidagicha ustuvorlikka ega bo'lgan orderlarni taqdim etishadi:

a) Hech narsa qilmang Ko'pgina joylarda piyodalarga maxsus binolar kerak emas, chunki past oqimli ko'chalarda piyodalar istalgan joydan (ustunliksiz) o'tishlari mumkin.

b) yo'lda markaziy orollarni ta'minlash.Piyodaga yo'lning o'rtasida kutish va shart sharoitlari boricha harakatlanish uchun xavfsiz joyni taqdim etadi.

c) markaziy rezervatsiya. Uzluksiz (odatda ko'tarilgan) markaziy rezervatsiya barcha hududlarda piyodalarning xavfsiz o'tishiga yordam beradi va avtoulovlarning tezligini kamaytiradi va avtoulovning to'qnashuvini kamaytiradi.

d) Zebra o'tish joyi. Agar piyodalar oqimi katta bo'lsa (maktab, poezd yoki avtobus terminali tashqarisida bo'lsa), piyodalar oqimining past qismida transport vositalarining harakatlanishiga katta miqdordagi piyodalar ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin. transport signallarini ta'minlash uchun zarur.

e) Yo'l harakati signallari (Buyuk Britaniyada Pelikan). Piyodalar to'qnashuvlarini chorrahalarda emas, boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi va piyodalar tugmachalari bilan ta'minlanadi. Shu tarzda, piyodalar o'tmoqchi bo'lgan taqdirda, transport vositasining signali qizil rangga aylanadi.

g) pog'onali harakatlanish signali. Agar yo'l keng bo'lsa (harakat yo'nalishi bo'yicha ikki yoki undan ortiq transport liniyasi) va markaziy rezerv mavjud bo'lsa yoki ta'minlanishi mumkin bo'lsa, transport signallari mos kelmagan juftlikka o'rnatilishi mumkin. Ushbu dizayn piyodalar uchun pog'onali yashil vaqtni ta'minlashga imkon beradi (bir tomoni yashil, ikkinchisi qizil rangda bo'lishi mumkin), piyodalar ikkinchi o'tish uchun markaziy zahirada kutishlari kerak, bu esa transport vositalarining kesishishini kesishgan vaqt oralig'ida muvofiqlashtirish imkoniyatini yaxshilaydi. to'xtash joylari, yoqilg'i sarfi va avtomobillar chiqindilarining kamayishi

h) chorrahada piyodalar signali.Bu inshoot svetofor bilan kesishgan joyga qo'shilib, piyodaga o'tish mumkin bo'lganda aniq yo'nalish beradi. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda, barcha transport signallarida ta'minlanish majburiydir.

i) piyodalar uchun yo'l o'tkazgich yoki er osti o'tish joyi.Bu inshoot transport vositalarining harakati bilan piyodalar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatni bartaraf qiladi, ammo piyodalarning bir darajadan o'tishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan ba'zi bir jismoniy cheklovlar bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi kerak, chunki ular yo'l o'tkazgichga chiqish uchun qo'shimcha harakatlarni sezishgan.

Dizayn va maket

O'tish joyida bir ayol Karmona, Filippinlar

Ba'zi mamlakatlarda, shu jumladan AQShda, piyodalar o'tishi aniq taqiqlangan joylardan tashqari, o'tish joyi belgilanmagan bo'lsa ham, "belgilanmagan piyodalar o'tish joylari" chorrahalarda sodir bo'lishi taxmin qilinmoqda.[7]

Eng oddiy belgilangan o'tish joylari faqat yo'l yuzasidagi ba'zi belgilardan iborat bo'lishi mumkin. AQShda bular "belgilangan piyodalar o'tish joylari" deb nomlanadi.[7] Buyuk Britaniyada bu ko'pincha chaqiriladi zebra o'tish joylari, yo'l yuzasida bo'yalgan muqobil oq va qora chiziqlarni nazarda tutadi.[8] Agar piyodalar o'tish joyidan foydalanganda transport vositalarining harakatidan ustunroq bo'lsa, u holda ular boshqa joylarda yo'lni kesib o'tish o'rniga o'tish joyidan foydalanishga rag'batlantiradilar. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda piyodalar ustuvorlikka ega bo'lmasligi mumkin, lekin yo'lni boshqa joydan kesib o'tgan taqdirda huquqbuzarlik sodir etishi mumkin yoki "jayvalk "Ko'pincha piyodalarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'naltirish uchun va piyodalar harakati yo'lida avtoulovchilarni transport vositalarini to'xtatib turishlariga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ko'pincha yo'lning ustki qismida maxsus belgilar qo'yiladi. Dunyo bo'ylab va hattoki yagona mamlakatlar ichida signal va belgilarning turli xil sxemalari mavjud. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari, ko'pgina nomuvofiqliklar mavjud, ammo ularning farqlari odatda unchalik katta emas. Birlashgan Qirollikda bir-biridan farqli turlar mavjud, ularning har biri o'z nomiga ega.

Ba'zi o'tish joylarida piyodalar harakati signallari mavjud bo'lib, ular piyodalar va yo'l harakati transport vositalaridan o'tish joyidan navbatma-navbat foydalanishga imkon beradi. Ba'zi transport signallarida a tugmachasini bosing qo'ng'iroq tugmasi signalni ishga tushirish uchun talab qilinadi.[9][10] Ovozli yoki teginish kambag'al odamlarga yordam berish uchun signallarni ham kiritish mumkin ko'rish.[11] Ko'pgina shaharlarda signallarning bir qismi yoki aksariyati jihozlangan orqaga hisoblash taymerlari haydovchilarga ham, piyodalarga ham o'tish signalida qolgan vaqt haqida xabar berish.[11] Piyodalar harakati juda yuqori bo'lgan joylarda, O'rnatilgan yulka chiroqlari tizimlari piyodalar borligi to'g'risida signal berish uchun ishlatiladi yoki piyodalar uchun eksklyuziv transport signallari fazalari Bir vaqtning o'zida barcha yo'nalishlarda transport vositalarining harakatlanishini to'xtatadigan (shuningdek, Barns Dances nomi bilan ham tanilgan) foydalanish mumkin.[12][13]

Ko'priklar va tunnellar

A piyodalar ko'prigi Xitoyning gavjum chorrahasida

Oyoq ko'priklari yoki piyoda tunnellar juda band bo'lgan chorrahalarda piyodalar o'tish joylari o'rniga, shuningdek joylarda joylashgan joylarda ham foydalanish mumkin cheklangan kirish yo'llari va boshqariladigan avtomagistrallar kesib o'tish kerak. Ular piyodalar yo'lagi yoki piyodalar yo'li tabiiy ravishda ko'tarilish yoki kesishgan joydan farqli o'laroq boshqa darajaga tushgan joylarda va tabiiy "istak chizig'i" mos ravishda piyodalar ko'prigiga yoki tunnelga olib boradigan joylarda ham foydali bo'lishi mumkin.[14] Biroq, piyodalar ko'priklari aksariyat joylarda samarasiz; ularning xarajatlari tufayli ular odatda bir-biridan uzoq masofada joylashgan. Bundan tashqari, panduslar, zinapoyalar yoki liftlar qo'shimcha to'siqlarni keltirib chiqaradi va piyodalar buning o'rniga piyodalar o'tish joyidan foydalanishadi, ba'zan esa bu to'siqlardan qochish uchun piyoda yurishadi.[14] Ko'prik kontseptsiyasining o'zgarishi, ko'pincha "a" deb nomlanadi osmon yo'li yoki skywalk, ba'zida yomon ahvolga tushib qolgan mintaqalarda amalga oshiriladi ob-havo.

