Gibraltarning holati - Status of Gibraltar - Wikipedia

Gibraltar
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar.svg bayrog'i Gibraltar portali

Gibraltar, a Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi, ning janubiy uchida joylashgan Iberiya yarim oroli, mavzusi irredentist tomonidan hududiy da'vo Ispaniya. Bo'lgandi 1704 yilda qo'lga olingan davomida Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi (1701–1714). The Ispaniya toji rasmiy ravishda hududni berib yubordi abadiylik uchun Britaniya toji 1713 yilda, ostida X modda ning Utrext shartnomasi. Keyinchalik Ispaniya ushbu hududni qaytarib olishga harakat qildi o'n uchinchi qamal (1727) va Buyuk qamal (1779–1783). Gibraltar ustidan Buyuk Britaniyaning suvereniteti keyinchalik imzolangan shartnomalarda tasdiqlangan Sevilya (1729) va Parij shartnomasi (1783).

Diktator rejimi ostida hududni qayta tiklash hukumat siyosatiga aylandi Frantsisko Franko va quyidagi hukumatlar ostida o'z o'rnida qoldi Ispaniyaning demokratiyaga o'tishi. The Gibraltariyaliklar o'zlari bunday har qanday da'voni rad etishadi va yo'q siyosiy partiya yoki bosim guruhi Gibraltarda Ispaniya bilan birlashishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. A 2002 yildagi referendum Gibraltar xalqi Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya "keng kelishuv" ga erishgan deb aytilgan qo'shma suverenitet taklifini rad etdi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati endi Gibraltariyaliklarning roziligisiz suverenitetni muhokama qilishdan bosh tortmoqda.

2000 yilda birlashmaning siyosiy deklaratsiyasi a'zolari tomonidan imzolandi Gibraltar parlamenti; Gibraltar hukumatiga ko'ra, "Aslida deklaratsiyada Gibraltar xalqi hech qachon o'z suverenitetini yoki o'z huquqini buzmaslik, voz kechish yoki sotish to'g'risida aytilgan. o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash; Gibraltar Ispaniya bilan yaxshi, qo'shnichilik, Evropa munosabatlarini istaydi; Gibraltar Gibraltar xalqiga tegishli va Ispaniyaning ham, Britaniyaning ham berish huquqiga ega emas ".[1]

Ispaniya Buyuk Britaniya bilan suverenitet to'g'risida ikki tomonlama kelishuvni talab qilmoqda, Buyuk Britaniya suverenitetni faqat muhokamalarga Gibraltar kiritilgan taqdirdagina muhokama qiladi.

The Birlashgan Millatlar har bir tomonning pozitsiyalarini tushunish ularning 2016 yilgi hisobotida keltirilgan. Ayni paytda BMT Gibraltarni a O'zini o'zi boshqarmaydigan hudud.

Gibraltarni qo'lga kiritish va Utrext shartnomasi

Asosiy maqolalar: Gibraltarni qo'lga kiritish va Utrext shartnomasi
Gibraltarning Waterport prospektidagi Admiral ser Jorj Rukning haykali

Gibraltar edi qo'lga olindi 1704 yilda Admiral Sir boshchiligidagi kuch tomonidan Jorj Ruk vakili Buyuk Ittifoq nomidan Archduke Charlz, o'zini Ispaniya taxtiga da'vogarlik qilmoqda. Jangdan keyin deyarli barcha aholi ketishga qaror qilishdi.[2] Ispaniyaning hududni qaytarib olishga urinishlari Gibraltarni o'n ikkinchi qamal qilish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va oxir-oqibat Buyuk Britaniya qirolligi 1713 yilda Ispaniya tomonidan Utrext shartnomasi hisob-kitobining bir qismi sifatida Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi. Ushbu shartnomada Ispaniya Buyuk Britaniyaga "Gibraltar shahri va qasrining to'liq va butun mulkini, shu bilan birga unga tegishli bo'lgan port, istehkomlar va qal'alarni ... hech qanday istisnosiz va hech qanday to'siqsiz" berdi.

Kerak Britaniya toji har doim Gibraltarni tark etishni xohlasangiz, ushbu hudud avval Ispaniyaga taklif qilinadi degan reversion bandida shunday deyilgan: "Agar u bundan keyin Buyuk Britaniya tojiga huquqni berish, sotish yoki ulardan voz kechish uchun har qanday usul bilan uchrashishi kerak bo'lsa. Gibraltar shaharchasi, kelishuvga binoan va har doim Ispaniya tojiga boshqalardan oldin sotish afzalligi beriladi, degan xulosaga kelishdi. "

Bundan tashqari, Shartnomada "yuqorida ko'rsatilgan mulk Buyuk Britaniyaga berilishi shart" hech qanday hududiy yurisdiksiyasiz,[3] va "quruqlik bilan" mamlakat atrofidagi har qanday ochiq aloqasiz "(garchi bu Gibraltarga nisbatan hududiy yurisdiktsiyani rad etadimi yoki" atrofdagi mamlakatlar "bo'yichami?).[4]) va Gibraltar va Ispaniya o'rtasida quruqlik savdosi amalga oshirilmasligi kerak, faqat Gibraltarni dengiz bilan to'ldirib bo'lmaydigan holatdagi favqulodda holatlar bundan mustasno. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati va Gibraltar hukumati Gibraltar va Ispaniyaning ham a'zo bo'lishlarini ta'kidladilar Yevropa Ittifoqi (Evropa Ittifoqi) - Gibraltar a tarkibiga kiritilgan Maxsus a'zo davlat hududi qachon Birlashgan Qirollik 1973 yilda Evropa Ittifoqiga qo'shildi; Ispaniya Evropa Ittifoqiga 1986 yilda qo'shildi - Evropa Ittifoqi tovar va xizmatlarning erkin harakatlanishiga sodiq bo'lgani uchun bunday cheklovlarni bekor qildi. The Brexitning Gibraltarga ta'siri aniq emas.

Turli xil pozitsiyalar

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Gibraltarni a O'zini o'zi boshqarmaydigan hudud Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirolligi tomonidan boshqariladi. Uning 2016 yil fevraldagi hisobotida Gibraltar bilan bog'liq turli tomonlarning turlicha qarashlari bayon qilingan.[5]:3/16[6]

The Gibraltar Konstitutsiyasi tartibi 2006 yil (Buyuk Britaniya) Gibraltar uchun boshqaruv shaklini o'rnatdi, Gibraltar gubernatori tashqi ishlar, mudofaa, ichki xavfsizlik va davlat lavozimlariga tayinlanish uchun mas'ul bo'lib, Gibraltar hukumati boshqa barcha masalalar uchun javobgardir. Buyuk Britaniyaning fikriga ko'ra, Gibraltar Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tomonidan tan olingan mustaqil hudud sifatida 2006 yil konstitutsiyasida belgilangan shaxsiy va jamoaviy huquqlardan va o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqidan foydalanadi.

