Prospekt parki (Bruklin) - Prospect Park (Brooklyn)

Istiqbol parki
Prospect Park Nyu-York, 2015 yil oktyabr, 003.jpg
Prospect Park joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan interaktiv xarita
TuriShahar parki
ManzilBruklin, Nyu-York shahri, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Koordinatalar40 ° 39′42 ″ N. 73 ° 58′15 ″ V / 40.66167 ° N 73.97083 ° Vt / 40.66167; -73.97083Koordinatalar: 40 ° 39′42 ″ N. 73 ° 58′15 ″ V / 40.66167 ° N 73.97083 ° Vt / 40.66167; -73.97083
Maydon526 akr (2,13 km)2)
Yaratilgan1867–1873
TegishliNYC Parklar
Tomonidan boshqariladiIstiqbol parki alyansi
Mehmonlarhar yili taxminan 8-10 million[1][2]
HolatYil davomida ochiq
Jamoat transportiga kirishMetro va avtobus; pastga qarang
Veb-saytwww.prospectpark.org
Me'morFrederik Qonun Olmsted (1822–1903), Calvert Vaux (1824–1895)
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q80002637[3]
Muhim sanalar
NRHP-ga qo'shildi1980 yil 17 sentyabr
NYCL tomonidan belgilangan1975 yil 25-noyabr[4]

Istiqbol parki bu shahar parki yilda Bruklin, Nyu-York shahri. Bog 'mahallalar o'rtasida joylashgan Park Nishab, Istiqbolli balandliklar, Lefferts bog'lari, Flatbush va Vindzor terasi va ga qo'shni Bruklin muzeyi, Grand Army Plaza, va Bruklin botanika bog'i. Maydon 526 gektar (213 ga),[5] Prospect Park - Bruklindagi ikkinchi eng katta jamoat bog'i Dengiz parki.

Dastlab 1859 yilda qabul qilingan qonunchilikda taklif qilingan "Prospect Park" tomonidan tashkil etilgan Frederik Qonun Olmsted va Calvert Vaux, shuningdek, u Manhettenning dizayniga yordam berdi Markaziy Park, uning dizaynidagi turli xil o'zgarishlardan so'ng. Istiqbol parki 1867 yilda ochilgan, ammo 1873 yilgacha u deyarli qurib bitkazilmagan edi. Keyinchalik park o'zining binolariga ko'plab o'zgartirishlar va kengayishlarni olib bordi. Parkga bir nechta qo'shimchalar 1890-yillarda qurilgan Shahar chiroyli me'moriy harakat. 20-asrning boshlarida, Nyu-York shahar bog'lar va istirohat boshqarmasi (NYC Parks) komissari Robert Muso Prospect Parkni tozalash dasturini boshladi. 20-asr oxiridagi pasayish davri, 1980-yillarning oxiridan boshlab parkning ko'plab qismlarini yangilagan "Prospect Park Alliance" ni yaratishga turtki bo'ldi.

Parkning asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylari orasida 90 gektarlik (36 ga) uzun o'tloq; piknik uyi; Litchfild Villa; Prospect Park hayvonot bog'i; The Qayiqxona; Konsert Grove; Bruklindagi 60 gektar maydonni (24 ga) egallagan yagona ko'l; va yozda bepul ochiq kontsertlar o'tkazadigan Prospect Park Bandshell. Parkda, shuningdek, Prospect Park Tennis Center, basketbol maydonlari, beysbol maydonlari, futbol maydonlari va Nyu-York kabi sport inshootlari mavjud. Petanke Parad maydonidagi klub. Xususiy askar ham bor Do'stlar jamiyati To'p maydonlari yaqinidagi Quaker tepaligidagi (Quaker) qabriston. Bundan tashqari, Prospect Park Bruklin-Kvins Grinvay, g'arbiy bo'ylab cho'zilgan yashil maydonlar tarmog'i Long Island.

Prospect Park a deb belgilangan edi Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylari 1975 yil 25-noyabrda va ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1980 yil 17 sentyabrda parkni "Prospect Park Alliance" va NYC Parklar boshqaradi.

Tarix

Parkdan oldin

The Battle Pass 1776 yildan boshlab maydon Bruklindagi jang ichida Amerika inqilobiy urushi (1775–1783), taxminan 1792 yil

Taxminan 17000 yil oldin terminal morena orqaga chekinish Viskonsin muzligi hosil bo'lgan Long Island deb nomlanuvchi Harbour Hill Moraine, tepaliklar qatorini o'rnatdi va choynaklar bog'ning shimoliy qismida va pastki qismida joylashgan yuvib tashlangan tekislik janubiy qismida.[6][7] Chorrahasi yaqinidagi Prospekt tog'i (yoki Prospekt tepaligi) Flatbush xiyoboni va Sharqiy Parkway, dengiz sathidan 61 metr balandlikda ko'tarilgan Bruklindagi eng baland tepaliklardan biridir.[8]:218[9] Bu Sullivan, Breeze va Lookout tepaliklarini o'z ichiga olgan parkga cho'zilgan tepaliklar qatorida eng balanddir. Bu hudud dastlab o'rmon bilan qoplangan, ammo Evropaning ikki asrlik mustamlakasidan keyin ochiq yaylovga aylangan. Daraxtlarning muhim stendlari faqat qolgan torf boglari to'qqizinchi va Flatbush xiyobonlaridan janubda, shuningdek to'qqizinchi ko'chadan shimolda joylashgan katta botiqda joylashgan va tarkibida kashtan, oq terak va eman.[11] Ushbu stendlarning ba'zilari zamonaviy Pravpek Park Ravine-da saqlanib qolgan va "Bruklindagi so'nggi o'rmon" laqabini olgan.[12]

Davomida Amerika inqilobiy urushi (1775–1783), bog 'sayt bo'lgan Long-Aylend jangi (aka Bruklindagi jang). Amerika kuchlari ushlab turishga urindi Battle Pass, eski Flatbush yo'li Bruklin qishlog'idan o'tadigan morena terminalidagi ochilish Flatbush. Bu kelishuvdagi eng og'ir janglarning bir nechtasidan keyin tushib ketdi va uning yo'qotilishi o'z hissasini qo'shdi Jorj Vashington chekinishga qaror qildi. Garchi Qit'a armiyasi jangda mag'lubiyatga uchradi, ular inglizlarni Vashington armiyasi Sharqiy daryo orqali Manxettenga qochib ketishi uchun etarlicha ushlab tura oldilar. Hayvonot bog'ining shimolidagi plakatlar, shuningdek, Lookout Hill tepasidagi Merilend yodgorligi ushbu tadbirni sharaflaydi.[13][14]

Bruklin shahri 1856 yilda Prospekt tepaligida suv ombori qurdirgan. Suv ombori atrofidagi uchastkalarni rivojlanishdan saqlash va Battle Pass maydonini saqlab qolish zarurligi yaqin atrofda katta park tashkil etishning ikkita sababi sifatida keltirilgan.[15]

Rejalashtirish

Frederik Qonun Olmsted tomonidan tasvirlanganidek Jon Singer Sargent 1895 yilda

Prospekt parkini qurish uchun dastlabki turtki 1859 yil 18-aprelda Nyu-York shtati qonunchilik palatasining qaroridan kelib chiqib, o'n ikki a'zodan iborat komissiyaga ushbu hududdagi istirohat bog'lari uchun saytlarni tavsiya etish huquqini berdi. Bruklin shahri.[16][17] O'sha paytda Bruklin dunyoda birinchi bo'lgan shahar atrofi va u oxir-oqibat mamlakatning Nyu-York va Filadelfiyadan keyingi uchinchi yirik shahriga aylandi. Shu vaqt ichida jamoat bog'lariga oid tushunchalar mashhurlikka erishdi. 1858 yilda, Frederik Qonun Olmsted va Calvert Vaux yaratgan edi Markaziy Park Qo'shma Shtatlardagi birinchi peyzaj bog'iga aylangan Manxettenda.[13][15] Jeyms S. T. Stranaxan, o'shanda Bruklindagi Park Komissarlari Kengashining Prezidenti, Bruklindagi bog 'yilning barcha fasllarida minglab odamlar toza havo bilan, sog'lom mashqlar bilan bahramand bo'lishga imkon beradigan bizning barcha sinflarimiz uchun sevimli kurortga aylanadi deb ishongan ... "Shuningdek, u jamoat bog'i boy aholini jalb qiladi deb o'ylagan.[13] Dastlab Stranaxon sharq tomonga cho'zilgan bitta katta bog'ni tasavvur qildi Yamayka, Kvins. Biroq, shaharning jadal rivojlanishi buni imkonsiz qildi va bugungi kunda ushbu taklif qilingan landshaftning eng katta qoldiqlari Prospekt bog'i va 538 gektar (218 ga) O'rmon parki Queensda.[18]

1860 yil fevralda o'n besh kishilik komissarlardan iborat guruh Bruklindagi to'rtta katta bog'lar va uchta kichik bog'lar, shuningdek, ushbu bog'larni bog'lash uchun bir qator bulvarlarni joylashtirish bo'yicha takliflar yubordi.[15][17][19] Ushbu parklarning eng kattasi 320 gektar (1,3 km) bo'lgan2) Prospekt tog'ida joylashgan va shimoldan Uorren ko'chasi bilan chegaralangan uchastka; G'arbda Vanderbilt, To'qqizinchi va O'ninchi prospektlar; Uchinchi va to'qqizinchi ko'chalar janubda; va sharqda Vashington prospektida.[15][20] Egbert Viyel dastlab joy deb nomlangan "Tog'li prospekt parki" ning rejalarini tuzishni boshladi va 1861 yilda uning taklifini e'lon qildi. Park Flatbush xiyobonidan o'tib, Prospekt Tepasini, shuningdek, hozirda egallab olingan erni o'z ichiga olishi kerak edi. Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi, Bruklin botanika bog'i va Bruklin muzeyi.[15][19]