Piyodalar bilan kurashish

A-ning havodan ko'rinishi piyodalar bilan tortishish, masalan, bu Tokio.

Ba'zi chorrahalar ko'rsatiladi qizil chiroqlar uchun barcha yo'nalishlarda bir muddat. A nomi bilan tanilgan piyodalar bilan tortishish, ushbu turdagi transport vositasi har tomonlama to'xtatish piyodalarga istalgan yo'nalishda, shu jumladan diagonalda xavfsiz o'tish imkoniyatini beradi.

Piyodalar o'tish joyini qisqartirish

Piyoda qochqinlari yoki ko'chaning o'rtasida joylashgan kichik orollar ko'cha juda keng bo'lganda qo'shilishi mumkin, chunki bu o'tish joylari ba'zi odamlar uchun bitta tsiklda o'tish uchun juda uzoq bo'lishi mumkin.[15] Ushbu piyoda qochqinlar yangi beton qurishdan iborat bo'lishi mumkin transport orollari yo'lning o'rtasida; mavjud orolni kengaytirish yoki o'rtacha chiziq boshpana berish uchun piyodalar o'tish joyiga; yoki shunchaki o'rtacha allaqachon uzluksiz bo'lgan orolni yoki o'rtacha chiziqni kesib tashlash.[15]

Boshqa nisbatan keng tarqalgan o'zgarish - bu jilovlash / jilovlashni kengaytirish ko'cha kengligini toraytiradigan va piyodalar o'tish joyidagi belgilar bilan birgalikda ishlatiladigan (lampochka) deb ham ataladi. Ular, shuningdek, piyodalar uchun xavfsizroq o'tish joyini yaratib, avtoulovlarni sekinlashtirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.[16]

Piyodalardan o'tish chizig'i

Bahraynda ishlaydigan yo'l belgilarini ishlab chiqarish mashinasi, 2012 yil dekabr.

Piyodalarni kesib o'tish mashinalari chorrahalarda yoki boshqa gavjum yo'l uchastkalarida zebra chiziqlarini bo'yash uchun professional ravishda ishlatiladigan maxsus uskunalar. Zopak o'tish joylarining xususiyatlari, keng, ammo uzun bo'lmagan parallel chiziqlar tufayli, chiziqlar mashinasi tez-tez yo'nalishni o'zgartirish uchun osonlikcha bajarilishi mumkin bo'lgan kichik yo'l boshqaruvchi mashinadir. Turli mamlakatlardagi muhandislik qoidalari o'rtasida farqlar mavjud. Belgilash chizig'ining kengligini belgilaydigan piyodalar uchun chiziqlar kesish mashinasining markirovka poyabzali boshqa markalash mashinalariga qaraganda ancha kengroq. Buning uchun g'ildiraklari bo'lgan kichikroq markirovka poyabzali ishlatilishi mumkin yo'l chizig'i.

Ning bo'limi yo'l toza supurilgan va quruq holda saqlanishi kerak. Rassom avval yo'naltiruvchi chiziqni to'g'ri tortadi va ikki uchini erga o'rnatadi. Keyin ular ustiga primer qatlamni purkash yoki cho'tka qilish asfalt yoki beton sirt. Termoplastik bo'yamoq kukun shaklida keyinchalik eritish uchun eritilgan suyuqlik holatiga bo'yash uchun eritiladi. Va nihoyat, rassom chiziq chizish mashinasini yo'naltiruvchi chiziq bo'ylab yo'naltiruvchi tayoq bilan tortadi yoki itaradi.[iqtibos kerak ] Termoplastikaga alternativa sifatida maishiy bo'yoq yoki epoksi piyodalar o'tish joylarini belgilash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.[17]

Piyodalar yo'llari badiiy asar sifatida

Tofino (Britaniya Kolumbiyasi) dagi okean hayoti tasvirlangan piyodalar o'tish joyi dizayni

Ba'zi piyodalar o'tish joylari noyob dizaynlarni o'z ichiga oladi, ularning aksariyati san'at asarlari shaklida bo'ladi. Ushbu san'at asarlari turizmni jalb qilish yoki haydovchilar e'tiborini jalb qilish kabi turli xil maqsadlarga xizmat qilishi mumkin.[18]

Dunyo bo'ylab shaharlar va shaharchalar piyodalar o'tish joylarini bo'yash bo'yicha musobaqalarni o'tkazdilar, odatda bu san'at asarlari turidir.[18] Yilda Santyago, Kanadalik rassom Roadsworthning 2013 yilgi ishida mavjud piyodalar o'tish joyida sariq-ko'k baliqlar qoplangan. Dunyo bo'ylab boshqa o'tish joylarida ham Roadsworthning ba'zi ishlari,[19] piyodalar o'tish joyi, shu jumladan Monreal bu erda zebra chiziqlari o'q shaklida, shuningdek "konveyer lentasi" piyodalar o'tish joyi shaklida Uinston-Salem, Shimoliy Karolina.[18] Yilda Lompok, Kaliforniya, "Ijodiy o'tish" tanlovi doirasida bir nechta rassomlarga badiiy asar yaratish topshirildi. Rassom Marli Bedford 2015 yilgi tanlov doirasida to'rtta piyodalar o'tish joyining birinchi to'plamini chizdi,[20] va Linda Pauers o'sha yilgi musobaqadan so'ng 2016 yilda yana ikkita piyodalar o'tish joyini bo'yashdi.[21]

Yilda Tbilisi, Tbilisidagi Badiiy akademiyaning ba'zi talabalari va hukumat amaldorlari birgalikda xuddi shunday ko'rinishga ega bo'lgan o'tish joyini yaratishdi 3D. Piyodalar o‘tish qismidagi oq panjaralarda “sizning xavfsizligingiz uchun” deb yozilgan.[18][22] 3D piyodalar o'tish yo'llari loyihalari Xitoyda ham o'rnatildi, qishloqda "suzuvchi zebra o'tishi" amalga oshirildi Luoyuan okrugi turizmni rivojlantirish;[18] o'rnatilgan 3-o'lchovli o'tish joyi Changsha haydovchilar e'tiborini jalb qilish;[23] va yana bir rangli o'tish joyi Sichuan rangli Changsha piyodalar o'tish joyi bilan bir xil maqsadga xizmat qiladi.[24]

Rangli piyodalar o'tish joylarida yaqin atrofni aks ettiruvchi mavzular bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan; misol uchun, Chengdu ikki daryoning tutashgan joyi yaqinida joylashgan joyini aks ettiruvchi, qalblari bo'yalgan qizil-oq zebraning o'tish joyi bo'lgan.[25][18][24] Yilda Kuritiba, barlari tartibsiz ravishda bo'yalgan piyodalar o'tish joyi shtrix kod yaqin atrofdagi savdo markazining reklamasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan, ammo keyinchalik bo'yalgan.[24] A piyodalar bilan tortishish ichida Chinatown qismi Oklend, Kaliforniya, ranglarini bildiruvchi qizil-sariq ranglar bilan bo'yalgan Xitoy bayrog'i.[24][26]

