Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastinga bo'linish rejasi - United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

"Falastinning bo'linishi" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Falastinning Isroil, G'azo sektori va G'arbiy Sohilga bo'linishi uchun qarang 1949 yilgi sulh shartnomalari.

BMT Bosh assambleya
Qaror 181 (II)
BMT Falastinning bo'linish versiyalari 1947.jpg
UNSCOP (1947 yil 3-sentyabr; yashil chiziqqa qarang) va BMTning maxsus qo'mitasi (1947 yil 25-noyabr) bo'linish rejalari. Qarorda BMTning maxsus qo'mitasi taklifiga ovoz berildi.
Sana1947 yil 29-noyabr
Uchrashuv yo'q.128
KodA / RES / 181 (II) (Hujjat )
Ovoz berish xulosasi
  • 33 kishi ovoz berdi
  • 13 kishi qarshi ovoz bergan
  • 10 kishi betaraf qoldi
NatijaFalastinning majburiy kuchi sifatida Buyuk Britaniyaga va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining barcha boshqa a'zolariga Falastinning bo'lajak hukumati bilan bog'liq ravishda qarorda ko'rsatilgan Iqtisodiy Ittifoq bilan bo'linish rejasini qabul qilish va amalga oshirishni tavsiya etish.[1]

The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastinga bo'linish rejasi tomonidan taklif qilingan Birlashgan Millatlar, bu tavsiya etilgan a bo'lim ning Majburiy Falastin oxirida Britaniya mandati. 1947 yil 29-noyabrda BMT Bosh assambleyasi sifatida Rejani qabul qildi Qaror 181 (II).[2]

Qarorda mustaqil arab va yahudiy davlatlari va shahar uchun maxsus xalqaro rejim tuzilishi tavsiya qilingan Quddus. Qarorga qo'shilgan to'rt qismli hujjat bo'linish rejasida mandatni bekor qilish, Britaniya qurolli kuchlarini bosqichma-bosqich olib chiqish va ikki davlat va Quddus o'rtasidagi chegaralarni belgilash ko'zda tutilgan edi. Rejaning I qismida mandat iloji boricha tezroq tugashi va Buyuk Britaniya 1948 yil 1 avgustdan kechikib chiqib ketishi ko'zda tutilgan edi. Yangi davlatlar chiqib ketganidan keyin ikki oy o'tgach, lekin 1948 yil 1 oktyabrdan kechikmay vujudga keladi. Reja ikkita raqobatchi harakatlarning ziddiyatli maqsadlari va da'volarini ko'rib chiqishga intildi, Falastin millatchiligi va yahudiy millatchiligi yoki Sionizm.[3][4] Rejada, shuningdek, taklif qilinayotgan davlatlar o'rtasida Iqtisodiy Ittifoq, diniy va ozchiliklarning huquqlarini himoya qilish talab qilingan.

Reja tomonidan qabul qilindi Falastin uchun yahudiy agentligi, uning qabul qilingan cheklovlariga qaramay.[5][6] Arab rahbarlari va hukumatlari buni rad etishdi[7] va har qanday hududiy bo'linishni qabul qilishni istamasligini ko'rsatdi,[8] ning tamoyillarini buzganligini ta'kidlab milliy o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash ichida BMT Nizomi bu odamlarga o'z taqdirini o'zi hal qilish huquqini berdi.[6][9]

Rezolyutsiya Bosh Assambleya tomonidan qabul qilingandan so'ng darhol Fuqarolar urushi chiqib ketdi[10] va reja bajarilmadi.[11]

Fon

The Inglizlar ma'muriyati tomonidan rasmiylashtirildi Millatlar Ligasi ostida Falastin mandati qismi sifatida 1923 yilda Usmonli imperiyasining bo'linishi quyidagi Birinchi jahon urushi. Mandat 1917 yilgi Angliyaning majburiyatini yana bir bor tasdiqladi Balfur deklaratsiyasi, Falastinda yahudiy xalqi uchun "Milliy uy" tashkil etish uchun, uni amalga oshirish huquqi bilan.[12][13] 1918 yilgi Britaniyalik aholini ro'yxatga olishda 700 ming arab va 56 ming yahudiy taxmin qilingan.[12]

Olti oy davom etgan 1937 yilda Arab generallari ish tashlashi va qurolli qo'zg'olon milliy mustaqillikka erishish va mamlakatni chet el nazorati ostida saqlashni maqsad qilgan inglizlar Peel komissiyasi.[14] Komissiya Mandat amalga oshirilmaydigan bo'lib qoldi degan xulosaga keldi va arab davlatiga bo'linishni tavsiya qildi Transjordaniya; yahudiylarning kichik davlati; va majburiy zona. Har bir hududda milliy ozchiliklar mavjudligidan kelib chiqadigan muammolarni hal qilish uchun u er va aholini ko'chirishni taklif qildi[15] ko'zda tutilgan yahudiylar davlatida yashovchi 225 mingga yaqin arablarni va kelajakdagi arab davlatida yashovchi 1250 yahudiylarni ko'chirishni o'z ichiga olgan holda, bu choralar "so'nggi chora" da majburiy hisoblanadi.[15][16][17] Har qanday iqtisodiy muammolarni hal qilish uchun Rejada yahudiy immigratsiyasiga aralashishdan saqlanish taklif qilingan edi, chunki har qanday aralashuv "iqtisodiy inqiroz" keltirib chiqarishi kerak edi, chunki Falastinning boyligining aksariyati yahudiylar jamoatiga tegishli. Yahudiy davlati tomonidan soliq yo'qotilishi sababli Arab davlatining yillik byudjet defitsiti va davlat xizmatlarining qisqarishini hal qilish uchun yahudiy davlatiga arab davlatiga har yili subsidiya to'lash va ikkinchisining kamomadining yarmini o'z zimmasiga olish taklif qilindi.[15][16][18] Falastin arablari rahbariyati bo'linishni qabul qilinmaydigan deb rad etdi, chunki taklif qilinayotgan aholi almashinuvidagi tengsizlik va Falastinning uchdan bir qismi, shu jumladan, uning eng yaxshi qishloq xo'jaligi erlari so'nggi immigrantlarga topshirildi.[17] Yahudiy rahbarlari, Chaim Weizmann va Devid Ben-Gurion, deb ishontirdi Sionistlar Kongressi keyingi muzokaralar uchun asos sifatida Peel tavsiyalariga vaqtincha rozilik berish.[19][20][21][22] Yilda 1937 yil oktyabr oyida o'g'liga xat, Ben-Gurion, bu "erga umuman egalik qilish" uchun birinchi qadam bo'lishini tushuntirdi.[23][24][25] Xuddi shu fikr, bo'linishni qabul qilish vaqtinchalik choralar bo'lib, undan tashqarida Falastin "butunlay qutqarib qolinadi".[26] boshqa holatlarda Ben-Gurion tomonidan yozilgan, masalan, 1938 yil iyun oyida Yahudiy agentligi ijroiya direktorining yig'ilishida,[27] shuningdek tomonidan Chaim Weizmann.[25][28]

Inglizlar Woodhead komissiyasi bo'linishning amaliyligini tekshirish uchun o'rnatildi. Peel rejasi rad etildi va ikkita muqobil variant ko'rib chiqildi. 1938 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati "Falastin ichida mustaqil arab va yahudiy davlatlarini yaratish taklifi bilan bog'liq siyosiy, ma'muriy va moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar shu qadar katta bo'lganligi sababli muammoning ushbu echimi amalga oshirib bo'lmaydigan" deb e'lon qildi. Londonga arablar va yahudiylarning vakillari taklif qilingan Sent-Jeyms konferentsiyasi, bu muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi.[29]

Bilan Ikkinchi jahon urushi Buyuk Britaniyaning siyosati arab dunyosini qo'llab-quvvatlashga intilish ta'sirida edi va boshqa arablar qo'zg'oloni bilan shug'ullanish imkoniyatiga ega emas edi.[30] The MacDonald oq qog'ozi 1939 yil may oyida "Falastin yahudiy davlatiga aylanishi kerakligi [Britaniya hukumati] siyosatining bir qismi emas" deb e'lon qildi, yahudiylarning immigratsiyasini Falastin bilan cheklashga va arablarning yahudiylarga sotilishini cheklab qo'ydi. Biroq, Millatlar Ligasi komissiyasi Oq kitob ilgari ilgari surilgan mandat shartlariga zid deb hisoblagan. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi har qanday boshqa muhokamalarni to'xtatdi.[31][32] The Yahudiy agentligi yahudiylarning immigratsiya huquqlarini tiklashga inglizlarni ishontirishga umid qildi va fashizmga qarshi urushda inglizlar bilan hamkorlik qildi. Aliyah Bet inglizlarning taqiqlariga qaramay, natsistlar nazorati ostidagi Evropadan yahudiylarni ruhlantirish uchun tashkil qilingan. Oq qog'oz, shuningdek, shakllanishiga olib keldi Lehi, inglizlarga qarshi bo'lgan kichik yahudiy tashkiloti.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan so'ng, 1945 yil avgustda Prezident Truman 100 ming kishini qabul qilishni so'radi Holokost omon qolganlar Falastinga[33] ammo inglizlar yahudiylarning immigratsiyasini 1939 yilgi Oq Qog'ozga muvofiq cheklab qo'ygan. Yahudiylar hamjamiyati immigratsiya cheklovini rad etdi va uyushtirdi qurolli qarshilik. Ushbu harakatlar va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining immigratsiyaga qarshi siyosatini tugatish uchun bosimi Angliya-Amerika tergov qo'mitasi. 1946 yil aprel oyida Qo'mita Evropadan 100,000 yahudiy qochqinlarini Falastinga zudlik bilan qabul qilish, yahudiylarga yer sotish bo'yicha oq qog'ozli cheklovlarni bekor qilish, mamlakat na arab va na yahudiy bo'lmasligi va BMTning vasiyligini uzaytirish to'g'risida bir ovozdan qaror qabul qildi. . AQSh yahudiylarning immigratsiyasi va er sotib olish cheklovlari bo'yicha Komissiyaning xulosalarini ma'qulladi,[34] Buyuk Britaniya esa ularni amalga oshirishni yana bir arablar qo'zg'oloni bo'lgan taqdirda AQShning yordami bilan bog'ladi.[34] Aslida inglizlar Oq kitobga oid siyosatini davom ettirdilar.[35] Tavsiyalar arab davlatlarida zo'ravon namoyishlar uyushtirdi va Jihod va Falastindagi barcha evropalik yahudiylarni yo'q qilishga chaqirdi.[36]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastin bo'yicha maxsus qo'mitasi (UNSCOP)

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: UNSCOP
1944 yil 31-dekabr holatiga ko'ra yahudiylarga tegishli bo'lgan erlar, shu jumladan to'liq egalik qilingan, taqsimlanmagan erlarga qo'shilgan erlar va imtiyozli davlat erlari ko'rsatilgan. Bu umumiy er maydonining 6 foizini yoki ishlov beriladigan erlarning 20 foizini tashkil etdi,[37] shulardan yarmidan ko'pi JNF va PICA[38]

