Pelxem-Bey bog'i - Pelham Bay Park

Pelxem-Bey bog'i
Pelhambay1.jpg
Shimoliy uchi Hunter Island Pelham Bay Parkida
Nyu-York shahridagi joylashuv
TuriShahar
ManzilBronks, Nyu-York, AQSh
Koordinatalar40 ° 51′56 ″ N. 73 ° 48′30 ″ V / 40.86556 ° N 73.80833 ° Vt / 40.86556; -73.80833Koordinatalar: 40 ° 51′56 ″ N. 73 ° 48′30 ″ V / 40.86556 ° N 73.80833 ° Vt / 40.86556; -73.80833
Maydon2772 gektar (1,122 ga)[a]
Yaratilgan1888
Tomonidan boshqariladiNyu-York shahar bog'lar va istirohat boshqarmasi
Jamoat transportiga kirishMetro: Pelxem-Bey bog'i ( ​)
Nyu-York shahridagi MTA avtobusi: Bx29
Bee-Line Bus: 45

Pelxem-Bey bog'i a shahar parki ning shimoli-sharqiy burchagida joylashgan Nyu-York shahri tuman ning Bronks. Bu 2772 gektar (1,122 ga),[a] Nyu-York shahridagi eng katta jamoat bog'i. Park o'lchamidan uch baravar katta Manxetten "s Markaziy Park. Bog 'tomonidan boshqariladi Nyu-York shahar bog'lar va istirohat boshqarmasi (NYC Parklar).

Pelxem ko'rfazidagi bog'da tabiiy va sun'iy ravishda yaratilgan ko'plab geografik xususiyatlar mavjud. Bog'da bir nechta yarim orollar, shu jumladan Rodmanning bo'yni, Tallapoosa punkti va avvalgisi Ovchi va Egiz orollar. Lagun Pelham Bay Park markazidan o'tadi va Istchester ko'rfazi parkning qolgan qismidan janubi-g'arbiy burchakni ajratib turadi. Bog 'ichida bir nechta dam olish joylari mavjud. Orchard Beach bog'ning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi Pelxem ko'rfazi bo'ylab harakatlanadi. Parkning markaziy qismida ikkita golf maydonchasi va turli tabiat yo'llari joylashgan. Boshqa diqqatga sazovor joylarga quyidagilar kiradi Bartov-Pell uyi, shaharning diqqatga sazovor joyi, shuningdek, Bronksdagi g'alaba ustunlari va yodgorlik bog'i.

Yaratilishidan oldin, hozirgi Pelham ko'rfazidagi parkni o'z ichiga olgan er Anne Xatchinson qisqa muddatli dissident koloniyasi. Qismi Yangi Gollandiya, u 1643 yilda a tomonidan yo'q qilingan Siwanoy ostida amalga oshirilgan aloqasiz qirg'inlarga javoban hujum Uillem Kieft yo'nalishi Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasi "s Yangi Amsterdam koloniya. 1654 yilda ingliz Tomas Pell Siwanoydan 50000 gektar maydonni (200 km²) sotib oldi, bu er keyinchalik Pelham Manor nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi Charlz II 1666 nizomi. Davomida Amerika inqilobiy urushi, er Buyuk Britaniyaning nazorati ostidagi Nyu-York va isyonchilar qo'li ostidagi Vestchester o'rtasida bufer bo'lib, u erda joylashgan Pell's Point jangi, qayerda Massachusets shtati militsiya tosh devorlar orqasida yashirinish (hanuzgacha parkning golf maydonlaridan birida ko'rinib turibdi) inglizlarning avansini to'xtatdi.

Bog '1888 yilda Bronks bog'lari bo'limi homiyligida asosan vizyondan ilhomlanib yaratilgan. Jon Mullali va Nyu-York shahriga o'tib, Bronksning sharqiy qismida joylashgan Bronks daryosi 1895 yilda shaharga ilova qilingan. Shaharning eng mashhurlaridan biri bo'lgan Orchard Beach, uning sa'y-harakatlari bilan yaratilgan. Robert Muso 1930-yillarda.

Tarix

Mustamlaka davri

Hozir bo'lgan narsaning mustamlakasiga qadar Nyu-York shtati 17-asrda Pelxem ko'rfazidagi Park an arxipelag bilan ajratilgan orollarning botqoqlar va yarimorol sohillar.[6] Geologik nuqtai nazardan, parkning aksariyat qismi avvalgilarining oxirlarida hosil bo'lgan muzlik davri, Viskonsin muzligi, bu birinchi kolonistlar kelishidan 10-15 ming yil oldin sodir bo'lgan. Muzliklarning erishi hozirgi botqoqlarning paydo bo'lishiga sabab bo'ldi. Dengiz sathining ko'tarilishi muzliklarning erishi natijasida cho'kma qirg'oq bo'ylab qum va loy hosil qiladi kvartiralar. Asta-sekin, sho'r suv simli o't cho'kindilarni ushlab tura boshladi va shu bilan birga botqoqlarning bir qismi toshqinga uchradi yuqori oqim.[7]

The Siwanoy ("janubiy odamlar" deb tarjima qilingan) bu erda yashagan tub amerikalik birinchi qabiladir Long Island Sound shimoliy qirg'oqdan sharqqa Konnektikut. Ular asosan yashagan ovchi mavjudlik.[8][9] Siwanoy zamonaviy park maydonidan marosim va dafn marosimi joyi sifatida foydalangan wampum hududdan topilgan kamarlar,[10] mahalliy mahalliy qabilalar orasida diplomatik maqsadlarda foydalanilgan.[11] Ikki muzlikdagi tartibsizlik parkda, so'nggi muzlik davri oxirida saqlanib qolgan, Siwanoy tomonidan tantanali ravishda ishlatilgan: "Gray Mare" Hunter Island va Mishow yaqinidagi Teodor Kazimiroff tabiat yo'li.[8]

17-18 asrlar

Parkning havodan ko'rinishi (chapdagi markazda tasvirlangan)

The Gollandiyaning G'arbiy Hindiston kompaniyasi erni 1639 yilda sotib olgan.[11] Ular buni chaqirdilar Vridelandt, bu taxminan "erkinlik mamlakati" deb tarjima qilingan,[9][12] va muqobil ravishda Oostdorp, "sharqdagi qishloq" ma'nosini anglatadi.[12] Oostdorp sifatida tanilgan maydonga aylandi Vestchester maydoni, hozirgi parkning janubi-g'arbiy qismida.[13][14]

1642 yilda, Anne Xatchinson va uning oilasi ko'chib ketgan Rod-Aylend Split Rokka, Xelchinzon daryosi bo'ylab, hozirgi Pelxem-Bey bog'ida. Oila ingliz bo'lsa-da, er uning bir qismi edi Yangi Gollandiya Gollandiya hokimiyati ostida.[15] Xattinson uyining aniq joyi noma'lum, bir olimning aytishicha, uy Xutchinson daryosining sharqiy qismida joylashgan zamonaviy parkda bo'lgan,[16]:231 ikkinchisi esa bu uy hozirda daryoning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan degan "Baychester".[17] Siwanoy Xatchinson turar-joyini vayron qildi va 1643 yil avgustda oilani o'ldirdi,[16]:239[18] ostida amalga oshirilgan aloqasiz qatliomlar uchun qasos sifatida Uillem Kieft Gollandiyaning West India Company kompaniyasining yo'nalishi Yangi Amsterdam koloniya.[19][16]:237[15]

1654 yilda ingliz Tomas Pell Siwanoydan hozirgi Pelxem ko'rfazidagi bog'ning erlari va unga yaqin shaharni o'z ichiga olgan 50000 gektar maydonni (20000 ga) sotib oldi. Pelxem, Nyu-York va shu erning 9188 gektarida (3718 ga) o'z mulkini yaratdi.[20][21] Hozirgi istirohat bog'i, bundan mustasno, Pell ko'chmas mulkining eng janubiy qismidan iborat Xart oroli va Siti oroli.[22] Pellning erlari keyinchalik Pelham Manor nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi Charlz II 1666 xartiyasi,[21][23] va Pellning erga bo'lgan da'vosining bir qismi boshqa yaqin ko'chmanchilarnikiga zid edi.[13] Pell 1669 yilda vafot etdi, jiyani Jonga mol-mulkini berib,[13][24] 1685 yilda Siti orolini sotgan.[13] 1687 yilda er granti yangilandi.[21] Keyingi yil, Jeykob Leyzler nomidan qolgan mol-mulkning 6000 gektarini (2400 ga) sotib oldi Gugenotlar va shu er bilan shaharchasiga asos solgan Yangi Rochelle gugenotlar uchun.[13][22] 1700 yilda Jon Pell vafot etgach, u mulkni o'g'li Jozefga topshiradi, u esa o'z navbatida mulkni o'z o'g'li Jonga topshiradi. Manorga egalik keyinchalik Bartov oilasiga o'tdi,[25] Pell oilasining onalik avlodlari bo'lganlar.[12] Pell oilasi qabristoni manorning sharqiy qismida Pelham ko'rfazining qirg'og'iga qaragan.[26][27]

Pelham Bay Parkning kelajakdagi saytining xaritasi Pell's Point jangi

Erning sayti bo'lgan Pell's Point jangi davomida Amerika inqilobiy urushi.[28] Britaniya kuchlari muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan keyin asosiy qismni tuzoqqa tushirishga urinishgan Qit'a armiyasi orolida Manxetten, Britaniya armiyasi bosh qo'mondon Umumiy Ser Uilyam Xou birga boshqa joyni qidirdi Long Island Sound uning qo'shinlarini tushirish.[29]:246, 255 1776 yil 18-oktabrda u 4000 kishiga qo'ndi Pelxem, hozirgi parkga yaqin.[30]:5 Amerikalik polkovnik boshchiligidagi 750 kishilik brigada Jon Glover allaqachon quruqlikda edilar va ular bir qator tosh devorlar orqasidan inglizlarning avans qismlariga hujum qildilar.[30]:14–17 Ketma-ket hujumlardan so'ng inglizlar uzilib, amerikaliklar orqaga chekinishdi.[29]:255[20][31]