Ispaniya 2006 yilgi konstitutsiyaning qonuniyligini e'tirof etadi va Gibraltarning Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlakasi maqomini o'zgartirmasligini, faqat Gibraltar masalalarini xalqaro darajada muhokama qilish huquqiga ega bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniyani talab qiladi.[5]:4/16

Gibraltarning hududiy hukumati 2006 yilgi konstitutsiyadagi qonunchilikka asoslanib, o'z soliqlarini yig'adi va xarajatlari va kapital xarajatlarini byudjetga, shaxsiy soliq stavkalarining maksimal stavkalari 28% ga va kompaniyalar solig'i 10% ga teng. Ispaniya ta'kidlashicha, Evropa Komissiyasi Gibraltarning soliq rejimini tekshirmoqda va Ispaniya Gibraltarni soliq panohi deb biladi. Buyuk Britaniya Gibraltar Evropa Ittifoqining jinoiy daromadlarni legallashtirishga, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri soliqqa tortishga va moliyaviy nazoratga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha barcha qonunlariga javob beradi deb hisoblaydi.[5]:5/16

Gibraltarda soliqlarni to'lashdan bo'yin tovlashga qarshi shartnomalar bilan mustahkam moliyaviy tartibga solish tizimi mavjud, shu jumladan 79 mamlakat bilan, shu qatorda Evropa Ittifoqining barcha davlatlari bilan soliq ma'lumotlari almashinuvi,[7] javob bermagan Ispaniyadan tashqari.[8] Birlashgan Qirollik Gibraltarni Evropa Ittifoqi tomonidan jinoiy faoliyatdan olingan daromadlarni legallashtirishga qarshi kurashni baholashni talab qildi.[7] Ispaniya Gibraltardan tamaki kontrabandasi va pul yuvish jinoyati 2014 yilda Evropa Ittifoqining firibgarlikka qarshi hisobotida qayd etilganini eslaydi.[5]:6/16

Gibraltar va Ispaniya o'rtasidagi quruqlik chegarasini kesib o'tish tekshiruvdan o'tkaziladi. Ispaniya tekshiruvlar siyosiy sabablarga ega emasligini, odatdagi noqonuniy odam savdosi bilan bog'liq muammolarga qarshi kurashish uchun Evropa Ittifoqining chegara qoidalariga qat'iy rioya qilinishini ta'minlash zarurligini va Ispaniya Evropa Ittifoqining chegara o'tishni yaxshilash bo'yicha tavsiyalariga amal qilishini ta'kidlamoqda. Tekshirish punktining joylashuvi Ispaniya tomonidan tan olingan chegaraga to'g'ri kelmaydi. Aeroport - bu fuqarolar samolyotlarining ishlashiga ruxsat berilgan harbiy hudud. Ispaniya aerodrom Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan noqonuniy ravishda egallab olinganini da'vo qilmoqda. Buyuk Britaniyaning ta'kidlashicha, suverenitet aerodrom qurilgan istmus hududiga to'g'ri keladi. Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, Gibraltar atrofidagi hududiy suvlarda uch millik cheklovni talab qilmoqda, Ispaniya esa Gibraltar portlaridan tashqari barcha hududlarga dengiz huquqlarini talab qilmoqda. Ispaniya kemalarining Gibraltar hududiy suvlariga bostirib kirishi haqidagi Buyuk Britaniyaning da'volari Ispaniya tomonidan o'z suvlarida Ispaniya kemalarining muntazam faoliyatini aks ettirish uchun ko'rib chiqilmoqda.[5]:7/16

2004 yilda Ispaniya, Buyuk Britaniya va Gibraltar ishtirok etishi bilan uch tomonlama muhokama tizimi boshlandi. Muhokamalar 2010 yilda Buyuk Britaniya va Gibraltar 2012 yildan 2014 yilgacha davom etishlarini so'rab yakunlandi. Ispaniya forum endi mavjud emasligiga va faqatgina maxsus mahalliy masalalar bo'yicha munozaralar o'tkazilishi kerak Gibraltar Campo shuningdek, kiritilgan.[5]:10/16

2015 yilda Buyuk Britaniya suverenitetga bo'lgan da'vosini yana bir bor tasdiqladi, Gibraltar 2006 yilgi konstitutsiyada belgilangan taqdirda o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqiga ega va Gibraltar rozi bo'lmaguncha va Buyuk Britaniya Gibraltarni himoya qilish majburiyatini olganiga qadar Buyuk Britaniya hech qanday suverenitet muhokamalariga kirishmaydi. uning xalqi va iqtisodiyoti. Buyuk Britaniya dengiz bo'ylab uch milya chegarasida yoki BMTning dengiz qonuni to'g'risidagi konvensiyasiga binoan o'rtacha chiziqgacha uzaytirilgan quruqlik ustidan suverenitetni da'vo qildi. Har qanday bahs Gibraltarni o'z ichiga olishi kerak, chunki ularning konstitutsiyasi ularga ko'plab masalalarda yagona vakolat bergan.[5]:11/16

Gibraltar bu Evropadagi so'nggi mustamlaka bo'lib qoldi, chunki Ispaniya hukumati Gibraltariyaliklarga nisbatan o'z taqdirini belgilashning ajralmas printsipi qo'llanilmasligi kerakligini ta'kidladi, chunki Ispaniya Gibraltarni BMTning o'zini o'zi boshqarmaydiganlar ro'yxatidan chiqarib tashlash to'g'risidagi yillik talabiga to'sqinlik qildi. Hududlar.[5]:12/16 Gibraltariya hukumati Gibraltar samarali bo'lganligini ta'kidlamoqda dekolonizatsiya qilingan.[9][10][11][12]

Britaniya pozitsiyasi

Uning dalillarida Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasi 2008 yilda, Jim Merfi Deputat, Evropa davlat vaziri aytilgan:[13]

Buyuk Britaniya hukumati hech qachon Gibraltar hukumati va ularning xalqining kelishuvisiz suverenitet to'g'risida bitim tuzmaydi. Darhaqiqat, biz hech qachon bu kelishuvsiz jarayonga kirmaymiz. "Hech qachon" so'zi muhim va aniq majburiyatni yubormaydi va maqsad uchun ishlatilgan. Biz ushbu xabarni Gibraltar va Ispaniya xalqlariga va hukumatlariga ishonch bilan etkazdik. Bu Buyuk Britaniyaning pozitsiyasi sifatida qabul qilinganimiz bilan munosabatlarimiz etukligining belgisidir.

Britaniya hukumati buni rad etdi mustaqillik Gibraltar, chunki inglizlarning fikriga ko'ra Utrext shartnomasiga binoan Ispaniyaning roziligi talab qilinadi,[14] va Gibraltarning Birlashgan Qirollikka qo'shilishini rad etdi.

Buyuk Britaniyaning hukumati fikriga ko'ra, Gibraltarning o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqi Utrext shartnomasi bilan cheklanmaydi, faqat X moddasi Ispaniyaga rad javobini berish huquqini Angliya suverenitetidan voz kechishi sharti bilan istisno qiladi. Shunday qilib, mustaqillik faqat Ispaniyaning roziligi bilan tanlov bo'ladi.

Integratsiya opsiyasi 1976 yil 26 iyunda, Britaniya hukumati tomonidan chiqarilganda rad etilgan Xattersli to'g'risidagi memorandum "Ispaniya tomonidan cheklangan cheklovlarni uzaytirishga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan yangiliklardan qochish" maqsadida integratsiyani bekor qilish.[15]

Gibraltariya pozitsiyasi

Gibraltar, Ispaniyaning da'volarini asossiz deb hisoblaydi, o'ng tomonga ishora qilmoqda o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash BMT nizomiga binoan BMT tomonidan kafolatlangan va tasdiqlangan barcha xalqlarning. Uning 1-moddasida "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maqsadi ... xalqlarning teng huquqliligi va o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash tamoyiliga hurmat asosida xalqlar o'rtasida do'stona munosabatlarni rivojlantirishdir", deyilgan.