Shartlariga muvofiq Millatlar Ligasining A toifasidagi mandatlari har bir shunday majburiy hudud o'z vakolati tugashi bilan suveren davlatga aylanishi kerak edi. Oxiriga kelib Ikkinchi jahon urushi, bu Falastindan boshqa barcha vakolatlar bilan sodir bo'lgan, ammo Millatlar Ligasining o'zi 1946 yilda tugatilib, qonuniy tanazzulga olib keldi.[39][40]1947 yil fevralda Angliya Falastinning kelajagi masalasiga murojaat qilib, Falastin uchun mandatni bekor qilish to'g'risida e'lon qildi. Birlashgan Millatlar.[41] Umid shu edi ikki tomonlama holat kelib chiqadi, bu bo'linmagan Falastinni anglatardi. Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Ernest Bevin Ushbu siyosat arablarning ko'pchiligi kunni ko'taradi, degan g'oyadan kelib chiqib, qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi Garri Truman Qo'shma Shtatlardagi sionistik saylovlar bosimiga sezgir bo'lib, ingliz-sionistlar murosasini talab qildi.[42] May oyida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastin bo'yicha maxsus qo'mitasi (UNSCOP) Falastin uchun tavsiyalar bo'yicha hisobot tayyorlash. The Yahudiy agentligi yahudiylarning vakili va Britaniyani ham chetlatish uchun bosim o'tkazdi Arab mamlakatlari Qo'mitada, Holokost tirik qolganlari Evropada UNSCOPning qisqacha bayoni doirasida joylashtirilgan lagerlarga tashrif buyurdilar va may oyida Siyosiy Qo'mitada vakolat olishdi.[43] Arab davlatlari, davlatchilik buzilganiga va hokimiyatning Millatlar Ligasidan BMTga o'tishi qonunda shubhali bo'lganiga, masalalarni Xalqaro sudga etkazilishini istashdi va kengaytirilgan UNSCOP bilan hamkorlik qilishdan bosh tortdilar. aloqa uchun taklifnoma ham Arab oliy qo'mitasi.[40][44] Avgust oyida, uch oylik tinglovlar va Falastindagi vaziyatni umumiy o'rganishdan so'ng, qo'mitaning ko'pchilik ma'ruzasida mintaqani arab davlati va yahudiy davlatiga bo'linish tavsiya qilindi, bu esa iqtisodiy ittifoqni saqlab qolishi kerak edi. An xalqaro rejim Quddus uchun tasavvur qilingan.

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi arab delegatsiyalari Falastin masalasini Evropadagi yahudiy qochqinlari masalasidan ajratib qo'yishga harakat qilishdi. UNSCOP a'zolari o'zlarining tashrifi chog'ida ushbu darajadan hayratda qolishdi Lehi va Irgun zo'ravonlik, keyin uning apogeyida va ishlab chiqarilgan harbiy tarkib bilan endemik tikan simlari, qidiruv chiroqlari va zirhli avtomashinalar tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Qo'mita a'zolari ham guvoh bo'lishdi SS Chiqish Hayfadagi ish va unga deyarli ta'sir o'tkazmasligi mumkin edi. Vazifalarini tugatgandan so'ng, ular Evropadagi yahudiy qochqinlar lagerlarini tekshirish bo'yicha kichik qo'mita yuborishdi.[45][46] Hodisa hisobotda yahudiylarning 1939 yilgi "Oq kitob" ni Britaniyadagi ijro etilishiga nisbatan ishonchsizlik va g'azab bilan bog'liq holda eslatib o'tilgan.[47]

UNSCOP hisoboti

1947 yil 3 sentyabrda Qo'mita Bosh assambleyada hisobot berdi.V BOB: TAVSIYALANGAN TAVSIYALAR (I), Hisobotning A qismida bir ovozdan tasdiqlangan o'n bitta tavsiya etilgan tavsiyalar (I - XI) mavjud. B bo'limida umuman yahudiy muammosi bilan shug'ullanadigan (XI) asosiy ko'pchilik tomonidan ma'qullangan bitta tavsiya etilgan tavsiyalar mavjud edi. VI BOB: TAVSIYALANGAN TAVSIYALAR (II) o'z ichiga olgan Iqtisodiy ittifoq bilan bo'linish rejasi Qo'mitaning ettita a'zosi (Kanada, Chexoslovakiya, Gvatemala, Gollandiya, Peru, Shvetsiya va Urugvay) o'zlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. VII BOB TAVSIYALAR (III) ' a uchun uchta a'zo (Hindiston, Eron va Yugoslaviya) tomonidan ovoz berilgan va qo'llab-quvvatlangan keng qamrovli taklifni o'z ichiga olgan Falastinning Federal davlati. Avstraliya betaraf qoldi. Yilda VIII BOB Qo'mitaning bir qator a'zolari ma'lum bir eslatma va mulohazalarni bildirdilar.[48]

Taklif qilinayotgan bo'lim

Shuningdek qarang: Falastinning Britaniya mandatiga er egaligi
Erga egalik
Aholining tarqalishi
Bo'linishni ko'rib chiqishda BMTning 2-kichik qo'mitasi tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan ikkita xarita

Qo'mita ko'pchiligining hisoboti (VI BOB ) Falastinning uch qismga bo'linishini nazarda tutgan: Arab davlati, yahudiy davlati va shahar Quddus bilan bog'langan extrritritorial chorrahasi. Taklif etilayotgan Arab davlati g'arbiy qismning markaziy va qisman qismlarini o'z ichiga oladi Galiley, shaharchasi bilan Akr, tog'li mamlakat Samariya va Yahudiya, anklav Yaffa va Isdudning shimolidan (hozirda) janubiy sohil Ashdod ) va hozirgi narsani o'z ichiga olgan G'azo sektori, Misr chegarasi bo'ylab cho'l qismi bilan. Taklif etilayotgan Yahudiylar davlatiga unumdor Sharqiy Galiley, Sohil tekisligi kiradi Hayfa ga Rehovot va ko'plari Salbiy cho'l,[49] shu jumladan Umm Rashrashning janubiy forposti (hozir Eilat ). Quddus korpus separati ham kiritilgan Baytlahm va uning atrofidagi hududlar.

Qo'mita ko'pchiligining asosiy vazifalari ikki guruh o'rtasida siyosiy bo'linish va iqtisodiy birlik edi.[50] Reja iloji boricha ko'proq yahudiylarni Yahudiy davlatiga joylashtirish uchun qo'lidan kelganicha harakat qildi. Ko'pgina aniq holatlarda,[iqtibos kerak ] bu yahudiy davlatiga arablar ko'pchiligini (ammo yahudiy ozchilikni tashkil etuvchi) hududlarini qo'shishni anglatardi. Shunday qilib, Yahudiy davlati umuman katta arab ozchilikni tashkil qiladi. Immigratsiya uchun joy yaratish uchun aholisi kam bo'lgan joylar (Negev cho'li kabi) ham yahudiylar davlatiga kiritilgan. Rejaga ko'ra, yahudiylar davlatida yashovchi yahudiylar va arablar yahudiylar davlatining va arab davlatida yashovchi yahudiylar va arablar arab davlatining fuqarolari bo'lishadi.

3-bobga binoan Quddus shahri tashqarisida Falastinda yashovchi Falastin fuqarolari, shuningdek Falastin fuqaroligini olmagan, Quddus shahri tashqarisida Falastinda istiqomat qilgan arablar va yahudiylar, mustaqillik tan olingandan keyin, Ular rezident bo'lgan va to'la fuqarolik va siyosiy huquqlardan foydalangan davlat.

Rejada quyidagi demografik ma'lumotlar bo'lishi kerak edi (1945 yilga asoslangan ma'lumotlar).

HududArablar va boshqa aholi% Arab va boshqalarYahudiy aholisiYahudiyJami aholi
Arab davlati725,00099%10,0001%735,000
Yahudiy davlati407,00045%498,00055%905,000
Xalqaro105,00051%100,00049%205,000
Jami1,237,00067%608,00033%1,845,000
Ma'lumotlar UNSCOP hisoboti: 1947 yil 3-sentyabr: 4-BOB: QISMNING SHARHI

Oxirgi rejada Arab davlatiga ajratilgan erlar majburiy Falastinning taxminan 43 foizini o'z ichiga olgan[51][52][53] va Quddusdan tashqari barcha tog'li joylardan, shuningdek qirg'oq chizig'ining uchdan bir qismidan iborat edi. Baland tog'larda Falastinning yirik suv qatlamlari mavjud bo'lib, ular Falastinning markaziy qirg'og'idagi shaharlarini, shu jumladan Tel-Avivni suv bilan ta'minlagan.[iqtibos kerak ] Yahudiy davlati aholining uchdan bir qismini tashkil etgan va erning taxminan 7 foiziga egalik qilgan yahudiylarga ajratilgan bo'lib, 56 foiz majburiy Falastinni olishi kerak edi, u erga ko'chib boradigan yahudiylar sonining ko'payishi uchun biroz kattaroq maydon.[52][53][54] Yahudiylar davlatiga uchta unumdor pasttekislik kiritilgan Sharon qirg'oqda Jezril vodiysi va yuqori Iordaniya vodiysi. Taklif etilayotgan Yahudiylar davlati hududining asosiy qismi quyidagilardan iborat edi Salbiy cho'l,[49] bu o'sha paytda qishloq xo'jaligi uchun ham, shaharsozlik uchun ham mos bo'lmagan. Yahudiy davlatiga, shuningdek, yagona kirish huquqi beriladi Galiley dengizi, buning uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega suv ta'minoti va iqtisodiy jihatdan muhim ahamiyatga ega Qizil dengiz.

Qo'mita ushbu reja uchun ovoz berdi, 1947 yil 25-noyabrda 25-dan 13-gacha (17 ta betaraflik bilan) va Bosh assambleya ushbu sessiyada ovoz berish uchun maxsus sessiyaga chaqirildi. Turli manbalar bu Bosh assambleyada talab qilingan uchdan ikki qismdan bir ovoz kam bo'lganligini ta'kidladilar.[54]

Maxsus Qo'mita

1947 yilgi bo'linish rejasi va 1949 yilgi sulh bitimlarini taqqoslaydigan xarita.
Da belgilangan chegaralar 1947 yil BMTning Falastinga bo'linish rejasi:

  Yahudiy davlati uchun ajratilgan maydon
  Arab davlati uchun ajratilgan maydon
    Rejalashtirilgan Corpus separatum shunday niyat bilan Quddus na yahudiy, na arab bo'ladi
1949 yilgi sulh chegaralarini ajratish liniyalari (Yashil chiziq ):

      1949 yildan Isroil nazorati ostidagi hudud
    Misrlik va Iordaniya 1948 yildan 1967 yilgacha boshqariladigan hudud
Asosiy maqola: Falastin masalasi bo'yicha maxsus qo'mita

1947 yil 23 sentyabrda Bosh Assambleya tashkil etdi Falastin masalasi bo'yicha maxsus qo'mita UNSCOP hisobotini ko'rib chiqish. Vakillari Arab oliy qo'mitasi va yahudiylar agentligi taklif qilindi va qatnashdi.[55]

Qo'mita muhokamasi davomida Britaniya hukumati vakolat muddati tugashi, mustaqillik va yahudiylarning immigratsiyasi bilan bog'liq hisobotni ma'qulladi.[iqtibos kerak ] Biroq, inglizlar biron bir kelishuvni arablar va yahudiylar uchun ma'qul bo'lmaguncha "amalga oshirishga qodir emasligini" sezishdi va agar bu haqiqat bo'lsa, Bosh Assambleyadan muqobil amalga oshiruvchi vakolat berishini so'radi.