1860 yil oxiriga kelib Viele rejasi uchun er sotib olindi.[15] Biroq, boshlanishi Fuqarolar urushi keyingi faoliyatni to'xtatdi, bulvarlar va kichik bog'lar orqaga surildi.[19] Kechikish biroz o'ylashga undadi; Stranaxon Calvert Vauxni 1865 yil boshida Viyening rejalarini ko'rib chiqishga taklif qildi.[15][21] Vaux Flatbush avenyusidagi parkni taqsimlash masalasini ko'rib chiqdi, bog'da ko'l bo'lishi kerak deb o'ylardi va janubga shahar chegaralaridan tashqariga va o'sha paytdagi mustaqil shaharchaga kengayishni taklif qildi. Flatbush.[22]:86–91 Vauxning 1865 yil fevraldagi taklifida parkning hozirgi tartibi aks etgan: uchta o'ziga xos mintaqa, shimol va g'arbda o'tloq, sharqda o'rmonli jar va janubda ko'l, Flatbush prospektiga bo'linmasdan. Vaux bog'ning shimoliy qismida oval shaklidagi plazani o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, u keyinchalik aylanadi Grand Army Plaza. Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan reja Prospekt ko'lini joylashtirish uchun janubiy va g'arbiy qismdan qo'shimcha posilkalarni sotib olishni nazarda tutgan edi, ammo Flatbush prospektidan sharqda sotib olingan posilkalar, shu jumladan Prospekt Tepaning o'zi bundan mustasno edi. Bundan tashqari, loyihada ishlash uchun mas'ul muhandis Jozef P. Devis va yordamchilari Jon Bogart va Jon Y. Kulyerlar tayinlandi.[15][23][24]

Do'stlar qabristoni

O'sha paytgacha erni chayqash ishlari olib borilayotgan edi. Uchinchi va o'n beshinchi ko'chalar o'rtasida to'qqizinchi va o'ninchi xiyobonlar bilan chegaralangan uchastkani uyini qurgan ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi Edvin Klark Litchfild egallagan, Litchfild Manor, 1857 yilda to'qqizinchi avenyu sharqida.[25] Parklar komissiyasi 1868 yilda Litchfield uchastkasini 1,7 million dollarga sotib oldi, bu er uchastkasining umumiy xarajatlarining qirq ikki foizini tashkil etdi, garchi bu uchastka park maydonining besh foizidan bir qismini tashkil etgan bo'lsa ham. Ushbu maydonlarning katta qismida texnik hovlilar joylashgan va jamoat tomonidan kamdan-kam ko'rinadi.[26] 1866 yilda Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchisi parkning janubi-g'arbiy qismida qo'shimcha erlarni sotib olishni ma'qullovchi qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.[15][27] Bog 'avvalgi mavjud Quaker qabristoni atrofida qurilgan,[28] Do'stlar Jamiyati o'zlarining foydalanilmaydigan maydonlarini bog'da bo'lganligi to'g'risida kelishuv asosida joylashtirilgan. Buning evaziga ular o'zlarining shaxsiy qabristonlari uchun qolgan 10 gektar maydonni abadiy saqlab qolishdi, shuningdek, qabristonga kirish huquqlarini saqlab qolishdi.[15]

Qurilish

Vauxning qayta ko'rib chiqishlari ta'siriga qaramay, Stranaxan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan taklifni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Vaux Olmstedni yolladi va 1866 yil fevral oyida rasmiy ravishda rejani taqdim etdi.[29] Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan reja may oyiga qadar qabul qilindi. Qurilish keyingi oyda boshlandi va dastlabki ishlar erni quritishga qaratildi.[15] Keyinchalik, prospektlar parkidagi yo'llar, kelinlar yo'llari va sayrlar baholanib, individual xususiyatlar peyzaj qilindi. Parkning perimetri bo'ylab uchta go'zal yo'l - G'arbiy, Markaz va Sharqiy haydovchilar qurildi. Yil vaqtiga qarab, 250 dan 2000 gacha ishchi ishlagan.[15][23][30] Obodonlashtirishning katta qismi chuqur va botqoq kabi to'siqlarni bartaraf etishga va tepaliklar kabi boshqa tabiiy xususiyatlarni oshirishga qaratilgan. Daraxtlar faqat qurilayotgan yo'lni yoki yo'lni to'sib qo'ygan taqdirdagina olib tashlandi.[31]:38

Bog'ning birinchi qismi 1867 yil 19 oktyabrda, hali qurilayotganda jamoatchilikka ochilgan. Jamoatchilik uchun ochiq bo'lgan qism, parkning shimoliy uchi, zamonaviy Grand Army Plaza va Sharqiy-sharqiy burchakdagi Coney Island Island prospektlari orasidagi East Drive-ning bir qismini o'z ichiga olgan.[32][33] Parkda dastlab kroket maysasi, yelkanli qayiq, labirint va yozgi uyi bo'lgan bolalar maydonchasi mavjud edi. 1868 yilga kelib, Prospekt Parkning ochiq qismlari oyiga 100000 kishi tomonidan homiylik qilingan,[15] va bir necha kilometrlik yo'llar, yo'llar va yurish yo'llari qurib bitkazilgan edi.[23] O'sha yili Prospect Park-ning Parade Ground uchun er sotib olindi.[27] Parkda piyodalar va transport vositalarining harakatlanishini ajratish uchun bir qator piyodalar kamarlari ham qurilgan.[15]

Yangi tashrif buyuruvchilarni joylashtirish uchun 200 dan ortiq o'rindiqlar o'rnatildi. "Turli cho'zinchoq va ko'pburchak shakllari" bo'lgan Rustik yog'ochdan yasalgan boshpanalar Prospekt bog'ining ko'l bo'yida joylashgan bo'lib, ular manzarali ko'rinishda foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan. Bog'ning rustik sifatini oshirish uchun bir nechta ko'priklar va sakkiz yuz qush uylari o'rnatildi.[15] Bruklin parki komissarlari 1870 yillik hisobotida ko'l deyarli qurib bitilganligi va yaqin atrofdagi ko'chalarni kengaytirish ishlari olib borilayotganligi haqida xabar berishdi.[31]:9, 11 1871 yilga kelib, oylik tashrif buyuruvchilar soni 250 mingga etdi.[15] Parkning homiyligi o'sishda davom etdi va 1873 yilda nashr etilgan maqolada, The New York Times Prospect Park "Bruklindagi minglab mehnatkashlar uchun ajralmas yakshanba dam olish maskani" ga aylanganini tasvirladi.[34] Biroq, yuqori homiylikning salbiy tomonlari ham bor edi: 1875 yilda nashr etilgan tahririyat Times ko'p odamlar belgilangan marshrutlarda sayohat qilishdan ko'ra, o'tlar bo'ylab yorliqlarni olishlarini kuzatdilar.[35]

Prospect Park 1873 yilda sezilarli darajada qurib bitkazilgan, ammo o'sha yilgi moliyaviy vahima, Olmsted va Vaux bog 'qurilishida hamkorlikni to'xtatdilar. Parkning dastlab ko'zda tutilgan ba'zi jihatlari, masalan, kuzatuv minorasi, terasli restoran va yuqori -shaped Carriage Concourse, qurilmagan.[14][36] Olmsted va Vaux, shuningdek, Prospekt bog'iga ulanish uchun avtoulovlar tizimini rejalashtirishgan, ammo ikkitasi qurilgan: Ocean Parkway, yugurish Koni oroli janubda va Sharqiy Parkway, yugurish Crown Heights sharqda.[30] Umuman olganda, Bruklin shahri park maydonini sotib olish uchun 4 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarfladi, qurilishning haqiqiy qiymati esa 5 million dollardan oshdi.[15]

Stranaxanni 19-asrdagi tengdoshlari haqiqiy "Istiqbol parkining otasi" deb hisoblashgan, bu uning 22 yillik Park Komissiyasining prezidenti (1860–1882) hukmronligi, Olmsted va Vauxning ishtiroki, murakkab erlarni sotib olish jarayonini nazorat qilish orqali paydo bo'lgan obro'si,[37] parkni qurish uchun mablag 'ajratish va park qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, parkni umumiy dizaynga mos kelmaydigan o'zgarishlardan himoya qilish.[38] A haykal Stranaxanni hurmat qilish 1890 yilda taklif qilingan.[39] Grand Army Plaza kirish qismida joylashgan haykal tomonidan haykaltaroshlik qilingan Frederik MakMonnies va 1891 yil iyun oyida Stranaxanga taqdim etilgan.[40]

19-asr oxiri

1880 yilda prospekt-park

Prospect Park ochilgandan so'ng keng foydalanila boshlandi va u erda ko'plab sport turlari o'tkazildi. 19-asr oxiriga kelib, kamondan otish Long Meadow-da eng mashhur sport turlaridan biri edi,[36] va 100 tagacha guruh o'ynash uchun Long Meadowda to'planishadi kroket dam olish kunlari tushdan keyin.[41] Qish paytida odamlar ko'lda "muz beysbol" bilan shug'ullanishgan.[36] Muzli konkida uchish ham keng tarqalgan sport turi bo'lgan va qish paytida ko'lda tez-tez mashq qilingan.[42] Markaziy parkda piknik taqiqlangani va umuman Manxettenning ko'plab boshqa bog'larida rad etilganligi sababli, Prospect Park mashhur piknik joyiga aylandi.[14][43] Biroq, bu ham axlatni keltirib chiqardi va 1881 yilga kelib, The New York Times istirohat bog'ida tozalik yo'qligi to'g'risida shikoyatlar olayotgan edi.[44]

1882 yilgacha parkning g'arbiy qismida utilitar g'isht otxona qurilgan paytgacha Prospekt bog'ida yangi inshootlar qurilmadi.[15] Xuddi shu yili Bruklin meri Set Lou Stranaxonni yoki boshqa komissarlarni qayta tayinlamadi, bu o'zgarish na Stranaxan, na boshqa komissarlar faol qarshilik ko'rsatmadi. Stranaxan, o'z navbatida, Bruklindagi boshqa tashvishlar bilan shug'ullana boshladi.[45] Biroq, bu harakatlar parkni boshqarish uslubi o'zgarganidan darak berdi, bu esa neoklassitsizmni qamrab oldi.[21]

1880-yillarda bir vaqtning o'zida Prospect Parkning sifati haddan tashqari foydalanish va shunga o'xshash parvarish etishmasligi tufayli pasaygan.[36] Bruklin meridan keyin Alfred C. Chapin 1888 yilda park orqali yurib, obodonlashtirish uchun 100 ming dollar ajratilishini iltimos qildi.[46] Keyinchalik, Bruklin Parks Komissiyasi parkni tiklash uchun $ 200,000 dasturini boshladi. U ko'plab piyodalar yo'laklari va haydovchilarni qayta tikladi, shuningdek o'simliklarni qayta tikladi.[47]:9–12 Komissiya, shuningdek, zamonaviy Prospekt bog'ining shimoliy-sharqidagi Mount Park suv ombori atrofini sotib olishni taklif qildi, u parkning yakuniy rejasidan chiqarildi.[48]:54–64[49] Buning o'rniga, bu bo'shliq sifatida ishlab chiqilgan Bruklin muzeyi 1890-yillarda, keyin esa Bruklin markaziy kutubxonasi va Bruklin botanika bog'i 20-asrning boshlarida.[15] Suv ombori to'ldirildi va Prospekt Tepasi bilan birga alohida bo'ldi Prospekt parki 1940 yilda.[50]