Xuddi shu qismning 2-qismiga Qaror 1514 (XV) shunday deydi: "Barcha xalqlar o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqiga ega; ushbu huquq tufayli ular siyosiy maqomlarini erkin belgilaydilar va o'zlarining iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy rivojlanishlarini erkin amalga oshirmoqdalar."

Bundan tashqari, 2231 (XXI) rezolyutsiyaning o'zi 1514 (XV) (Gibraltarning o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqini kafolatlovchi) qarorini eslaydi va bajarilishini talab qiladi va shuning uchun Ispaniyaning hududiy yaxlitligi to'g'risidagi da'vosi (Gibraltarning dekolonizatsiyasi ta'sir qilmaydi) mumkin emas deb hisoblaydi. Gibraltar aholisining 1514 (XV) qaroriga binoan yoki Nizomga binoan huquqlarini almashtirish yoki o'chirish. Shu nuqtai nazardan, Ispaniya Utrext shartnomasida keltirilgan "reversioner" bandi asosida talab qilishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday qo'shimcha huquq bekor qilindi va 103-moddasiga binoan bekor qilindi. BMT Nizomi: "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti a'zolarining ushbu Nizom bo'yicha majburiyatlari va boshqa har qanday xalqaro bitim bo'yicha majburiyatlari o'rtasida ziddiyat yuzaga kelgan taqdirda, ushbu Nizom bo'yicha majburiyatlari ustunlik qiladi."

Gibraltarning Milliy kuni, 2013 yil

Va nihoyat, Xalqaro huquqda yoki BMT doktrinasida o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqining o'rnini bosadigan hech qanday printsip mavjud emasligi ta'kidlanadi. Shu munosabat bilan, 2008 yilda BMTning 4-qo'mitasi suverenitet to'g'risidagi nizo o'z taqdirini belgilashga ta'sir ko'rsatdi degan da'voni rad etdi va uni insonning asosiy huquqi ekanligini tasdiqladi.[16]

Gibraltar hukumati, shuningdek, Gibraltar Buyuk Britaniyaning hududi ekanligini va shuning uchun ta'rifi bo'yicha boshqa biron bir davlatning ajralmas qismi emasligini ta'kidlab, Ispaniyaning hududiy yaxlitligiga Gibraltarda sodir bo'ladigan har qanday narsa ta'sir qilishi mumkin emasligini anglatadi: "Hatto bir hududni birlashtirishni talab qilgan bo'lsa ham manfaatdor davlat, odamlarning erkin ifoda etilgan irodasini aniqlamasdan turib bo'lmaydi sine qua non barcha dekolonizatsiya. "

2002 yil sentyabr oyida Gibraltarda o'tkazilgan referendumda Gibraltariya saylovchilari hatto qisman Ispaniya suverenitetini rad etishdi.[17]

2008 yil mart oyida Buyuk Britaniya parlamentining tashqi ishlar qo'mitasida so'zlashuv Piter Karuana Gibraltarning bosh vaziri ta'kidladi:

Ispaniya Gibraltar qonun bo'yicha Angliya hududi ekanligi haqida bahslashmaydi. Shuning uchun, bu bahsli er emas. Uning Gibraltar suverenitetini qaytarish to'g'risida siyosiy da'volari bor, lekin u xalqaro huquqda u suverenitetni abadiy Buyuk Britaniyaga topshirganligi va shuning uchun bu shubhasiz Buyuk Britaniyaning suveren hududi ekanligi bilan bahslashmaydi.[18]

Gibraltariyaliklar munosabatlari yaxshilanganiga qaramay Ispaniyaga nisbatan ishonchsiz bo'lib qolmoqdalar.[19][20][21]

Ispaniyaning pozitsiyasi

Ispaniyaning an'anaviy pozitsiyasi asoslanadi hududiy yaxlitlik, bo'yicha BMTning 1514-sonli qarori (XV) (1960), Ispaniyaga ko'ra, huquqni to'ldiradi va cheklaydi o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash:

"Mamlakatning milliy birligi va hududiy yaxlitligini qisman yoki umuman buzishga qaratilgan har qanday urinishlar Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavining maqsadlari va tamoyillariga mos kelmaydi."

1960 yillar davomida BMT Bosh assambleyasi ushbu masala bo'yicha beshta rezolyutsiya qabul qildi (2231 (XXI), "Gibraltar savoli").[22] va 2353 (XXII), "Gibraltar savoli"[23]). Gibraltarni dekolonizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qarorlarda Gibraltariyaliklarning "istaklari" emas, balki "manfaatlari" ga e'tibor qaratilgan. Oxirgi qarorda:

mamlakatning milliy birligi va hududiy yaxlitligini qisman yoki to'liq buzadigan har qanday mustamlakachilik holati Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavining maqsadlari va tamoyillariga va ayniqsa Bosh assambleyaning 1514 (XV) qarorining 6-bandiga mos kelmaydi [... ] Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirollik hukumatlarini mustamlakachilik holatiga chek qo'yish maqsadida Bosh Assambleyaning 2070 (XX) va 2231 (XXI) qarorlarida ko'zda tutilgan muzokaralarni kechiktirmasdan davom ettirishga taklif qiladi. Gibraltar va aholi manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun.

Bunday nuqtai nazardan, Gibraltariya aholisi Buyuk Britaniya va boshqa mamlakatlarning oddiy "ko'chmanchilari" sifatida qaraladi va ularning xohish-istaklarini emas, balki faqat o'z manfaatlarini himoya qilish kerak (o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash huquqi o'z ichiga oladi). Gibraltarni Angliya-Gollandiya qo'shinlari tomonidan 1704 yilda qo'lga kiritilgandan so'ng, 5000 ta Ispaniya aholisidan atigi 70 ga yaqini Gibraltarda qolishni tanlaganligi ularning ko'chmanchi ekanliklarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[24] Shuning uchun Ispaniya Gibraltar nizosi Buyuk Britaniya bilan mutlaqo ikki tomonlama masala ekanligini ta'kidladi va Gibraltariyaliklarning roli va irodasini inobatga olmadi.

Gibraltarni Ispaniyaga qaytarishga qanday erishish to'g'risida birinchi rasmiy taklif 1966 yil 18-mayda qilingan Ispaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri, Fernando Kastiella. Taklif uchta banddan iborat edi:[25][26]

  1. "Utrext shartnomasining bekor qilinishi va keyinchalik Gibraltarning Ispaniyaga qaytishi."
  2. "Gibraltarda Britaniya bazasining qolishi, undan foydalanish ma'lum bir Angliya-Ispaniya kelishuviga binoan."
  3. "Gibraltariyaliklar uchun Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining kafolati bilan Gibraltarda yoki Ispaniyaning boshqa biron bir joyidagi madaniy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy manfaatlarini, shu jumladan ularning Britaniya fuqaroligini himoya qiladigan" Shaxsiy Nizom ". Shuningdek," tegishli ... ma'muriy formulada "kelishish kerak."

Ushbu taklif Britaniya hukumati va Gibraltariya tomonidan rad etildi, ular aksariyat hollarda Buyuk Britaniya suvereniteti ostida qolishga ovoz berishdi. 1967 yilda bo'lib o'tgan referendum (12,138 dan 44 gacha).