1836 yilda Tomas Pellning avlodi bo'lgan Robert Bartov,[3] 30 gektar (12 ga) ajdodining eski mulkini sotib olgan. 1842 yilga kelib qurilish ishlari yakunlandi Bartov-Pell uyi, oilaning manori.[32] Bartov 1868 yilda vafot etdi va uning oilasi 1880 yilda shaharga qasrni sotdi.[32] Qasr 1914 yilgacha davom etdi, shahar va Xalqaro bog 'klubi binoni birgalikda ta'mirlashni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[32][33]

1870 va 1880 yillar: Yaratilish

1870-yillarda landshaft me'mori Frederik Qonun Olmsted nazarda tutilgan a yashil kamar Bronx bo'ylab, mavjud bo'lgan geografiyaga o'xshash tarmoq tizimidan ko'ra ko'proq mos keladigan parklar va parklar maydonlaridan iborat. 1811 yilgi Komissarlarning rejasi Manxettenda. Ushbu tarmoq paydo bo'ldi Markaziy Park, panjara chegaralarida asosan sun'iy xususiyatlarga ega park.[34][35] Biroq, 1877 yilda shahar uning rejasi asosida ishlashdan bosh tortdi.[36] Xuddi shu vaqtda, Nyu-York Herald muharriri Jon Mullali Nyu-Yorkda, ayniqsa, maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan parklarni yaratishga undadi Van Kortlandt g'arbiy va sharqiy Bronksdagi Pell oilalarining mulklari. U tashkil etdi Nyu-York bog'lari assotsiatsiyasi 1881 yil noyabrda.[37][38] Tizimga nisbatan e'tirozlar mavjud edi, ular Manhettendan juda uzoqroq bo'lar edi, bundan tashqari saytdagi rivojlanishni istisno qilishdi.[39][40] Biroq, bunday park tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlagan gazetalar va taniqli lobbistlar qonun loyihasini iltimos qilishlari mumkin edi Nyu-York shtati senati, va keyinchalik Nyu-York shtat assambleyasi (qonun chiqaruvchi pastki uy ).[41][42] 1884 yil iyun oyida gubernator Grover Klivlend imzolagan Yangi bog'lar to'g'risidagi qonun park tizimini yaratishga ruxsat beruvchi qonunga muvofiq.[41][43][40][44]

Og'zi Xatchinson daryosi, bog'da

Yillar davomida olib borilgan huquqiy nizolar. Muxoliflar park tizimini qurish mablag'larni muhimroq infratuzilma mablag'laridan ajratib turishini va shaharda yashovchilar parklarning yaqinida yashash-qilmasligidan qat'i nazar, barpo etish uchun soliq to'lashlari kerakligini ta'kidladilar. Xususan, Pelxem bog'i o'sha paytda Vestchester okrugida, shahar chegaralaridan tashqarida joylashgan edi.[45] Narxi va joylashuvi sababli shahar parkni sotib olish uchun pul to'lashni xohlamadi.[46] Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar bog'lar shaharning barcha fuqarolari uchun xizmat qilishini ta'kidladilar; bog'lar yaqinidagi xususiyatlarning qiymati vaqt o'tishi bilan juda qadrli bo'lishini; Pelham Bay Park saytini osongina parkga aylantirish mumkinligi; va Pelxem-Bey bog'i tez orada shaharga qo'shib olinadi. Oxir oqibat, bog'lar tarafdorlarining sa'y-harakatlari tufayli tashkil etildi.[45]

Ko'p sud jarayonlaridan so'ng shahar park uchun er oldi.[46] Pelxem aholisi dastlab parkni yaratishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsalar-da, park yaratilishi shaharning soliq tushumini kamaytirishi mumkinligini bilib, unga qarshi chiqishgan.[47] Park uchun 1700 gektar er maydonlari o'sha paytda shaharning 3000 gektar (1200 ga) maydonining bir qismi bo'lgan, ammo soliqqa tortilishi mumkin emas edi, shaharning er maydonidan soliq tushumlari deyarli yarmiga kamaygan. Pelxemning bitta fuqarosining Nyu-York shahar meriga yozgan xati Abram Xyuitt, shaharning o'sib borayotgan soliq stavkasini to'ldirish uchun moliyaviy yordam so'rab, nashr etilgan The New York Times 1887 yil fevralda.[48] Bir oy o'tgach, Pelxemning bir guruh aholisi Xevittdan bog'ning rejasiga qarshi chiqishni iltimos qildi.[49][47] Nyu-York shahri hukumati, shuningdek, Pelxem shaharchasiga parkni sotib olgan bo'lsa, unga soliq to'lashni istamadi, bu esa erni olishga qarshi birinchi chiqishining sabablaridan biri bo'lgan.[50] Nyu-York shahri Pelxemga erni sotib olgan taqdirda unga soliq to'lashi kerakligi to'g'risida taklif bor edi, shahar soliq boshqarmasi uni "umuman yangi va, albatta, noto'g'ri" deb atadi.[51]

Pelxem aholisi parkga qarshi bo'lishiga qaramay, shahar 1887 yilda Pelxem ko'rfazi bog'i uchun er oldi va 1888 yilda rasman parkga aylandi.[52]:693[46] Pelham Bay Park Bronx Parks Departamenti homiyligida dam olish maskaniga aylandi,[53] bu erni 2 746 688 dollarga sotib oldi, bu 2019 yilda 78 158 533 dollarga teng.[9] Bog'da 1700 gektardan ortiq maydonga (690 ga) tarqalgan ko'plab mulklardan foydalanilgan erlar mavjud edi.[9][46][54] Yigirma yil o'tgach, eski mulklarning ba'zi uylari hali ham turardi.[55] Park tizimini sotib olish paytida erni yo'qotgan Vestchester ko'chmas mulk egalarining tashvishlarini engillashtirish uchun Nyu-York shahridagi Estetis komissiyasi kompensatsiya to'lovlarini tarqatdi.[52]:694 Komissarlarning taxminiy bahosi 9 million dollarni (2019 yilda 256 100 000 dollarga teng) to'lagan, ammo ba'zi er egalari 1889 yilda ko'proq tovon puli talab qilgan.[56]

1890-yillardan 1920-yillarga qadar: Dastlabki yillar

Pelxem-Bey bog'idagi toshlar

1890 yilda Mullali saytdan foydalanishni taklif qildi 1893 yilgi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi uning kattaligi tufayli;[57] ammo, yarmarka oxir-oqibat taqdirlandi Chikago o'rniga.[58] O'sha yili Pell oilasining dafn marosimi saqlanishi uchun ham belgilangan edi,[59]:34 (PDF p.135) va 1891 yil iyul oyida Pell oilasining avlodlariga uchastkani saqlash va tiklash uchun ruxsat berildi.[60]:70 (PDF p.128) Bog 'ochilgandan so'ng, bir nechta shaxslarga park ichidagi qasrlarda yashashga ruxsat berildi. 1892 yilda Nyu-York shahar jamoat bog'lari departamenti Hunter, Hoyt va Twin Island uylarini egallashga alohida ruxsat berdi.[61]:9 (PDF p.67); 32 (PDF p.89); 109 (PDF p.193) Keyingi yil Pelxem ko'prigi yaqinidagi ikkita bino kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yildi.[62]:404 (PDF p.471)

Pelxem ko'rfazidagi park 1895 yilda Bronksning Bronx daryosining sharqiy qismi shaharga qo'shilganda Nyu-Yorkka o'tdi.[54] Bog'ning jamoat foydalanishi uchun bo'lishiga qaramay, ba'zi eski mulklar, ba'zilari xususiy oilalar tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan holda, saqlanib qoldi. Shahardan uzoqligi sababli NYC Parks Pelham ko'rfazidagi 3000 gektar maydonni (1200 ga) saqlashga qaror qildi. Van Kortlend bog'lari tabiiy holatida, Manhettenga yaqin atrofdagi ba'zi bog'lardan farqli o'laroq, ular keng ko'lamda obodonlashtirilmoqda.[63]:PDF s.442-443 1899 yilda uylarning hech biri ijaraga olinmagan,[64]:23 ammo 1900 yilga kelib, parkdagi o'ttiz oltita uy Bronxdagi bog'larda ijaraga olingan uylarning 75 foizini tashkil etgan xususiy uy sifatida ishlatilgan.[65]:20 Keyingi yil bu raqam o'ttiz uchga tushdi.[66]:65

1902 yilning bahorida NYC Parks parkdagi ikkita uyni vayron qildi va qolgan o'tinlardan bepul hammomlarni qurish uchun ishlatdi, ulardan o'sha yoz davomida kuniga 700 ta hammom foydalangan.[67]:116 (PDF p.85) Taxminan 1903 yil Hunter Island yozgi ta'tilning mashhur joyiga aylandi.[68][69] Hunter orolida odamlar ko'p bo'lganligi sababli, NYC Parks ikki yildan so'ng orolning janubiy uchida joylashgan Rodman's Neck-da 100 ta hammom bilan lager ochdi.[69][46][54][70] Orchard Beach, o'sha paytda Rodman Bo'yining shimoli-sharqiy qismida joylashgan kichik dam olish maskani,[71] o'sha yili kengaytirildi.[70] 1904 yilda Pelham Bay Park ichida sport maydonchasi ochildi.[72]