Arab oliy qo'mitasi UNSCOP hisobotidagi ko'pchilik va ozchiliklarning tavsiyalarini rad etdi. Ular "Falastin tarixi bo'yicha o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, sionistlarning bu mamlakatga da'volari hech qanday huquqiy yoki ma'naviy asosga ega emas" Arab oliy qo'mitasi butun Falastindagi faqat Arab davlati BMT Nizomiga mos keladi, degan fikrni ilgari surdi.

Yahudiylar agentligi UNSCOP tavsiyalarining aksariyatini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi, ammo yahudiy ko'chirilganlarning aksariyat qismining Falastinga borishga "qattiq intilishini" ta'kidladi. Yahudiylar agentligi taklif qilingan chegaralarni, ayniqsa G'arbiy Galiley va G'arbiy Quddusda (eski shahar tashqarisida) tanqid qilib, ularni yahudiylar davlati tarkibiga kiritish kerakligini ta'kidladi. Biroq, ular "bu o'z immigratsiyasini suveren nazorati ostida yahudiy davlatini zudlik bilan tiklashga imkon beradigan bo'lsa" rejani qabul qilishga rozi bo'lishdi.

Arab davlatlari 1947 yil oktabrda BMTning vaqtinchalik kichik qo'mitalarida o'z vakolatxonalarini taqdim etishni so'radilar, ammo birinchi kichik qo'mita tarkibidan chiqarildi, ular maxsus o'rganish va agar kerak bo'lsa, taklif qilingan bo'lim chegaralarini o'zgartirish vazifasini topshirdilar.[56]

2-kichik qo'mita

Arab davlatlarining takliflari asosida batafsil rejani tuzish uchun 1947 yil 23 oktyabrda tashkil etilgan 2-kichik qo'mita o'z hisobotini bir necha hafta ichida taqdim etdi.[57]

Britaniyaning takrorlangan hisobotiga asoslanib, 2-kichik qo'mita UNSCOP hisobotida aholi sonining, ayniqsa badaviylar populyatsiyasiga nisbatan noto'g'ri ma'lumotlardan foydalanilganligi uchun tanqid qildi. Buyuk Britaniyaning 1947 yil 1-noyabrdagi hisobotida 1946 yilda Beershebada o'tkazilgan yangi ro'yxatga olish natijalari, aerofotosuralardan qo'shimcha ravishda va boshqa tumanlardagi aholining hisob-kitoblaridan foydalanilgan. Oldingi sanab o'tishda badaviylar soni juda past bo'lganligi aniqlandi. Beershebada 3389 badaviylar uylari va 8722 ta chodirlar hisoblangan. Badaviylarning umumiy soni taxminan 127000 kishini tashkil etgan; ulardan atigi 22000 nafari odatda UNSCOP ko'pchilik rejasi bo'yicha arab davlatida istiqomat qiladi. Britaniya hisobotida shunday deyilgan:

"Beersheba baduini atamasi ko'chmanchi aholi uchun kutilganidan ko'ra aniqroq ma'noga ega. Bu qabilalar, Falastinda qaerda bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, o'zlarini doim Beersheba qabilalari deb ta'riflaydilar. Ularning hududga qo'shilishi ularning erga bo'lgan huquqlaridan va u bilan tarixiy birlashmasidan kelib chiqadi."[58]

UNSCOP hisobotiga kelsak, quyi qo'mita avvalgi aholi degan xulosaga keldi ″ Ammo, taxminlarga ko'ra, Birlashgan Qirollikning vakili tomonidan badaviylar to'g'risida kichik qo'mitaga taqdim etilgan ma'lumot asosida tuzatish kerak. Bayonotga ko'ra, 2200 badaviylar Arab davlatiga UNSCOPning ko'pchilik rejasi bo'yicha ajratilgan joylarda odatdagidek istiqomat qilishlari mumkin va 105000 kishining taklifi Yahudiylar davlatida istiqomat qiladi. Shunday qilib, taklif qilinayotgan Yahudiy davlati 509,780 arab va 499,020 yahudiydan iborat jami 1008,800 aholini o'z ichiga oladi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, boshida, taklif qilingan Yahudiylar davlatida arablar ko'pchilikni tashkil qiladi.″[59]

2-kichik qo'mita Bo'lim rejasi masalasini oldin qo'yishni tavsiya qildi Xalqaro sud (Qaror № I[60]). Ikkinchi jahon urushi sababli yahudiy qochqinlarga nisbatan, quyi qo'mita qochqinlar tegishli bo'lgan davlatlardan iloji boricha ularni qaytarib olishni talab qilishni tavsiya qildi (Qaror № II.)[61]). Kichik qo'mita unitar davlat tuzishni taklif qildi (Qaror No III.)[62]).

Chegaradagi o'zgarishlar

The maxsus qo'mita Bosh assambleyada ovoz berishidan oldin UNSCOP tavsiyalariga bir qator chegaraviy o'zgarishlar kiritdi.

Asosan arablar yashaydigan shahar Yaffa, ilgari yahudiylar davlatida joylashgan bo'lib, Arab davlatining anklavi sifatida tashkil etilgan. Arab davlatining chegarasi tarkibiga kiritilgan holda o'zgartirildi Beersheba va chiziqlar Salbiy cho'l Misr chegarasi bo'ylab,[49] bir qismi esa O'lik dengiz Yahudiylar davlatiga qirg'oq va boshqa qo'shimchalar kiritildi. Ushbu harakat yahudiy davlatidagi yahudiylarning foizini 55% dan 61% gacha oshirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Tavsiya etilgan chegaralar, shuningdek, 54 ta qishloqni o'zlarining qishloq xo'jaligi erlaridan chegaraning qarama-qarshi tomoniga joylashtirgan bo'lar edi.[iqtibos kerak ] Bunga javoban Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastin komissiyasi chegaralarni "qishloq joylari, qoida tariqasida davlat chegaralari bilan bo'linmaydigan qilib, agar jiddiy sabablar zarur bo'lmaganda" o'zgartirishi mumkin edi. Ushbu o'zgartirishlar hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan.

Ovoz berish

Hisoboti Falastin masalasi bo'yicha maxsus qo'mita, 1947 yil 25-noyabrdagi A / 516-sonli hujjat. Ushbu hujjat 1947-yil 29-noyabrda BMT Bosh Assambleyasi tomonidan ovoz berildi va "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Falastinni bo'linish rejasi" deb nomlandi.[63]

Rezolyutsiyani qabul qilish uchun BMTning o'sha paytdagi 56 ta a'zo davlatining betaraf va hozir bo'lmagan a'zolari hisobga olinmasdan, haqiqiy ovozlarning uchdan ikki qismi ko'pchilik ovozini talab qildi. 26-noyabr kuni, sionistlar delegatsiyasi tomonidan muvozanatlashtirilgandan so'ng, ovoz berish uch kunga qoldirildi.[64][65] Ko'pgina manbalarga ko'ra, agar ovoz berish belgilangan belgilangan sanada o'tkazilgan bo'lsa, u ko'pchilikni, ammo talab qilingan uchdan ikkisidan kamini olgan bo'lar edi.[65][66][67] Yagona shtat bo'yicha turli xil kelishuv takliflari va farqlari, shu jumladan federatsiyalar va kantonal tizimlar (shu jumladan ilgari qo'mitada rad etilganlar) muhokama qilindi.[68][69] Kechikish Nyu-Yorkdagi sionizm tarafdorlari tomonidan rezolyutsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlamaydigan davlatlarga qo'shimcha bosim o'tkazish uchun ishlatilgan.[64]

Rejaga qarshi va unga qarshi bosim haqida hisobotlar

Reja uchun bosim haqida hisobotlar

Sionistlar UNSCOP rejasini ma'qullash uchun qizg'in Oq Uy qabulxonasini boshlashdi va buning ta'siri ahamiyatsiz emas edi.[70] Demokratik partiya, uning katta qismi yahudiylardan kelgan,[71] Trumanga Falastindagi yahudiylarni qo'llab-quvvatlash haqidagi va'dalarni bajarmaganlik partiya uchun xavf tug'dirishi haqida ma'lum qildi. 1946 yildagi Kongress saylovlarida yahudiylarning ovozlarining chetga chiqishi saylovlarda yo'qotishlarga sabab bo'ldi. Truman, Rojer Koenning fikriga ko'ra, qabulxonada garovga olinganlik hissi va uning "asossiz aralashuvi" dan g'azablanib, uni zamonaviy tanglikda aybladi. 11-oktabr kuni bo'linish foydasiga Amerika rasmiy deklaratsiyasi berilganda, jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar bo'yicha idora yopiq yig'ilishda sionistlarning favqulodda kengashiga: "Hech qanday holatda hech kim bizning sadoqatimiz tufayli g'olib chiqdik deb o'ylamasligimiz yoki o'ylamasligimiz kerak. Amerika hukumati bizning maqsadimizga. Biz AQShdagi yahudiylar rahbariyati tomonidan qo'llanilgan siyosiy logistikaning bosimi tufayli g'alaba qozondik. Davlat departamentining UNSCOPning aksariyat arablar shaharchasini berish haqidagi munozarali tavsiyasini tanqid qiluvchi tanqidlari Yaffa va Negev, yahudiylarga uyushtirilgan tezkor va maxfiy kechikish bilan bekor qilindi Xaym Vaytsman darhol tavsiyani bekor qilgan Truman bilan. Qo'shma Shtatlar dastlab kichik shtatlarga har qanday yo'l bilan ovoz berishga majbur qilishdan tiyildi, ammo Robert A. Lovett Amerikaning BMT delegatsiyasi ishi yahudiy guruhlarining yuqori bosimidan to'sqinlik qilgani va pora va tahdidlar qo'llanilayotgani, hattoki Amerikaning Liberiya va Nikaraguaga qarshi sanktsiyalariga oid ko'rsatmalar mavjudligini xabar qildi.[72] 25 noyabrda UNSCOP rejasi kerakli ko'pchilikka erisha olmagach, lobbi "yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi" va Prezidentni Davlat departamentini bekor qilishga undadi va hilpiragan hukumatlar AQShning bo'linishini qat'iy istashini bildirdi.[73]