Keyinchalik park va uning atrofi 1890-yillarda qayta tiklangan Shahar chiroyli harakati.[36] 1892 yilda Grand Army Plazadagi Soldier and Sailor Arch qurilganidan so'ng, park komissarlari bunga jalb qilishdi McKim, Mead va White me'moriy firma Grand Army Plazani qo'shimcha, neoklassik tarzda qayta qurish uchun. 1896 yilga kelib Grand Army Plaza sport bilan shug'ullangan to'rtta baland granit ustunlar o'yma bilan bezatilgan faslar 1902 yilgacha ustunlar ustidagi bronza burgutlar o'rnatilmagan edi. Dekorativ bronza burmalar bilan granit fextavonie oddiy yog'och fextavonie o'rnini egalladi va parkning sharqiy va g'arbiy burchaklaridagi poligonal granit pavilonlar avvalgi rustik boshpanalarni siqib chiqardi. Parkning barcha asosiy kirish joylari shunga o'xshash neoklassik muolajalarga ega bo'ldi. Yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida haykallar tomonidan Frederik MakMonnies Archni bezatdi va MakMonnies va Aleksandr Proktor ko'plab kirishni bezatdi.[21]

Parkda ham neoklassik inshootlar paydo bo'ldi. 1893 va 1894 yillarda Makkim, Meid va Uayt bog'ning shimoli-sharqidagi kvadrantdagi bolalar o'yin maydonchasi va basseynlarini atirgul bog'i va Kashmir vodiysiga aylantirdilar, ularning har biri rasmiy ravishda tashkil etilgan.[15] Stenford Oq Merilend yodgorligi 1895 yilda Terras ko'prigi yonida o'rnatilgan bo'lib, tan olingan Merilend 400, Lookout tepaligidagi Long-Aylend jangida qatnashgan.[8]:130[51]

  • 1912 yil, Prospekt bog'idagi Bridle yo'lida otliqlar, Charlz D. Lay

  • Bruklin muzeyi, Prospekt parki, v. 1903-1910. Evgeniy Vemlinger

  • Qor manzarasi, Istiqbol parki, v. 1872-1887 yillar. Jorj Bredford Brainerd

  • Qishdagi Rose Arbor, Prospect Park, Bruklin, v. 1872-1887 yillar. Jorj Bredford Brainerd

  • Suv minorasi, Prospekt parki, v. 1903-1910. Evgeniy Vemlinger

20-asr boshlari

Istiqbol parkining 1901 yilgi xaritasi, bog'lar bo'limining 1902 yillik hisobotida chop etilgan

Bruklin shahri 1898 yilda Manxetten va boshqa chekka tumanlar bilan birlashib, Buyuk Nyu-York shahrini yaratdi. Asr oxiriga kelib, Prospekt Parkda yiliga 15 millionga yaqin mehmon tashrif buyurgan.[30] Prospekt bog'ida odamlarga piknik va boshqa yirik ovqatlanish tadbirlarini o'tkazish rasman taqiqlangan bo'lsa-da, Manxetten kelgan mehmonlarning ko'payishi tushlik uyushtirilishiga olib kelgan 1903 yilgacha bu qoida bir necha yil davomida amal qilinmadi.[52] 1907 yilda juftliklar bog'dagi o'pishdan yoki boshqa yaqin ishlardan saqlanish uchun chiroqlar o'rnatildi.[53] Shu bilan birga, shahar landshaftni tozalash, Bartel-Pritchard maydoniga kirish eshigini qurish va Lullwater suvidagi Boathouse tomonidan o'rnini bosgan eski qayiqchani olib tashlash orqali Prospekt bog'ida obodonlashtirish dasturini boshladi.[54]

20-asrning birinchi o'n yilligida inshootlarni qurish davom etdi. Neoklassik Peristil (1904), Qayiqxona (1905), Tennis uyi (1910) va Willink Comfort Station (1912) Xelml, Xudsvell va Xuberti, bitiruvchilar va McKim, Mead va White proteylari tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[8]:130[51] Shu vaqt ichida qurilgan "Prospect Park" ga kirish joylari ham neoklassik uslubda edi.[8]:130[15] Yarim orolda hozirda buzib tashlangan ikkita inshoot, "Model Yacht Club House" (1900-1956) va boshpana (1915 -) qurildi. v. 1940-yillar).[15] Olmsted bog'ning dastlabki rejasiga kiritilgan ushbu o'zgartirishlardan "qiynalgan" deyilgan.[30]

Kimdan Birinchi jahon urushi ning meriya ma'muriyatiga Fiorello La Gvardiya 1930-yillarda park infratuzilmasiga sarmoyalar kamaygan. 1916 yilda Menageriyada ikki qavatli g'ishtli bino ochilgan, unda maymunlar, ba'zi mayda sutemizuvchilar va bir nechta qushlar yashagan.[55] Birinchi jahon urushi tugagandan so'ng, halok bo'lgan askarlarni yodga olish uchun yodgorlik taklif qilindi;[56] u 1921 yilda bag'ishlangan.[57] Bu davrda qurilgan yagona boshqa inshootlar - Piknik uyi (1927) va Okean prospektidagi kirish qismida (1930) kichik Sfortfield Kennedi tomonidan qurilgan.[15] 1920-yillarda "Long Meadow" uchun golf maydonchasi taklif qilingan edi, ammo oxir-oqibat u yarim orolda parkning janubiy qismida joylashgan ko'l bo'yida qurilgan.[36] 1932 yilda uydirma Vernon tog'i yodgorligi uchun Prospekt bog'ida qurilgan ikki yillik ning Jorj Vashington tug'ilgan kun.[58] Biroq, Prospect Park ko'pincha to'xtab qolgan edi va shaharning ko'plab parklari singari, u ham byudjeti pasaygan holda yildan-yilga boshqarib kelingan. The New York Times 1930-yillarga kelib, "Parklar departamenti mansabdorlarining avlodlari yaxshi yashab, parvarishlash mablag'larini ajratib boyib ketishgan va park yarim asrlik suiiste'mollik va e'tiborsizlik natijasini ko'rsatgan".[59]

Robert Musa davri

1934 yil yanvar oyida yangi saylangan shahar hokimi Fiorello La Gvardiya tayinlandi Robert Muso Nyu-York shahar bog'lari departamentining (NYC Park) komissari sifatida, tuman parki komissarlarini yo'q qilgan yangi tashkilot.[60] Muso keyingi yigirma olti yil davomida shaharning bog'lariga katta ta'sir ko'rsatib, komissar bo'lib qoladi. Muso yordam berish uchun mavjud bo'lgan federal pullardan foydalangan Depressiya - ishsizlik va bu Prospekt bog'ida qurilishning jadal rivojlanishiga olib keldi.[21][61] The Prospect Park hayvonot bog'i 1935 yilda parkning sharqiy qismida ochilib, sobiq Menagerie o'rnini egalladi.[61] Bandshell va beshta bolalar maydonchalari 1930-yillarning oxirlarida qurilgan.[21][61] Bundan tashqari, "Karusel" 1949 yilda marhum xayriya tashkilotining sovg'asi sifatida ochilgan Maykl Fridsam.[62][63] Shuningdek, Muso parkda yangi qoidalar, jumladan Uzoq o'tloqda qo'ylarni boqishni taqiqlagan.[22]:16[64]

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Prospekt bog'ida shahar zenitlarga qarshi mudofaasining bir qismi bo'lib o'tdi. Uzoq o'tloqdagi Oqqush ko'li atrofidagi uch yuz askar akkumulyatorlar, er osti o'q-dori tashlanadigan joylar, kuzatuv minoralari, ta'mirlash ustaxonalari va baraklari. Garchi 1944 yilda mudofaalar tarqatib yuborilgan bo'lsa-da, bir necha yil o'tgach, yaroqsiz xandaklar va qumtepali qurol o'rnini topish mumkin edi.[65]

1964 yilda deyarli buzib tashlangan Lullwaterdagi qayiqxona

1959 yilda Uzoq Yaylovning janubiy uchdan bir qismi to'shalgan va shar maydonlari uchun to'silgan.[15][66] Keyt yil Kate Wollman konki yo'lagi uchun rejalar tasdiqlandi,[67] va muzqaymoq 1961 yil dekabrda ochilgan.[68] Muzey Prospekt ko'lining to'ldirilgan qismida qurilgan bo'lib, Musiqa orolini olib tashlash va Olmsted va Vaux tomonidan yaratilgan ko'lning panoramali ko'rinishini talab qildi.[67] O'yin maydonchalari, koptok maydonlari va konkida uchish maydonchasi Musoning zamonaviylik va sport dam olishiga sodiqligini aks ettirdi, shu bilan birga parkni landshaft arxitekturasi sifatida qadrlashdi.[15] Parkni yanada jozibali qilish uchun, NYC Parks shuningdek, eroziyani tezlashtirishi uchun kutilmagan ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da, hududni begona o'tlar va invaziv turlardan tozalay boshladi.[15][66][69]

Muso yillarida va ayniqsa u ketganidan keyingi o'n yil ichida kam foydalanilgan yoki keraksiz inshootlarni jimgina olib tashlash g'alati emas edi. Buning uchun tejamkor va oqilona boshqaruv sifatida qaraldi. Muso 1960 yil may oyida NYC Parks komissari lavozimini tark etganida bir nechta inshootlar vayron qilingan edi. 1935 yilda vayron qilingan Sut zavodi ham shu erda edi.[15] Konsert Grove House, 1949 yil buzilgan;[70] Musiqa oroli, 1960 yilda vayron qilingan;[71][72] gullar bog'i;[14] The Thatched Shelter, 1940-yillarda vayron qilingan;[15][73] Model Yacht Club, 1956 yilda yoqib yuborilgan;[15][73] va 1955 yilda ajralib chiqqan Issiqxona konservatoriyalari.[74]