Kamalak piyodalar o'tish joyi Utrext, Gollandiya

Ba'zan, dunyoning turli shaharlarida piyodalar o'tish joylari uchun o'xshash san'at tushunchalari bo'lishi mumkin. Kamalak bayrog'i - odatda joyni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun bo'yalgan rangli piyodalar o'tish joylari LGBT madaniyatlar o'rnatilgan San-Fransisko;[27][18] G'arbiy Gollivud;[28] Filadelfiya;[29] va Tel-Aviv.[30][18] Piyodalar o'tish joyi bo'yalgan pianino klaviaturalari bo'yalgan Long Beach;[31] Varshava;[18][24] va Chontsin.[18]

AQSH Federal avtomobil yo'llari ma'muriyati xavfsizlik va ko'rinishga oid xavotirlar tufayli piyodalar o'tish joyi san'atini taqiqlaydi, ammo AQSh shaharlari o'z dizaynlarini o'rnatishni tanladilar. Sietl noyob dizayni bilan 40 ta piyodalar o'tish joyiga, shu jumladan kamalak bayrog'iga ega edi Kapitoliy tepaligi va Umum afrika bayrog'i ichida Markaziy tuman.[32][33]

Mintaqalar bo'yicha farqlar

Shimoliy Amerika

Piyodalar o'tish joyi xavfsizligi uchun AQShda piyodalar o'tish joyining har ikkala yondashuvning afzalliklari va kamchiliklariga qarab belgilanishi yoki belgilanmagan to'lovlari zarurligi to'g'risida juda ham aniq narsa yo'q, garchi har bir shahar o'z qoidalariga ega bo'lishi mumkin.[6]

Belgilangan piyodalar o'tish joylari

AQSh uchun piyodalar o'tish joyining yo'l qoplamasini belgilash variantlari FHWA.

Qo'shma Shtatlarda piyodalar o'tish joylari ba'zida ko'p bo'lsa-da, oq chiziqlar bilan belgilanadi munitsipalitetlar Buning uchun biroz boshqacha uslublar, uslublar yoki naqshlarga ega bo'ling. Amaldagi dizaynlar bir-biridan juda farq qiladi yurisdiktsiyalar va ko'pincha hatto shahar va uning tumanlari (yoki mahalliy ekvivalentlar) o'rtasida farq qiladi.[34][35] Qo'shma Shtatlarda yo'l belgilarini belgilashning 2009 yildagi versiyasida belgilangan ikkita asosiy usul mavjud Trafikni boshqarishning yagona moslamalari bo'yicha qo'llanma (MUTCD). Ko'pincha, ular yo'lning bir tomonidan ikkinchi tomoniga o'tuvchi ikkita parallel oq chiziq bilan belgilanadi, chiziqlarning kengligi odatda 12 dan 24 dyuymgacha (300 dan 610 mm gacha) kenglikda bo'ladi.[34][35] Taxminan bir xil qalinlikdagi va faqat chorrahaga ketadigan yo'llar bo'ylab cho'zilgan uchinchi "to'xtash chizig'i" odatda mavjud. To'xtash chizig'i transport vositalari uchun qonuniy belgilangan to'xtash joyi vazifasini bajaradi va haydovchilarni piyodalar o'tish joyining o'rtasida to'xtashiga to'sqinlik qiladi.[35] Boshqa usul esa osonlikcha ko'rinadigan "kontinental chiziqlar" dan (Buyuk Britaniyaning zebra o'tish joylari kabi) foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi, ular piyodalar o'tish joyi bo'ylab kesishish yo'nalishiga perpendikulyar bo'lgan bir nechta panjaralar to'plamidir. Ushbu chiziqlar odatda 12 dan 24 dyuymgacha (300 dan 610 mm gacha) va bir-biridan 12 dan 24 dyuymgacha (300 dan 610 mm gacha) o'rnatiladi. Piyodalar o'tish yo'llari ikkita parallel oq chiziq va kontinental chiziqlarning kombinatsiyasidan foydalanib, juda yaxshi ko'rinadigan "narvon" piyodalar o'tish joyini yaratishi mumkin.[34][35]

Avtoulovchilar piyodalar o'tish joyidan o'tayotganlarga yon berishlarini ko'rsatuvchi belgi.
Qo'shma Shtatlarda piyodalar o'tish joyi belgisi.
Qo'shma Shtatlarda piyodalar o'tish joyi belgisi.

Belgilangan piyodalar o'tish joylari odatda transport chorrahalarida yoki chorrahalarda joylashtiriladi, ammo vaqti-vaqti bilan piyodalar generatorlari mavjud bo'lgan o'rta blokli joylarda, masalan, tranzit to'xtash joylarida, maktablarda, chakana savdo uylarida yoki turar joylarda foydalaniladi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda ushbu "o'rta blokli o'tish joylari" "PED XING" ("piyodalar o'tish joyi" uchun) kabi qo'shimcha tartibga soluvchi belgilarni, yonib-o'chib turadigan sariq mayoqlarni, to'xtash yoki harakatlanish belgilarini yoki qo'zg'atilgan yoki avtomatik ravishda o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. signallari.[34] Ba'zi bir yangi innovatsion o'tish muolajalari orasida yulka ichidagi flaşlar, yo'lga o'rnatilgan sariq miltillovchi ogohlantirish chiroqlari yoki HAWK mayoqi - piyoda aniqlanganda yoki qurilmani ishga tushirganda, yonib-o'chadigan ketma-ketlik boshlanadi, so'ngra qattiq qizil, so'ngra avtoulovchilarga davom ettirishga imkon beradigan miltillovchi qizil faza paydo bo'ladi. agar piyoda (lar) sayohat yo'lidan aniq bo'lsa.[36]

Qo'shma Shtatlarda o'zaro faoliyat qonunlari har bir shtatda va ba'zan mahalliy darajada farq qiladi. Barcha shtatlar transport vositalaridan belgilangan piyodalar o'tish joyiga kirgan piyodaga berilishini talab qiladi.[7] Yuridik jihatdan aytadigan bo'lsak, aksariyat shtatlarda piyodalar o'tish joylari barcha chorrahalarda, belgilangan yoki belgilanmagan bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, to'g'ri burchak ostida yig'ilishgan.[37] Barcha shtatlar bundan mustasno Meyn va Michigan transport vositalarining belgilanmagan piyodalar o'tish joyiga kirgan piyodaga berilishini talab qilish.[7] Biroq Kanadaning ba'zi hududlarida yo'lni bosib o'tish uchun piyoda qo'lini xuddi avvalgidek holatda ushlab turadi qo'l ber va yo'l chetidan chiqib ketdi.[iqtibos kerak ] Viloyati Ontario 2016 yilda haydovchilar va velosipedchilar piyodalar "o'tish joylarida" to'liq to'xtab turishlari kerakligi to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilishdi - ba'zida tepada yoki chiroqlar bilan belgilanadigan piyodalar uslubidagi piyodalar o'tish joylarida, shuningdek piyodalar o'tish joylarida maktabni kesib o'tuvchi qo'riqchilar.[38]