Natijada, BMT Bosh assambleyasi o'zining yigirma uchinchi sessiyasi davomida 1968 yildagi 2429 (XXIII) qarorni qabul qildi, 1967 yildagi referendumni qoraladi va Buyuk Britaniyadan muzokaralarni kechiktirmaslikni so'radi.[27]

Keyingi qirq yil davomida Ispaniyaning da'volari uchun boshqa avansga erishilmadi. Shu nuqtai nazardan, Ispaniya pozitsiyasi yumshaganga o'xshaydi va Ispaniya tomonidan taklif qilingan va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati bilan muhokama qilingan qo'shma suverenitetga erishish uchun qandaydir vaqtinchalik yoki doimiy kelishuvga yo'naltirildi. Bunday taklifni Ispaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri kiritdi, Fernando Moran, 1985 yilda. Taklif tafsilotlari oshkor qilinmadi, ammo e'lon qilingan ma'lumot Gibraltarlarning turmush tarzini saqlab, Gibraltarni Ispaniyaga "qayta integratsiya qilish" uchun Buyuk Britaniya bilan tuzilgan shartnomani taklif qildi. Ular Britaniya fuqaroligini, shuningdek mavjud siyosiy va mehnat huquqlarini, o'zini o'zi boshqarish va institutlarini saqlab qolishgan. Moran taklif qildi a kondominyum yoki ijaraga berish to'g'risidagi kelishuv 15 yoki 20 yillik muddat davomida kelishilishi kerak.[28] Ushbu taklif rasmiy ravishda rad etilmagan Duglas Xerd, Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri, 1993 yilgacha.

1997 yilda Ispaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri tomonidan ikkinchi taklif kiritildi. Abel Matutes, Ispaniyaga aniq ko'chib o'tgunga qadar qo'shma suverenitetning yuz yillik davrini oldindan ko'rish.[29] Xuddi shunday sxema 2002 yil bahorida Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya hukumatlari o'rtasida vaqtincha kelishib olindi, ammo Gibraltariyaliklar tomonidan doimiy qarshilik ko'rsatilgandan so'ng, oxir-oqibat tark etildi. Gibraltar suvereniteti bo'yicha referendum 2002 yil.

Ispaniya 2016 yilda BMTga xabar bergan:

  • Buyuk Britaniya suverenitet to'g'risida muzokaralardan bosh tortgan edi[5]:12/16
  • Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan egallab olingan er Utrext shartnomasi berganidan kattaroq edi[5]:13/16
  • bu Ispaniyaning hududiy yaxlitligini tiklash o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash uchun emas, balki kalit edi[5]:13/16
  • 2006 yilgi konstitutsiya Gibraltarning xalqaro maqomini o'zgartirmagan, chunki mahalliy hokimiyat organlari (Ispaniya ma'lumotlariga ko'ra) Ispaniya hududini noqonuniy bosib olish to'g'risidagi muzokaralarga aralashishga haqli emas edilar.[5]:13/16
  • Ispaniya ushbu hududdagi odamlar yoki Ispaniya yoki Evropa Ittifoqi moliya uchun zarar etkazadigan har qanday vaziyatga rozi bo'lmaydi[5]:13/16
  • chegara tekshiruvlari Evropa Ittifoqi tomonidan tartibga solingan va tamaki tamaki noqonuniy savdosini to'xtatish uchun ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, mintaqaga soliq tushumini kamaytirgan va Gibraltar soliq panohi sifatida ishlagan.[5]:13/16
  • Ispaniya Buyuk Britaniya bilan suverenitet masalalarini muhokama qilishdan va to'rt tomonlama bo'lishdan xursand edi maxsus mahalliy muammolarni muhokama qilish[5]:13/16[30]

Qaror muhokamalari

Ispaniya Gibraltar mojarosi Buyuk Britaniya va Ispaniya o'rtasidagi ikki tomonlama masala ekanligini ta'kidladi. Ushbu tamoyil o'z aksini topgan ko'rinadi Birlashgan Millatlar bo'yicha qarorlar dekolonizatsiya Gibraltariyaliklarning "manfaatlari" ga e'tibor qaratgan 1960 yillarda Gibraltarning. Bilan gaplashish BMT C24 2006 yilda Gibraltarning bosh vaziri, Piter Karuana, "1988 yildan buyon Gibraltar ikki tomonlama rad etganligi barchaga ma'lum va hujjatlashtirilgan va qabul qilingan. Bryussel jarayoni va hech qachon bunga rozi bo'lmaydi. "[31]

2004 yil qaytishi bilan Ispaniyada chap-chap qanot hukumati, Ispaniyaning yangi pozitsiyasi qabul qilindi va 2005 yil dekabr oyida Buyuk Britaniya, Ispaniya va Gibraltar hukumatlari uch tomonning teng ishtirokida har qanday qaror yoki har uchalasi tomonidan kelishib olinadigan shartnomalar.[32] Bu tomonidan tasdiqlangan 2006 yil Kordoba shartnomasi. Ispaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Malaga (Ispaniya), Faro (Portugaliya) va Malorka (Ispaniya) dagi uchrashuvlardan so'ng Migel Anxel Moratinos bir qator o'zaro masalalarni muhokama qilish uchun 2009 yil iyul oyida Gibraltarga bordi. Bu Gibraltar berilgandan beri Ispaniyaga birinchi rasmiy tashrif edi. Suverenitet masalasi muhokama qilinmadi.[33]

2010 yildan boshlab Ispaniya uch tomonlama dialog tugaganligini va Buyuk Britaniya bilan to'rt tomonlama ikki tomonlama kelishuvga bo'lgan dastlabki chaqiriqqa qaytishini da'vo qilmoqda. maxsus Campo de Gibraltarni o'z ichiga oladigan uchrashuvlar.

Gibraltar siyosiy rivojlanishi

Gibraltariyaliklar Birlashgan Qirollik bilan hozirgi darajani aks ettiruvchi va kengaytiradigan zamonaviy maqom va munosabatlarni izladilar o'zini o'zi boshqarish.

Yangi konstitutsiya tartibi 2006 yilda Gibraltarni ko'proq harakatga keltirgan referendumda tasdiqlangan Tojga qaramlik - avvalgi mustamlakachilik maqomidan ko'ra, Buyuk Britaniya bilan munosabatlarga o'xshaydi.[34] Yangi konstitutsiya 2007 yil yanvarida kuchga kirdi. Gibraltar a Buyuk Britaniyaning xorijdagi hududi.

Buyuk Britaniyaning BMT vakiliga yozgan xatida, Emir Jons Parri, yozadi: "Yangi konstitutsiya Gibraltar va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasidagi zamonaviy munosabatlarni ta'minlaydi. Menimcha, bu ta'rif mustamlakachilikka asoslangan har qanday munosabatlarga taalluqli bo'ladi."[35]

Bosh vazir Piter Karuana 2008 yilda yangi konstitutsiyaga oid BMTning dekolonizatsiya bo'yicha maxsus qo'mitasiga murojaat qildi. U Gibraltar hukumatining "Bizga kelsak, Gibraltarni dekolonizatsiya qilish endi kutilayotgan muammo emas" degan fikrini ilgari surdi.[36]

Bunga parallel ravishda Gibraltar hukumati suverenitet masalasini chetga surib, boshqa nizolarni hal qilish uchun Ispaniya bilan muzokaralar olib bordi.