1917 yilga kelib, Hunter Island yarim million mavsumiy tashrif buyuruvchilarni ko'rdi.[69] Orchard Beach ham mashhur bo'lib, yozgi ish kunlarida o'rtacha 2000 kishi, yozgi dam olish kunlari esa 1912 yilda 5000 kishi tashrif buyurgan.[46] Biroq, 20-asrning 20-yillarida atrofning rivojlanishi bilan bog 'holati pasayishni boshladi. Istirohat bog'i binolari ifloslangan va haddan tashqari foydalanish tufayli buzilgan va vandalizm ko'p bo'lgan.[46][54] Hunter oroli yopildi va lagerga chiqish taqiqlandi, shuning uchun ba'zi park patronlari noqonuniy ravishda lager qilishni boshladilar.[73]

1930-1960 yillar: Musoning yangilanishi loyihalari

Hozirgi Orchard Beach dam olish maskani va Split Rock golf maydoni Nyu-York shahridagi park komissari sa'y-harakatlari bilan yaratilgan Robert Muso.[74][3][75] 1934 yilda o'z lavozimiga kirishganidan so'ng, Muso muhandislarga shaharning har bir parkini rekonstruktsiya qilish kerakligini ko'rish uchun inventarizatsiya qilishni buyurdi.[76] U Hunter Island lagerining mashhurligini ko'rgandan keyin yangi Orchard Beach dam olish zonasi uchun rejalar ishlab chiqdi.[69] 1934 yil 11 fevralda Muso yangi golf maydonchasi rejasini e'lon qildi.[74] Ikki hafta o'tgach, u zamonaviy plyajning dizayni bilan ilhomlangan yana bir rejasini e'lon qildi Jons plyaji kuni Long Island.[77] Plyaj va mavjud golf maydoni rekonstruksiya qilinadi Ishni rivojlantirish boshqarmasi (WPA) 1930-yillarda Yangi bitim dastur.[3][78][74][79]

Orchard Beach sayohati, 1930-yillarda qurilgan

Muso loyiha uchun 625 ta ijarani bekor qildi va lagerlar shaharni sudga berishdan so'ng,[80] sayt iyun oyida lagerlardan tozalandi.[81] Muso LeRoy ko'rfazining aksariyat qismini to'ldirib, Hunter orolini va Egiz orollarni Rodmanning bo'yiniga bog'lashga qaror qildi.[71] Buzilgan Hunter Mansion plyaj qurilishi bilan buzildi.[82] Golf maydonchalari qurilish boshlangandan o'n olti oy o'tgach, 1935 yil iyun oyida qayta ochildi. Jon van Klik shahar atrofida o'nta golf maydonchasini yangilash yoki qurish dasturining yangi Split Rok golf maydonchasini ishlab chiqdi.[83][84]

Plyajning yakuniy dizayni 1935 yil iyulda namoyish etilgan.[85][86][87] Plyaj loyihasi LeRoy va Pelham ko'rfazlarining 110 gektar maydonini (45 ga) chiqindixona bilan to'ldirishni o'z ichiga olgan.[3] undan keyin jami 4.000.000 kub metr (3.100.000 m)3) qum.[88][89] Muso, deb o'ylaydi Nyu-York shahar sanitariya boshqarmasi qumdan arzonroq bo'lar edi.[88] 1935 yil boshida ishchilar axlatni to'ldirishni boshladilar[90] Rodmanning bo'yni, egizak oroli va ovchi oroli atrofida.[90][91] Axlat plyajda yuvila boshlagandan so'ng, qolgan joy 1936 yildan boshlab qum yordamida to'ldirilgan.[88][92] Tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan plyaj Gilmor Devid Klark va Aymar Embury II, 1936 yil iyul oyida bag'ishlangan[75][91] faqat qisman to'liq bo'lishiga qaramay.[93][94] Plyaj rasmiy ravishda 1937 yil 25 iyunda ochilgan.[95] Orchard Beach ochilgandan ko'p o'tmay, u 1939 yilda janubiy echinish xonasidan boshlab kengaytirildi.[96][97] Hunter va Twin orollari orasidagi suv 1946 va 1947 yillarda yangi bilan to'ldirilgan iskala plyajning har bir uchida. Xiyobon 1947 yilda ochilgan,[98][73][69][99] 1952 yilda hammom pavilonida va 1955 yilda shimoliy iskitada yanada yaxshilanishlar amalga oshirildi. 1962 yilda pavilonning shimolida yangi konsessiya stendi qo'shildi,[98] va xususiy mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan Golf haydash O'sha yili qator ham qo'shildi.[100] Plyaj 1964 yildan boshlab ta'mirlandi.[101]

1959 yilda, bog'ning "Rodman's Neck" bo'limi turli maqsadlarda ishlatilgandan so'ng, Nyu-York shahar politsiya boshqarmasi bog'dan erni foydalanib, yarim orolning janubiy uchida Rodmanning bo'yin otish maydonchasini yaratdi. Ilgari, Rodman's Neck-dagi parklar kam ishlatilgan, NYPD va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi turli vaqtlarda erdan foydalanish.[102][103]

1960-yillardan hozirgi kungacha: Tozalash va tiklash

Orchard Beach-ning havodan ko'rinishi

Shahar axlatxonalarni tozalash ishlarini boshladi Tallapoosa nuqtasi 1963 yilda Pelxem ko'rfazida.[104][105] 1966 yilda Pelham Bay Parkdagi axlatxonalarni kengaytirish rejalari, bu shaharning yonida ikkinchi eng katta chiqindilarni tashlash maydonini yaratishi mumkin edi. Yangi o'ldirish yilda Staten oroli, keng jamoatchilik qarshiligiga duch keldi.[104] Poligonni kengaytirish shahar chiqindilarining yig'ilishini engillashtirishning bir usuli sifatida ko'rib chiqildi va Tallapoosa axlatxonani qo'yish uchun yagona mos joy sifatida ko'rildi.[106] Saqlash harakatlari doktor tomonidan boshqarilgan. Teodor Kazimiroff, Bronks tarixchisi va Bronks tarixiy jamiyatining rahbari. 1967 yil avgustida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi Nyu-York shahrining taxminiy kengashi taklif etilayotgan poligonni kengaytirish maydonida qo'riqlanadigan hududni yaratish bo'yicha dastlabki harakatlarga qarshi ovoz berdi.[107][108] Biroq, shtat va federal hukumatlar poligon Tallapozada joylashgan bo'lishini ma'qullamadilar.[109] 1967 yil 11 oktyabrda shahar hokimi Jon Lindsay ikkitasini yaratishga ruxsat beruvchi qonunni imzoladi yovvoyi tabiat boshpanalari, Tomas Pell yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi va Hunter Island dengiz Zoologiya va geologiya qo'riqxonasi, axlatxonani kengaytirish rejalashtirilgan joyda.[104] Tallapoosa West 1968 yil may oyigacha chiqindixona sifatida foydalanishni davom ettirdi, o'sha paytda poligonga ruxsat bekor qilindi.[106] O'sha yilning noyabr oyida Tallapoosa G'arbiy Pell boshpana qismiga aylandi.[110] Axlatxona 1975 yildayoq ishlayotgan edi, axlat u erda o'n qavatli balandlikda edi.[111] Poligon 1978 yilda yopilgan.[105] Biroq, 1983 yilda nashr etilgan hisobotda Tallapoza poligoni, shuningdek butun shahar bo'ylab beshta kishi 1964 yildan 1979 yilgacha tashlangan "zaharli chiqindilar" bilan juda ifloslangan deb da'vo qilingan.[112][113] Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, chiqindixona chiqindilari yaqin atrofdagi mahallalar aholisining sog'lig'i bilan bog'liq muammolarga olib kelgan Mamlakat klubi. Pelxem ko'rfazidagi Tallapoosa poligoni 1988 yilda xavfli chiqindilar maydoni deb belgilangan edi va tozalash 1989 yilda boshlangan.[105]

1983 yilda bog 'uchun Theodore Kazimiroff atrof-muhit markazi parkning relyefidan o'tib ketadigan tabiat yo'li bilan birga taklif qilingan.[114] Bu marhum tarixchiga hurmat tufayli,[114] 1980 yilda vafot etgan.[115] Kazimiroff Nature Trail va Pelham Bay Park atrof-muhit markazi 1986 yil iyun oyida ochilgan.[116][115][73] Orchard Beach pavilonlarini 1 million dollarlik yangilash (2019 yildagi 2 million 332 ming dollarga teng) 1986 yilgacha yakunlandi.[117] O'n yillikning oxiriga kelib, Pelxem ko'rfazidagi parkga ko'plab odam va hayvonlar qoldiqlari tashlanmoqda, shu jumladan, 1986 yildan 1995 yilgacha parkga tashlangan 65 inson tanasi. o'n yillar oldin hali ham ko'rinib turardi.[118] NYPD xodimlari ushbu holatlar bo'yicha tanani tashlab yuborish chastotasi ikki narsaga bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin degan fikrni ilgari surishdi: bog'ning avtomobil yo'llari yaqinida joylashgan joyi, shuningdek, bu erda ko'milgan Siwanoy qoldiqlari xiyobon bo'lganiga ishonish.[119]

1990 yilda NYC Parks Pelham Bay Park va shahar atrofidagi boshqa yigirma bog'ni obodonlashtirish uchun 6,3 million dollar sovg'a oldi. NYC Parks ushbu mablag'ni yo'llarni yangilash va begona o'tlarni tozalashga sarfladi.[120] Orchard Beach-ni yangilash 1995 yilda boshlangan.[121] Sohil uchun akvapark taklif qilingan, ammo oxir-oqibat 1999 yilda bekor qilingan.[122] Bir necha yil o'tgach, shaharning oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatsiz taklifi uchun 2012 Yozgi Olimpiada, Pelham Bay Parkdagi bir nechta inshootlarni yangilash uchun taklif qilingan. Yangi inshootlarga a otish markaz Rodmanning bo'yin qismida; 350 metr (1,150 fut) otga minish trek; va a qilichbozlik, suzish va suv polosi Orchard Beach pavilonidagi inshoot.[123] Oxir-oqibat, tanlovga vakolat berilgan London o'rniga.[124]