Signalizatsiya qilingan chorrahalar

Shuningdek qarang: Svetofor
Nyu-York shahridagi uchta piyoda transport signallari, uch xil signal fazalarida.
  • Chapdagi signal "yurmang" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi "barqaror ko'tarilgan qo'l" signalini ko'rsatadi.
  • Markazdagi signal "yurish" ni ko'rsatadigan "barqaror yuradigan odam" signalini ko'rsatadi.
  • O'ng tarafdagi signal "yurish kerak" ishorasini ko'rsatadi, bu "yurmang" yaqinda ekanligini bildiradi. Bunga 2009 yilgi MUTCD bo'yicha hisoblash uchun taymer qo'shiladi.
"Tuxum qutisi" panjarali signal
Ikkala "tunnel visor" (yuqori chap signal) va "shapka visor" (boshqa barcha signallar) signallari juftligi
"Yurmang" grafika signali tunnelli visor bilan

Signallar bilan boshqariladigan o'tish joylarida eng keng tarqalgan navlar quyidagicha joylashtirilgan: piyodalar o'tish joyining har bir uchida qutblar svetoforlarni ushlab turadigan oq "yurish" va Portlend apelsin "yurmang" yozuvlari.[39] Ushbu maxsus ranglar Shimoliy Amerikada qo'llaniladi (bundan mustasno Kvebek[40]) ta'minlash uchun ko'zga tashlanadigan narsa qizil, sariq va yashil svetoforlar fonida. 2000 yil MUTCD dan boshlab, zamonaviy signallarga so'zlardan ko'ra to'q sariq "ko'tarilgan qo'l" va oq "yuradigan odam" piktogrammalaridan foydalanish majburiydir;[39] qo'l / odam displeyi - 2009 yilgi nashrga oid mandat.[11] Matn aks etgan piyodalar signallarida "yurmang" yozuvsiz yoziladi apostrof u belgiga osongina o'tirishi uchun.[41] Zamonaviy piyodalar signallari bo'lishi mumkin akkor, neon, optik tolali, yoki LED, oxirgi uchta displeyda odatda kam energiya sarflanadi.[42]

Piktogramma yoki so'zlarning ishlatilishidan qat'i nazar, MUTCD barqaror "ko'tarilgan qo'l" yoki "yurmang" signalini piyoda ushbu signal yo'nalishi bo'yicha ko'chaga kira olmasligini, barqaror "yuruvchi odam" yoki " yurish signali "piyodalar ushbu signal tomon ko'chani kesib o'tishlari mumkinligini bildiradi.[11] Ko'tarilgan qo'l yoki "yurmang" signallari piyodalar oralig'ida "yurmang" ga o'tish yaqinlashganda miltillay boshlaydi.[11] Odatda bu yorug'lik sarg'ayishdan bir necha soniya oldin sodir bo'ladi, odatda svetofor sariq yoki qizil rangga aylanganda to'q sariq rangga aylanadi; shu bilan birga, displey barqaror qo'lga aylantirilishi yoki transport vositasi chiroqchasi sariq rangda yoki transport vositasining signalida hali ham yashil chiroq yonib turganda "yurmang" belgisiga aylantirilishi mumkin.[43] "Etakchi piyodalar oralig'i" bo'lgan chorrahalarda ko'tarilgan qo'l yoki "yurmang" belgisi yonib-o'chib turaveradi, chunki transport vositalari chiroqlari qizil rangga aylanadi va chorrahadagi boshqa o'tish joylarida piyoda odam yoki "yurish" belgisi ko'rsatiladi. So'ngra transport vositalarining harakatlanishi barcha yo'nalishlarda qisqa vaqt ichida to'xtatilib, o'zaro harakatlanishni davom ettirishga ruxsat beriladi.[44] 2009 yildagi MUTCD ko'rsatilishicha, miltillovchi yuruvchi odam yoki "yurish" signallari ma'noga ega emas.[11] Ilgari "miltillovchi yurish" belgisi "transport vositalarini aylantirish uchun ehtiyot bo'ling" degan ma'noni anglatishda ishlatilgan[45] va Vashingtonda hali ham foydalanilmoqda;[46] ammo, 2003 yil MUTCD-dan boshlab, piyodalar signallari displeyida ixtiyoriy "animatsion ko'zlar" belgisi bilan almashtirildi,[47][48] "jonlantirilgan ko'zlar" signalidan foydalanishni tavsiya etgan tadqiqotdan so'ng MUTCD-ga joylashtirilgan.[49]

Panjara "tuxum qutisi" visor " (AQSh Patenti 3,863,251 ) chiroqlardan himoya qilish uchun odatiy ravishda chiroqlar oldiga qo'yiladi quyosh va ularning ko'rinishini oshiring, ammo bunday visorlar ham zaif bo'lishi mumkin qor yoki muz ekranlarda to'planish, bu esa o'z navbatida piyodalar ekranini to'sib qo'yishi mumkin.[42] Shuningdek, piyodalar signallari uchburchak-prizma shaklidagi "kesilgan visor" yoki "qalpoqli visor" dan ham foydalanishlari mumkin (chunki shunday nomlangan balandlik a shaklidagi shaklga ega beysbol kepkasi ), bu asosan signalning yuqori qismini va chap va o'ng tomonlarning tepalarini qoplaydi; yoki piyodalar displeyining chap, o'ng va yuqori tomonlarini to'liq qoplaydigan to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi "tunnel visor".[50][51]

Qo'shma Shtatlarga xos bo'lgan matnli xabarlar bilan uch holatli signal ketma-ketligi; so'zlar belgilar bilan almashtirilishi mumkin.

AQShning ayrim shaharlarida piyodalarni aniqlashning boshqa usullari, shu jumladan, sinovdan o'tkazilmoqda infraqizil va mikroto'lqinli pech texnologiya, shuningdek chekka tomonga o'rnatilgan og'irlik sezgichlari.[52] Ushbu detektorlarni 2000 yilda o'rganish Los Anjeles, Feniks va Rochester infraqizil va mikroto'lqinli texnologiyalar piyodalar va aylanadigan transport vositalari hamda "yurmaslik" bosqichidan boshlab piyodalar o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlarni kamaytirishga yordam berganligini aniqladi.[53][54]:38–39 Keyingi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ushbu datchiklarning samaradorligi ular o'rnatilgan joyda piyodalar harakati asosida o'zgarib turadi.[54]:39–40

To'liq qo'zg'atilgan signallarda yoki yarim boshqariladigan transport signallarida tugmani bosib kichikroq ko'chadan o'tish "tez yurish signalini" keltirib chiqaradi. Ko'pgina shtatlarda haydovchilar piyoda haydovchi haydab o'tayotgan piyodalar o'tish joyining yarmini kesib o'tguncha kutishlari kerak, shundan keyin haydovchi davom etishi mumkin.[iqtibos kerak ] Biroq, ba'zi shtatlarda (masalan, Yuta)[55]), agar haydovchi chiroqlar yonib turgan maktab zonasida bo'lsa, haydovchi davom etishidan oldin piyodalar o'tish joyi aniq bo'lguncha kutishi kerak.[iqtibos kerak ]