Qarama-qarshiliklar

Istmus

Asosiy maqola: Gibraltar va Ispaniya o'rtasidagi istmusning bahsli holati

Gibraltar hududi 800 metrlik qismni o'z ichiga oladi istmus qoyani bog'laydigan[37] Ispaniya bilan. Ispaniyaning ta'kidlashicha, istmusning ushbu qismi hech qachon Ispaniya tomonidan berilmagan; aksincha, uni inglizlar asta-sekin amalda egallab olishdi.[38]

Gibraltarning istmusning janubiy yarmiga o'sishi ko'chib o'tgan hududning eng shimoliy qismida ikkita qal'a qurilishi bilan boshlandi. 1815 yilda Gibraltar a sariq isitma epidemik. Bu Ispaniyaning imtiyoziga olib keldi, shuning uchun istmusda vaqtincha karantin sog'liqni saqlash lagerini qurish mumkin edi. Vabo tugaganidan so'ng, inglizlar lagerni olib tashlamadilar. 1854 yilda yangi epidemiya ko'proq sog'liqni saqlash lagerlarini qo'zg'atdi, natijada Gibraltar ushbu qo'shimcha 800 metr erni egallab oldi. Istmusning ishg'ol qilinishi 1938-1939 yillarda qurilishi bilan yakunlandi aerodrom davomida Ispaniyadagi fuqarolar urushi.[39]

Utrext shartnomasida Buyuk Britaniyaning Gibraltar ustidan 1713 yildagi kabi shaharning mustahkam perimetri ustidan suvereniteti haqida zikr qilinmagan edi. Ammo Shartnoma shaharni "unga tegishli bo'lgan port, istehkomlar va qal'alar bilan birga" berib yubordi. joriy chegara chizig'i.[iqtibos kerak ] Buyuk Britaniya boshqa da'volar Istmusning janubiy yarmiga unvon, uzoq vaqt davomida doimiy egalik qilishga asoslangan.

Hozirgi chegara shimolidagi hudud 1730-yillarda Ispaniya tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan edi Ispaniya chiziqlari yoki undan to'g'ri Gibraltarning ziddiyatli chiziqlari.

Hududiy suvlar

Buyuk Britaniya ham, Ispaniya ham Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Dengiz huquqi to'g'risidagi konvensiyasi 1982 yil, mamlakatlarning okeanik hududiy da'volarini boshqaradi. Konventsiya ratifikatsiya qilingandan so'ng, har ikki davlat ham Gibraltarga oid bayonotlarida bayonot berdi. Ispaniyaning bayonoti:

2. Konventsiyani ratifikatsiya qilishda Ispaniya ushbu harakatni Gibraltar dengiz kosmosiga nisbatan 1713 yil 13 iyuldagi Utrext shartnomasining 10-moddasiga kiritilmagan har qanday huquq yoki maqomni tan olish sifatida talqin qilish mumkin emasligini bildirmoqchi. Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya tojlari. Bundan tashqari, Ispaniya Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Dengiz huquqi bo'yicha uchinchi konferentsiyasining III qarori Gibraltar mustamlakasiga taalluqli, deb hisoblamaydi, bu dekolonizatsiya jarayoniga bog'liq bo'lib, unda faqat Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh Assambleyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan tegishli qarorlar qabul qilinadi. tegishli.[40]

Britaniya hukumati Ispaniyaning bayonotiga o'z bayonotida javob berdi:

Ispaniya hukumati Konventsiyani ratifikatsiya qilganidan keyin e'lon qilingan deklaratsiyaning 2-bandiga kelsak, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Buyuk Britaniyaning Gibraltar, shu jumladan uning hududiy suvlari ustidan suverenitetiga shubha qilmaydi. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Gibraltarning ma'muriy organi sifatida Buyuk Britaniyaning Konvensiyaga qo'shilishini va Shartnomani Gibraltarga ratifikatsiya qilishni uzaytirdi. Shuning uchun Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Ispaniya deklaratsiyasining 2-bandini asossiz deb rad etadi.[41]

Shu bilan birga, Konvensiyaning 309 va 310-moddalarida "Ushbu Konventsiyaning boshqa moddalari tomonidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yo'l qo'yilmasa, ushbu Konventsiyaga hech qanday eslatma va istisnolar qo'yilishi mumkin emas" va agar imzolagan davlat ratifikatsiya qilish to'g'risida deklaratsiya qilsa, ushbu deklaratsiya " ushbu davlatga nisbatan ushbu Konventsiya qoidalarini istisno qilish yoki ularning huquqiy ta'sirini o'zgartirish uchun ".[42]

Hududiy suvlar to'g'risidagi nizo 2013 yilda baliq ovi bilan bog'liq mojarodan keyin qayta tiklangan[43] Britaniyaning xazina kemasi topilishi bilan yanada muhimroq bo'lib tuyulishi mumkin, HMS Sasseks, va "Qora oqqush" loyihasi tortishuv.

Ilgari suvlar to'g'risida savollar berilgan Jamiyat palatasi va quyidagicha javob berdi:

Xalqaro qonunchilikka binoan, davlatlar o'zlarining dengiz dengizini maksimal 12 dengiz miliga qadar kengaytirish huquqiga ega, lekin talab qilinmaydi. Ikki davlatning qirg'oqlari bir-biriga qarama-qarshi yoki qo'shni bo'lgan joyda, umumiy qoida shundan iboratki, agar ular boshqacha kelishmasa, o'z hududiy dengizini o'rtacha chiziqdan tashqariga chiqarishga haqli emas. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Gibraltar misolida uchta dengiz milining chegarasi etarli deb hisoblaydi.

Gibraltar hukumati o'z navbatida g'arbiy qismida ikki dengiz miliga cheklangan uch dengiz milidan ortiq hududiy suvga iqtisodiy yoki ijtimoiy ehtiyoj yo'q deb hisoblaydi. Gibraltar ko'rfazi tufayli Britaniya va Ispaniya quruqlik o'rtasidagi o'rtacha chiziq.[44]

2008 yil oxirida Evropa Komissiyasi Gibraltarni o'rab turgan hududiy suvlarning aksariyatini Ispaniya tomonidan saqlanib qolinadigan "Estrecho Oriental" deb nomlanuvchi dengizni muhofaza qilish zonasi ostiga kiritdi. Buyuk Britaniya Gibraltarning ko'magi bilan sud ishlarini boshlab yubordi, ular dastlab rad etishdi Bosh sud protsessual asoslarda. 2011 yildagi apellyatsiya shikoyati yana protsessual asoslarda bekor qilindi.[45] Evropa Adliya sudi ushbu apellyatsiya shikoyati ustidan yana 2012 yilda qaror chiqardi.[46]

Ushbu da'vo qilingan hududiy suvlar ichida Ispaniyaning patrul kemalari bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar bo'lgan. 2009 yil may oyida Ispaniyaning Gibraltar atrofidagi da'vo qilingan suvlariga, shu jumladan Ispaniya dengiz flotining baliqchilikni muhofaza qilish kemasi tomonidan bostirib kirildi, bu politsiya aralashishiga va Buyuk Britaniyaning diplomatik noroziligiga olib keldi.[47][48]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining dengiz huquqi to'g'risidagi konvensiyasiga binoan, Gibraltar bo'g'ozidan o'tuvchi kemalar buni tranzit o'tish, aksincha cheklangan begunoh parcha aksariyat hududiy suvlarda ruxsat etilgan.[44][49]