Musodan beri biron bir park komissari bir xil kuchdan foydalana olmadi, shuningdek, NYC Parks ketgandan keyin ham barqaror mavqeini saqlab qolmadi, keyingi yigirma yil ichida bu lavozimni sakkizta komissar egallab oldi. Ushbu beqarorlik 1975 yil Nyu-York shahridagi moliyaviy inqiroz, Parklar bo'limini vayron qildi. 1960 yilda bo'lim 6000 xodim bilan ishlagan, ammo 1980 yilga kelib atigi 2800 doimiy va 1500 vaqtinchalik ishchilardan iborat bo'lgan. Prospekt parkining katta qismi tuproq eroziyasiga uchragan va parvarish qilinmaganligi landshaftning yomonlashishiga olib kelgan. 1979 yilga kelib, parkga tashrif buyuruvchilar ikki millionga kamaydi, bu park tarixidagi eng past ko'rsatkich.[21]

20-asrning oxiri

Buzilishi Pensilvaniya stantsiyasi 1963-1968 yillarda Manxettenda yangi tug‘ilayotgan bola tug‘ildi tarixiy saqlash harakat.[75] 1964 yil sentyabr oyida Parklar bo'limi buzilgandan keyin qirq sakkiz soat ichida edi Lullwaterdagi qayiq uyi.[15][76] O'sha paytda tuzilma to'liq ishlatilmadi; qayiq kontsessiyasi faqat dam olish kunlari ishlagan va uning avtoulovi soatiga o'n kishidan kam bo'lgan.[77] Biroq, Boathouse mashhur stantsiya bilan ko'plab me'moriy dizayn xususiyatlarini o'rtoqlashdi. Konservatsiya guruhi, "Prospect Park" parki, shu jumladan uning a'zosi, shoir va Bruklindagi uzoq vaqt istiqomat qiluvchi Marianne Mur,[78] parkdagi yo'qolib borayotgan tarixiy inshootlar va tahlikali flora to'g'risida jamoatchilik xabardorligini oshirdi. Jamoat bosimi Park komissari tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan Newbold Morris Boathouse-ni buzish to'g'risidagi qarorni 1964 yil dekabrda bekor qilish.[79]

Istiqbol parkini tiklash bo'yicha loyihalar 1960-yillarning oxirlarida boshlangan. 1965 yilda shahar Broshlinning 300 yilligi va kelgusi yilda parkning 100 yilligi oldidan Kashmir Vale va Roza bog'ini yangilash uchun 450 ming dollar ajratdi.[80] Qayiqni yangilash uchun yana 225 ming dollar ajratildi va umumiy ta'mirlash uchun 249 ming dollar ajratildi.[81] Shahar bog'ning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan "Uzoq o'tloq" ning bir qismini, shuningdek bolalar fermasini qayta ta'mirladi. Biroq, ba'zi shartnomalar kechiktirildi, jumladan Boathouse va tennis kortlarini ta'mirlash, shuningdek 1968 yilda yonib ketgan Music Pagoda-ni qayta qurish.[82] 1971 yilga kelib shahar "Prospekt" parkini yangilash uchun, shu jumladan, Boathouse-ni yangilash va ko'lni chuqurlashtirish uchun 4 million dollar sarfladi. Atirgul bog'i va Kashmir Vodiysi ham obodonlashtirildi.[83] Shuningdek, ta'mirlash ishlarining bir qismi 1971 yildan 1974 yilgacha Prospect Park Carousel-ni qayta tiklash edi.[84] Boathouse tashqi qismi esa 1979 yilda tiklangan.[85]

1970 yillarga kelib, Prospekt Park jinoyatchilik bilan o'ralgan edi; 1974 yilgi hisobotda shahar aholisining 44 foizi odamlarni har qanday sharoitda parkdan uzoqroq turishlari haqida ogohlantirishi aniqlangan.[36] Shahar meriyasi ma'muriyati Ed Koch 1980 yilda muammoli boshqaruvni topshirish uchun rejalar tuzdi Prospect Park hayvonot bog'i uchun Yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyati.[86] Keyingi etti yil ichida shahar parkni tozalash uchun 17 million dollar sarmoya kiritdi,[87] shu jumladan a .dan 10 million dollarlik federal mablag'lar Jamiyatni rivojlantirish blokining granti.[88] 1980-1987 yillarda yillik tashrif buyuruvchilar soni uch baravarga ko'payib, 5 millionga etdi.[87] Ushbu davr mobaynida Prospect Park ikkita tarixiy belgini oldi: u a Nyu-York shahrining tarixiy obidasi 1975 yil 25-noyabrda,[4] va ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1980 yil 17 sentyabrda.[3]

"Prospect Park Alliance" notijorat tashkiloti 1987 yil aprel oyida Markaziy bog'ni saqlash, bu 1980-yillarda Markaziy parkni tiklashga yordam bergan. Ko'p o'tmay, NYC Parks tashkilot bilan tiklash loyihalariga kirishni boshladi.[87] Alyansning birinchi yirik loyihasi - 1987-1989 yillarda "Karusel" ni 550 ming AQSh dollari miqdorida tiklash. Karusel 1983 yildan beri ishlamayapti va tiklash paytida uning asl ot shaklidagi o'rindiqlari olib tashlangan.[89] To'qqiz yil o'tgach, 1996 yilda, Ravine-ni 4,5 million dollarlik qayta tiklashni boshladi.[12][36] Boathouse, shuningdek, 1990-yillarning oxirlarida tashqi terrakota buzilishi tufayli yana tiklandi.[85] The Milliy Audubon Jamiyati Boathouse uchun ijara shartnomasini 2000 yilda imzolagan,[90] va bino xalqning birinchi shahar Audubon jamiyatining saytiga aylandi.[91] Xuddi shu yili Harmony Playground va Bandshell-ni tiklash ishlari yakunlandi.[92] Biroq, Prospect Parkning boshqa qismlari, masalan, atrofning g'arbiy qismiga qaraganda kambag'al bo'lgan sharqiy tomoni kabi qarovsiz qoldi.[93]

21-asr boshlari

21-asrning birinchi o'n yilligida qurilgan ko'lga qaragan sayohat

2000 yilga kelib Vollman muzeyi yomonlashib bordi va uni almashtirish zarurati tug'ildi.[94] Tez orada Ittifoq 1960 yilda asl muzey qurilishi bilan yo'q qilingan Musiqa orolini va asl qirg'oqni tiklash rejalarini tuzdi.[95][96] Muso davridagi bir nechta o'yin maydonchalari va Bandshell saqlanib qoldi, chunki ularning joylari mashhur edi. Dastlabki rustik yozgi uylar Prospekt Park ko'lining qirg'og'ida, Lullwater va Ravine bo'ylarida tiklandi yoki tiklandi.[97]

Qayta tiklash rejalarining bir qismi sifatida Volfman muzeyi yil davomida ishlaydigan yangi LeFrak markazidagi ikkita muzey bilan almashtirilishi kerak edi.[97] LeFrak markazida ishlar 2009 yilda boshlangan va Volman muzeyi 2011 yilgacha buzib tashlangan.[98] Leykzaydagi Samuel J. va Ethel LeFrak markazi 2013 yil dekabr oyida 74 million dollarga qurib bitkazildi.[99][100] Wollman Rink o'rnini bosuvchi qism sifatida 2009 yilda qayta tiklangan Musiqa orolining rejalari e'lon qilindi.[101] Chaim Baier musiqa oroli va Shelby White va Leon Levy Esplanade orolga qarashli, 10 million dollarlik grant yordamida tiklandi va 2012 yil oktyabr oyida rasmiy ravishda qayta tayinlandi.[71][72]

Keyinchalik prospekt parki alyansi parkni qayta tiklash loyihalarini yakunladi yoki taklif qildi.[102] Long Meadow ball maydonchasi 1 2013 yildan 2014 yilgacha qayta qurilgan.[103] Keyingi yili Ittifoq Prospekt Parkning sharqiy qismida ba'zi loyihalar, shu jumladan, Battle Pass-ni 200 ming AQSh dollari miqdorida tiklashni e'lon qildi. Shuningdek, alyans suvdan zarar ko'rgan Sharq pavilonini 2 million dollarga tiklashni va Flatbush prospektidagi to'siqlarni 2,4 million dollarga almashtirishni maqsad qilgan.[102] 2016 yilda Alyans NYC Parks 'Chegarasiz Parklari dasturidan Flatbush prospektida ikkita yangi kirish inshootini qurish uchun 3,2 million dollar oldi, bu parkning 70 yil ichida birinchi yangi kirish joyi,[104][105] shuningdek, Willink kirishini qayta qurish.[106] Shaharning 2016 yil 30 iyunida yakunlangan 2016 moliyaviy yilida siyosatchilar parkdagi turli xil tiklash loyihalariga mablag 'ajratdilar. Ular orasida Lefferts tarixiy uyini ta'mirlash uchun 2,5 million dollar, yo'llarni tiklash uchun 2 million dollar, Okean xiyobonidagi fextavonie o'rnini bosish uchun 1,75 million dollar, Long Meadowdagi shar maydonlarini yangilash uchun 750 ming dollar va karuselni tiklash uchun 500 ming dollar bor edi. Bundan tashqari, Park Drive-da eksperimental yugurish yuzasini o'rnatish uchun va 10000 dollar miqdorida mablag 'ajratilgan ishtirok etish byudjetini shakllantirish dasturiga binoan, atrofdagi jamoalarning aholisi yangi favvoralar, itlar bilan ishlaydigan joy, jamoat barbekyu joylari va suv o'tlarini yig'adigan kombayn kabi boshqa loyihalar uchun mablag 'ajratdilar.[107][108]

Shuningdek, 2016 yilda, etkazilgan zararni tiklash bo'yicha loyiha doirasida "Sendi" dovuli 2012 yilda "Prospect Park Alliance" echkilar yordamida Vale of Cashmere atrofidagi o'rmonzorlarni tozalash uchun,[109] keyin 727 ming dollar qiymatida saytlarni qayta obodonlashtirdi.[102] Well House, ko'lda joylashgan bo'lib, 2017 yilda kompostli hojatxona sifatida qayta ochilgan,[110][111] va suv oqimining yuqori hovuzidagi It plyaji yangilandi.[112] Xuddi shu yili Alyans Parad Ground, Tennis House va to'p maydonlarini yangilash uchun mablag 'oldi.[113] Alyans shuningdek, Atirgul bog'i yaqinda ta'mirlanishi haqida xabar berdi.[114] 6 va 7-gachasi to'p maydonlari yangilangan va 2017 yilda qayta ochilgan,[115] 4 va 5-to'p maydonlari 2019 yildan boshlab ta'mirdan chiqarilishi kerak edi.[116] Flatbush prospektidagi devorlarni ta'mirlash ishlari 2018 yilda boshlangan va yangi kirish joylari 2019 yil boshida qurilishi rejalashtirilgan.[105][117] Parade Ground-da itni qurish 2019 yil avgust oyida boshlangan,[118] va it yugurishi 2020 yil iyulida ochilgan.[119]