Xabarlarga ko'ra, Reja tarafdorlari bo'linish rejasiga ijobiy ovoz berish uchun xalqlarga bosim o'tkazgan. 26 tomonidan imzolangan telegramma AQSh senatorlari chet el yordami to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalariga ta'sir ko'rsatgan holda, bo'linish rejasini qo'llab-quvvatlashni qidirib, o'zgaruvchan mamlakatlarga yuborildi.[74] O'sha paytda AQSh Senati katta yordam paketi, shu jumladan Xitoyga 60 million dollar yordam berish masalasini ko'rib chiqayotgan edi.[75][76] Ko'pgina mamlakatlar maxsus ularga qaratilgan bosim haqida xabar berishdi:

  •  Qo'shma Shtatlar (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Prezident Truman Keyinchalik ta'kidlaganidek, "faktlar shundan iboratki, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti atrofida ilgari ko'rilgan narsalardan farqli o'laroq bosim harakatlari bo'lgan, balki Oq Uy ham doimiy ravishda to'sqinlik ostida bo'lgan. Men bundan oldin ham shunday bo'lgan emasman Bu kabi vaziyatlarda Oq Uyga qarshi ko'plab bosim va tashviqotlar olib borildi. Bir necha o'ta sionist rahbarlarning qat'iyligi - siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra harakat qilgan va siyosiy tahdidlarga aralashganligi meni bezovta qildi va bezovta qildi. "[77]
  •  Hindiston (Ovoz berish: Qarshi): Hindiston Bosh vaziri Javaharlal Neru BMT ovoz berish tartibiga g'azab va nafrat bilan gapirdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, sionistlar Hindistonga millionlab pora berishga harakat qilgan va shu bilan birga uning singlisi, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, Hindistonning BMTdagi elchisi har kuni "agar u to'g'ri ovoz bermasa" uning hayoti xavf ostida ekanligi to'g'risida ogohlantirgan.[78] Pandit vaqti-vaqti bilan sionistlar foydasiga nimadir o'zgarishi mumkinligiga ishora qildi. Ammo boshqa bir hind delegati Kavallam Pannikarning aytishicha, Hindiston arab tomoniga ovoz beradi, chunki ularning ko'pligi Musulmon ozchilik, garchi ular yahudiylarning ishi borligini bilsalar ham.[79]
  •  Liberiya (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Liberiyaning AQShdagi elchisi AQSh delegatsiyasi bir nechta mamlakatlarga yordamni qisqartirish bilan tahdid qilganidan shikoyat qildi.[80] Xarvi S. Firestone, Jr., Prezidenti Firestone Natural Rubber kompaniyasi, mamlakatdagi yirik xoldinglar bilan, shuningdek, Liberiya hukumatiga bosim o'tkazdi[66][74]
  • Filippinlar (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Ovoz berishdan bir necha kun oldin, Filippin vakili General Karlos P. Romulo "Biz bu masala avvalambor axloqiy deb hisoblaymiz. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Falastin xalqining amaldagi millatparvarlik istaklariga qarshi bo'lgan siyosatni amalga oshirish uchun mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga oladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga javob beradi. Filippin hukumati Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti bunday mas'uliyatni o'z zimmamga olmasligimiz kerak. " Vashingtondan qilingan telefon qo'ng'irog'idan so'ng, vakili chaqirib olindi va Filippinning ovozi o'zgardi.[74]
  •  Gaiti (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Besh million dollarlik kreditni va'da qilish Gaitining bo'linish uchun ovozini ta'minlagan bo'lishi mumkin yoki bo'lmasligi mumkin.[81]
  •  Frantsiya (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Ovoz berishdan sal oldin Frantsiyaning Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi delegatiga tashrif buyurishdi Bernard Barux Demokratik partiyaning uzoq muddatli yahudiy tarafdori, yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan jahon urushi paytida Prezident Ruzveltning iqtisodiy maslahatchisi bo'lgan va keyinchalik Prezident Truman tomonidan AQShning yangi tashkil etilgan Atom energiyasi bo'yicha komissiyasida AQSh elchisi etib tayinlangan. U, xususiy ravishda, tarafdori edi Irgun va uning oldingi tashkiloti - "Ozod Falastin uchun Amerika Ligasi". Barux, rezolyutsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlamagan frantsuzlarning muvaffaqiyatsizligi, qayta qurish uchun juda zarur bo'lgan, Frantsiya uchun rejalangan Amerikaning yordamini to'sib qo'yishi mumkin, deb ta'kidladi, Frantsiya valyuta zaxiralari tugadi va uning to'lov balansi juda kamomadga ega. Ilgari, arab mustamlakalarini ziddiyatdan qochirish uchun Frantsiya ushbu qarorni ommaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlamagan edi. Amerika yordamining ushlab qolinishi xavfini ko'rib chiqib, Frantsiya nihoyat uni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Shuningdek, Frantsiyaning qo'shnilari Belgiya, Lyuksemburg va Gollandiya ham shunday qilishdi.[64]
  • Venesuela (Ovoz berish: Uchun): Karlos Eduardo Stolk, Venesuela delegatsiyasi raisi, 181-sonli qarorni yoqlab ovoz berdi.[82]
  •  Kuba (Ovoz berish: Qarshi): Kuba delegatsiyasi "bizga qarshi bosim o'tkazilganiga qaramay" bo'linishga qarshi ovoz berishlarini aytishdi, chunki ular Falastindagi ko'pchilikni majburlashda ishtirok eta olmadilar.[83]
  •  Siam (Yo'q): Siam 25 noyabrda qo'mitada bo'linishga qarshi ovoz berganidan keyin siyam delegatsiyalarining vakolatlari bekor qilindi.[65][84]

Bunga ba'zi dalillar ham mavjud Sem Zemurrey bir nechtasiga bosim o'tkazing "banan respublikalari "ovozlarini o'zgartirish uchun.[85]

Rejaga qarshi bosim haqida hisobotlar

Benni Morrisning so'zlariga ko'ra, Vasif Kamol, an Arab oliy qo'mitasi rasmiy, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining delegatiga, ehtimol rossiyalikka pora berishga urindi.[86]

Arab mamlakatlaridagi yahudiylarning farovonligi to'g'risida bir qator to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tahdidlar qilingan:

  • Jamol Xusayniy "Qon Yaqin Sharqdagi daryolar kabi oqadi" deb va'da berdi.[87] Iroq Bosh vaziri Nuri al-Said, dedi: "Biz mamlakatni qurolimiz bilan sindirib tashlaymiz va yahudiylar boshpana izlagan har bir joyni yo'q qilamiz".
  • Iroq bosh vaziri Nuri al-Said Britaniyalik diplomatlarga, agar Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining echimi "qoniqarli" bo'lmasa, "arab mamlakatlaridagi barcha yahudiylarga qarshi qattiq choralar ko'rish kerak".[88]

Arab mamlakatlaridagi yahudiylarning farovonligi to'g'risida bir qator bashoratlar qilingan:

  • '' "24-noyabr kuni Bosh assambleyadagi Misr delegatsiyasining rahbari Muhammad Husayn Heykal Posho" Musulmon mamlakatlaridagi 1 000 000 yahudiylarning hayoti yahudiylar davlatining tashkil etilishi bilan xavf ostida qolishini "aytdi.[89] 1947 yil 24 noyabrda BMTning Falastin bo'yicha maxsus qo'mitasining 29-yig'ilishida Misr vakili doktor Heykal Posho: "Agar BMT yahudiylar davlatini barpo etish uchun Falastinning bir qismini kesib tashlashga qaror qilsa, er yuzida hech qanday kuch yo'q. qonning u erga oqib tushishiga to'sqinlik qilishi mumkin edi ... Bundan tashqari ... er yuzidagi hech qanday kuch uni Falastinning chegaralarida cheklab qo'yolmaydi ... yahudiy qoni arab dunyosining boshqa joylarida to'kiladi ... million yahudiyni aniq va jiddiy xavf ostida saqlash uchun. " Mahmud Bey Favzi (Misr): "... ajratilgan bo'linish Falastinda va boshqa arab dunyosida qon to'kilishiga olib kelishi aniq edi" dedi.[90]
  • Iroq tashqi ishlar vaziri Fadel Jamall 1947 yil 28-noyabr, juma kuni Nyu-Yorkdagi Flushin Meoddagi Bosh assambleyadagi nutqida quyidagi bayonotni o'z ichiga oldi: Odamlarning aksariyat irodasiga qarshi o'rnatilgan bo'linish Yaqin Sharqdagi tinchlik va totuvlikka tahdid soladi. Nafaqat Falastin arablarining g'alayonini kutish kerak, balki arab dunyosidagi ommani tiyib bo'lmaydi. Arab dunyosidagi arab-yahudiy munosabatlari juda yomonlashadi. Arab dunyosida Falastindan tashqarida yahudiylar Falastindan ko'ra ko'proq. Faqat Iroqda bizda yuz ellik mingga yaqin yahudiylar bor, ular musulmonlar va nasroniylar bilan siyosiy va iqtisodiy huquqlarning barcha afzalliklarini baham ko'rishadi. Musulmonlar, nasroniylar va yahudiylar o'rtasida hamjihatlik hukm surmoqda. Ammo Falastin arablariga nisbatan har qanday adolatsizlik Iroqdagi yahudiylar va yahudiy bo'lmaganlar o'rtasidagi totuvlikni buzadi; bu dinlararo xurofot va nafratni keltirib chiqaradi.[91]

Arab davlatlari G'arbiy davlatlarni bo'linish rejasini ma'qullash har ikkala yoki ikkalasi ham neft embargosi ​​va arab davlatlarining Sovet bloki bilan kelishuvi bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdilar.[92]

Yakuniy ovoz berish

1947 yil 29-noyabrda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi O'zgartirilgan Partiya rejasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 33 ta 13 ga qarshi ovoz berdi, 10 ta betaraf va 1 ta qatnashmadi. Oxirgi ovoz, zamonaviy tomonidan birlashtirilgan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining mintaqaviy guruhlari zamonaviy guruhlarga qaraganda, quyidagicha edi:[93]

1947 yilda BMT a'zolari Falastinning bo'linishiga qanday ovoz berishdi
  Foydasiga
  Saylovda qatnashmaslik
  Qarshi
  Yo'q

Foydasiga (33 mamlakat, umumiy ovozlarning 72%)

Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi (13 mamlakat):

G'arbiy Evropa va boshqalar (8 mamlakat):

Sharqiy Evropa (5 mamlakat):

Afrika (2 mamlakat):

Osiyo-Tinch okeani (3 mamlakat)

Shimoliy Amerika (2 mamlakat)

Qarshi (13 mamlakat, umumiy ovozlarning 28%)

Osiyo-Tinch okeani (9 ta mamlakat, birinchi navbatda Yaqin Sharq kichik maydon):

G'arbiy Evropa va boshqalar (2 mamlakat):

Afrika (1 mamlakat):

Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi (1 mamlakat):

Betaraf (10 mamlakat)

Lotin Amerikasi va Karib havzasi (6 mamlakat):