Massachusets shtati piyodalar harakati uchun noodatiy ko'rsatkich o'zgarishiga imkon beradi. Alohida piyodalar signallari boshlari bo'lmagan signalizatsiya qilingan chorrahalarda transport signallari barcha yo'nalishlarda qizil rangga aylanishi uchun dasturlashtirilishi mumkin, so'ngra qizil ko'rsatkichlar bilan bir vaqtda sariq chiroqlar doimiy ravishda namoyish etiladi. Ushbu qizil-plyus-sariq ko'rsatkich paytida chorrahalar transport vositalarining harakati uchun yopiladi va piyodalarga "eksklyuziv piyodalar oralig'i" yoki piyodalarning chalkashlik bosqichi beriladi, ular chorrahaning har qanday oyog'ini kesib o'tishlari mumkin, odatda ular xohlagan yo'nalishda. .[56] Bu piyodalarning qo'shimcha signalini almashtiradi, ammo 2009 yilgi MUTCD qoidalarini buzadi.[11] Ushbu amaliyot eskirgan, ammo Hamdo'stlikning haydovchilar qo'llanmasida qolmoqda.[56]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Birlashgan Qirollikda (va hozirgi ko'plab sobiq Hamdo'stlik davlatlarida ham) haydovchilar piyodalar o'tish joyining ikkala tomonida "zig zag" chiziqlari bilan belgilangan zonada to'xtashlari noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Bu piyodalarning kelayotgan tirbandlikka qarashlarini yashirmasligini ta'minlash uchun.
A puffin o'tish Buyuk Britaniyada

Buyuk Britaniyada va .ning ayrim qismlarida Millatlar Hamdo'stligi, hayvonlarning nomlari ko'pincha bunday o'tish joylarining bir nechta turlarini ajratish uchun ishlatiladi. A zebra kesib o'tish yo'lda keng bo'ylama chiziqlardan iborat (o'tish yo'liga perpendikulyar), yonib-o'chib turadigan sarg'ish bilan Belisha mayoqlari yo'lning ikkala tomoni. Piyodalar istalgan vaqtda kesib o'tishlari mumkin, haydovchilar o'tish joyida piyodalarga yo'l berishlari kerak. A pelikan o'tish piyodalar boshqaradigan o'tish joyidir. Dvigatel trafigiga qaragan signallarda Buyuk Britaniyaning standart trafik signallari ketma-ketligining an'anaviy qizil va sariq signallari o'rniga miltillovchi sarg'ish rang ishlatiladi. A puffin o'tish signalizatsiya qilingan; ammo, vaqt o'tishi bilan o'tadigan pelikan o'tishidan farqli o'laroq, puffin datchiklarga ega bo'lib, o'tish joyida turgan odamlarni aniqlaydi. Puffin shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniyaning trafik signallarining ketma-ketligini ishlatadi. A Tukan o'tish tomonidan ishlatiladi velosipedlar piyodalar bilan bir qatorda, a pegasus o'tish otliq chavandozlar tomonidan qo'llaniladi - shuning uchun o'tish joyini balandroq boshqarish uchun tugma mavjud.

Zopak o'tish joylari - bu harakatlanishni boshqarish uchun yorug'lik signallarini ishlatmaydigan yagona piyodalar o'tish joyi. O'tishning boshqa turlarida rangli piktogramma chiroqlari ishlatiladi, bu foydalanuvchiga qarab, bu odam, velosiped yoki ot bo'ladi.

Evropa qit'asi

piyodalar o‘tish joyidan ogohlantirish uchun belgini joylashtirdi

Ispaniya, Buyuk Britaniya, Germaniya va boshqa Evropa mamlakatlarida piyodalar halok bo'lishining 90% piyodalar o'tish joylaridan tashqarida sodir bo'ladi. Eng yuqori stavka qo'shni Evropa mamlakatlariga qaraganda kamroq o'tadigan Buyuk Britaniyada.[57]

Kontinental o'tish joylarida britaniyaliklarning aniqligi yo'q, ammo baribir ular o'tish uchun yaxshi joyni ko'rsatadi.[57]

Shveytsariyada zebra o'tish joylari sariq rang bilan belgilangan.[58]

Frantsiyada piyodalar o'tish joylari bo'lishi shart emas. Ammo, agar masofa 50 metrdan (55 yard) kam bo'lsa, piyodalar undan foydalanishlari shart.[59]

  • Piyodalar o‘tish joyi, chorrahada Thun, Shveytsariya

  • Piyodalar o‘tish joyi Tsyurix tramvay yo'li Markaziy stantsiya

  • Piyodalar o‘tish joyidan oldin, Shveytsariya

Evropaning ba'zi mamlakatlari bu so'zni ishlatgan Piyodalar o'tish joyi ba'zi shartnomalarda, masalan, "transport vositasi piyodalar o'tish joyiga yaqinlashib kelayotgan yoki shu kabi belgi qo'yilgan piyodalar o'tish joyiga yaqinlashib kelayotgan yoki o'tishdan oldin darhol to'xtatilgan boshqa transport vositasini bosib o'tmasligi kerak. piyodalar o'tish joyida bo'lsa, uni darhol to'xtatish. " dan yo'l harakati to'g'risidagi konventsiya.[60]

Bunday konventsiya ham buni ko'rib chiqadi

  • "qatnov qismidan o'tmoqchi bo'lgan piyodalar ehtiyotkorlik bilan harakat qilmasdan unga qadam bosmasliklari kerak; piyodalar o'tish joyidan har qanday joyda bo'lgan joyda foydalanishlari kerak;" (§6.a)
  • "Boshqa piyodalar o'tish joylarida piyodalar transport vositalarining yaqinlashish masofasi va tezligini hisobga olmasdan qatnov qismiga qadam qo'ymasliklari kerak." (§6.b iii)
  • "piyoda piyodalar o'tish joyidan boshqa joydan o'tishi kerak, lekin u erda piyoda piyodalar transport vositalarining harakatlanishiga to'sqinlik qilmasdan ishonch hosil qilmasdan qatnov qismiga qadam qo'ymasliklari kerak" (§6.c)
  • "Ular piyodalar qatnov qismidan o'tishni boshlaganlaridan so'ng, piyodalar keraksiz uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tmasliklari va keraksiz ravishda kechikmasliklari yoki qatnov qismida to'xtamasliklari kerak." (§6.d).[60]
Ga mos ravishda joylashtirilgan imzo yo'l belgisi to'g'risidagi konventsiya, piyodalar o'tish joyidan xabar berish uchun

Evropada piyodalar o'tish joyi, shuningdek, 1971 yil 1 mayda 1968 yilgi Vena konventsiyasini to'ldiruvchi Evropa kelishuvi bilan ham ko'rib chiqiladi (Konsolide versiyasi, shu jumladan 1993, 2001 va 2006 yillardagi o'zgartirishlar):[61]