Geografiya

Prospect Parkdagi taniqli bino va inshootlarning xaritasi (eslatma: barcha kirish joylari ko'rsatilmagan). Qo'shimcha ma'lumot uchun ballarni bosing.
Ushbu xarita:

Bruklin markazida Prospekt Park 526 gektar maydonni (213 ga) egallaydi. U Prospect Park West va uning mahallasi bilan bog'langan Park Nishab shimoli-g'arbga; Prospect Park janubi-g'arbiy va Vindzor terasi janubi-g'arbiy va g'arbdagi mahalla; Parkside Avenue, Okean xiyoboni, Flatbush xiyoboni, va mahallasi Flatbush janubiy va janubi-sharqda; va Grand Army Plaza va mahallasi Istiqbolli balandliklar shimolga.[5]

Dizayn

Frederik Law Olmsted va Calvert Vaux zamonaviy kosmosda tasvirlangan pastoral, manzarali va estetik ideallarni real kosmosda tiklash uchun Prospect Parkni ishlab chiqdilar.[4]:3[8]:219–220 Umumiy dizayn qisman ilhomlantirildi Birkenhead bog'i Buyuk Britaniyada.[36] Prospekt parkida pastoral uslubda so'nggi paytlarda mavjud bo'lgan, xususan Auburn tog'idagi qabriston Boston yaqinida va Yashil-daraxt qabristoni bir necha blok narida.[19] Olmsted va Vaux Bruklindagi to'siqlarning kamligi sababli katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishganliklarini his qilishdi, ammo ularga qisman park komissari Jeyms Stranaxan homiyligi va ularning rejasini qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan yordam berishdi.[8]:219–220

Ikkala dizaynerlar tashrif buyuruvchilarga Prospekt Parkni ko'p sonli istiqbollari bilan sayohat qilishni istashdi, shunda xususiyatlardan har qanday tartibda bahramand bo'lish mumkin edi.[19] Olmsted ko'proq Prospect Parkning umumiy dizayni bilan shug'ullangan, Vaux esa aniq tafsilotlar bilan ko'proq shug'ullangan.[36] Torf botqoqlari bilan to'qnashgan tog'li yaylovdan katta Uzoq o'tloqni yaratdilar. Shuningdek, ular ko'chib o'tdilar va daraxtlarni ekdilar, tuproqning yuqori qatlamini tashladilar va daraxtlar alohida-alohida va guruhlarga joylashtirilgan keng ochiladigan maysazor yaratdilar. Dizaynerlar Lookout Hill-ni Prospekt ko'li, undan tashqaridagi dehqon maydonlari va nariroqda ko'rfaz va okean bo'ylab keng ko'rinadigan joy bo'lishini xohlashdi.[15] Olmsted va Vaux keng makon haqida tasavvur hosil qilish uchun Prospekt bog'idagi yo'llarni bezovta qiladigan qilib yaratdilar.[36]

Maket

Olmsted va Vauxning parkning yakuniy rejasida u uchta alohida zonaga bo'lingan: ochiq qism, o'rmonli qism va suv bo'yidagi qism. Uzoq janubi-g'arbiy burchakdagi Parad Ground zonalar tizimidan chiqarildi.[15][19][120]

Birinchi zona parkning g'arbiy tomoni bo'ylab keng ochiq maydon bo'lgan Uzoq o'tloqdan iborat edi.[121] Unda tunnel orqali ikkita kirish joyi mavjud: Meadowport Arch va Endale Arch.[120] Uchinchi ko'cha bolalar maydonchasi, Harmony bolalar maydonchasi, lenta plyonkasi, piknik va tennis uylari ham shu erda joylashgan. West Drive Prospect Parkning ushbu qismini kesib o'tadi.[121]

Ikkinchi zona - bu Ravine deb nomlangan bog'ning o'rtasida joylashgan o'rmonzor va parkning suv oqimining boshini o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu zonada, parkning shimoli-sharqida, bir nechta diqqatga sazovor joylar mavjud: Kashmir Vodiysi, Atirgul bog'i, Tsuker tabiiy kashfiyot zonasi va Prospect Park hayvonot bog'i.[121] Ushbu maydonda uch qirrali ko'prik bo'lgan Nethermead Arch mavjud.[120] Quaker Hill va Do'stlar qabristoni Prospekt bog'ining janubi-g'arbiy chegarasi yaqinida joylashgan.[28] Lookout Hill, shuningdek, Nethermead deb nomlangan katta ochiq maydon, navbati bilan Quaker tepaligining janubi va sharqida joylashgan.[121] Ravine, shuningdek, Midwood daraxtini o'z ichiga oladi, uning qurilishi paytida Prospekt bog'iga kiritilgan qadimgi o'sgan o'rmon.[12][14][122]

The third zone is along the park's south side and consists of Prospect Lake, as well as a peninsula jutting eastward from the lake's northern shore.[121] It is the outlet for the Lullwater, a meandering stream.[120] The Lullwater contains the classical-style Qayiqxona, a city- and federally-designated landmark, on the Lullwater's eastern shore. To the south, along the lake's eastern shore, are the White Levy Esplanade, as well as the LeFrak Center at Lakeside, a multipurpose recreation center.[121]

Parkside Avenue, a roughly west-east street, divides the southwestern part of Prospect Park from the rest of the park. This detached sliver of parkland is bounded by Parkside Avenue to the north, Coney Island Avenue to the west, Caton Avenue to the south, and Parade Place to the east. It contains the Parade Ground, which has fifteen numbered courts and fields for various sports.[121]

Landscape features

Suv oqimi

Ko'l
Yoz
Qish

All of the waterways in Prospect Park are part of a single man-made watercourse. A winding naturalistic stream channel with several ponds feeds a 60-acre (24 ha) lake at the south end of the park.[121] In designing the watercourse, Olmsted and Vaux also took advantage of the preexisting glacier-formed choynak suv havzalari and lowland outwash plains to create a drenaj havzasi centered around the waterway. They crafted the watercourse to include a steep, forested Ravine with significant river edge flora and fauna habitats.[15][123] As a result, the watercourse is able to accommodate significant bird and fish populations.[124]

Much of the watercourse is lined with vegetation that is designed to absorb precipitation and additional water flow.[123] Olmsted also included an expansive drainage system, which is still in use and extends under the Long Meadow, Ravine, and Nethermead.[36] About two-thirds of Prospect Park Lake's water typically evaporates. However, to prevent flooding after heavy precipitation, Prospect Park employees can control the outflow of water from the lake using a valve.[123][125]

By the mid-20th century, these artificial waterways and the steep slopes around them had lost their original design character. In 1994 the Prospect Park Alliance launched a 25-year $43-million restoration project for the watercourse.[12]

Smaller waterways

Binnen waterfall

The water in Prospect Park originates at the top of Fallkill Falls in the center of the park, just north of Quaker Hill and east of Long Meadow.[50][121] The Quduq uyi on the north side of the Lake originally provided the water for the watercourse, and was connected to an underground suv qatlami.[15][123] The Well House became outdated when Prospect Park was connected to the Nyu-York shahrining suv ta'minoti tizimi 20-asrning boshlarida.[50][111][126] Today, Fallkill Falls is fed by a pipe from the city's water system.[123][125]

The water from Fallkill Falls runs into Fallkill Pool, past the Fallkill Bridge, through the Upper Pool and Lower Pool, where migratory birds rest and marsh and other water plants can be found.[50] The Upper Pool abuts a dog beach, while the Long Meadow is adjacent to the Lower Pool.[121] The water then passes under the Esdale Bridge, a footbridge over Ambergill Pond. The pond, and the Ambergill Falls just past it, was named by Olmsted and refers to the Old Norse word for "creek".[50] After passing through Ambergill Falls, the water flows under Rock Arch Bridge and past the Ravine, entering the Binnenwater, which is named after a Dutch word for "within".[22]:64[50] The waters then cascade beneath the Binnen Bridge to the Lullwater, a small pond that contains the Boathouse on its eastern bank. The water then flows under the Lullwater and Terrace bridges to the Peninsula, which is managed both as bird sanctuary and recreational field.[50][121]

Ko'l

Prospect Park's lake

The mouth of Prospect Park's watercourse is the artificial, 60-acre Prospect Lake (also known as Prospect Park Lake).[124] Prospect Lake includes several islands and is home to over 20 species of fish. Every year, the lake hosts the R.H. Macy's Fishing Contest,[127] a tradition that dates to 1947.[128] Though NYC Parks generally allows licensed anglers to fish, it maintains a ushlang va qo'yib yuboring policy to prevent depletion of the fish population.[129] In addition, visitors may explore the lake in baydarkalar va pedal boats, available at the LeFrak Center at Lakeside,[130] yoki Independence, a replica of the original electric launch which took day-trippers around the lake in the 20th century.[131] On the shore of the lake, there are several "rustic shelters" that provide scenic views of the water.[73]

Ice skating, popularized in Central Park, was a key reason for including Prospect Lake in the design of the park's watercourse.[15] In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, red balls raised on the fronts of aravachasi cars signified that the ice was at least four inches thick.[132] Red flags were also placed at Grand Army Plaza to indicate the ice's sufficient thickness.[133] Later, green flags were used to indicate that the ice was thick enough, and red flags indicated that the ice was too thin. Since then, safety concerns have ended skating on the lake; Natijada Iqlim o'zgarishi, winters have become warmer in the 21st century compared to the 19th century, the ice on the lake has become too thin to accommodate skaters.[94] Ice skating moved to the Kate Wollman Rink in 1960, and again to the Lakeside Center in 2012.[97]

Ravine

View of the watercourse inside the Ravine

A 146-acre (59 ha) section of Prospect Park's interior is known as the Ravine. The region contains the headwaters of the park's water system, as well as Brooklyn's only remaining old-growth forest, the Midwood.[12][14][122] Olmsted and Vaux saw the Ravine as the heart of Prospect Park and the centerpiece of mountainous tableaux similar to the Adirondack tog'lari,[134] and designed it in a similar fashion to their Ramble in Central Park.[50] The perimeter of the area is a steep, narrow 100-foot (30 m) gorge. The watercourse goes through the Ravine en route to the Boathouse.[135]