Iqtisodiyot

Asosiy maqola: Gibraltar iqtisodiyoti

Ispaniya hukumati bahslashmoqda[50] Gibraltar soliq sxemalari Ispaniya iqtisodiyotiga zarar etkazishi. 2005 yil yanvar oyida Raqobat bo'yicha Evropa komissari so'radi Buyuk Britaniya (Gibraltarning tashqi aloqalari uchun mas'ul) raqobatni buzishi mumkin bo'lgan noqonuniy davlat yordami asosida Gibraltarning soliqlardan ozod qilingan kompaniya rejimini 2010 yil oxiriga qadar (eng kechi) bekor qilish.[51] Boshqalardan farqli o'laroq soliq boshpanalari kabi Andorra, Gibraltar fiskal ma'lumot almashish bo'yicha Ispaniya bilan o'zaro kelishuv imzolamagan, garchi bunday kelishuv Gibraltar hukumati tomonidan taklif qilingan bo'lsa-da, Ispaniya Gibraltarni o'zining diplomatik hamkori deb hisoblamagani uchun uni qabul qilishdan bosh tortgan.[52][tekshirib bo'lmadi ] Ko'tarilgan yana bir tashvish[kim tomonidan? ] har kuni minglab ispanlar Gibraltarda valyuta kurslari va yo'qligi sababli tovarlarni arzonroq narxlarda sotib olishadi QQS, Ispaniya o'rniga Gibraltar iqtisodiyotiga hissa qo'shadi.

Ispaniya hukumati fiskal ma'lumotlar almashinuvini ko'paytirmoqchi[50] Gibraltar banklaridan foydalanishni oldini olish maqsadida soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash va pul yuvish. Buyuk Britaniya Jamiyat palatasi Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha qo'mita Gibraltar har doim ham ushbu faoliyatni oldini olish uchun barcha xalqaro va Evropa Ittifoqi talablariga rioya qilganligini aniqlaydigan so'rov yubordi.

Ispaniyaning Gibraltarga qarshi bir qator da'volari deyarli butunlay mazmunsiz bo'lib chiqadi degan xulosaga keldik. Ko'pgina hollarda Gibraltar hukumati emas, balki Buyuk Britaniya hukumati ham savdo qiladi. Aslida asos qilib bo'lmaydigan ayblovlar ilgari surilgani juda achinarli. Agar noto'g'ri ishlarning aniq dalillari ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tezda muammo bilan shug'ullanishi kerak. Ammo ayblovlar asossiz ekan, Britaniya hukumati ularni zudlik bilan va qat'iyat bilan rad etishda davom etishi kerak.[53]

"Xalqaro moliya markazi" deb nomlangan,[54] Gibraltar tomonidan belgilangan 35 yurisdiktsiyalar orasida edi Iqtisodiy hamkorlik va taraqqiyot tashkiloti (OECD) a soliq boshpana 2000 yil iyun oyida.[55] OECDning 2001 yilda OECDning zararli soliq amaliyoti loyihasi bo'yicha taraqqiyot to'g'risidagi hisobotiga binoan o'z zimmasiga olgan majburiyat natijasida, Gibraltar OECDning hamkorlik qilmaydigan soliq zonalari ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan.[55] Biroq, OECD 2009 yil aprel oyida amalga oshirilgan ishlar to'g'risidagi hisobotida Gibraltarni, garchi majburiyat bajarilgan bo'lsa-da, hali "xalqaro miqyosda kelishilgan soliq standarti" amalga oshirilmagan "yurisdiktsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritdi.[56] Gibraltar 12 ta qo'shimcha imzolagandan so'ng Soliq ma'lumotlari almashinuvi to'g'risidagi shartnomalar (TIEAs), 2009 yil oktyabr holatiga ko'ra, Buyuk Britaniya, AQSh va Germaniyani o'z ichiga olgan yurisdiktsiyalar bilan,[57] Gibraltar OECDning "oq ro'yxati" ga kiritilgan. Hozirda OECD tomonidan "asosan muvofiq" ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Soliq maqsadlari uchun shaffoflik va ma'lumot almashish bo'yicha global forum.[58]

Bilan birga Men oroli va Kipr, Gibraltar an sifatida ishlatilgan xalqaro moliya markazi tomonidan Ruscha konglomerat Yukos /Menatep.[59]

Ba'zi Gibraltariyaliklar haqida da'volar mavjud motorli qayiqlar giyohvand moddalar va tamaki kontrabandasi bilan shug'ullanmoqda.[60] Biroq, 1996 yildan beri a Gibraltarda qonun ularning egaligi va importini litsenziyalovchi va Gibraltar suvlariga litsenziyasiz kemalarning kirib kelishini taqiqlovchi tezkor uchishlarni boshqarish. 2014 yilda Evropa Ittifoqining firibgarlik idorasi OLAF inspektorlari Ispaniya hukumatlariga tamaki kontrabandasini tergov qilishni talab qilib, 30 mingdan kam aholisi bo'lgan Gibraltarning 2013 yilda 117 million paket sigaret olib kirganligini fosh etdilar.[iqtibos kerak ] 2015 yilda Ispaniya hukumati tamaki kontrabandasi bo'yicha yirik operatsiyani to'xtatib, 65 ming quti sigaretani, beshta qayiqni, ikkita o'qotar qurolni, aloqa uskunalarini va 100 000 evro naqd pulni musodara qildi.[61] Rasmiylarning taxminlariga ko'ra, guruh har hafta Ispaniyaga kontrabanda kontrabandasi orqali 150 ming dona kontrabanda mahsulotini olib kirgan.[61]

Harbiy ahamiyatga ega

Harbiy nazorat Gibraltar bo'g'ozi tarixan Gibraltarning eng muhim ishlatilishi bo'lib, Buyuk Britaniyaga Sharqqa o'z savdo yo'llarini himoya qilishga imkon berdi. Britaniya admirali Lord Fisher deb ta'kidladi Gibraltar bilan birga dunyoni qulflagan beshta kalitdan biri edi Dover, Iskandariya, Yaxshi umid burni va Singapur, ularning barchasi bir vaqtning o'zida Britaniya tomonidan nazorat qilingan.[62]

1953 yilda qurilgan AQSh bilan uning harbiy ahamiyati kamaydi Rota dengiz stantsiyasi (mintaqadagi eng yirik Ittifoq bazasi) va oxirigacha Sovuq urush, ammo bu hali ham muhim pozitsiyadir, chunki har yili bo'g'oz orqali global dengiz transporti tranzitining to'rtdan bir qismidan ko'prog'i.[iqtibos kerak ] Boğazı nazorat qilish NATO uchun juda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Boğazı nazorat qilish vazifasi an'anaviy ravishda NATO tomonidan Buyuk Britaniyaga yuklangan, ammo so'nggi paytlarda Ispaniya o'zining qurolli kuchlarida va Ispaniyaning ushbu zonadagi bazalarida erishgan yutuqlari NATOni qayta ko'rib chiqishga majbur qildi.[63] Biroq, Ispaniya Amerika ma'muriyati bilan bo'lgan keskin munosabatlar Jorj V.Bush va AQShning Buyuk Britaniya bilan maxsus do'stligi Bo'g'ozni nazorat qilish uchun NATOning Buyuk Britaniya va Marokashga nisbatan qulay pozitsiyasini egallashiga sabab bo'ldi.[64]