  • "Belgilangan yoki qatnov qismidagi belgilar bilan ko'rsatilgan piyodalar o'tish joyidan boshqa joyda piyodalar o'tish joyidan o'tish uchun piyodalar transport vositalarining harakatlanishiga to'sqinlik qilmasdan ishonch hosil qilmasdan qatnov qismiga qadam qo'ymasliklari kerak. Piyodalar qatnov qismidan o'tishlari kerak o'z o'qiga to'g'ri burchak ostida. "
  • "Avtomobilning harakatlanish qismida to'xtash yoki to'xtash taqiqlanadi: piyodalar o'tish joylari va velosipedchilar uchun o'tish joylari, piyodalar o'tish joylari, velosipedchilar uchun o'tish joylari va temir yo'l kesishmalaridan oldin 5 metr (5½ yard)"

Belgilash uchun ko'plab Evropa mamlakatlari quyidagilarni nazarda tutadigan shartnomalarga muvofiq keladi:

  • "Piyodalar o'tish joylarini belgilash uchun, qatnov qismining o'qiga parallel ravishda nisbatan keng chiziqlardan foydalanish kerak".[62]
  • "Velosipedchilar o'tish joylarini belgilash uchun ko'ndalang chiziqlar yoki piyodalar o'tish joylari bilan aralashtirib bo'lmaydigan boshqa belgilar qo'llaniladi."

Yo'l belgilari to'g'risidagi konventsiya shuningdek, belgilar va belgilar uchun ogohlantirish modellarini taqdim etadi. Ushbu mamlakatlarda "piyodalar o'tish joyi belgisi" ko'k yoki qora tuproqda, oq yoki sariq uchburchakda belgi qora yoki to'q ko'k rangda aks ettirilgan.[62]

Evropada piyodalar o'tish joylari uchun tavsiya etilgan minimal kenglik tezligi 60 km / s (yoki 37 milya) dan past bo'lgan yo'llarda 2,5 m (yoki 8 fut), yo'llarda esa 4 m (yoki 13 fut). yuqori yoki hech qanday tezlik chegarasi yo'q.[62]

Avstraliya

Avstraliyaning Sidney shahrida signalizatsiya qilingan chorrahada o'tish chiroqlari / s

Avstraliyada terminologiya Piyodalar o'tish joyi ishlatilgan.

Piktogrammalar barcha svetofor boshqariladigan o'tish joylarida standart hisoblanadi. Boshqa ba'zi mamlakatlar singari piyodalarni tozalash uchun doimiy qizil rangdan oldin miltillovchi qizil ketma-ketlik ishlatiladi. Bir necha daqiqadan so'ng, ba'zi hollarda miltillovchi sariq rangli ketma-ketlik (avtoulovchilar uchun) xavfsiz holatga kelganda transport vositalarining o'tish joyidan o'tishini ko'rsatishi mumkin; ammo bu juda kam uchraydi. Yo'l harakati og'ir bo'lgan tumanlarda, masalan, shaharning ichki hududlari kabi svetoforni ishlatishni kafolatlaydigan AQSh-ning "standart" konfiguratsiyasi qo'llaniladi.

Zebra o'tish joylari kam harakatlanadigan joylarda tez-tez uchraydi va ularga yaqinlashish zig zag chiziqlari bilan belgilanishi mumkin.

Maktab zonalaridagi o'tish joylarida reflektorga belgi qo'yiladi, ammo mamlakatdagi aksariyat maktab o'tish joylari odamlarga tegishli ekanligini hisobga olsak, bu belgilar avtoulovchilarga ogohlantirish vazifasini o'taydi.

Signallar

Piyodalarni chaqirish tugmalari

Piyodalarni chaqirish tugmasi

Qo'ng'iroq tugmachalari piyodalar uchun mo'ljallangan signal bilan svetoforlarda o'rnatiladi va piyodalarning "yurish" ko'rsatkichini ular to'g'ri ishlaydigan joylarda ko'tarish uchun ishlatiladi.[9][10] Qo'ng'iroq tugmachalari o'rnatiladigan aksariyat joylarda tugmani bosish piyodalar yurish belgisini darhol yoqmaydi. Bittasi Portlend shtati universiteti AQShdagi qo'ng'iroq tugmachalarining tadqiqotchilarining qayd etishicha, "[qo'ng'iroq] tugmachalarining ko'pchiligi piyodalarga transport signalini olganligi to'g'risida hech qanday mulohaza bildirmaydi. Hech narsa bo'lmaydigan joylarda paydo bo'lishi mumkin."[63] Biroq, qo'ng'iroq tugmachalari tasdiqlash haqida fikr bildiradigan ba'zi joylar mavjud. Bunday joylarda piyodalar "yurish" ko'rsatkichlarini kutish ehtimoli ko'proq.[64]

Hisobotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ba'zi joylarda, masalan, ko'p yurish tugmalari Nyu-York shahri va Buyuk Britaniya ham bo'lishi mumkin platsebo tugmalari yoki to'g'ri ishlamoqda ishlatilmaydigan qo'ng'iroq tugmalari.[9][10] Avvalgi holatda, ushbu tugmachalar piyodalarga berish uchun mo'ljallangan nazorat illyuziyasi o'tish signali esa o'z ishini dasturlashtirilgan tarzda davom ettiradi.[10] Biroq, masalan, Nyu-York shahridagi kabi holatlarda, tirnoq signallari avtomatik ravishda har bir signal tsiklining bir qismi sifatida piyodalar fazalarini o'z ichiga olgan holda yangilanganda tugmalar o'chirilgan. Bunday holatlarda, piyodalar signallarini kelgusida yangilash paytida ushbu tugmachalarni olib tashlash mumkin.[9][65] Buyuk Britaniyada piyodalar o'tish joyidagi o'tish joyiga ulanmagan tugmani bosish svetoforni darhol qizil rangga aylantiradi, ammo bu kavşakta shart emas.[10]

Ba'zan, qo'ng'iroq tugmachalari faqat ba'zi chorrahalarda, kunning ma'lum vaqtlarida yoki yilning ma'lum bir davrida, masalan, Nyu-Yorkda yoki Boston, Massachusets shtati.[9][66] Bostonda ba'zi band bo'lgan chorrahalar kunning ma'lum bir vaqtlarida piyodalar tsiklini berish uchun dasturlashtirilgan (shuning uchun tugmachani bosish shart emas), lekin avjiga chiqmagan vaqtlarda piyodalar tsiklini olish uchun tugmachani bosish kerak. Qo'shnida Kembrij, a button press is always required if a button is available, though the city prefers to build signals where no button is present and the pedestrian cycle always happens between short car cycles.[66] In both cases the light will not turn immediately, but will wait until the next available pedestrian slot in a pre-determined rotation.[66]

Countdown timers

Count down traffic light

Some pedestrian signals integrate a orqaga hisoblash taymer, showing how many seconds are remaining for the clearing phase. In the United States, San Francisco was the first major city to install countdown signals to replace older pedestrian modules, doing so on a trial basis starting in March 2001.[67] The United States MUTCD added a countdown signal as an optional feature to its 2003 edition; if included, the countdown digits would be Portland Orange, the same color as the "Upraised Hand" indication.[47] The MUTCD's 2009 edition changed countdown timers to a mandatory feature on pedestrian signals at all signalized intersections with pedestrian clearance intervals ("flashing upraised hand" phases) longer than seven seconds. With the MUTCD guideline allotting at least one second to cross 3 feet (0.91 m), this indicates that countdown timers are supposed to be installed on roads wider than 21 feet (6.4 m).[11] The countdown is not supposed to be displayed during the pedestrian "walk" interval ("steady walking person" phase),[11]