The original design of the Ravine was more aesthetic than functional, and decades of deferred maintenance had degraded the Ravine and made it hard to drain. During the 1970s, the brush was trimmed in order to make it harder for muggers to hide, and by the 1990s, the stream had dried up.[36] In 1996, still recovering from decades of overuse that caused soil compaction and erosion, the Ravine and surrounding woodlands underwent a $4.5 million restoration.[12][69] The Ravine was opened for tours two years later.[69][135] By 2002, the Ravine had been partially restored and the restored section had been opened to the public.[135]

Directly south of the Ravine is a meadow called the Nethermead, which occupies much of the space along the western bank of the watercourse between Center and Wellhouse Drive.[121] To the southwest of the Nethermead is Lookout Hill, which occupies the remaining area between Center and Wellhouse Drives.[15][121]

Southward view from the Nethermead Arches toward the Nethermead

Long Meadow

The Long Meadow stretches down the western side of Prospect Park.[121] The meadow contains two playgrounds, the Tennis House, the Picnic House, a bandshell, a dog beach, and NYC Parks maintenance facilities.[15] In a contrast with the Ravine and the watercourse, the Long Meadow is mostly flat open space. As designed, it provided a visual buffer between the neighborhoods to the west and the interior of the park. During construction, Olmsted laid out hundreds of trees in meticulous patterns around the meadow.[15][64]

Originally, the Long Meadow hosted sports such as archery,[36] croquet,[41] bowling, football, baseball, and tennis.[15] To preserve the meadow's pastoral quality, sheep grazed on the meadow until the 1930s.[22]:16[64] Today, much of the Long Meadow is used for a variety of purposes.[22]:16[136] The southern part of the Long Meadow contains seven baseball fields.[121][136]

Hayvonot dunyosi va florasi

Prospect Park's Camperdown Elm

2018 yildan boshlab, Prospect Park had 30,000 trees, comprising around 200 unique species.[137] With few exceptions, the trees in Prospect Park were mostly planted manually. In its earliest years, Prospect Park had maintained a nursery of trees and plants, from which over a hundred thousand specimens were eventually taken.[15][138] Now, Prospect Park Alliance regularly maintains the park's flora, removing invaziv turlar and adding native plants.[138] Prospect Park contains four "great trees" that are specially recognized by NYC Parks. These include a Camperdown Elm south of the Boathouse, among the first planted in the United States; an American Hornbeam va a Japanese Pagodatree located near the Camperdown Elm; va English Elm along West Drive.[138][139][140]

Prospect Park also accommodates a significant bird population. Each year, hundreds of migratory bird species stop at the park, and during winters, birdwatchers have reported seeing 60 unique species at the park on a good day, and 100 unique species over a typical season.[22]:94 Over the years, a total of 298 species have been recorded at Prospect Park, including 11 not seen at other city parks.[141]:35 Though there are no official lists of birds that have been seen at Prospect Park, the Brooklyn Bird Club has kept records of the avian species seen at Prospect Park between 1967 and 1990.[141]:34–35 Popular spots for birds included Lookout and Quaker Hills, the Ravine, the Vale of Cashmere, and Lily Pond.[15]

There are other fauna species in Prospect Park as well. In particular, the watercourse includes waterfowl, turtles, bullfrogs, fish, and crustacean species. In addition, squirrels are commonly seen in the park's trees.[15][22]:94[124] Sightings of butterflies are also common, and since the 1990s and 2000s, increasing numbers of bats have been seen in Prospect Park.[22]:94

Landmarks and structures

Plazas and entrances

Buyuk Armiya Plazadagi askarlar va dengizchilar arkasi
The Askarlar va dengizchilar archasi yilda Grand Army Plaza
The columns at the park entrance outside Bartel-Pritchard Square

Prospect Park is shaped roughly like a concave hexagon. There are three circles or plazas on the exterior corners of Prospect Park, all of which contain "major" park entrances.[15][142]:7 (PDF p. 8)

Major entrances

Grand Army Plaza is an oval plaza at the northern corner, at the junction of Prospect Park West, Flatbush xiyoboni, Sharqiy Parkway, and several side streets. Olmsted and Vaux had intended for the plaza to be the park's main entrance, and it was constructed along with the park during the late 1860s.[143][144] Grand Army Plaza's largest feature is the Askarlar va dengizchilar archasi, katta zafarli kamar in the center of the oval, which was dedicated in 1892. The plaza also includes four Dorik ustunlar, built 1894–1896; The Beyli favvorasi, constructed 1929–1932 on the site of two former fountains; and several statues of famous figures.[144]

Bartel-Pritchard Square, which is actually a circle, is at the far western corner of Prospect Park, at the junction of Prospect Park West and Southwest, Ninth Avenue, and 15th Street. Dedicated with its present name in 1923, it is named after Brooklyn residents Emil Bartel and William Pritchard, who died in combat during Birinchi jahon urushi.[145] The park entrance from the square was designed by Stanford White in 1896.[22]:48

Machate Circle is at the southwestern corner, at the junction of Prospect Park West, Ocean Parkway, and Parkside Avenue. Originally named Park Circle, it was renamed in 1989 in honor of a police officer killed in the line of duty. The park entrance from Machate Circle was also designed by Stanford White.[146]

Additional "major" entrances exist at the Parade Ground, on the park's south side; Parkside and Ocean Avenues, at the park's southeast corner; va Willink Hill, at Flatbush and Ocean Avenues on the eastern border.[142]:7 (PDF p. 8)[147] The Ocean/Parkside and Willink entrances were designed in the neoclassical style by McKim, Mead and White, and were built in the 1890s and 1900s. The Willink entrance is flanked by a pair of granite turrets, while the Ocean/Parkside entrance is located between the two portions of a curved granite colonnade.[15] Opposite the Willink entrance, there are the Flatbush Trees, three concrete cylinders with green sheet metal canopies, installed in 1979 and redecorated in 2015.[148]

Other entrances

There are numerous other entrances spaced out along the park's border. These include five entrances on Prospect Park West, four on Prospect Park Southwest, and three on Ocean Avenue on the park's eastern border. In total, there are eighteen park entrances.[147] Of these, the Third, Ninth, and 16th Street and Lincoln Road entrances are considered "major entrances", and are flanked by memorials or other decorations.[142]:7 (PDF p. 8) No entrances to Prospect Park have been built since the 1940s,[117] but two entrances were proposed for the Flatbush Avenue side in 2016 and are expected to be completed in mid-2020.[117][149]

Ko'priklar

Arklar

Clockwise from top left: Endale Arch (restored in 2020), East Wood Arch, Meadowport Arch, and Cleft Ridge Span

Prospect Park originally included several arched bridges to provide grade-separated crossings for pedestrian and vehicular traffic; usually, the vehicular drive was located on top of the arch, and the pedestrian path was below.[15][150] This contrasted with other parks at the time, which did not contain such separations. The arches were designed to be as small and natural-looking as possible so they did not interfere with the scenery.[4]:6[31]:39–40 For the most part, the spaces under the arches were originally outfitted with benches, while the arches themselves blended with the foliage.[31]:40 Five arched bridges were ultimately built, all during the late 1860s and early 1870s.[15]

Endale Arch, also known as Enterdale Arch, is located under East Drive, slightly south of the Grand Army Plaza entrance on the north side of the park, and adjacent to the northeast side of Long Meadow.[121][151] It was one of the first two arches to be completed, in 1868. Its exterior contained interspersed yellow Ohio qumtosh and red New Jersey jigarrang tosh.[4]:6[15] The interior was composed of brick set between alternately black and yellow wooden stripes, designed as such to prevent condensation from dripping downward.[15][31]:39–40 Endale Arch contained seats underneath it, but these were later removed.[150][152] In 2014, the Prospect Park Alliance began a five-year restoration of the arch,[153] which was completed in 2020.[152][154]

East Wood Arch (or Eastwood Arch) is also located under East Drive, connecting the Nethermead Arch to the Willink Hill entrance on the eastern side of Prospect Park.[4]:6 It was the second of the two arches to be completed in 1868. East Wood Arch had a similar design to the Endale Arch, but had a simpler semicircular shape.[15][151]

Meadowport Arch is located on the northwest side of Long Meadow and passes under West Drive.[121][151] It was completed in 1870.[15][151] There were two portals at its eastern end, perpendicular to each other, creating a cross-vault. The arch had Ohio sandstone and wooden lining inside, and the portals contained circular kornişlar, outward-facing iskala, and octagonal domed finallar.[4]:6[15] Meadowport Arch was restored in the 1980s, but has since fallen into disrepair.[150]

Nethermead Arch, also completed v. 1870,[15] carries Center Drive through the center of the park.[121][151] The bridge contains three arches: one each above the Ambergill, the park path, and the bridle path.[151] The span is made of Ohio sandstone and contains a trim of granite.[4]:6[15] Unlike some of the other arches, Nethermead did not have any interior wood, but instead, had patterned red brick.[150] The New York Times described its triple span as "one of the most astonishing structures in any city park."[120]

Cleft Ridge Span is located under Wellhouse Drive, at Breeze Hill, on the eastern side of Prospect Park.[4]:6[121] It was the final arch span to be opened, in 1872. The span was distinctive in its use of red, ochre, and pale gray concrete blocks called "Béton Coignet".[15][150][155] Cleft Ridge might have been the first concrete arch span in the United States.[155] Both the interior and exterior designs were elaborate, though these have since eroded.[15]

Other spans

Lullwater Bridge
Terrace Bridge

Lullwater Bridge and Terrace Bridge are the only bridges across the watercourse that were built to handle automobile traffic.[50] Lullwater Bridge is located just downstream of the Qayiqxona, on Prospect Park's eastern side.[121] The current metal span, built in 1905, replaces an oak bridge on the site that was originally constructed in 1868.[22]:68–69[151] Further downstream, Terrace Bridge carries Well House Drive over the watercourse just before it empties into the lake.[121] Built in 1890, Terrace Bridge also replaced an earlier wooden span, and it contains cast-iron tracery and brick vaults underneath, which have since deteriorated.[22]:70–71[151] It was so named because it was supposed to overlook the unbuilt Refectory, which had been canceled following the 1873 financial crisis.[15][50]