Osiyo-Tinch okeani (1 mamlakat):

Afrika (1 mamlakat):

G'arbiy Evropa va boshqalar (1 mamlakat):

Sharqiy Evropa (1 mamlakat):

Yo'q (1 mamlakat)

Osiyo-Tinch okeani (1 mamlakat):

Zamonaviy mintaqalar bo'yicha ovozlar

Agar zamonaviy tarkibi tomonidan tahlil qilinsa, keyinchalik Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining mintaqaviy guruhlari yakuniy ovoz berishda nisbatan mos ovoz berish uslublarini namoyish etdi. Biroq, bu o'sha paytdagi mintaqaviy guruhlarni aks ettirmaydi, chunki 1966 yilda mintaqaviy guruhlarning katta o'zgarishi sodir bo'lgan. Buyuk Britaniya (Mandat egasi), Gretsiya va Turkiyadan tashqari barcha G'arb davlatlari qarorga ovoz berishdi. The Sovet bloki shuningdek bo'linish uchun ovoz berdi, bundan tashqari Yugoslaviya bundan mustasno edi keyingi yil Kominformdan chiqarib yuborildi. Lotin Amerikasi davlatlarining aksariyati Braziliya rahbariyatiga ergashdi[iqtibos kerak ], bo'linish uchun ovoz berdi, katta miqdordagi ozchiliklar betaraf qoldi. Osiyo mamlakatlari (birinchi navbatda Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlar) bo'linishga qarshi ovoz berishdi, Filippinlar bundan mustasno.[94]

Mintaqaviy guruhUNGA181 a'zolari ovoz berishadiUNGA181 uchunUNGA181 qarshiUNGA181 betaraf qoldi
Afrika4211
Osiyo-Tinch okeani11191
Sharqiy Evropa6501
LatAm va Caribb.201316
G'arbiy Ev. & Boshqalar151221
Jami BMT a'zolari56331310

Reaksiyalar

Yahudiylar

Falastindagi va butun dunyodagi yahudiylarning aksariyati BMT qaroriga mamnuniyat bilan munosabatda bo'lishdi, ammo ba'zilari buni qabul qilishmadi. Yahudiylar yig'ilishdi Tel-Aviv va Quddus ovoz berishdan keyin butun tun davomida BMT rezolyutsiyasini nishonlash. Shimolda yahudiylarning kolxozlarida katta gulxan yoqildi. Ko'plab katta kafelar Tel-Aviv bepul shampan bilan xizmat qildi.[5][95] Sionistlarning asosiy rahbarlari zamonaviy yahudiy davlatini qurish "og'ir mas'uliyati" ni ta'kidlab, mintaqaning boshqa aholisi bilan tinch-totuv yashashga intilishdi:[96][97] Qo'shma Shtatlardagi yahudiy guruhlari Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining harakatini olqishladilar. Ko'pchilik Falastin rejasini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qildi, ammo ba'zilari bu muammoni hal qilmagan deb hisobladilar.[98]

Biroz Revizionist sionistlar bo'linish rejasini qonuniy ravishda yahudiy milliy hududidan voz kechish sifatida rad etdi.[98] The Irgun Tsvai Leumi, boshchiligida Menaxem boshlanadi, va Lehi (shuningdek, Stern Group yoki Gang nomi bilan tanilgan), ham inglizlarga, ham arablarga qarshi kurash olib borgan revizionistlarga bog'liq bo'lgan ikkita yashirin tashkilot o'zlarining qarshiliklarini bildirdilar. Begin bo'linish tinchlikni keltirib chiqarmaydi, chunki arablar ham kichik davlatga hujum qilishadi va "oldinda turgan urushda biz o'zimiz turishimiz kerak, bu bizning mavjudligimiz va kelajagimizga qarshi urush bo'ladi" deb ogohlantirdi.[99] Shuningdek, u "Vatanimizning ikkiga bo'linishi noqonuniy. U hech qachon tan olinmaydi" deb ta'kidladi.[100] Yahudiy davlatining yaratilishi, "ko'p qon to'kilganidan keyin" hududni kengaytirishga imkon berishiga ishonch hosil qildi.[101]

Biroz Post-sionist olimlar ma'qullashadi Simha Flapan Sionistlar bo'linishni yahudiylar jamoati butun Falastin uchun ambitsiyalaridan voz kechib, arab falastinliklarining o'z davlatlariga bo'lgan huquqlarini tan olgan murosaga kelishish sifatida qabul qilgani afsonadir. Rather, Flapan argued, acceptance was only a tactical move that aimed to thwart the creation of an Arab Palestinian state and, concomitantly, expand the territory that had been assigned by the UN to the Jewish state.[102][103][104][105][106] Baruch Kimmerling has said that Zionists "officially accepted the partition plan, but invested all their efforts towards improving its terms and maximally expanding their boundaries while reducing the number of Arabs in them."[107]

Addressing the Central Committee of the Histadrut (the Eretz Israel Workers Party) days after the UN vote to partition Palestine, Ben-Gurion expressed his apprehension, stating:

the total population of the Jewish State at the time of its establishment will be about one million, including almost 40% non-Jews. Such a [population] composition does not provide a stable basis for a Jewish State. This [demographic] fact must be viewed in all its clarity and acuteness. With such a [population] composition, there cannot even be absolute certainty that control will remain in the hands of the Jewish majority... There can be no stable and strong Jewish state so long as it has a Jewish majority of only 60%.[108]

Ben-Gurion said "I know of no greater achievement by the Jewish people ... in its long history since it became a people."[109]

Arablar

Arab leaders and governments rejected the plan of partition in the resolution and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition.[7] The Arab states' delegations declared immediately after the vote for partition that they would not be bound by the decision, and walked out accompanied by the Indian and Pakistani delegates.[110]

They argued that it violated the principles of milliy o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash ichida BMT nizomi which granted people the right to decide their own destiny.[6][9] The Arab delegations to the UN issued a joint statement the day after that vote that stated: "the vote in regard to the Partition of Palestine has been given under great pressure and duress, and that this makes it doubly invalid."[111]

On 16 February 1948, the UN Palestine Commission reported to the Security Council that: "Powerful Arab interests, both inside and outside Palestine, are defying the resolution of the General Assembly and are engaged in a deliberate effort to alter by force the settlement envisaged therein."[112]

Arab davlatlari

A few weeks after UNSCOP released its report, Azzam Posho, Bosh kotibi Arab Ligasi, told an Egyptian newspaper "Personally I hope the Jews do not force us into this war because it will be a war of elimination and it will be a dangerous massacre which history will record similarly to the Mongol massacre or the wars of the Crusades."[113] (This statement from October 1947 has often been incorrectly reported as having been made much later on 15 May 1948.)[114] Azzam told Alek Kirkbrid "We will sweep them [the Jews] into the sea." Suriya prezidenti Shukri al-Kuvatli told his people: "We shall eradicate Zionism."[115]

Qirol Misrning Faroki told the American ambassador to Egypt that in the long run the Arabs would soundly defeat the Jews and drive them out of Palestine.[116]

While Azzam Pasha repeated his threats of forceful prevention of partition, the first important Arab voice to supportd partition was the influential Egyptian daily Al Mokattam [d ]: "We stand for partition because we believe that it is the best final solution for the problem of Palestine... rejection of partition... will lead to further complications and will give the Zionists another space of time to complete their plans of defense and attack... a delay of one more year which would not benefit the Arabs but would benefit the Jews, especially after the British evacuation."[117]

On 20 May 1948, Azzam told reporters "We are fighting for an Arab Palestine. Whatever the outcome the Arabs will stick to their offer of equal citizenship for Jews in Arab Palestine and let them be as Jewish as they like. In areas where they predominate they will have complete autonomy."[118]

The Arab League said that some of the Jews would have to be expelled from a Palestinian Arab state.[119]

Abdullah appointed Ibrohim Xoshim Pasha as Military Governor of the Arab areas occupied by troops of the Transjordan Army. U avvalgi edi prime minister of Transjordan who supported partition of Palestine as proposed by the Peel komissiyasi and the United Nations.[120]

Arabs in Palestine

Haj Amin al-Husseini said in March 1948 to an interviewer from the Yaffa har kuni Al Sarih that the Arabs did not intend merely to prevent partition but "would continue fighting until the Zionists were Annihilated."[115]

Zionists attributed Arab rejection of the plan to mere intransigence. Palestinian Arabs opposed the very idea of partition but reiterated that this partition plan was unfair: the majority of the land (56%) would go to a Jewish state, when Jews at that stage legally owned only 6-7% of it and remained a minority of the population (33% in 1946).[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129] There were also disproportionate allocations under the plan and the area under Jewish control contained 45% of the Palestinian population. The proposed Arab state was only given 45% of the land, much of which was unfit for agriculture. Jaffa, though geographically separated, was to be part of the Arab state.[129] However, most of the proposed Jewish state was the Negev desert.[49][48] The plan allocated to the Jewish State most of the Negev desert that was sparsely populated and unsuitable for agriculture but also a "vital land bridge protecting British interests from the Suez Canal to Iraq"[130][131]

Few Palestinian Arabs joined the Arab Liberation Army because they suspected that the other Arab States did not plan on an independent Palestinian state. According to Ian Bickerton, for that reason many of them favored partition and indicated a willingness to live alongside a Jewish state.[132] He also mentions that the Nashashibi family backed King Abdullah and union with Transjordan.[133]

The AHC demanded that in a Palestinian Arab state, the majority of the Jews should not be citizens (those who had not lived in Palestine before the British Mandate).[87]

Ga binoan Muso Alami, the mufti would agree to partition if he were promised that he would rule the future Arab state.[134]

The Arab oliy qo'mitasi responded to the partition resolution and declared a three-day general strike in Palestine to begin the following day.[135]

Britaniya hukumati

Qachon Bevin received the partition proposal, he promptly ordered for it not to be imposed on the Arabs.[136][137] The plan was vigorously debated in the Britaniya parlamenti.