Nizoning qayta paydo bo'lishi

1953 yil: nizoni qayta tiklash

1954 yil may oyida, Ispaniyaning e'tirozlariga qaramay, Qirolicha Yelizaveta II Gibraltarga tashrif buyurdi. Ispaniya diktatori Frantsisko Franko The Rock-ga yana da'vo qilgan edi. Britaniya milliy arxivi 1953 yildagi hujjatlar Franko Ispaniya hududiga hujum qilmaslik evaziga Qoyaga va'da qilingan deb da'vo qilganini ko'rsatmoqda Ikkinchi jahon urushi. The Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi Franko da'vosining asosi bor yoki yo'qligini bilish uchun o'zlarining ishlarini to'liq ko'rib chiqdilar. Ispaniyalik kommyunike "maxfiy va ishonarli bo'lmagan hujjat" deb nomlangan maxfiy eslatma va hukumat da'volarga izoh berishdan bosh tortib, nizoni tugatdi.[65]

1967 va 2002 yilgi referendumlar

A Suverenitet to'g'risida 1967 yilgi referendum Britaniya hukumati tomonidan tashkil etilgan bo'lib, saylovchilarning 99,6% Buyuk Britaniya suvereniteti ostida qolishga ovoz bergan.

Bir soniyada suverenitet bo'yicha referendum Gibraltar hukumati tomonidan 2002 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan bo'lib, Ispaniya bilan suverenitetni taqsimlash taklifiga binoan 187 kishi "ha" (1%) va 17 900 "yo'q" (99%) ovoz bergan.[66] Savol:

25,000 Gibraltariyaliklar 2002 yil 18 martda qo'shma suverenitet takliflariga qarshi namoyish qilish

2002 yil 12 iyulda tashqi ishlar vaziri Jek Stro, jamoatlar palatasida rasmiy bayonotida, o'n ikki oylik muzokaralardan so'ng Britaniya hukumati va Ispaniya uzoq muddatli kelishuvga asos bo'ladigan ko'plab printsiplar bo'yicha keng kelishuvga erishganligini aytdi. Ispaniyaning suverenitet da'vosi, unda Buyuk Britaniya va Ispaniya Gibraltar ustidan suverenitetni baham ko'rishlari kerak degan tamoyil mavjud edi.

Buyuk Britaniya va Ispaniya Gibraltar ustidan suverenitetni bo'lishishi kerak degan printsipni ma'qullaysizmi?

Ispaniyaning reaktsiyasi jarayonning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga olishdan tortib, biron bir Ispaniya hukumati qo'shma suverenitet yoki Ispaniya bilan integratsiyani jozibali istiqbolga aylantirish uchun etarli ish qilmaganligini kuzatishgacha o'zgarib turardi.[67]

Ma'lum qilinishicha, Ispaniyaning "maxfiy mablag'lari" Gibraltarda Ispaniya suvereniteti da'vosiga ijobiy fikr yaratish uchun ishlatilgan.[68] Pulning qanday sarflangani noaniq bo'lib qolmoqda.

Ispaniyadagi cheklovlar

Gibraltar va Ispaniya chegarasidagi yopiq Ispaniya darvozasi, 1977 yil

Keyin Ispaniya konstitutsiyasi, Spain was still reluctant to re-open the border because of the consequences it might have.[iqtibos kerak ] However the border was re-opened in 1984, allowing free access between both sides, although Spain did not open ferry services until later. Further problems have been encountered regarding the airport, as it is placed on disputed neutral land. Ostida Lissabon shartnomasi of 1980:

Both Governments have reached agreement on the re-establishment of direct communications in the region. The Spanish Government has decided to suspend the application of the measures at present in force.

This was to include reinstatement of a ferry service between Gibraltar and Algeciras. This was finally reinstated after 40 years, on 16 December 2009, operated by the Spanish company Transcoma.[69]

At the end of 2006, the restrictions on the airport were removed as a result of the Córdoba Agreement (2006) and direct flights from Madrid by Iberiya ish boshladi.[70]

On 22 September 2008, however, Iberia announced that it would cease its flights to Madrid by 28 September due to "economic reasons", namely, lack of demand. This left Gibraltar without any air links with Spain,[71] until May 2009 when Air Andalus opened a service.[72] Air communications with Spain ceased again in August 2010, when Air Andalus lost its licence.

Spain demonstrated opposition to Gibraltar's membership ning UEFA.[73]

Disputes prior to Brexit

2000 – An issue of contention was the repair of the atom bilan ishlaydigan suv osti kemasi, HMSTinimsiz. The Government of Spain expressed its concern about the effective safety for the inhabitants of Gibraltar and the some 250,000 people living in the Gibraltar Campo, the adjacent area in Spain.

The inhabitants of the area saw this repair as a precedent of future repair operations in Gibraltar rather than the one-off emergency the British Government has claimed (no other nuclear submarine has been repaired in Gibraltar since). On the other hand, the Government of Gibraltar accused Spain of using this incident as an excuse to justify its 300-year-old sovereignty claim to Gibraltar. Despite many protests, the Government of Gibraltar allowed the work to be done after employing its own experts to confirm it could be undertaken safely. The submarine was in Gibraltar for a year before leaving, during which the repair was completed without incident.

Subsequently, Spanish politicians have complained about every nuclear submarine visit to Gibraltar, and have tried unsuccessfully to get a reassurance that this would totally stop. There have been no further protests against nuclear submarines in Gibraltar. Commenting, the Government of Gibraltar said: "Nuclear submarine visits to Gibraltar are a matter for the UK and Gibraltar. Visits for operational or recreational purposes are welcomed by the Gibraltar Government ... To our knowledge, it is not the position of the present Spanish Government or any previous Spanish Government, that it is opposed to visits by nuclear submarines."[iqtibos kerak ]

2002 – In the months that predated the referendum called by the Gibraltar government on the joint sovereignty agreement disagreements could be categorised as:

  • Control of the military installations. Spain wished to control the military installations of the territory, even in the event of joint sovereignty. This pretension was considered unacceptable by the Britaniya Mudofaa vazirligi.
  • The referendum itself. Both the Spanish and British governments stated that the referendum had no legal effect, but it clearly indicated the democratically expressed will of the people of Gibraltar to "not be Spanish". As the British Government is committed to respect those wishes, the idea of a joint sovereignty deal has been abandoned.

2004 – A visit by Malika qirolligi in June 2004, the brief return of HMS Tinimsiz in July 2004, together with the Tercentenary Celebrations of the capture of The Rock were subjects of complaint by the Spanish Government.

A new round of talks on a tri-lateral basis were proposed in October 2004 to discuss regional co-operation. In February 2005 the first talks took place at a meeting held in Málaga and subsequently in Portugaliya va London.

This is the first sign of formal recognition of the Government of Gibraltar, and has been generally welcomed. The main issues of the talks have been a new agreement on the aeroport, the pensions of the Spanish workers that worked in Gibraltar during the 1960s, and the removal of Spanish restrictions on telecommunications.

2006 – Those issues were successfully resolved in September 2006 in the Córdoba Agreement. The process continues.