From northwest to southeast, the Fallkill, Esdale, Nethermead Arch, Rock Arch, Music Grove, and Binnen Bridges also cross the watercourse upstream of the Lullwater Bridge. Fallkill, Esdale, and Rock Arch Bridges are located northwest of Nethermead Arch, while Music Grove and Binnen Bridges are located southeast of the arch.[121][151] At the source of the watercourse, Fallkill and Esdale Bridges are both intended to look like wooden bridges, though are made of steel and concrete frames.[22]:55[151] Rock Arch Bridge, a boulder-lined span, crosses over Ambergill Falls; the waterfall had once been buried by the bridge's stonework, but was restored in the late 20th century when the bridge was rehabilitated.[22]:56[151] To the south, Binnen Bridge and Music Grove Bridge were both designed as wood bridges.[50] Binnen Bridge is located just north of the Lullwater, while Music Grove Bridge further upstream is located next to the Music Pagoda.[121]

Drives and paths

When it was built, Prospect Park did not have any transverse roadways. Instead, it was circled by a series of four scenic drives, named West, Center, Wellhouse, and East Drive.[4]:6 The drives are paralleled by a more extensive system of pedestrian and bridle paths.[15][121] Several paths in the park, as well as East Drive, follow ancient Native American trails.[14][156]

The drives were originally 40 feet (12 m) wide and paved with gravel. The main loop, composed of West and East Drives, meanders around the park just inside its boundaries.[15] The loops were paved with asphalt and opened to automobiles in 1918.[157] Over the following decades, the hours at which vehicles could use the park were slowly restricted.[158] Supporters of a car ban argued that the park should be a haven from the type of city stress that automobiles represent, and that having them use the park sacrifices the safety of those using the park for dam olish,[158][159] while opponents worried that banning traffic in the park would increase traffic outside.[160] The park's West Drive was closed to traffic in 2015. Following a trial run in which the park was car-free during summer 2017, the city determined that there were no major effects on nearby routes, and cars were barred completely from the park beginning in January 2018.[157][161][162] All of the drives are designated as protected bike lanes.[163]

There are also four hiking trails inside Prospect Park: the Lullwater, Midwood, Peninsula, and Waterfall trails. They range in length from 0.5 to 1.0 mile (0.80 to 1.61 km), and NYC Parks classifies all of the trails as "easy". The trails are named after the section of the park where they are located.[164]

Yodgorliklar va haykallar

Dongan Oak monument, marking a fighting site in Long-Aylend jangi
Mozart monument, erected in 1897

Prospect Park contains dozens of monuments and statues to notable figures, including:[165]

Taniqli tuzilmalar

West side and Long Meadow

Parkning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Litchfild Villa
Litchfield Villa, on the west side of the park

The Picnic House is located in Long Meadow on Prospect Park's west side.[121] Built in 1927, it replaced an earlier rustic structure that had burned down the previous year.[175] The structure was designed by J. Sarsfield Kennedy.[15]

The Litchfield Villa is located near the intersection of 5th Street and Prospect Park West, directly west of the Picnic House.[121] The building was originally a private residence built in 1854–1857 in the Italiya uslubi. NYC Parks has used Litchfield Villa as a maintenance and office building since the late 19th century.[15] The villa was listed on the Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri (NRHP) in 1977.[176] A garage compound used by NYC Parks abuts the villa directly to the south.[15][121]

The Tennis House, constructed in 1909–1910 by Helmle, Hudswell and Huberty, is located on the Long Meadow at West Drive, west of approximately 8th Street.[121] The structure is a neoclassical structure made of limestone and brick, with a red tile roof.[8]:130 It was first used as a locker room for tennis players, but later was converted into a non-public NYC Parks facility.[15] By the 2000s, the structure had become dilapidated. In 2017, it was announced that the Tennis House would be renovated and converted into restrooms as part of a $5.1 million, 4-year project.[113][177]

Roughly southeast of the Tennis House is the Dog Beach, on the western shore of the Fallkill section of the watercourse.[121] It is often used by dogs and their owners during summers, since Prospect Park has an "off-leash" policy that allows unleashed dogs during early mornings and late evenings.[178] The beach was restored in 2017.[112]

Bandshell

At 10th Street, to the west of West Drive, is the Harmony Playground and Bandshell.[121] The bandshell, designed by Aymar Embury II, was built in 1939 on the site of a former "zoological site", which was used for archery and hockey. The bandshell and the adjacent playground were restored in 2000 and given a musical theme.[92]

Northeast side

The Rose Garden is located next to Flatbush Avenue, on the north side of Prospect Park southwest of the Grand Army Plaza entrance.[121] It was built on the site of the Playground, a lawn that had been the first part of Prospect Park to open.[15] During the late 19th and early 20th century, the garden had roses and a goldfish pond.[122] The Rose Garden was renovated in the 1960s,[83] after which the garden did not host any roses.[114][122] In 2017, the Prospect Park Alliance announced plans to restore the garden,[179] and in the meantime, it placed 7,000 pinwheels in an effort to attract visitors.[114]

To the west, adjacent to the Rose Garden, is another garden called the Vale of Cashmere. The garden was named after Tomas Mur 's poem "Lalla Rookh",[73][122] which in turn referred to Kashmir in what was then northern India.[180] The Vale of Cashmere was once used frequently by the well-to-do.[181] It contains a fountain that originally had a sculpture of a nude youth and six turtles in the center, though the sculpture was stolen in 1941.[73] The Vale became overgrown during the 20th century, and its fountain was abandoned. The Vale of Cashmere later became a popular spot for gay sayohat, as documented in the book In the Vale of Cashmere tomonidan Thomas Roma.[122] The woods around the vale were damaged in 2012 during Hurricane Sandy and were subsequently restored.[102]

The Prospect Park hayvonot bog'i occupies a 12-acre (4.9 ha) plot[182] slightly south of the Rose Garden across Flatbush Avenue from Bruklin botanika bog'i.[121] The zoo was opened in 1935[15] and has been operated by the Yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyati 1980 yildan beri.[183] 2016 yildan boshlab, Prospect Park Zoo had 864 animals representing 176 species.[184]

Sharq tomoni

Eastern facade of the Boathouse on the Lullwater

The oldest structure in Prospect Park, the Lefferts Historic House, is located south of the zoo, near the intersection of Ocean Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, and Empire Boulevard.[121] It was built in 1783 and was originally located near the Willink Hill entrance. The structure was relocated in 1920 to make way for the Willink entrance.[185] Uy a Nyu-York shahri belgilangan joy and operates as a children's museum of Brooklyn family life during the 19th century.[186]

The Prospect Park Carousel is located immediately west of the Lefferts Historic House.[121] The carousel contains 53 horses, created by master horse carver Charles Carmel in 1912, as well as three carvings of other animals and two chariots.[187] The carousel opened in October 1952,[62][63] superseding another carousel that had burned down over twenty years earlier.[188] It was subsequently restored from 1971 to 1974,[84] and again from 1987 to 1989.[89] Prior to the opening of the current carousel, three separate wooden carousels had been built throughout the park's history, and were located in different parts of the park.[15]

The Willink Hill entrance contains the neoclassical Willink Entrance Comfort Station.[121] The structure opened in 1912 and is designed similarly to the Tennis House.[8]:130[15]

Further south of the Willink entrance is the Boathouse on the Lullwater, on the Lullwater's eastern shore.[121] Built in 1905–1907, it was the first structure in the park built by McKim, Mead and White, and was also constructed in the neoclassical style.[8]:130 After being saved from destruction in 1964,[15][122] it was listed on the NRHP in 1972.[189]

A path leading to the Oriental Pavilion

South of the Boathouse, past the Cleft Ridge Arch, is the Concert Grove, located on the northeast edge of the Lake.[121] Originally built in 1847,[190] it was designed so park patrons could hear music being played on the later-demolished Music Island. The grove's style complements that of the Central Park Mall savdo markazi but was laid out radially.[15] The grove also contains busts of classical composers.[122] A statue of Abraham Lincoln is located at the Concert Grove.[166] In the middle of the grove is the Concert Grove Pavilion, also known as the Oriental Pavilion, measuring 40 by 80 feet (12 by 24 m) with a roof and columns in a Middle Eastern or Indian style;[15][122] it formerly served as a restaurant but has since fallen into disrepair.[102][190]

The Samuel J. and Ethel LeFrak Center at Lakeside is located immediately south of the Concert Grove.[121] It was completed in December 2013 and replaces the former Wollman Rink.[99][100] The multipurpose, year-round facility is used for ice-skating, boating, biking, and roller-skating, as well as winter sports such as xokkey va kıvırma.[136][191] The LeFrak Center accommodates over 200,000 visitors annually.[97]

Nethermead and Lookout Hill

Rebuilt Music Pagoda

The Music Pagoda is located in the Nethermead, on the east side of the park along the watercourse's west shore.[121] The original pagoda, built in 1887, was a wooden structure with an octagonal roof and a stone base. It replaced a "temporary" music stand near the Lullwood.[15] The Music Pagoda was used for concerts until it burned down in 1968. The current pagoda on the site is a re-creation of the original, built in 1971.[192]

The Well House is located on the northern shore of the Lake, abutting the southern slope of Lookout Hill on the southwestern side of Prospect Park.[73][121] It was the last structure in the park to be built by Olmsted and Vaux, having been built in 1869. It was made of gray stone and brick, and featured a kestirib tom and a doorway inside a Tudor kamari. The house initially contained machinery that powered Prospect Park's watercourse, and at one point, pumped 750,000 U.S. gallons (2,800,000 liters) of water into the watercourse each day.[15] The water from the Well House was drawn from a 70-foot-deep (21 m) yaxshi, which led to the Brooklyn Aquifer.[50][123] Originally, there was a 60-foot-tall (18 m) smokestack behind the Well House, as well as a sardoba bino oldida.[50][126] The machines became obsolete in the early 20th century when Prospect Park was connected to New York City's municipal water system.[111][126] Subsequently, the tower was demolished and the cistern was filled in.[126] In 2017, it was restored and turned into a composting restroom.[110][111]

Janubiy tomon

The Peristyle

The Prospect Park Peristyle, also known as the Grecian Shelter or Croquet Shelter, is located on the southwest corner of the park, south of the Lake.[121] Constructed by McKim, Mead and White in 1905, this peristil was built on the site of the 1860s-era Promenade Drive Shelter. The Prospect Park Peristyle is actually designed in the Renaissance architectural style and consists of a rectangular ustunli bilan Korinf ustunlari.[15] It was rehabilitated in 1966 and listed on the NRHP in 1972.[193]