In a British cabinet meeting at 4 December 1947, it was decided that the Mandate would end at midnight 14 May 1948, the complete withdrawal by 1 August 1948, and Britain would not enforce the UN partition plan.[138] On 11 December 1947, Britain announced the Mandate would end at midnight 14 May 1948 and its sole task would be to complete withdrawal by 1 August 1948.[139] During the period in which the British withdrawal was completed, Britain refused to share the administration of Palestine with a proposed UN transition regime, to allow the UN Palestine Commission to establish a presence in Palestine earlier than a fortnight before the end of the Mandate, to allow the creation of official Jewish and Arab militias or to assist in smoothly handing over territory or authority to any successor.[140][141]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati

The United States declined to recognize the All-Palestine government in Gaza by explaining that it had accepted the UN Mediator's proposal. The Mediator had recommended that Palestine, as defined in the original Mandate including Transjordan, might form a union.[142] Bernadotte's diary said the Mufti had lost credibility on account of his unrealistic predictions regarding the defeat of the Jewish militias. Bernadotte noted "It would seem as though in existing circumstances most of the Palestinian Arabs would be quite content to be incorporated in Transjordan."[143]

Keyingi voqealar

The Partition Plan with Economic Union was not realized in the days following 29 November 1947 resolution as envisaged by the General Assembly.[11] It was followed by outbreaks of violence in Mandatory Palestine between Palestinian Jews and Arabs known as the 1947–48 Civil War.[10] Keyin Alan Kanningxem, Falastinning oliy komissari, left Jerusalem, on the morning of 14 May the British army left the city as well. The British left a power vacuum in Jerusalem and made no measures to establish the international regime in Jerusalem.[144] At midnight on 14 May 1948, the British Mandate expired,[145] and Britain disengaged its forces. Earlier in the evening, the Jewish People's Council had gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation, declaring "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel".[6][146] The 1948 yil Arab-Isroil urushi began with the invasion of, or intervention in, Palestine by the Arab States on 15 May 1948.[147]

Resolution 181 as a legal basis for Palestinian statehood

1988 yilda Falastinni ozod qilish tashkiloti nashr etdi Falastinning mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi relying on Resolution 181, arguing that the resolution continues to provide international legitimacy for the right of the Palestinian people to sovereignty and national independence.[148] A number of scholars have written in support of this view.[149][150][151]

A General Assembly request for an advisory opinion, Resolution ES-10/14 (2004), specifically cited resolution 181(II) as a "relevant resolution", and asked the International Court of Justice (ICJ) what are the legal consequences of the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions. Hakam Abdul Koroma explained the majority opinion: "The Court has also held that the right of self-determination as an established and recognized right under international law applies to the territory and to the Palestinian people. Accordingly, the exercise of such right entitles the Palestinian people to a State of their own as originally envisaged in resolution 181 (II) and subsequently confirmed."[152] In response, Prof. Paul De Waart said that the Court put the legality of the 1922 League of Nations Palestine Mandate and the 1947 UN Plan of Partition beyond doubt once and for all.[153]