2010 yilda Orchard Beach-da 13 million dollarlik suv havzasini kengaytirish bo'yicha qurilish boshlandi.[125][126] Ko'p o'tmay, Pelham Bay Parkning qirg'og'ini tiklash bo'yicha 2,9 million dollarlik loyiha ustida ish boshlandi, bu dengiz qirg'og'ini yangilash, itlar safari qo'shilishi va yangi piyoda yo'lini yaratish bilan bog'liq edi.[127] 2012 yilda mahalliy Amerika qobig'i middens topilgan Tallapoosa nuqtasi, arxeologik tekshiruvni boshlash.[128] Ushbu maydonchani yanada ko'proq qazish paytida yuzdan ortiq eksponatlar topildi, ularning ba'zilari III asrga tegishli Idoralar. Qayta tiklash loyihasi bo'yicha ishlar 2015 yil iyun oyida topilmalar natijasida to'xtatildi.[127][129] Qayta tiklash loyihasi 2015 yil sentyabr oyida qayta boshlangan.[130]

Geografiya

Pelham Bay Parkining geografik xususiyatlari
[Interaktiv to'liq ekranli xarita]
Pelham Bay Parkning geografik xususiyatlari:
1
Istchester ko'rfazi
2
Golf kurslari
3
Hunter Island
4
Lagun
5
Orchard Beach /Pelxem-Bey
6
Rodmanning bo'yni
7
Tallapoosa nuqtasi
8
Turtle Cove
9
Egizak orol

2772 gektar (1,122 ga),[a] Pelham Bay Park bu shaharning eng yirik,[5][131] 843 gektar (341 ga) markaziy bog'ning uch baravaridan kattaroq.[132][5] Pelxem ko'rfazidagi park 13 kilometr (21 km) qirg'oqni o'z ichiga oladi[132] shuningdek, ikkala tomonga quruqlik Xatchinson daryosi. Hunter Island, Egizak orol va Ikki daraxtli orol, Pelxem ko'rfazidagi avvalgi haqiqiy orollar, endi materik bilan to'ldirish orqali bog'langan va bog'ning bir qismidir.[2] Long-Aylenddagi bir nechta orollar (shu jumladan Baca supuradigan orollar ),[133] Xattinson daryosidagi G'oz oroli ham Pelxem ko'rfazidagi bog'ning bir qismidir.[134] Bog 'bir nechta bo'limlarga bo'linadi, shu jumladan taxminan ikkita asosiy qism Istchester ko'rfazi.[135][136]

Pelham Bay Parkning sharqiy qismida joylashgan Orchard Beach va uning avtoturargohi. Sharqiy qismida, shuningdek, Egizak va Hunter orollarida joylashgan Hunter Island Wild Wild Sanctuary mavjud. Kazimiroff Nature Trail ushbu qism orqali o'tadi.[136] Shimoliy-g'arbiy qism, sharqiy qismdan Laguna orqali bo'lingan. U ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga oladi golf maydonchalari, shuningdek, Tomas Pell qo'riqxonasi; Bartov-Pell o'rmonlari; Goose Creek Marsh; va Siwanoy, Bridle va Split Rok yo'llari. Bog 'kesib o'tadi Amtrak "s Shimoli-sharqiy koridor ushbu joyda temir yo'l, shuningdek Xatchinson daryosi Parkvey va Nyu-England Thruway.[136] Markaziy qismida Siwanoy Trail va Turtle Cove haydash oralig'i joylashgan Markaziy Woodland joylashgan. Bunga Rodmanning bo'yni, shuningdek, "Yaylov" deb nomlanuvchi bog'ning bir qismi kiradi.[136] The Pelxem ko'prigi o'rtasida Eastchester ko'rfazi bo'ylab transportni olib boradi janubi-g'arbiy qism va parkning qolgan qismi.[136]

Bog'da turli xil yashash joylari mavjud. Eng katta yashash joyi 782 gektar (316 ga) o'rmonlar, undan keyin 195 gektarlik (79 ga) sho'rxoklar, 161 gektar (65 ga) sho'rliklar, 83 gektar (34 ga) o'tloqlar, 751 - akr (304 ga) aralash skrab va 3 gektarlik (1,2 ga) chuchuk suvli botqoq.[137] Umuman olganda, parkning taxminan 67% tabiiy holatida, parkning 33% esa o'zlashtirilishi taxmin qilinmoqda.[138]:129 20-asrning ikkinchi yarmida Pelxem-Bey bog'i biologik xilma-xillik kamaygan: o'sha paytda park 569 turdagi o'simlik turlarining 25 foizini va 321 mahalliy bo'lmagan turlarining 12,5 foizini yo'qotgani kuzatilgan.[138]:132

Er xususiyatlari

Hunter Island

Hunter qasri
Asosiy maqola: Hunter Island (Bronx)

Ovchi oroli (40 ° 52′36 ″ N. 73 ° 47′24 ″ V / 40.876773 ° N 73.789866 ° Vt / 40.876773; -73.789866 (Hunter Island)) o'rmonzorlar bilan to'ldirilgan 166 akrlik (67 ga) yarim orol; ilgari Robert Musa 1930-yillarda Orchard Beach-ni kengaytirgunga qadar 215 gektar (87 ga) bo'lgan.[82] Ilgari orol, uning bir qismi bo'lgan Pelxem orollari, bir vaqtlar Tomas Pellga tegishli bo'lgan g'arbiy Long-Aylend Ovozidagi orollar guruhining tarixiy nomi. Siwanoy orolni "Laap-Xa-Vach qiroli" yoki "munchoqlar torli joy" deb atagan.[82][139] Keyin orol nomi o'zgartirildi Jon Hunter, 1804 yilda mulkni sotib olgan muvaffaqiyatli ishbilarmon va siyosatchi[140] va 1813 yilda oilasini orolga ko'chirgan.[141] Ular ichida qasr qurdilar Ingliz gruzin uslubi[139][142] orolning eng baland nuqtasida (dengiz sathidan 90 fut balandlikda).[82] Qasr 1937 yilda Orchard Beach qurilishida vayron qilingan.[82][141] 1967 yilda orol Hunter Island yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasining bir qismiga aylandi.[82]

Egizak orol

Egizak orol, 40 ° 52′16 ″ N. 73 ° 47′04 ″ V / 40.871186 ° N 73.784389 ° Vt / 40.871186; -73.784389 (Egizak orol), ochiq toshlar bilan o'rmonlangan muzlik oluklari. Sharqiy va G'arbiy egizak orollari (yoki "egizaklar") bir paytlar Pelxem ko'rfazidagi haqiqiy orollar bo'lgan, ammo endi ular bir-biri bilan va Orchard sohiliga va yaqin atrofga bog'langan. Rodmanning bo'yni tomonidan a poligon 1937 yilda yaratilgan.[139][143][144] Sharqiy egizak orol, "rang lentalari" bo'lgan tosh shakllanish cho'kindi eroziya, qo'shni Ikki daraxt oroli bilan ingichka mudflat quruqlik ko'prigi orqali bog'langan. Ikki daraxtlar orolining o'zi toshli platodan iborat bo'lib, uning ustiga Orchard Beach va atrof-muhit markazini ko'rish mumkin.[143] G'arbiy Twin Island o'sha paytda qo'shni bilan bog'langan edi Hunter Island sun'iy tosh ko'prik orqali,[145][146] Endi shaharning so'nggi qolgan birida vayronalar joylashgan botqoqlar.[147]

Hozir Twin Island sifatida birlashtirilgan ikki orol 1888 yilda Pelham Bay Park sotib olinganidan beri NYC Parklarga tegishli edi.[146] Orolda 1899 yilda tennis korti qurilgan.[64]:26 Egizak orol 1995 yilda 850 ming dollar sarflangan Tvin orollarini tuzli marshni qayta tiklash loyihasi doirasida tiklandi.[147]

Rodmanning bo'yni

Rodmanning bo'ynidagi sobiq xususiy uy
Asosiy maqola: Rodmanning bo'yni

Rodmanning bo'yni a yarim orol bog'ning markaziy qismida joylashgan (at 40 ° 51′09 ″ N. 73 ° 48′02 ″ V / 40.852501 ° N 73.800556 ° Vt / 40.852501; -73.800556 (Rodmanning bo'yni)). Yarim orolning janubiy uchdan bir qismi a sifatida ishlatiladi otish masofasi tomonidan Nyu-York shahar politsiya boshqarmasi (NYPD); qolgan o'rmon qismi Pelham Bay Parkning bir qismidir.[136][148] Orchard Beach yaqinidagi Pelham Bay Parkning qolgan qismiga qo'shilgan shimoliy tomonda bir nechta mavjud beysbol maydonlari.[136][149] Rodmanning bo'yin va Siti orollari orasidagi ikkita kichik quruqlik berma orolning materik bilan bog'lovchi yagona yo'lidan iborat.[2]

Rodmanning bo'yni tarixiy Pell mulkining bir qismi edi,[150] va shahar 1888 yilda yarimorolni qo'lga kiritgandan beri, u bir necha maqsadlarda ishlatilgan.[103] U sifatida ishlatilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi davomida o'quv joyi Birinchi jahon urushi,[102] va 1920-yillarda ishlatilmaydigan park maydoniga aylantirildi.[102][103] 1930 yildan 1936 yilgacha yarim orol NYPD uchun yozgi lager bo'lgan Camp Mulrooney tarkibiga kiritilgan.[102][103] Armiya 1950-yillarda yana Rodmanning bo'yinidan foydalangan Sovuq urush.[102] va NYPD 1959 yilda yarim orolning janubiy uchida hozirgi otish maydonini qurdi.[102]