Avvalgi tuzilmalar

Sut uyi, taxminan 1870 yilda ko'rilgan
The Dairy, v. 1870

The Dairy Cottage, or "the Dairy", was located near Boulder Bridge west of the zoo. It was a two-story stone yozgi uy ikkitasi bilan gable wings; a public room and women's quarters on the first floor; and a single residence on the second floor.[15] The Dairy was built in 1869 or 1871 to sell fresh sut and other light refreshments to the public; a similar building was also built in Central Park. Vaqtida, qo'ylar va sigirlar were allowed to pasture on the meadows of Prospect Park, and seven cows were purchased specifically to provide milk. Biroq, Bruklin Daily Eagle, news articles after 1879 do not make a mention of the Dairy providing milk.[194] The cottage later became part of the Menagerie, the precursor to the modern-day zoo, and was encircled by several other zoo buildings to its north and east. All of these buildings were demolished in 1935 when the zoo was built.[15]

There were two unusual structures built in Prospect Park in its early years. Birinchisi a fotoapparat booth located on Breeze Hill's western slope, at the east end of the park, built in the early 1880s.[14][73] The second was the Circular Yacht or Rotary Yacht, a floating karusel with yacht-shaped vehicles. Located near the Long Meadow, the Circular Yacht was constructed by inventor David Smith in 1878 and could hold up to 220 people at once.[14][195] These structures were both demolished before the 1900s, and the camera obscura later became the site of the now-demolished Old Fashioned Flower Garden.[14][15]

The park contained a Music Island near the east shore of the Lake.[15] The island was used by musicians who were performing for audiences in the nearby Concert Grove. It was demolished in 1960 to make way for the Wollman Rink. Following the rink's demolition in the early 2010s,[98] a replica of the island was constructed, and it opened in 2012.[71][72] Across the Lake, two structures were built on the peninsula in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Model Yacht Club House, built on the south side of the peninsula in 1900, was an octagonal wood-frame clubhouse that burned down in a fire in 1956. On the opposite or northern side of the peninsula, there was another shelter, similar in design to the Concert Grove Pavilion, which lasted from 1915 to around the 1940s.[15][73]

On the west side of Prospect Park, there was a conservatory on the Long Meadow. It consisted of sixteen greenhouses located near Seventh Street and Prospect Park West.[196] Though it was a popular visitor attraction, it was supplanted by the Bruklin botanika bog'i past the park's eastern edge. The conservatory's greenhouses were renovated in 1929–1930, but the cost of upkeep soon became exorbitant.[15] In 1955, the greenhouses were considered redundant and were demolished. At that point, the conservatory's main attraction was an annual Easter flower show.[74][197]

Dam olish

LeFrak Center at Lakeside
Entrance to the Parade Ground

There are numerous sports hosted in Prospect Park, and specialized facilities exist for several sports. Seven baseball fields are located in the Long Meadow between 9th and 15th Streets. Ikki oliy liga -sized fields serving older age groups, while the other five are slightly smaller and intended for younger children, typically 8–12 years old.[121] In the winter, ice skating, chang'i chang'i, figurali uchish, kıvırma, xokkey va tennis are provided in the LeFrak Center at Lakeside.[191] The LeFrak Center also accommodates boating and biking.[136] The Parad maydonchasi also contains a variety of fields for several sports.[198]

Other sports are also played in Prospect Park. The Prospect Park Track Club, formed in the early 1970s, organizes regular training runs and races in and around the park's 3.35-mile-long (5.39 km) loop.[199] The Prospect Park Women's Softball League has been playing voleybol games on summer evenings in Prospect Park since 1973.[200] Circle rules football is also played seasonally inside the park.[201] Since the 1930s, the nearby Kensington Stables has hosted horse-riding lessons in Prospect Park.[202] Pedalboating is also open to the public on the lake.[130] Prospect Park's rolling hills also accommodate sledding during the winters.[203][204]

The Bandshell hosts frequent concerts, most notably the "Celebrate Brooklyn! " Performing Arts Festival, a series of summer concerts founded in 1979 that draws performing artists from around the world. The festival is produced by BRIC Arts Media Bklyn.[205]

Parad maydonchasi

The site of the present-day Parade Ground, at Prospect Park's southwest corner, was first proposed in 1866 and was to be used for training militia.[206] The state approved the acquisition of a 40-acre (16 ha) rectangular area just south of Parkside Avenue and handed control of the plot to the Prospect Park commissioners.[207] The Parade Ground was designated to be used for sports and military drills. It was set apart from the main section of the park in fear that the high level of activity would damage the grass and plants and disrupt the park's pastoral feel. Initially, the Parade Ground contained a long, wood-frame building, which included a two-story pavilion for officers' quarters, as well as a restroom to the south and a guard room to the north.[15] Other uses included a gathering on June 15, 1927, when the Parade Ground attracted over 200,000 people to greet pioneering aviator Charlz Lindberg.[208][209]

The militia no longer use the Parade Ground, but the plot is still an active athletic complex.[198] In its present form, the Parade Ground has fifteen numbered courts and fields, used for soccer, baseball, softball, basketball, and volleyball.[121][198] They encompass the Prospect Park Tennis Center, four baseball diamonds, two softball fields, a football field, a soccer field, basketball and volleyball courts, the Paul Ricard Petanke Court and three giant multi-use fields. In 2003, the Parade Ground had a netbol court installed next to the basketball courts.[210] Due to a lack of use, the netball court was replaced by an outdoor adult fitness center in 2019.[211] Many Major League Baseball stars got their start at the Parade Ground, including Joe Torre and Sendi Koufaks. In 2004, the Parade Ground underwent a $12.4 million restoration.[198] Construction of a dog run in the Parade Ground started in 2019.[118]

Boathouse at the Lullwater

Menejment

A notijorat tashkilot called Prospect Park Alliance manages Prospect Park, while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities. The Alliance's responsibilities include maintaining and restoring natural and recreational areas, as well as providing educational and cultural programs.[212] In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2018, the Alliance had sof aktivlar (own equity ) of about $19.3 million and majburiyatlar of $1.9 million, which amounted to total aktivlar of $21.2 million. Net assets increased $1.56 million from the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017.[213]

Prior to the Prospect Park Alliance's founding, there was no private maintenance of the park. The Alliance was created in April 1987[87] after the city had spent $10 million in federal funds to renovate the park in the early 1980s.[88] The Alliance subsequently started new programs to reach out to the surrounding communities, and its renovation programs caused housing prices in the area to increase by the 1990s.[214]

Transport

Ga kirish Istiqbol parki stantsiya

To'rtta Nyu-York metrosi stations that directly serve the park.[215] The eastern side of Prospect Park is served by the park's eponymous station (B, ​QvaS trains) and the Parkside Avenue bekat (Q poezd). The western side is served by 15th Street–Prospect Park (F, <F>vaG trains). Grand Army Plaza is served by the 2​ and ​3 poezdlar the plaza's eponymous station.[216] Bus service is provided on the western side by the B61, B67 va B69 buses, the southwestern side by the B68 bus; the eastern side by the B16, B41, B47 va B48 buses; and the southern side by the B16 bus.[216][217]

Voqealar

Hayvonlar

During the 1970s, there were multiple incidents involving animal injuries or deaths at the Prospect Park Zoo. This included the scalding death of a monkey in 1975, allegedly by a zoo employee, as well as an acting zoo director who was accused of shooting at pigeons and killing zoo animals.[218][219] Hayvonot bog'i xodimi, shuningdek, 1974 yilda o'nta hayvonning o'limiga norozilik bildirish uchun o'zini bir necha soat davomida maymunlar xonasida qamab qo'ydi.[219][220] Ushbu hodisalar, shuningdek, boshqa bir qancha voqealar Markaziy park hayvonot bog'i, hayvonot bog'larini yopib, hayvonlarni kattaroq joyga ko'chirmoqchi bo'lgan hayvonlarni himoya qiluvchi guruhlarning noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi Bronx hayvonot bog'i.[219] Bu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 1980 yilda yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyatining "Prospect Park" hayvonot bog'ini egallashiga olib keldi.[86]

1987 yil may oyida 11 yoshli bolakay toqqa chiqdi oq ayiq Prospect Park hayvonot bog'ida soatlab ishdan bo'shatilgan va keyinchalik ayiqlarning ikkitasi tomonidan buzilgan; keyin ikkala ayiq ham politsiya xodimlari tomonidan o'ldirilgan. Ushbu hodisa yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamiyatining hayvonot bog'ini kichik hajmiga va turistlarning o'zaro ta'siriga mos keladigan turlarni ta'kidlash uchun qayta qurish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishiga yordam berdi.[221]

2010 yil iyul oyida federal hokimiyat 400 kishini qo'lga kiritdi Kanada g'ozlari parkda va ularni o'ldirganligi sababli gaz bilan to'ldirgan havo xavfsizligi Favqulodda qo'nishdan keyin paydo bo'lgan muammolar US Airways reysi 1549 2009 yil yanvar oyida.[222]

Jinoyatlar va o'lim

Tarix davomida Prospekt bog'ida bir nechta qotillik sodir bo'lgan. 1975 yil avgust oyida yaqinda Ditmas Junior o'rta maktabini tugatgan 15 yoshli o'smir Kashmir Vale o'rmonzorida kamar bilan bo'g'ib o'ldirildi.[223] 1993 yil iyun oyida 42 yoshli erkak velosipedini o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lgan o'spirinlar guruhiga qarshilik ko'rsatayotganda otib o'ldirilgan; otishma maksimal 25 yillik qamoq jazosini oldi.[224] 2006 yil aprel oyida Kashmir Valeida 61 yoshli erkak pichoqlab o'ldirilganligi aniqlandi.[225] Ikki yildan so'ng, 2008 yil iyun oyida, 41 yoshli uysiz erkak yugurish yo'li yaqinidagi o'rmonda kaltaklanib o'ldirilgan holda topilgan.[226] 23 yoshli yigit 2011 yil mart oyida Parad Ground-da o'ldirilgan edi, yaqinda boshqa odamning qotilligiga sherik bo'lganlikda ayblanib qamoqqa tashlangan edi.[227]

Boshqa hodisalar qatoriga 2018 yil aprel oyida advokat va ekologik faolning o'z joniga qasd qilish kiradi Devid Bakel, JSSV o'zini yoqib yubordi dan foydalanishga qarshi chiqish Yoqilg'i moyi.[228][229]

Shuningdek qarang

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