Orqaga qarash

2011 yilda, Mahmud Abbos stated that the 1947 Arab rejection of United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was a mistake he hoped to rectify.[154]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ "1947 yil 29-noyabrdagi A / RES / 181 (II)". Birlashgan Millatlar. 1947 yil. Olingan 8 dekabr 2012.
  2. ^ "1947 yil 29-noyabrdagi A / RES / 181 (II)". Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi.
  3. ^ Uilyam B. Quandt, Paul Jabber, Ann Mosely Lesch The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism, University of California Press, 1973 p.7.
  4. ^ II qism. – Boundaries recommended in UNGA Res 181 Molinaro, Enrico The Holy Places of Jerusalem in Middle East Peace Agreements Page 78
  5. ^ a b Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 75. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 24 iyul 2013. " p. 75 The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community. ; p. 396 The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal".
  6. ^ a b v d Falastin masalasi: Brochure DPI/2517/Rev.1: Chapter 2, The Plan of Partition and end of the British Mandate
  7. ^ a b Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. pp. 66, 67, 72. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 24 iyul 2013. p.66, at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews." ; p.67, at 1947 "The League’s Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression", "without mercy". The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition." ; p. 72, at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine
  8. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 73. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 24 iyul 2013. "p73 All paid lip service to Arab unity and the Palestine Arab cause, and all opposed partition... p. 396 The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. … The Palestinian Arabs, along with the rest of the Arab world, said a flat "no"… The Arabs refused to accept the establishment of a Jewish state in any part of Palestine. And, consistently with that "no", the Palestinian Arabs, in November–December 1947, and the Arab states in May 1948, launched hostilities to scupper the resolution’s implementation ; p. 409 The mindset characterized both the public and the ruling elites. All vilified the Yishuv and opposed the existence of a Jewish state on "their" (sacred Islamic) soil, and all sought its extirpation, albeit with varying degrees of bloody-mindedness. Shouts of "Idbah al Yahud" (slaughter the Jews) characterized equally street demonstrations in Jaffa, Cairo, Damascus, and Baghdad both before and during the war and were, in essence, echoed, usua lly in tamer language, by most Arab leaders. ”Deb yozdi.
  9. ^ a b Sami Xadavi, Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine, Olive Branch Press, (1989)1991 p.76.
  10. ^ a b Article "History of Palestine", Britannica entsiklopediyasi (2002 edition), article section written by Walid Ahmed Khalidi and Ian J. Bickerton.
  11. ^ a b Itzhak Galnoor (1995). Falastinning bo'linishi: sionistik harakatdagi qaror chorrahasi. SUNY Press. 289– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7914-2193-2. Olingan 3 iyul 2012.
  12. ^ a b Mansfield, Peter (1992), Arablar, pp. 172–175, ISBN  0-14-014768-3
  13. ^ The Palestine Mandate "the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the [Balfour] declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917"
  14. ^ Rashid Khalidi (1 September 2006). The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood. Beacon Press. 181– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8070-0315-2.
  15. ^ a b v Palestine Royal Commission report, 1937, 389–391
  16. ^ a b Benny Morris. Odil qurbonlar. p. 139.
  17. ^ a b Sumantra Bose (2009 yil 30-iyun). Contested lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. p. 223. ISBN  978-0-674-02856-2.
  18. ^ Majburiy landshaft: Falastinda 1929-1948 yillarda Britaniya imperatori boshqaruvi
  19. ^ Uilyam Rojer Lui, Britaniya imperatorligining tugashi: imperiya, Suvaysh va dekolonizatsiya uchun kurash, 2006, s.391
  20. ^ Benny Morris, One state, two states: resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict, 2009, p. 66
  21. ^ Benni Morris, Falastinlik qochqinlar muammosining tug'ilishi qayta ko'rib chiqildi, p. 48; p. 11 "sionistik harakat, juda azoblanganidan so'ng, bo'linish printsipini va takliflarni muzokaralar uchun asos sifatida qabul qildi"; p. 49 "Oxir oqibat, qizg'in bahs-munozaralardan so'ng Kongress bir ovozdan ma'qulladi - 299 ovoz bilan 160 ga qarshi ovoz - keyingi muzokaralar uchun asos sifatida Peel tavsiyalari."
  22. ^ Partner to Partition: The Jewish Agency's Partition Plan in the Mandate Era, Yosef Kats, Chapter 4, 1998 Edition, Routledge, ISBN  0-7146-4846-9
  23. ^ Devid Ben-Gurionning 1937 yil 5-oktabrda yozilgan o'g'li Amosga maktubi, Ben-Gurion arxividan ibroniy tilida olingan va ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan Falastin tadqiqotlari instituti, Beyrut
  24. ^ Morris, Benni (2011), Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998, Knopf Dubleday nashriyot guruhi, p. 138, ISBN  9780307788054 Quote: "No Zionist can forgo the smallest portion of the Land of Israel. [A] Jewish state in part [of Palestine] is not an end, but a beginning ….. Our possession is important not only for itself … through this we increase our power, and every increase in power facilitates getting hold of the country in its entirety. Establishing a [small] state …. will serve as a very potent lever in our historical effort to redeem the whole country"
  25. ^ a b Finkelshteyn, Norman (2005), Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-semitism and the Abuse of History, Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti, p. 280, ISBN  9780520245983
  26. ^ Jerome Slater, 'The Significance of Israeli Historical revisionism' in Russell A. Stone, Walter P. Zenner(eds.) Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship, Vol.3 SUNY Press, 1994 pp.179-199 p.182.
  27. ^ Yahudiylar agentligi rahbariyatining 1938 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan yig'ilishidan iqtibos: "[Men] mamlakatning bir qismidan mamnunman, lekin davlat barpo etilgandan keyin kuchli kuch yaratganimizdan keyin biz bekor qilamiz degan taxmin asosida Mamlakatning bo'linishi va biz butun Isroil erini kengaytiramiz. " yilda
    Masalha, Nur (1992), Falastinliklarni quvib chiqarish: sionistik siyosiy fikrdagi "ko'chirish" tushunchasi, 1882-1948 yy, Falastin tadqiqotlari uchun inst, p.107, ISBN  9780887282355; va
    Segev, Tom (2000), Bitta Falastin, to'liq: yahudiylar va arablar Britaniya mandati ostida, Henry Holt and Company, p. 403, ISBN  9780805048483
  28. ^ Xaym Vaytsmanning xatidan Artur Grenfell Vauchope, Falastin bo'yicha oliy komissar, while the Peel Commission was convening in 1937: "We shall spread in the whole country in the course of time ….. this is only an arrangement for the next 25 to 30 years." Masalha, Nur (1992), Falastinliklarni quvib chiqarish: sionistik siyosiy fikrdagi "ko'chirish" tushunchasi, 1882-1948 yy, Falastin tadqiqotlari uchun inst, p.62, ISBN  9780887282355
  29. ^ Falastin. Buyuk Britaniyadagi Buyuk Britaniya hukumati bayonoti. Mustamlakalar bo'yicha davlat kotibi tomonidan hazratlari buyrug'i bilan parlamentga taqdim etilgan. November 1938. Cmd. 5893. "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 3-noyabrda. Olingan 11 noyabr 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
  30. ^ Xilberg, Raul, Evropa yahudiylarining yo'q qilinishi, (1961) New Viewpoints, New York 1973 p.716
  31. ^ Angliya-Amerika tergov qo'mitasi - IV ilova Falastin: tarixiy ma'lumot
  32. ^ Benny Morris (25 May 2011). "chp. 4". Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998 (Hebrew ed.). Knopf Doubleday nashriyot guruhi. p. 159. ISBN  978-0-307-78805-4. Capping it all, the Permanent Mandates Commission of the Council of the League of Nations rejected the White Paper as inconsistent with the terms of the Mandate.
  33. ^ William roger louis, 1985, p.386
  34. ^ a b Morris, 2008, p.34
  35. ^ Gurock, Jeffrey S. Amerika yahudiylari tarixi American Jewish Historical Society, page 243
  36. ^ Morris, 2008, p.35
  37. ^ Maykl R. Fisbbax (2013 yil 13-avgust). Arab mamlakatlariga qarshi yahudiy mulkiga oid da'volar. Kolumbiya universiteti matbuoti. p. 24. ISBN  978-0-231-51781-2. By 1948, after several decades of Jewish immigration, the Jewish population of Palestine had risen to about one third of the total, and Jews and Jewish companies owned 20 percent of all cultivable land in the country.
  38. ^ "Land Registration in Palestine before 1948 (Nakba): Table 2 showing Holdings of Large Jewish Lands Owners as of December 31st, 1945, British Mandate: A Survey of Palestine: Volume I - Page 245. Chapter VIII: Land: Section 3. - Palestine Remembered". palestineremembered.com.
  39. ^ Nele Matz, 'Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations,' in Armin Von Bogdandy, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Christiane E. Philipp (eds.) Maks Plank Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti qonunining yilnomasi . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2005 pp.47-96, 87-bet
    'those mandated territories that had been classified as A mandates, with the exception of Palestine, were finally granted full independence in addition to the already established structures for provisional self-governance,'
  40. ^ a b Baylis Tomas, How Israel was Won: A Concise History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Lexington Books 1999 47-bet.
  41. ^ David D. Newsom, The Imperial Mantle: The United States, Decolonization, and the Third World. Indiana University Press, 77-bet.
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  47. ^ "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1". 3 September 1947. Chapter 2, para. 119, p. 28. A/364(SUPP). Olingan 20 aprel 2017. There can be no doubt that the enforcement of the White Paper of 1939, subject to the permitted entry since December 1945 of 1,500 Jewish immigrants monthly, has created throughout the Jewish community a deep-seated distrust and resentment against the mandatory Power. This feeling is most sharply expressed in regard to the Administration's attempts to prevent the landing of illegal immigrants. During its stay in Palestine, the Committee heard from certain of its members an eyewitness account of the incidents relative to the bringing into the port of Haifa, under British naval escort, of the illegal immigrant ship, Exodus 1947.
  48. ^ a b "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1". 3 September 1947. A/364(SUPP). Olingan 20 aprel 2017.
  49. ^ a b v d Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 47. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013. The Jews were to get 62 percent of Palestine (most of it desert), consisting of the Negev
  50. ^ "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly: Volume 1". 3 sentyabr 1947. p. 51. A/364(SUPP). Olingan 20 aprel 2017. The primary objectives sought in the foregoing scheme were, in short, political division and economic unity: to confer upon each group, Arab and Jew, in its own territory, the power to make its own laws, while preserving both, throughout Palestine, a single integrated economy, admittedly essential to the well-being of each, and the same territorial freedom of movement to individuals as is enjoyed today.
  51. ^ BMTning bo'linish rejasi at Merip.
  52. ^ a b Colbert C. Held, John Thomas Cummings, https://books.google.com/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT287 Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics, 6-nashr. Hachette UK, 2013 p.255: It called for three entities: a Jewish state with 56 percent of Mandate Palestine; an Arab state, 43 percent.'
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  55. ^ Yearbook of The United Nations 1947–48
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  57. ^ Report of Sub-Committee 2 (doc.nr. A/AC.14/32). 10 November 1947; kuni [1]
    For the Bedouin issue, see par. 61-73 on pp. 39-46 and Appendix 3: Note on the Bedouin population of Palestine presented by the representative of the United Kingdom d.d. 1 November 1947 on pp. 65-66
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  63. ^ A/PV.128 Minutes of the 128th meeting, page 1424, "We shall now proceed to vote by roll-call on the report of the Ad Hoc Committee (document A/516). A vote was taken by roll-call... The report was adopted by 33 votes to 13, with 10 abstentions."
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  84. ^ Political Issues Delay Asia Talks, NY Times, 27 November 1947
  85. ^ Boy Koen. Kitni yemiradigan baliq. Nyu-York, NY: Farrar Straus Jiru, 2012 yil.
  86. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 61. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013. The Arabs had failed to understand the tremendous impact of the Holocaust on the international community—and, in any event, appear to have used the selfsame methods, but with poor results. Wasif Kamal, an AHC official, for example, offered one delegate—perhaps the Russian—a "huge, huge sum of money to vote for the Arabs" (the Russian declined, saying, "You want me to hang myself?”). But the Arabs' main tactic, amounting to blackmail, was the promise or threat of war should the assembly endorse partition. As early as mid-August 1947, Fawzi al-Qawuqji—soon to be named the head of the Arab League’s volunteer army in Palestine, the Arab Liberation Army (ALA)—threatened that, should the vote go the wrong way, "we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our way, be it English, American or Jewish". It would be a "holy war", the Arabs suggested, which might even evolve into "World War III". Cables to this effect poured in from Damascus, Beirut, Amman, and Baghdad during the Ad Hoc Committee deliberations, becoming "more lurid", according to Zionist officials, as the General Assembly vote drew near. The Arab states generally made no bones about their intention to support the Palestinians with "men, money and arms", and sometimes hinted at an eventual invasion by their armies. They also threatened the Western Powers, their traditional allies, with an oil embargo and/or abandonment and realignment with the Soviet Bloc