Tallapoosa nuqtasi

Tallapoosa punkti Pelxem ko'rfazining janubi-g'arbida, Pelxem ko'prigiga yaqin joyda joylashgan.[136] Ilgari janubda alohida orol bo'lgan Istchester ko'rfazi, xususiy mulk bo'lgan, ammo mustamlaka davrida materik bilan bog'langan. Keyin nuqta mashhur baliq oviga aylandi.[151] 1879 yilda Tallapoosa klubi siyosiy guruh yozda yarim orolning bir qismini shahardan ijaraga olishni boshladi va u erda tadbirlarni o'tkazdi. Klubning borligi yarimorolga hozirgi nomini berdi va o'z navbatida klub nomi ham shundan kelib chiqqan Tallapoosa, Gruziya, paytida uning ba'zi a'zolari jang qilgan Amerika fuqarolar urushi.[152] Tallapoosa Club dastlab tomonidan qurilgan qasrdan foydalangan Lorillard oila.[153] Ular 1895 yil 1 oktyabrgacha ushbu qasrdan foydalanganlar.[154]:50 (PDF p.138)

Tallapoosa punkti 1963 yildan beri axlatxona sifatida ishlatilgan[104] 1968 yilgacha, poligon operatsiyalari to'xtagan paytgacha[106] va u yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasining bir qismiga aylandi.[110] O'shandan beri u bog'ning bir qismi bo'lib kelgan, ammo 1970-yillarda Tallapozani aylanaga aylantirish to'g'risida tushunarsiz taklif bo'lgan. tog 'chang'i pisti.[151] Keyinchalik Tallapoosa nuqtasi qayta ekilgan va qushlarning yashash joyi sifatida xizmat qilgan.[155]

Suv yo'llari

Pelxem-Bey

"Pelham Bay" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Pelxem-Bay (ajralish).

Siti oroli va Orchard plyaji o'rtasida a tovush Pelxem ko'rfazi deb nomlangan (40 ° 51′59 ″ N. 73 ° 47′25 ″ V / 40.866335 ° N 73.790321 ° Vt / 40.866335; -73.790321 (Pelxem-Bey)), lekin uning nomidan farqli o'laroq, bu dafna emas, aksincha a tovush chunki u har ikki uchida ham katta suv havzalariga ochiq. U janubda Eastchester ko'rfaziga ulanadi va ochiladi Long Island Sound va Siti-Aylend Makoni sharqda.[136] 1934 yildan 1938 yilgacha Orchard Beach yaratish uchun asl ko'rfazning taxminan uchdan bir qismi to'ldirilgan.[3]

Istchester ko'rfazi

Asosiy maqola: Istchester ko'rfazi

Eastchester ko'rfazi - bu Siti orolini va parkning katta qismini bog'ning janubi-g'arbiy qismidan va Bronksning qolgan qismidan ajratib turadigan suv havzasi.[136][156] Parkning ikki qismini bir-biriga bog'laydigan Pelxem ko'prigidan o'tib ketadi.[156] Bu texnik jihatdan ham tovushdir va shimoliy uchi tor kanal orqali Pelxem ko'rfaziga ulanadi. The Xatchinson daryosi shimoliy uchi yaqinidagi Eastchester ko'rfaziga quyiladi. Ko'rfazning pastki qismi ochiladi Sharqiy daryo, Kichkina bo'yin bo'yi va Long Island Sound.[157]

Lagun

Bog 'ichidagi lagun bir paytlar Pelxem ko'rfazining bir qismi bo'lib, Xant va Tvin orollarini materikdan ajratib turar edi va 20-asrning o'rtalariga qadar LeRoy ko'rfazida deb nomlangan. Bu eshkak eshish regattalari uchun mashhur edi,[158] lekin eshkak eshish musobaqalarini tartibga solish uchun foydalanib bo'lmadi, chunki u Hunter oroliga olib boruvchi yo'l bilan to'sib qo'ydi.[159] 1902 yilga kelib, LeRoy ko'rfazidan avtoyo'l sifatida foydalanish uchun yo'lni olib tashlashga chaqiriqlar bo'ldi.[159] Nyu-York shahar jamoat bog'lari departamenti "vaqtinchalik" yog'och ko'prik yaratishga va buxta suv oqimlarini erkin oqishiga imkon berish uchun yo'lni olib tashlashga qaror qildi.[160]

Lagunning aksariyati 1930-yillarning o'rtalarida Orchard Beach-ni rekonstruktsiya qilish paytida to'ldirilgan va bu ko'rfaz "Orchard Beach Lagoon" yoki qisqacha Lagoon deb nomlangan.[92][161] Orchard Beach va Westchester chegaralari orasidagi lagun mashhur edi regattalar, yoki qayiq poygalari, o'nlab yillar davomida, lekin 1940 va 50-yillarda e'tiborsiz qoldirildi. Lagunaga toshlar, begona o'tlar va keraksiz mashinalar muntazam ravishda tashlangan.[162]

Sayt sifatida lagun tanlangan 1964 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari eshkak eshish sinovlar,[2] o'sha paytda u kengaytirildi va chuqurlashtirildi va to'rt qatorli, 2000 metr (6600 fut) eshkak eshish maydoniga aylandi.[163][164][165] 630 ming dollarga tushgan trek,[163] shahar va tashkilotchilari tomonidan birgalikda o'tkazildi 1964 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi. Nyu-York shahrida o'sha yili Jahon ko'rgazmasi doirasida turli joylarda 1964 yilgi Olimpiya o'yinlarining bir nechta sinovlari bo'lib o'tdi.[164] Keyinchalik, hozirda noma'lum lagunani Nyu-Yorkdagi kollejlar regattalarda qayiqda yurish uchun ishlatishgan, chunki bu AQShda qayiq poygalari uchun eng mos joylardan biri bo'lgan. Bir nechta kollejlar, shu jumladan Kolumbiya, Manxetten, Sent-Jon, Fordxem, Iona va Yel, kollaj eshkak eshish mashqlari uchun lagundan foydalangan.[162]

Turtle Cove

Turtle Cove kichkina koy Orchard Beach Road-dan g'arbiy Siti-Ayland yo'lining shimoliy tomoni bo'ylab.[136] 1900-yillarning boshlarida Turtle Cove bo'ylab relslar uchun quruqlik qurildi otlar. Ushbu berma toshbaqa Kovining shimoliy uchini asosan bo'lishiga olib keldi chuchuk suv, o'tloqda noyob qushlarni ichadigan chuchuk suvlarni jalb qildi. Istchester ko'rfazidan sho'r suv olish uchun berma bo'ylab 3 metr (0,91 m) diametrli beton truba qo'yildi, ammo barglar va o'simliklar bu suv o'tkazgichni to'sib qo'ydi.[134] 2009 yil iyun oyidan boshlab NYC Parks koyni tiklash loyihasini boshladi, eski suv o'tkazgichni olib tashladi va koyning shimoliy uchini sho'r suv bilan to'ldirish uchun kanal qazdi. Keyin NYC Parks kanal bo'ylab piyodalar ko'prigini joylashtirdi. Shuningdek, 11 gektar o'rmon (4,5 ga) o'rmon tiklandi, 10 ming daraxt almashtirildi.[166] Kovda shuningdek a mavjud urish qafasi va bilan golf markazi miniatyura golf, PGA simulyatorlar va o't tee.[167]

Taniqli tabiiy xususiyatlar

Glover qoyasi

Gloverning toshi: "Ushbu sayt yaqinida 1776 yil 12 oktyabrda polkovnik Jon Glover va 600 nafar vatanparvar Vashington qo'shinlarini halokatdan qutqarish uchun Gen Xou boshchiligidagi ingliz va gessian kuchlarini ushlab turishdi, bu ularga Vestchesterga chekinishga va yakuniy g'alabaga imkon berdi."

Glover qoyasi (40 ° 51′54 ″ N. 73 ° 48′19 ″ V / 40.86507 ° N 73.805244 ° Vt / 40.86507; -73.805244 (Glover qoyasi)), ulkan granit muzlik notekis, Pell nuqtasi jangini eslatuvchi bronza plakka ega.[20] Biroq, mashhur e'tiqodga zid ravishda, toshning jangga aloqasi yo'q edi.[168] O'zlarining tegishli kitoblarida, Genri B. Douson (1886) va Uilyam Abbatt (1901) ikkalasi ham Polkovnik deb yozgan Jon Glover taniqli tosh ustida turib, jang paytida ingliz qo'shinlarining qo'nishlarini kuzatdi.[169][30]:255 Ushbu da'vo noto'g'ri, chunki bu masofalar Glover tomonidan 1776 yil 24 oktyabrda "Mil maydonidan xat" da qayd etilgan taxminlar yordamida noto'g'ri xarita asosida hisoblab chiqilgan.[168] Glover ingliz qo'shinlarining qo'nish joyini tomosha qilgan haqiqiy joy hozirgi Split Rock Golf kursining ikkinchi teeiga yaqinroq.[168] Tosh bugungi kunda faqat shunday tanilgan, chunki Abbatt o'z kitobida uning etiketlangan fotosuratini o'z ichiga oladi.[30]:4

Split tosh

Split Rok (40 ° 53′11 ″ N. 73 ° 49′02 ″ V / 40.886479 ° N 73.817119 ° Vt / 40.886479; -73.817119 (Split tosh)), katta gumbaz shaklidagi granit tosh shimoldan janubga qariyb 25 fut (7,6 m) va sharqdan g'arbga 15 fut (4,6 m) o'lchab, Nyu-England Thruway va Hutchinson River Parkway chorrahasida, ushbu yo'llar tomonidan hosil qilingan uchburchak uchastkasida va shimoliy Parkwaydan shimoliy Truwayga olib boradigan rampa.[170] Bu toshga jamoatchilik uchun yagona kirish yo'li - parkning tashqarisidagi Istchester-Pleysdan boshlangan piyodalar izi. Bridle Trail qoyaga yaqin o'tadi, lekin uni toshdan parkwayning chiqish pandusi ajratib turadi.[136] "Split Rock Trail" deb nomlangan yana bir park izi, Bartov doirasidan toshga olib boradi.[171]