A pedestrian signal in Washington, D.C., with countdown timer

Some municipalities have found that there are instances where pedestrian countdown signals may be less effective than standard hand/man or "yurish"/"dont walk" signals. New York City started studying the pedestrian timers in an inconclusive 2006 study[68] but only started rolling out pedestrian timers on a large scale in 2011 after the conclusion of a second study, which found that pedestrian countdown timers were ineffective at shorter crosswalks.[69] Additionally, a 2000 study of pedestrian countdown timers in Buena-Vista ko'li, Florida, at several intersections near Uolt Disney dunyosi, found that pedestrians were more likely to cross the street during the pedestrian clearance interval (flashing upraised hand) if there is a timer present, compared to at intersections where there was no timer present.[70] In o'rganish Toronto found similar results to the Florida study, determining that countdown timers may actually cause more crashes than standard hand/man signals.[71][72] However, other cities such as London found that countdown timers were effective,[73] and New York City found that countdown signals worked mainly at longer crosswalks.[69]

Pedestrian countdown signals are also used elsewhere around the world, such as in Buenos Aires,[74][75] India,[76] Mexico,[77] Taiwan,[78] va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari.[2] Yilda Mexiko, the walking man moves his feet during the countdown.[77] In Taiwan, all the crossings feature animated men called xiaolüren ("little green man"), who will walk faster immediately before the traffic signal will change. There is also always a countdown timer.[78]

O'zgarishlar

A pedestrian crossing with a Vienna Convention standard sign indicating to motorists that they must give priority to pedestrians using it.

In some countries, instead of "don't walk", a depiction of a red man or hand indicating when not to cross, the drawing of the person crossing appears with an "X" drawn over it.

Some countries around the Baltic Sea in Scandinavia duplicate the red light. Instead of one red light, there are two which both illuminate at the same time.

In many parts of eastern Germany, particularly the former Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi, the design of the crossing man (Ampelmännchen ) has a hat. There are also female Ampelmännchen in western Germany and the Netherlands.[77] Other countries also use unusual "walk" and "don't walk" pedestrian indicators. Janubi-g'arbiy qismida Yokohama, Kanagava prefekturasi, there are pedestrian signal lights that resemble Astro Boy.[79] Yilda Lissabon, some signals have a "don't walk" indicator that dances; these "dancing man" signals, created by Daimler AG, were created to encourage pedestrians to wait for the "walk" indicator, with the result that 81% more pedestrians stopped and waited for the "walk" light compared to at crosswalks with conventional signals.[80]

Leading Pedestrian Interval

In some areas, the signal timing technique of a Leading Pedestrian Interval (LPI) allows pedestrians exclusive access to a crosswalk, typically 3–7 seconds, before vehicular traffic is permitted.[81][82] Depending on intersection volume and safety history, a normal right-turn-on-red (RTOR) might be explicitly prohibited during the LPI phase.[83] LPI benefits include increased visibility and greater likelihood of vehicles yielding. LPI is among the tools being considered in the fatality-elimination toolkit of Vision Zero planners and advocates.[84]

Temporary signals

Portable pedestrian crossing signal at a road work site

In certain circumstances, there are needs to install temporary pedestrian crossing signals. The reasons may include redirecting traffics due to yo'l ishlari, closing of the permanent crossing signals due to repairs or upgrades, and establishing new pedestrian crossings for the duration of large public events.

The temporary pedestrian crossings can be integrated into portable traffic signals that may be used during the roadworks, or it can be stand-alone just to stop vehicles to allow pedestrians to safely cross the road without directing vehicle movements. When using the temporary pedestrian crossings signals for roadworks, there should be consideration on signal cycle time. The pedestrian crossing cycles may add longer delay to the traffics which may require additional planning on road work traffic flows.

Depending on the duration and the nature of the temporary signals, the equipment can be installed in different way. One way is to use the permanent traffic signals mounted temporary poles such as poles in concrete-filled barrels. Another way is to use portable pedestrian crossing signals.[85]

Enhancements for disabled people

Pedestrian controlled crossings are sometimes provided with enhanced features to assist nogironlar.

Tactile indications

Tactile paving next to a crosswalk

Tactile cones near or under the control button may rotate or shake when the pedestrian signal is in the pedestrian "walk" phase. This is for pedestrians with visual impairments. A vibrating button is used in Australia, Germany, some parts of the United States, Greece, Ireland, and Hong Kong to assist hearing-impaired people. Shu bilan bir qatorda, elektrostatik, touch-sensitive buttons require no force to activate. To confirm that a request has been registered, the buttons usually emit a chirp or other sound. They also offer anti-vandalism benefits due to not including moving parts which are sometimes jammed on traditional push-button units.

Tactile surfacing patterns (or tactile pavings) may be laid flush within the adjacent footways (US: sidewalks ), Shuning uchun; ... uchun; ... natijasida ko'rish qobiliyati past bo'lganlar pedestrians can locate the control box and cone device and know when they have reached the other side. In Britain, different colours of tactile paving indicate different types of crossings; yellow (referred to as buff coloured) is used at non-controlled (no signals) crossings, and red is used at controlled (signalised) locations.[11]

Ovozli signallar

An accessible pedestrian signal which is used in the US and Canada

Crosswalks have adaptations, mainly for people with visual impairments, through the addition of accessible pedestrian signals (APS) that may include speakers at the pushbutton, or under the signal display, for each crossing location.[86] These types of signals have been shown to reduce conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles.[87] However, without other indications such as tactile pavings or cones, these APS units may be hard for visually impaired people to locate.[88]

In the United States, the standards in the 2009 MUTCD require APS units to have a pushbutton locator tone, audible and vibrotactile walk indications, a tactile arrow aligned with the direction of travel on the crosswalk, and to respond to ambient sound. The pushbutton locator tone is a beep or tick, repeating at once per second, to allow people who are blind to find the device.[11] If APS units are installed in more than one crossing direction (e.g. if there are APS units at a curb for both the north–south and west–east crossing directions), different sounds or speech messages may be used for each direction.[86] Under the MUTCD guideline, the walk indication may be a speech message if two or more units on the same curb are separated by less than 10 feet (3.0 m). These speech messages usually follow the pattern "[Street name]. Walk sign is on to cross [Street Name]."[89] Otherwise, the walk indication may be a "percussive tone," which usually consists of repeated, rapid sounds that can be clearly heard from the opposite curb and can oscillate between high and low volumes.[89] In both cases, when the "don't walk" indication is flashing, the device will beep at every second until the "don't walk" indication becomes steady and the pedestrian countdown indication reaches "0", at which point the device will beep intermittently at lower volume.[89] When activated, the APS units are mandated to be accompanied by a vibrating arrow on the APS during the walk signal.[11]

The devices have been in existence since the mid-20th century, but were not popular until the 2000s because of concerns over noise.[86] As of the 2009 MUTCD, APS are supposed to be set to be heard only 6 to 12 feet from the device to be easy to detect from a close distance but not so loud as to be intrusive to neighboring properties.[11] Among American cities, San Francisco has one of the greatest numbers of APS-equipped intersections in the United States, with APS installed at 202 intersections as of October 2016.[90] New York City has APS at 131 intersections as of November 2015, with 75 more intersections to be equipped every year after that.[91]

APS in other countries may consist of a short recorded message, as in Scotland, Gonkong, Singapore and some parts of Canada (moderate to large urban centres). In Japan, various electronic melodies are played, often of traditional melancholic xalq qo'shiqlari kabi "Tryanse "yoki"Sakura ". In Croatia, Denmark and Sweden, beeps (or clicks) with long intervals in-between signifying "don't walk" mode and beeps with very short intervals signifying "walk" mode.