2007 – A bulk carrier, the MVYangi alanga, ran aground south of Evropa nuqtasi in Gibraltar and broke up on the rif in August 2007, generating accusations of pollution in Spain and claims not only against the Government of Gibraltar but also against that of Spain.[74] Its cargo was scrap metal and the vessel's fuel was promptly drained.[75][76][77] The Government of Gibraltar claimed in December 2007 that the operation did not represent a material risk to the environment since the vessel had been defuelled and only small, remnant amounts of fuel remained in the engines themselves.[78] The Spanish branch of Greenpeace claimed that, as late as February 2008, fuel spills from the New Flame had polluted Spanish beaches around the Gibraltar ko'rfazi.[79] Official Spanish sources played this down stating that the fuel reaching the beaches of Algeciras was in "insignificant amounts".[80]

2009 – The dispute over British-claimed territorial waters gained prominence with deliberate incursions by Spain, triggering angry headlines in the UK tabloid press.[81] In December 2009, four armed Fuqaro muhofazasi officers were detained after three landed in Gibraltar in pursuit of two suspected smugglers, who were themselves arrested. The Spanish Interior Minister Alfredo Peres Rubalkaba personally telephoned Chief Minister Piter Karuana to apologise, stating that there were "no political intentions" behind the incident. The Chief Minister was prepared to accept it had not been a political act. The Spanish officers were released by the police the following day, who said that "Enquiries established that the Guardia Civil mistakenly entered Gibraltar Territorial Waters in issiq ta'qib and have since apologised for their actions."[82][83]

2012 – Ispaniya qirolichasi Sofiya cancelled plans to travel to the United Kingdom to participate in the Yelizaveta II ning olmos yubileyi. The cancellation was a protest in response to a planned visit to Gibraltar by Prince Edward. The Spanish government also lodged a protest to the planned visit by Shahzoda Edvard, Vesseks grafligi. Relations between Britain and Spain reportedly "returned to a state of growing confrontation" following the election of Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy ning Xalq partiyasi 2011 yil dekabrda.[84] Additional protests followed in August 2012 after Gibraltar abrogated an accord that allowed Spanish fishing boats to operate in its waters.[85][86]

2013 – Disagreements between Spain and the United Kingdom Government re-surfaced in July 2013, initially after the Gibraltar hukumati placed a number of concrete blocks in the sea off the coast of Gibraltar, intending to form an artificial reef. The Spanish Government protested however stating that it had a negative impact on fishing in the area, restricting access for Spanish fishing vessels. At the end of July the Spanish Government introduced extra border checks for people going in and out of the territory into Spain. The British Government protested as the checks were causing major delays of up to seven hours while people waited to cross the border, and on 2 August the Spanish Ambassador was summoned to the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London to discuss these developments.[87]

On 2 August 2013, Spanish Foreign Minister José Manuel Garcia-Margallo gave an interview to Spain's ABC gazeta. He announced possible plans to introduce a 50 euro border crossing fee for people going to and from Gibraltar, in response to the creation of the artificial reef. Plans to close Spanish airspace to Gibraltar bound flights were also reported, as were plans for an investigation by Spanish tax authorities into property owned by around 6,000 Gibraltarians in neighbouring parts of Spain. The Spanish Foreign Minister also mooted plans to changes in the law meaning British online gaming companies based in Gibraltar would have to base servers in Spain, meaning that they would come under Madrid's tax regime.

The British Foreign office responded to these comments: "The prime minister has made clear that the UK government will meet its constitutional commitments to the people of Gibraltar and will not compromise on sovereignty."[88]

Brexitning ta'siri

Asosiy maqola: Brexitning Gibraltarga ta'siri

After the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, despite a strong vote to remain in Gibraltar, on 23 June 2016, Spain reiterated its position that it wanted to jointly govern Gibraltar with the United Kingdom and said it would seek to block Gibraltar from participating in talks over future deals between the UK and EU.[89] The European council released a series of guidelines on negotiations for withdrawal, with core principal number 22 stating that any agreement affecting Gibraltar needed the agreement of Spain[90] suggesting that Spain had been given a veto while the United Kingdom re-iterated its commitment to Gibraltar.

EU Withdrawal Agreement

2018 yil 18 oktyabrda Ispaniya bosh vaziri Pedro Sanches announced that he had reached an agreement with Britain, declaring that a special protocol about Gibraltar was being prepared along with the Buyuk Britaniya hukumati and was hopeful to reach a good agreement for both parties.[91][92][93][94] However, on 19 November 2018, the Ispaniya hukumati threatened not to support the Brexit Agreement Draft because they say that an article was added without their consent that could be misunderstood and leave Spain without a say over Gibraltar.[95] On 22 November 2018, PM Sánchez and PM May discussed the problem but the Spanish PM declared that "our positions remain far away. My Government will always defend the interests of Ispaniya. If there are no changes, we will veto Brexit."[96][97][98] On 24 November 2018, Spain agreed not to veto the Brexit deal in exchange for a tripartite statement of the Evropa Komissiyasi Prezidenti va Evropa Kengashi Prezidenti, the UK Government and the Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo davlatlar saying that no deal would be reached about Gibraltar without Spain's consent. The European statement also declared that the EU does not consider Gibraltar to be part of the United Kingdom.[99][100][101]

Shuningdek qarang

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Manbalar

British sources

  • ^ Jorj Xills (1974). Ixtilof toshi. Gibraltar tarixi. London: Robert Xeyl. ISBN  0-7091-4352-4. Jorj Xills was a BBC World Service broadcaster, Spanish Historian and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Although listed as a 'British' source, Hills supports the Spanish view of Gibraltar. He died in 2002. His research documents are now available at King's College, UCL as a separate collection.
  • ^ Jekson, Uilyam (1990). Gibraltariya qoyasi. Gibraltar tarixi (2-nashr). Grendon, Northemptonshir, Buyuk Britaniya: Gibraltar kitoblari. General janob Uilyam Jekson was Governor of Gibraltar between 1978 and 1982, a military Historian and former Chairman of the Friends of Gibraltar Heritage.

Spanish sources

  • ^ Sepúlveda, Isidro (2004). Gibraltar. La razón y la fuerza (Gibraltar. The reason and the force). yilda Ispaniya. Madrid: Alianza tahririyati. ISBN  84-206-4184-7. Chapter 2, "La lucha por Gibraltar" (The Struggle for Gibraltar) is available onlayn (PDF). Isidro Sepúlveda Muñoz is a Contemporary History Professor in the UNED ("Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia").
  • ^ Kajal, Maximo (2003). Siglo XXI Editores (ed.). Ceuta, Melilla, Olivenza y Gibraltar. Donde termina España (Ceuta, Melilla, Olivenza y Gibraltar. Where Spain ends). Ispan tilida. Madrid: Siglo Veintiuno de España muharriri. ISBN  84-323-1138-3. Máximo Cajal is a Spanish diplomatist, ambassador in different countries and special representative of the former Spanish Prime Minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, in the Sivilizatsiyalar ittifoqi. He was the only survivor of the assault of the Embassy of Spain in Guatemala by the forces of the Guatemalan dictatorship in 1980.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Fawcett, J. E. S. Gibraltar: The Legal Issues in Xalqaro ishlar (Royal Institute of International Affairs), Vol. 43, No. 2 (Apr., 1967)