Split tosh

Split Rock golf maydoniga tosh nomi berilgan.[2] Split Rock shuningdek, Split Rock Road-ga o'z nomini beradi Pelxem Manor,[172] Ilgari parkning o'ziga kirib borardi.[173] Tosh tosh muzlik kabi ko'rinadi va nomini toshni ikki yarim gumbazga ajratadigan katta yoriqdan olgan. Ulkan tosh taxminan 10 000 yil oldin muzlik harakatlari ta'sirida yorilib ketgan.[174][175]

Split Rok, shuningdek 1643 yilda Anne Xutchinson va uning oilasi a'zolari Siwanoy qabilasining tub amerikaliklari tomonidan qirg'in qilingan joy. Uning qizi, Susanna, qirg'indan omon qolgan oilaning yagona a'zosi, uydan uzoqroqda sodir bo'lgan hujum paytida toshda bo'lgan.[16]:237 1904 yilda Nyu-York shtati qonunchilik palatasi Ann Xatchinson sharafiga Split Rokda bronza lavhani joylashtirishni ma'qulladi.[176] Planshet 1911 yilda Nyu-Yorkdagi Colonial Dames tomonidan o'rnatildi.[177][178] Biroq, u 1914 yilda o'g'irlangan.[179][180] Plaketda shunday deyilgan:[180][181]

ANN XUTCHINSON

1638 yilda Massachusets ko'rfazidagi koloniyadan haydab chiqarilgan[b]

Diniy Ozodlikka sadoqati tufayli bu jasur ayol

Yangi Gollandiyada ta'qiblardan ozodlik

1643 yilda u va uning oilasi ushbu tosh yonida

hindular tomonidan qirg'in qilingan

Ushbu planshet bu erda Nyu-York shtatining mustamlakachisi Dames tomonidan joylashtirilgan

ANNO DOMINI MCMXI Virtutes Majorum Filiae konservanti[181]

Ushbu tosh 1950-yillarda Bronks tarixiy jamiyatidan Teodor Kazimirof rasmiylarni rejalashtirilgan harakatlarni amalga oshirishga ishontirganligi uchun juda katta tarixiy ahamiyatga ega. Davlatlararo 95 (Nyu-England Thruway) Split Rokni dinamitatsiyadan qutqarish uchun bir necha metr shimolda.[182][183]

Eman shartnomasi

Eman shartnomasi (40 ° 52′16 ″ N. 73 ° 48′14 ″ V / 40.871 ° N 73.804 ° Vt / 40.871; -73.804 (Eman shartnomasi)) Bartow-Pell Mansion yaqinidagi Pell mulkida joylashgan. Buning ostida aytilgan edi eman daraxt, Tomas Pell va Siwanoy o'rtasida shartnoma imzolandi Bosh yuvish, Pellni Bronks daryosining sharqiy qismidagi o'sha paytdagi Vestchester hududidagi sharqqa sotish.[13][184] Inqilob qizlari jamiyati daraxt yaqinida himoya panjara va plakat o'rnatgan, ammo 1906 yilda chaqmoq urib vayron bo'lgan.[185][13] and toppled in a storm in March 1909.[186] A replacement tree was planted in 1915,[187] and the current tree at the location is an qaymoq.[188]

Yovvoyi tabiatning qo'riqxonalari

Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary and the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary consist of a total of 489 acres (1.98 km2) ning botqoqlar va o'rmonlar within Pelham Bay Park. They were created in 1967 as a result to opposition to a planned landfill on the site of the current sanctuaries.[189] Much of the forests in these sanctuaries are estimated to be at least three centuries old, dating to colonial times.[190] The park also has two tabiat markazlari at Orchard Beach and in the southwestern section of the park.[134][191]

Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary

The Thomas Pell Wildlife Sanctuary, named for Thomas Pell, makes up the westerly part of Pelham Bay Park.[192] Included within its bounds are Goose Creek Marsh and the saltwater wetlands adjoining the Hutchinson River[136] as well as Goose Island, Split Rock, and the oak–hickory forests yilda suv toshqini bordering the Split Rock Golf Course.[193] The area is home to a variety of wildlife including rakun, egretlar, qirg'iylar va chakalaklar.[134]

Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary

Located north of Orchard Beach, the Hunter Island Marine Zoology and Geology Sanctuary encompasses all of Twin Islands, Cat Briar Island, Two Trees Island, and the northeastern shoreline of Hunter Island.[194][195] It contains many glacial erratics, large boulders that were deposited during the last ice age,[194][193] as well as the largest continuous eman o'rmon in Pelham Bay Park. The sanctuary supports a unique intertidal marine ecosystem that is rare in New York State.[134][82][147]

Wildlife-related activities

Bird watching is a popular activity in the park

The park is a popular spot for qushlarni kuzatish, with up to 264 species having been spotted. Common bird species observed within the park include buyuk shoxli boyqush, shimoliy ko'r-ko'roni boyqush, boyo'g'li, qizil quyruqli qirg'iy va jangchilar on Hunter Island;[196] Amerika o'rmon aravasi, majnuntol, shimoliy harrier, qarag'aylar, qora qalpoqli jo'ja, tufted titmouse va oq ko'krak nuthatch in the meadow west of Orchard Beach;[197] va turli xil qo'shiq qushlari va chumchuqlar north of the Pelham Bay Golf Course.[198] Birds in the park's waters include loons, grebes, kormorantlar, anseriformes va marralar from the Twin Island coasts;[199] katta sariq oyoqlar, kamroq sariq oyoqlar, loons, qalpoqli merganser, Kanada g'ozi, chumchuq va egretlar in Eastchester Bay and Turtle Cove;[198] va osprey and waterbirds in the lagoon.[200] This is a result of Pelham Bay Park's location within one of the major seasonal qushlarning ko'chishi koridorlar. The Milliy Audubon Jamiyati has designated the park as one of four "Important Bird Areas" within the city.[201][202]

Tuzli suv baliq ovlash is also popular within the park, but is prohibited on Orchard Beach when the beach is open during the summer.[202] There are two major areas where fishing is allowed: in the southern part of Pelham Bay Park near Eastchester Bay; and in the northern part near the Lagoon, Turtle Cove, and northern beach jetty.[203]

South of Orchard Beach is a 25-acre (10 ha) meadow that hosts the only known population of the kuya turlari Amphipoea erepta ryensis.[134][204][205] Another population used to exist in Javdar, Westchester County.[206][207]

Atrof

Pelham Bay Park is bounded by the town of Pelxem, Nyu-York, to the north; Siti oroli va Long Island Sound sharqqa; Watt Avenue and Bruckner Expressway janubga; va Xatchinson daryosi Parkvey g'arbda.[2][136]

North of the park is the village of Pelxem Manor yilda Vestchester okrugi, and a 250-foot-wide (76 m) strip of land that is part of New York City due to a boundary error. Owners of the several dozen houses on the strip have a Pelham Manor zip code and phone numbers and their children attend Pelham public schools, but as Bronx residents pay much lower property taxes than their Westchester County neighbors.[208]

To the southeast, the Shahar orolining ko'prigi connects the park to City Island.[209][210]

Landmarks, attractions, and recreational features

Orchard Beach

Vanna pavilyoniga qaragan Orchard Beach plyajining panoramik ko'rinishi
Asosiy maqola: Orchard Beach (Bronx)

Orchard Beach (40 ° 52′02 ″ N 73 ° 47′45 ″ V / 40.867304°N 73.795946°W / 40.867304; -73.795946 (Orchard Beach)), a public plyaj, is part of Pelham Bay Park[69] and comprises the borough's only beach.[93] Uzunligi 1,1 milya (1,8 km), 115 akr (47 ga)[211] plyaj tomonga qaragan Long Island Sound va baland to'lqin paytida eni 200 fut (61 m) bo'lgan yarim oy shaklida yotqizilgan.[212] An icon of the Bronx, Orchard Beach is sometimes called the Bronx Riviera,[93][213][214][215] the Riviera of New York City,[216] Hood Beach,[215] or the Working Class Riviera.[217] It contains a set of twin pavilions, which were both landmarked by the Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi 2006 yilda.[218]

Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove

South side of statue

The Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove is a 70-foot-tall (21 m) limestone column that supports a bronze statue of Qanotli g'alaba on Crimi Road in the park. The grove of trees that surround the statue were originally planted on the Katta konkurs in 1921 by the Amerika legioni;[219] they were removed in 1928 when construction began on the IND konkurs liniyasi (B vaD. poezdlar).[220] In 1930, the American Legion revealed plans to relocate the grove to Pelham Bay Prk, where there would be a new monument to honor Bronx servicemen. The monument was designed by John J. Sheridan and sculpted by Belle Kinney va Leopold Scholz.[220][219] On September 24, 1933, the monument and grove was dedicated to the 947 Bronxites who died in World War I.[220][221] The column is supported by a 18-foot-tall (5.5 m) pedestal. The statue itself is 18 feet tall and 3,700 pounds (1,700 kg), located atop a series of 14 discs. This brings the monument's aggregate height to more than 120 feet (37 m).[221] While officially a memorial to servicemen from the Bronx,[220] it is also a favorite location for to'y fotosuratlari.[222]

Bartov-Pell uyi

Asosiy maqola: Bartov-Pell uyi

A 19th-century plantation-style mansion called Bartov-Pell uyi (joylashgan 40 ° 52′18 ″ N. 73 ° 48′21 ″ V / 40.871611°N 73.805944°W / 40.871611; -73.805944 (Bartov-Pell uyi)) is a colonial remnant done in Yunoniston tiklanishi uslubi.[223][32] The mansion, originally built in 1842, was sold to the city in 1880 and went maintained until 1914, when the city and International Garden Club assumed joint maintenance of the building.[32][33] Since 1975, it has been a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish.[224][33]