Relief symbol

Relief symbol on a pushbutton of a traffic light in Germany.

On some pushbutton especially in Austria and Germany there is a symbolic relief showing the crossing situation for the visually impaired, so they can get an overview of the crossing.

The relief is read from the bottom up. It consists of different modules, which are put together according to the crosswalk. Each pedestrian crossing begins with the start symbol, consisting of an arrow and a broad line representing the curb. Subsequently, different modules for traffic lanes and islands follow. The relief is completed with a broad line.

Modules for traffic lanes consist of a dash in the middle and a symbol for the kind of lane right or left of the dash, depending on the direction from which the traffic crosses the crossing. If a crossing is possible from both directions, a symbol is located on both sides. If the pedestrian crossing is a zebra crossing, the middle line is dashed. A traffic light secured crossing has a solid line.

A cycle path is represented by two points next to each other, a vehicle lane by a rectangle and tram rails by two lines lying one above the other.

Islands are represented as a rectangle, which has semicircles on the right and left side. If there is a pushbutton for pedestrians on the island, there is a dot in the middle of the rectangle. If the pedestrian walkway divides on an island, the rectangle may be open on the right or left side.[92]

Belgilarsecuringtypyo'nalish
alternativtext=End of crossingOxiri
alternativtext=Bidirectional cycle path in crosswalkzebra kesib o'tishvelosiped yo'liikki tomonlama
alternativtext=Cycle path from the right in a zebra crossingzebra kesib o'tishvelosiped yo'lito'g'ri
alternativtext=vehicle lane from the right in a zebra crossingzebra kesib o'tishvehicle laneto'g'ri
alternativtext=Tram tracksfrom the right in a zebra crossingzebra kesib o'tishtramvay yo'llarito'g'ri
alternativtext=Left open island with pushbuttonisland with pushbuttonopen to the left
alternativtext=island with pushbuttonisland with pushbutton
alternativtext=islandorol
alternativtext=tram tracks from the left of a traffic lightsvetofortramvay yo'llarichap
alternativtext=vehicle lane from the left of a traffic lightsvetoforvehicle lanechap
alternativtext=cycle path from the left of a traffic lightsvetoforvelosiped yo'lichap
alternativtext=Two-way cycle path of a traffic lightsvetoforvelosiped yo'liikki tomonlama
alternativtext=startBoshlang

Key-based system

Yilda Pert, G'arbiy Avstraliya, an extended phase system called "Keywalk" was developed by the Main Roads Department of Western Australia in response to concerns from disability advocates about the widening of the Albany Highway in that city in the mid-1990s. The Department felt that extending the walk phase permanently on cross streets would cause too much disruption to traffic flow on the highway and so the Keywalk system was developed to allow for those who needed an extended green light phase to cross the road safely. A small electronic key adjusted the green/walk and flashing red/complete crossing phases to allow more time for the key holder to complete the crossing of the highway safely. The system was first installed at the junction of Albany Highway and Cecil Avenue.[93] It is unclear what became of this system.

Yoritish

Crosswalk with overhead lighting, and internally illuminated overhead crosswalk signs in Germany

There are two types of crosswalk lights: those that illuminate the whole crosswalk area, and warning lights.[94]

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America currently provides engineering design standards for highway lighting. In the US, in conventional intersections, area lighting is typically provided by pole-mounted luminaires.[95] These systems illuminate the crosswalk as well as surrounding areas, and do not always provide enough contrast between the pedestrian and his or her background.

There have been many efforts to create lighting scenarios that offer better nighttime illumination in crosswalks. Some innovative concepts include:

Illuminating lights

  • Bollard posts containing linear light sources inside. These posts have been shown to sufficiently illuminate the pedestrian but not the background, consequently increasing contrast and improving pedestrian visibility and detection.[96] Although this method shows promise in being incorporated into crosswalk lighting standards, more studies need to be done.[97][98]
  • Festooned strings of light over the top of the crosswalk.[99]

Ogohlantirish chiroqlari

  • In-pavement lighting oriented to face oncoming traffic.[100]
  • In-pavement, flashing warning lights oriented upwards (especially visible to children, the short-statured va smombies )[101][102]
  • Pole-mounted, flashing warning lights (mounted similar to a traffic signal).
  • Pedestrian warning signs enhanced with LED lights either within the sign face[103] or underneath it.[104][105]

In areas with heavy snowfall, using in-pavement lighting can be problematic, since snow can obscure the lights, and snowplows can damage them.

Railway pedestrian crossings

Asosiy maqola: Darajadan o'tish
A railway pedestrian crossing in Jyväskylä, Finlyandiya.

In Finland, fences in the footpath approaching the crossing force pedestrians and bicycles to slow down to navigate a zigzag path, which also tends to force that user to look out for the train.

Pedestrian crossings across railways may be arranged differently elsewhere, such as in Yangi Janubiy Uels, where they consist of:

  • a barrier which closes when a train approaches;
  • a "Red Man" light; no light when no train approaching
  • an alarm

In France, when a train is approaching, a red man is shown with the word STOP flashing in red (R25 signal).[106]

When a footpath crosses a railway in the United Kingdom, there will most often be gates or stiles protecting the crossing from wildlife and livestock. In situations where there is little visibility along the railway, or the footpath is especially busy, there will also be a small set of lights with an explanatory sign. When a train approaches, the signal light will change to red and an alarm will sound until the train has cleared the crossing.

Xavfsizlik

The safety of unsignalled pedestrian or zebra crossings is somewhat contested in traffic engineering circles.

Research undertaken in New Zealand showed that a zebra crossing without other safety features on average ortadi pedestrian crashes by 28% compared to a location without crossings. However, if combined with (placed on top of) a speed table, zebra crossings were found to reduce pedestrian crashes by 80%.[107]

A five-year U.S. study of 1,000 marked crosswalks and 1,000 unmarked comparison sites found that on most roads, the difference in safety performance of marked and unmarked crossings is not statistically significant, unless additional safety features are used. On multilane roads carrying over 12,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an otherwise similar unmarked location, unless safety features such as raised median refuges or pedestrian beacons are also installed.[108] On multilane roads carrying over 15,000 vehicles per day, a marked crosswalk is likely to have worse safety performance than an unmarked location, even if raised median refuges are provided. The marking pattern had no significant effect on safety. This study only included locations where vehicle traffic was not controlled by a signal or stop sign.[108]

Shuningdek qarang

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