Pelham Bay and Split Rock Golf Courses

The Pelham Bay Golf Course opened in 1901, followed by the Split Rock Golf Course in 1935.[84] The courses, consisting of eighteen holes each, share an Art Deco clubhouse (located at 40 ° 52′30 ″ N. 73°48′35″W / 40.874967°N 73.80972°W / 40.874967; -73.80972 (Golf Course Clubhouse)).[225] The courses are separated by the Shimoli-sharqiy koridor railroad tracks, with the Split Rock course to the northwest and the Pelham Bay course to the southeast.[136]

A uchun rejalar golf maydonchasi in Pelham Bay Park have existed since soon after the park was founded. 1899 yilda Nyu-York atletik klubi yaqinlashdi Lawrence Van Etten, an architect renowned for designing golf courses, for a request to construct an 18-hole course within the park.[84] The proposed course would be bounded by Pelxem Manor shimolga; The Harlem daryosi va Port Chester temir yo'li (now Northeast Corridor) tracks to the west; and Shore Road to the southeast. The city was building Van Cortlandt Park's golf course at the time, but the Bronx district parks commissioner approved Van Etten's plan. Originally, the club wanted to construct a park on Hunter Island, but Van Etten felt that the island was too small for a full 18-hole course.[226] Once the Van Cortlandt Park course was opened, city officials started focusing on plans for the Pelham course.[227]

Klublar uyi

In April 1900, surveyors began studying part of the park as a possible location for a golf course.[228][227] Later that month, workers began construction at the northwest course location. It was expected that the course would open in June or July of that year,[228][229] but that the work would not be fully complete until September.[227] New York City greenskeeper Val Flood later stated that he thought the course would open by August; however, by September 1900, work on the course had hardly started due to a lack of workers.[230] By the end of 1900, NYC Parks reported that seeds had been planted for nine ko'katlar va ikkitasi bunkerlar va bitta xavf yaratilgan edi.[65]:23 The course opened in 1901,[66]:69 but did not gain popularity until 1903 when overcrowding at the Van Cortlandt course drove players to use the less crowded Pelham Bay course instead.[231]

In 1934, a new 18-hole course was announced for the north side of the park, along with a renovation to the Pelham Bay course under the WPA.[74][232] It was part of the rebuilding of 10 golf courses in the city.[233] The new course brought the total number of holes in the park's courses to 36, with each course being between 3,000 and 3,300 feet (910 and 1,010 m) between the first and last tees. This comprised two 18-hole courses or four 9-hole courses. There was also a new two-story brick Yunoniston tiklanishi clubhouse adjacent to both of the 18-hole courses, with a golf store, Pro Shop, cafeteria, lockers, restrooms, and showers. Construction started on the new course and clubhouse in September 1934.[234] The new Split Rock course, based on a plan from John van Kleek, opened in 1935[84] along with the rebuilt Pelham Bay course.[83]

Bronx Equestrian Center

The northern section of Pelham Bay Park is the home of the Bronx Equestrian Center on Shore Road, where visitors can ride horses and ponies through the parks' trails or obtain riding lessons.[235][132] The Bronx Equestrian Center also provides wagon rides and hosts wedding events.[132]

Southwestern section

The southwestern part of Pelham Bay Park contains several recreational facilities, but unlike the rest of the park, the southwestern section mainly serves the nearby neighborhoods.[4][236] The southwest park's largest point of interest is the Aileen B. Ryan Recreational Complex, which contains a yugurish yo'lagi, ikkitasi beysbol maydonlari, and the Playground for All Children, a play area with special features for physically handicapped children.[237] Another playground, the Sweetgum Playground, is located near Bruckner Boulevard. The 0.25-mile (0.40 km) Pelham Track and Field includes an sun'iy çim futbol maydoni shu qatorda; shu bilan birga uzunlikka sakrash.[219] The southwest park also contains a it yugurishi, four more baseball fields (for a total of six), two bocce courts, several basketbol maydonlari va to'qqiz tennis kortlari.[238] This section of the park also includes the Pelham Bay Nature Center.[219] Ning mahallasi Pelxem-Bey is across the Bruckner Expressway from this section of the park.[4]

A long and narrow 41-acre (17 ha) woodland called Huntington Woods, located on the southern border of this park, is named after the tract's last owners. Archer Milton Xantington, asoschisi Amerikaning Ispan Jamiyati, and his wife, sculptor Anna Xatt Xantington, had acquired the property in 1896 after the park had been established. The city added 31.6 acres (12.8 ha) of Huntington's estate to the park in 1925 and annexed the remaining land in 1933.[239]

The southwestern park also contains two monuments. Amerikalik bola was commissioned in 1923 by French sculptor Louis St. Lannes and carved from one block of Indiana ohaktoshi.[237] A tribute to the athletic body, it once stood outside the Rice Stadium and Recreation Building; the stadium, named and funded by the widow of Isaak Leopold Rays, stood at the site from the 1920s until 1989. The former stadium site is now the Pelham Track and Field.[237][240] Ikkinchisi esa Bronx Victory Column & Memorial Grove.[219][221][220]

Menejment

A notijorat tashkilot called Friends of Pelham Bay Park (founded in 1992) manages the park, while NYC Parks owns and operates the land and facilities.[241] Bilan taqqoslaganda Markaziy bog'ni saqlash, Friends of Pelham Bay Park does not receive as much funding.[242] Before 1992, there was no private maintenance of the park;[243] the earliest efforts for such a thing date to 1983, when an administrator was appointed to oversee both Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay Parks.[244]

Transport

Ko'priklar

Shahar orolining ko'prigi
Ning g'arbiy uchi Shahar orolining ko'prigi (original bridge pictured) is located inside Pelham Bay Park.

As part of the city's acquisition of Pelham Bay Park in 1888, NYC Parks claimed responsibility for maintenance over the western end of the City Island Bridge, which was within the park.[245]:433 (PDF p.502)[52]:695 The City Island Bridge had been built by the 1870s.[246] By 1892, the bridge was in need of maintenance,[61]:PDF p.114 and a proposal for a replacement bridge was approved in 1895.[63]:41 (PDF p.115) The replacement bridge started construction in late 1898 and was completed in 1901.[247]

The Pelham Bridge, which had opened in 1871 on the site of two previous bridges,[248] was also incorporated into the park.[63]:PDF p.443[52]:695 Planning for a new bridge started in 1901,[66]:64 and NYC Parks transferred the responsibility for constructing the new bridge to the Department of Bridges in 1902.[67]:117 (PDF p.86) A new stone bridge was opened in 1908 to accommodate higher volumes of traffic.[249][250]

The century-old City Island Bridge was subsequently replaced again in the 2010s. Planning for the new bridge started in 2005,[251] though a lack of funding delayed the start of construction to 2012.[252] The new bridge was completed in 2015, and the old one was demolished soon after.[253]

Yo'llar

: JSON tarkibi haqiqiy emas GeoJSON + sodda uslub

Bog'ni Xatchinson daryosi Parkvey uning g'arbiy tomonida.[3] The New England Thruway (I-95 ), a partial pullik yo'l, also has a short highway section in the park's northwest corner.[209][136] A partial interchange between the two roads is located within the park.[209] To the south, an exit from the Hutchinson River Parkway provides direct access to the park, Orchard Beach, and City Island. The exit and entrance ramps lead east to the Bartow Doira, where the ramps intersect with Shore Road, which runs roughly southwest-northeast, and with Orchard Beach Road, which leads southeast to the Orchard Beach parking lot.[209] Slightly to the southwest of Bartow Circle is the T chorrahasi of Shore Road and City Island Road, which marks the northwest terminus of the latter road. Shore Road continues across the Pelham Bridge to the southwest corner of the park, then turns west and continues onto Pelham Parkway.[209] Meanwhile, City Island Road continues southeast to City Island Circle, where it intersects with Park Drive, a road that connects to Orchard Beach Road in the north and Rodman's Neck in the south. City Island Road then continues southeast across the Shahar orolining ko'prigi to the eponymous island.[209]

NYC Parks assumed responsibility for the park's roads in 1888 and gradually paved and expanded them over the following decades.[52]:695 An expansion of Eastern Boulevard (later Shore Road) began in 1895.[63]:PDF p.175 In 1897, the city started extending Pelham Parkway through to Eastern Boulevard.[254]:258 (PDF p.328) By 1902, Eastern Boulevard was referred to as "the Shore drive" since it ran close to the LeRoy's Bay shore. The same year, NYC Parks built a 4,230-foot (1,290 m) dirt path, which connected Glover's Rock to Shore Road. Another 4,870-foot-long (1,480 m) dirt road to Pelham Bridge was also built, and a 6,485-foot (1,977 m) pedestrian path from City Island Bridge to Bartow Station qurilgan.[67]:116–117 (PDF pp.85–86)

The Hutchinson River Parkway in Pelham Bay Park replaced the old Split Rock Road in the park. The original roadway was an undivided, cheklangan kirish parkway, designed with gently sloping curves, tosh kamar bridges, and wooden lightposts. The original 11-mile (18 km) section included jilovli yo'llar bo'ylab yo'l. There was also a riding academy where the public could rent otlar.[255] The parkway is named for Anne Hutchinson and her family, and passes through the part of the park near where the Hutchinsons were killed by the Siwanoy.[255] The modern-day parkway was extended south from Westchester through Pelham Bay Park in December 1937.[256][173]

The second highway through the park, the New England Thruway, opened in its entirety in October 1958, connecting the Bruckner Expressway janubda Konnektikut burilish yo'li shimoli-sharqda.[257]

Jamoat transporti

Pelham Bay Park metro stantsiyasiga piyodalar uchun yo'l o'tkazgich
Pedestrian overpass to the park's nomli stantsiya

Pelham Bay Park is served by the Nyu-York metrosi da uning nomidagi stantsiyasi on the west side of the Bruckner Expressway,[258] tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatiladigan 6 va <6>Poezdlar.[259] The station is part of the former Interborough tezkor tranzit kompaniyasi (IRT)'s Pelxem chizig'i. The line's northern terminus is located at the southeast corner of Pelham Bay Park, and the IRT station there opened in December 1920.[260][261] An exit from the station leads onto a pedestrian bridge that crosses the expressway and leads directly to the park.[236][258]

MTA mintaqaviy avtobus operatsiyalari ' Bx29 route and Bee-Line avtobus tizimi 's 45 route also stop at the park.[262] The southbound Bx29 makes three stops in the park: on Bruckner Boulevard near the subway station; at the intersection of Shore Road and City Island Road; and at City Island Circle.[263] Meanwhile, Bee-Line's 45 route stops near Bartow-Pell Mansion.[236] The Bx5 bus also serves Orchard Beach during the summertime only,[264] va Bx12 va Bx12 SBS xizmatlar yozgi dam olish kunlari Orchard Beach-ga xizmat qiladi.[265]

Temir yo'llar

The Harlem daryosi va Port Chester temir yo'li was chartered in 1866,[266] ulash Harlem daryosi janubda va Port Chester shimolda. The railroad opened in 1873, with some portions passing through the current park.[267] The route, a branch of the New Haven Line tomonidan boshqariladi Nyu-York, Nyu-Xeyven va Xartford temir yo'li, contained six stations. One of these stations, called alternatively City Island or Bartow, in Pelham (now part of the park).[268] In 1895, the railroad re-acquired some of the land from the park[154]:205 (PDF p.297) In 1906, ownership of the Shore Road overpass over the Harlem and Port Chester railroad line was transferred to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[269]

A railroad of some sort also connected City Island and Pelham Bay Park from 1887 to 1919. Originally composed of the separate Pelham Park Railroad Company and the City Island Railroad, the 3 fut 6 dyuym (1,067 mm) tor kalibrli horsecar route was operated by the former of the two companies, which ran service between the Bartow station of the Harlem daryosi va Port Chester temir yo'li and Brown's Hotel on City Island. The 3.2-mile (5.1 km) route was complete by 1892.[270] The IRT absorbed the two companies in 1902 and started designing its own bitta temir yo'l 1908 yilda.[270][271] The monorail's first journey in July 1910 ended with the monorail toppling on its side,[272][273][271] and although service resumed in November 1910, the monorail went into qabul qilish 1911 yil dekabrda.[274] The monorail ceased operation on April 3, 1914,[275][276][277] and was subsequently sold to the Uchinchi avenyu temir yo'li,[278] which abandoned the line on August 9, 1919.[279]

The Harlem River and Port Chester tracks were maintained by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[280]:1092 New stations designed by Kass Gilbert were opened in 1908, but the line's stations were all closed by 1937, having suffered from low ridership.[277] During the late 20th century, the old Harlem River and Port Chester tracks went through a series of ownership changes, and in 1976, Amtrak bought the tracks and integrated the route into its Shimoli-sharqiy koridor.[280]:81 The station house for the line's Bartow station still exists, albeit as a deteriorated shell;[281] the station's roof burned down after it was closed.[277] An overgrown path leads from the bridle trail to the former station site.[282]

The city renovated the Shore Road railroad overpass in the early 2000s. Citing the 1906 deed that transferred the bridge's maintenance to the company that owned the railroad below it, the city then filed a lawsuit to make Amtrak pay for the renovation. The Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi ruled in favor of Amtrak in 2013.[269][283]

Yo'llar

Velosiped yo'llari go to all parts of the park and west to Bronx Park, east to City Island, and north to Mount Vernon.[284] The bike trails within the park itself are of varying difficulties.[132]

Scenic trails

The Kazimiroff Nature Trail, a wildlife observation trail, opened in 1986.[116][115] It traverses 189 acres (76 ha) of Hunter Island. Much of the island's natural features are found along the trail.[285] It was opened in 1986[116] and comprises two overlapping lasso-shaped paths, one slightly longer than the other.[115][285]

The Siwanoy Trail consists of a trail system that originates in the Central Woodlands section of the park. Originating at City Island Road, it bears to the northeast before splitting into two spurs, one going east to the Rodman's Neck meadow and the other going north around Bartow Circle. At the circle's eastern side, the trail splits again. One spur goes northeast in a self-closing loop to the Bartow-Pell Mansion, and the other goes northwest to connect to Split Rock Trail before going around the Hutchinson River Parkway's interchange with Orchard Beach Road.[136]

Split Rock Trail originates at Bartow Circle and stretches for 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the west side of the park.[136][171][194] First designated in 1938 along the path of the former Split Rock Road,[173] the path was renovated in summer 1987.[171]

The park is also traversed by a bridle path.[2] That path circumscribes both golf courses, with a spur to the Bronx Equestrian Center.[136]

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v The exact size is disputed, with some sources giving 2,764 acres (1,119 ha),[1][2] 2,765 acres (1,119 ha),[3] or 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[4] Recalculations of city park sizes in 2013 determined that Pelham Bay Park was 2,772 acres.[5]
  2. ^ The New York Times quotes this line as "Massachusetts Colonies" rather than "Massachusetts Bay Colony".[180]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Belgilangan joylarni saqlash bo'yicha komissiya 2006 yil, p. 13.
  2. ^ a b v d e f g Jekson 2010 yil, p. 986.
  3. ^ a b v d e f g Smit, Sara Xarrison (2013). "Pelham Bay Parkdagi qum va me'morchilikni o'rganish". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2017.
  4. ^ a b v Gregor, Alison (April 27, 2014). "Pelham Bay, the Bronx: A Blend of Urban and Suburban". The New York Times. Olingan 5 oktyabr, 2017.
  5. ^ a b v Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). "Bu bog 'qanchalik katta? Shaharda endi javob bor". The New York Times. Olingan 31 may, 2013.
  6. ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 4.
  7. ^ Nyu-York shahar bog'lari bo'limi 1987 yil, p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  8. ^ a b O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 5.
  9. ^ a b v d "Pelham Bay Park Highlights : NYC Parks". Nyu-York shahar bog'lar va dam olish departamenti. 2006 yil 29 sentyabr. Olingan 5 oktyabr, 2017.
  10. ^ "Siwanoy Trail". Nyu-York shahar bog'lar va istirohat boshqarmasi. 1989 yil 20 mart. Olingan 13 sentyabr, 2017.
  11. ^ a b Leslie Day (May 10, 2013). "Chapter 2: The Bronx". Nyu-York shahrining tabiiy dunyosiga oid dala qo'llanmasi. JHU Press. ISBN  978-1-4214-1149-1.
  12. ^ a b v Stivens, J.A .; DeKosta, B.F .; Johnston, H.P.; Qo'zi, M.J .; Hovuz, N.G ​​.; Abbatt, V. (1892). Amerika tarixi jurnali eslatmalar va so'rovlar bilan. A. S. Barns. p. 408. Olingan 5 oktyabr, 2017.
  13. ^ a b v d e f g Twomey 2007 yil, p. 212.
  14. ^ "Owen F. Dolen Park Monuments". Nyu-York shahar bog'lar va istirohat boshqarmasi. 1926 yil 30-aprel. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Champlin, Jon Denison (1913). "Anne Xatchinsonning fojiasi". Amerika tarixi jurnali. 5 (3): 11.
  16. ^ a b v d LaPlante, Momo Havo (2004). Amerikalik Jezebel, Anne Hutchinsonning odatiy bo'lmagan hayoti, puritanlarga qarshi chiqqan ayol. San-Frantsisko: Harper Kollinz. ISBN  0-06-056233-1.
  17. ^ Barr 1946, p. 5.
  18. ^ Anderson, Robert Charlz (2003). Buyuk ko'chish, Yangi Angliyaga ko'chib kelganlar 1634–1635. Vol. III G-H. Boston: Yangi Angliya tarixiy nasabnomasi jamiyati. 479-481 betlar. ISBN  0-88082-158-2.
  19. ^ Darlene R. Stille (August 2006). Anne Hutchinson: Puritan Protester. Kapton tosh. 85-88 betlar. ISBN  978-0-7565-1784-7.
  20. ^ a b v "War Record of Pelham Bay Park; War Record of Pelham Bay Park" (PDF). The New York Times. August 14, 1921. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2017.
  21. ^ a b v Pell 1917 yil, p. 5.
  22. ^ a b Jenkins 2007 yil, p. 35.
  23. ^ O'Hea Anderson 1996, p. 12.
  24. ^ Pell 1917 yil, p. 12.
  25. ^ Pell 1917 yil, p. 16.
  26. ^ ASHPS yillik hisoboti 1909 yil, p. 63.
  27. ^ Jenkins 2007 yil, p. 313.
  28. ^ McCullough, David (2006). 1776. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster Qog'ozli qog'oz. p.209. ISBN  0-7432-2672-0.
  29. ^ a b Uord, Kristofer (1952). The War of the Revolution, Volume 1. Nyu-York: Makmillan kompaniyasi.
  30. ^ a b v d Abbatt, William (1901). The Battle of Pell's Point. New York: University of California.
  31. ^ Jekson 2010 yil, p. 161.
  32. ^ a b v d e Gray, Christopher (April 28, 2002). "STREETSCAPES / THE BARTOW-PELL MANSION IN THE BRONX; 1842 Home, Now a Museum, in City's Largest Park". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2017.
  33. ^ a b v Castellucci, John (March 18, 1977). "Garden club's mansion official landmark now" (PDF). Daily News. Tarritaun, Nyu-York. p. A5. Olingan 2 oktyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  34. ^ Olmsted, Frederick Law; Vaux, Calvert; Croes, John James Robertson (1968). Fein, Albert (ed.). Landscape into cityscape: Frederick Law Olmsted's plans for a greater New York City. Kornell universiteti matbuoti. p. 331.
  35. ^ Gonzalez 2004, p. 47.
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Manbalar

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