  87. ^ a b Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. pp. 50, 66. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 24 iyul 2013. p. 50,"The Arab reaction was just as predictable: "The blood will flow like rivers in the Middle East", promised Jamol Xusayniy.; at 1947 "Haj Amin al-Husseini went one better: he denounced also the minority report, which, in his view, legitimized the Jewish foothold in Palestine, a "partition in disguise", as he put it." ; p.66, at 1946 "The AHC ... insisted that the proportion of Jews to Arabs in the unitary state should stand at one to six, meaning that only Jews who lived in Palestine before the British Mandate be eligible for citizenship
  88. ^ Morris 2008, p. 412
  89. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 70. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013.
  90. ^ 29th Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Palestine: 24 November 1947: Retrieved 31 December 2013 Arxivlandi 2013 yil 31 dekabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  91. ^ U.N General Assembly, A/PV.126, 28 November 1947, discussion on the Palestinian question, dan arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013 yil 16 oktyabrda, olingan 15 oktyabr 2013
  92. ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 61. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013. The Arabs had failed to understand the tremendous impact of the Holocaust on the international community—and, in any event, appear to have used the selfsame methods, but with poor results. Masalan, AHC rasmiysi Vosif Kamol bitta delegatga - ehtimol rossiyalikka - "arablarga ovoz berish uchun ulkan, juda katta pul" taklif qildi (rus: "Siz o'zimni osib qo'yishni xohlaysizmi?"). Ammo arablarning shantaj qilishdan iborat bo'lgan asosiy taktikasi, agar assambleya bo'linishni ma'qullashi kerak bo'lsa, urush va'dasi yoki urush tahdidi edi.1947 yil avgust oyining o'rtalarida Favzi al-Kavuqji - tez orada Arab Ligasi ko'ngillilar armiyasining boshlig'i etib tayinlandi. Falastin, Arab ozodlik armiyasi (ALA), agar ovoz berish noto'g'ri yo'lga qo'yilsa, biz qo'rqib, "biz umumiy urushni boshlashimiz kerak. Biz ingliz, amerikalik yoki yahudiy bo'lsin, biz yo'lda turgan hamma narsani o'ldiramiz, vayron qilamiz va barbod qilamiz ". Bu arablar" muqaddas urush "bo'lar edi, bu hatto" uchinchi jahon urushi "ga aylanib ketishi mumkin. Maxsus qo'mita muhokamasi chog'ida Damashq, Beyrut, Amman va Bag'doddan quyilgan, sionistlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, Bosh Assambleya ovoz berishga yaqinlashganda, arablar "ko'proq jirkanch" bo'lib qolishdi. Falastinliklar "erkaklar, pullar va qurol-yarog '" bilan, ba'zan esa o'z qo'shinlari tomonidan bosib olinishi to'g'risida ishora qilar edilar, shuningdek, G'arbiy davlatlarni, ularning an'anaviy ittifoqdoshlarini neft embargosi ​​va / yoki tark etish va Sovet bloki bilan qayta tuzish bilan tahdid qildilar.
  93. ^ "1947–1977". Falastinning paydo bo'lishi va rivojlanishi muammosi: 1917-1988 yillar. Birlashgan Millatlar. 1990 yil.
  94. ^ Fridman, Saul S. (2014 yil 10-yanvar). Yaqin Sharq tarixi. ISBN  9780786451340.
  95. ^ "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti" Falastinning ishtirok rejasini o'tkazmoqda ". Nyukasl Morning Xerald va konchilar advokati (NSW: 1876 - 1954). NSW: Avstraliya milliy kutubxonasi. 1947 yil 1-dekabr. P. 1. Olingan 24 oktyabr 2014. Tel-Aviv va Quddusdagi yarim histerik yahudiy olomon hamon BMTni nishonlashmoqda. bugungi kunda tongda ovoz berish. Shimolda yahudiy kolxozlarida katta olovlar hali ham yonib turardi. Tel-Avivdagi ko'plab katta kafelar bepul shampan bilan xizmat qilishgan. Pivo zavodi olomonga eshiklarini ochdi. Yahudiylar Tel-Aviv ko'chalarida patrullik qilayotgan ingliz qo'shinlarining ba'zilariga g'azablanishdi, boshqalari ularga sharob berishdi. Quddusda olomon zirhli mashinalarni to'plashdi va ular bo'ylab ko'chalarda yurishdi. Quddusdagi bosh ravvin (doktor Isaak Hertsog) shunday dedi: "2000 yil zulmatidan so'ng, qutqarish tongi otildi. Qaror nafaqat yahudiylar tarixida, balki jahon tarixida ham davrni belgilaydi". Yahudiy terroristik tashkiloti Irgun Zvay Leumi o'z shtab-kvartirasidan "yangi yahudiy davlatida o'z faoliyatini to'xtatishini" e'lon qildi.
  96. ^ "PALESTIN JEWRY YANGILIKLARIDA QO'SHIQ QILADI; Ben-Gurion minnatdor javobgarlikka munosabat - Quddus arablari jim". The New York Times. 1947 yil 30-noyabr. P. 58. Olingan 9 yanvar 2012.
  97. ^ "Falastinda ovoz bering, KROWD tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi". The New York Times. 1947 yil 30-noyabr. Olingan 9 yanvar 2012.
  98. ^ a b "Yahudiy birliklari bu erda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining harakatlarini sochishdi." The New York Times. 1947 yil 30-noyabr. Olingan 9 yanvar 2012.
  99. ^ Boshlang, Menaxem (1978) Qo'zg'olon. p. 412.
  100. ^ Boshlang, Menaxem (1977) Yerosti qismida: Yozuvlar va hujjatlar. 4-jild, p. 70.
  101. ^ Aviezer Golan va Shlomo Nakdimon (1978) Boshlash p. 172, Simha Flapanda keltirilgan, Isroilning tug'ilishi, Pantheon Books, Nyu-York, 1988. p. 32
  102. ^ Simha Flapan, Isroilning tug'ilishi: afsonalar va haqiqatlar, Pantheon, 1988, ISBN  0-679-72098-7, 8-9 betlar
  103. ^ Shon F. Makmahon, Falastin-Isroil munosabatlarining nutqi, Routledge 2010 p. 40.
  104. ^ P. J. I. M. De Waart, Falastindagi o'z taqdirini aniqlash dinamikasi, BRILL 1994 p. 138
  105. ^ Mehran Kamrava, Zamonaviy O'rta Sharq: Birinchi jahon urushidan keyingi siyosiy tarix, 2-nashr Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti 2011 y. 83
  106. ^ Shourideh C. Molavi, Fuqaroligi bo'lmagan fuqarolik: Isroilning Falastin-Arab fuqarolari, BRILL 2014 p. 126
  107. ^ "Benni Morrisning shokka qarshi intervyusi". Tarix yangiliklari tarmog'i.
  108. ^ Jamol K Kanj (2010) Falokat bolalari
  109. ^ Morris 2008, p. 65
  110. ^ "Falastinning bo'linishi BMT tomonidan ma'qullandi.", Times of India, 1947 yil 1-dekabr
  111. ^ Arab rahbarlari Falastinda berilgan ovozni "yaroqsiz" deb atashmoqda, NY Times, 1947 yil 30-noyabr
  112. ^ BIRLAShGAN MILLATLARNING PALESTIN KOMISSIYASI Arxivlandi 2010 yil 3 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Xavfsizlik Kengashiga birinchi maxsus ma'ruza
  113. ^ Axbar el-Yom, 2011 yil 11 oktyabr, 9-bet. Inglizcha so'zma-so'z tarjimasi bir muncha noaniq, ammo yahudiylarning kelayotgan arab mag'lubiyati mo'g'ullar va salibchilarning o'tgan arab mag'lubiyatlari qanday esga olinsa, xuddi shu tarzda esda qoladi.
  114. ^ Tom Segev (2011 yil 21 oktyabr). "Tarixdagi o'zgarishlar / ko'rlar ko'rlarni yo'ldan ozdirmoqda". Haaretz.
  115. ^ a b Benni Morris (2008). 1948 yil: birinchi arab-isroil urushi tarixi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 187. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013. p. 187. "Azzam Kirkbridega aytdi: ... biz ularni (yahudiylarni) dengizga supurib tashlaymiz". Al Kuvvatli (Suriya prezidenti) o'z xalqiga: "... biz sionizmni yo'q qilamiz"; p. 409 "Al-Husseini ... 1948 yil mart oyida u Yaffada nashr etilgan" Al-Sarih "gazetasida suhbatdoshiga arablar faqat bo'linishni oldini olish niyatida emas, balki" sionistlar yo'q qilinmaguncha kurashni davom ettirishlarini "aytdi.
  116. ^ Morris 2008, p. 410
  117. ^ "Misrning" Al Mokattam "kundalik qismi bo'linishni qo'llab-quvvatladi". Quddus Post. 1947 yil 30-noyabr. nufuzli kundalik "Al Mokattam" ... bo'linishni qo'llab-quvvatlash ... bu O'rta Sharqdagi har qanday muhim arab ovozi bo'linish uchun ommaviy ravishda e'lon qilgani va Qohiradagi arab doiralari ushbu maqoladan hayratga tushgani xabar qilinmoqda ... Biz bo'linishni qo'llab-quvvatlaymiz, chunki bu Falastin muammosi uchun eng yaxshi yakuniy echimdir ... bo'linishni rad etish ... yanada murakkablashuvlarga olib keladi va sionistlarga mudofaa va hujum rejalarini bajarish uchun yana bir vaqt beradi. ... arablarga foyda keltirmaydigan, ammo yahudiylarga foyda keltiradigan, ayniqsa inglizlar evakuatsiya qilinganidan keyin yana bir yilga kechikish.
  118. ^ Falastin Post, 1948 yil 21-may, p. 3.
  119. ^ Benni Morris (2008). 1948 yil: birinchi arab-isroil urushi tarixi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 45. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 24 iyul 2013. "23 iyul kuni Sofarda arab vakillari UNSCOP oldida guvohlik berishlarini yakunladilar. Faranjie Arab Ligasi uchun so'zlar ekan, Falastindagi" noqonuniy "yahudiylar quvib chiqarilishini va mamlakatda" qonuniy "bo'lganlarning ko'pchiligining kelajagini aytdi. ammo Falastin fuqaroligisiz "bo'lajak arab hukumati tomonidan" hal qilinishi kerak edi
  120. ^ Dinshteyn, Yoram; Domb, Fania (2011 yil 11-noyabr). Xalqaro huquqning taraqqiyoti: Inson huquqlari to'g'risida Isroilning yilligi - Yubiley jildi. p. 431. ISBN  978-9004219113.
  121. ^ Yakobson, Aleksandr; Rubinshteyn, Amnon (2009). Isroil va millatlar oilasi: yahudiy davlati va inson huquqlari - Aleksandr Yakobson, Amnon Rubinshteyn. ISBN  9780415464413. Olingan 20 may 2015.
  122. ^ Jon Kigli, Olti kunlik urush va Isroilning o'zini himoya qilish: oldini olish urushining huquqiy asoslarini shubha ostiga qo'yish, Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, 2012 yil 7-bet: 'Ushbu taklif qilingan bo'linish Falastin arablari tomonidan adolatsiz deb topildi, chunki ular Falastinning butun qismi uchun hukumatni qidirib topdilar va hududning asosiy qismini hududni ajratish uchun adolatsiz deb topdilar. yahudiylar arablardan kam sonli bo'lishiga qaramay, yahudiylar davlati. '
  123. ^ Fred J. Xuri, 'Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tinchlik harakatlari', Malkolm X. Kerrda (tahr.) Yaqin Sharqda tushunarsiz tinchlik, SUNY Press 1975 yil 21-22 betlar: 'Arablar bo'linish rezolyutsiyasini adolatsiz va BMT Nizomiga zid deb hujum qildilar. Ular BMT Falastindagi arab ko'pchiligining huquqlarini e'tiborsiz qoldirib, Falastin yahudiylariga, so'ngra butun aholining uchdan bir qismini, Arab davlatiga ajratilganidan ko'ra ko'proq hudud va resurslarni vakil qilib berish va 400 mingdan ziyod arablarni o'zlariga qaytarib berish bilan ayblashdi. yahudiy davlatidagi ozchilik maqomi. '
  124. ^ Shon F. MakMaxon. Falastin-Isroil munosabatlarining ma'ruzasi: doimiy tahlil va amaliyot Routledge, 2009 yil. 90-bet
  125. ^ Youssef M. Choueiri. Yaqin Sharq tarixining hamrohi. Blekvell 2005 yil 281-bet
  126. ^ Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod, Nakba: Falastin, 1948 va Xotira talablari, Columbia University Press, 2013 pp291-292. "Falastinliklarning pozitsiyasi Angliya vakolati boshlanganidan to oxirigacha o'zgarishsiz qoldi: ular bo'linishga qarshi chiqdilar va ko'pchilikning xohish-istaklarini aks ettiradigan siyosiy tizimni o'rnatishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar."
  127. ^ Uilyam B. Kvandt, Pol Jabber, Enn Mozli Lesch. Falastin millatchiligi siyosati Rand korporatsiyasi / Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti, 1973 yil 46-7-betlar.
  128. ^ Jon B. Quigley. Falastin uchun ish: xalqaro huquq nuqtai nazari. Dyuk universiteti matbuoti, 2005 yil. 36-bet.
  129. ^ a b Volf, Jon (2005). Tarixdagi din: to'qnashuv, konversiya va birgalikda yashash. Manchester universiteti matbuoti. p. 265. ISBN  978-0-7190-7107-2.
  130. ^ Anita Shapira, Yigal Allon, tug'ilgan o'g'il: tarjimai hol, Pensilvaniya universiteti matbuoti, 2004, 239-bet.
  131. ^ Itzhak Galnoor, Falastinning bo'linishi: sionistik harakatdagi qaror chorrahasi, Nyu-York shtati universiteti matbuoti, 1994, 195-bet.
  132. ^ Bikerton, Yan J., Klausner, Karla L. (2001) Arab-Isroil to'qnashuvining qisqacha tarixi, 4-nashr, Prentice Hall, ISBN  0-13-090303-5, 88-bet.
  133. ^ Bickerton & Klausner (2001), 103-bet
  134. ^ Hilel Koen (2008 yil 3-yanvar). Soyalar armiyasi: Falastinning sionizm bilan hamkorligi, 1917-1948. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. p. 236. ISBN  978-0-520-93398-9. ... Muso al-alami muftiy arab davlatini boshqarishga va'da berilsa bo'linishga rozi bo'ladi deb taxmin qildi.
  135. ^ Morris, 2008, p. 76, 77
  136. ^ Morris 2008, p. 73
  137. ^ Louis 2006, p. 419
  138. ^ Benni Morris (2008). 1948: Birinchi Arab-Isroil urushi tarixi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 74. ISBN  9780300126969.
  139. ^ Roza El-Eini (2006). Majburiy landshaft: Falastinda Britaniyalik imperatorlik hukmronligi, 1929–1948. Tarix. Yo'nalish. p. 367. ISBN  978-0-7146-5426-3. Shunga ko'ra ular 1947 yil 11-dekabrda mandat 1948 yil 15-mayda tugashini e'lon qilishdi, shu kundan boshlab yagona vazifa ... 1948 yil 1-avgustga qadar olib chiqish edi.
  140. ^ Artur Koestler (2007 yil mart). Va'da va bajarish - Falastin 1917–1949. KITOBLAR O'QISH. 163–168 betlar. ISBN  978-1-4067-4723-2. Olingan 13 oktyabr 2011.
  141. ^ Benni Morris (2008). 1948 yil: birinchi arab-isroil urushi tarixi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 73. ISBN  9780300126969. Olingan 13 iyul 2013. Bevin 1947 yil 1 sentyabrdagi UNSCOP ko'pchilik hisobotini adolatsiz va axloqsiz deb hisobladi. U zudlik bilan Angliya arablarga ta'sir o'tkazishga urinmaslikka qaror qildi; haqiqatan ham, u ularni amalga oshirishga qarshi turishini kutgan edi ... Britaniya kabineti ...: 1947 yil 4-dekabrda bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda ... Arablarga bir lahzada BMT rezolyutsiyasini bajarishga yordam berishdan bosh tortishga qaror qildi. Falastinning bo'linishi. Va muhim maxfiy xulosada ... Angliya BMT (Amalga oshirish) komissiyasining Falastinga kelishini may oyining boshiga qadar kechiktirish uchun qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishni qilishiga rozi bo'ldi. Tashqi ishlar vazirligi darhol komissiyaga "[mandat] Falastin hukumati hali ham Falastin uchun ma'muriy javobgar bo'lgan paytda Komissiya o'z vakolatlarini ishga solishi toqat qilmasligini" xabar qildi ... Bu ... tartibli amalga oshirishning har qanday imkoniyatini bekor qildi. bo'lim o'lchamlari.
  142. ^ Davlat kotibi vazifasini bajaruvchi Lovettning AQShning ba'zi diplomatik idoralar, tashqi aloqalar, 1949 yildagi eslatmasiga qarang, 1949. Yaqin Sharq, Janubiy Osiyo va Afrika, VI jild, 1447-48 betlar
  143. ^ Folke Bernadotte, "Quddusga", Xoder va Stoutton, 1951, 112-13 betlarga qarang
  144. ^ Yoav Gelber, Mustaqillik Versiya Nakbaga qarshi; Kinneret – Zmora-Bitan – Dvir nashriyoti, 2004 y., ISBN  965-517-190-6, p.104
  145. ^ "Veb - Britaniyaning Plaestine vakolatining bekor qilinishi 14/15 may". millat.com.
  146. ^ Isroil davlati tashkil etilganligi to'g'risidagi deklaratsiya: 1948 yil 14-may
  147. ^ Arab davlatlari ligasi Bosh kotibidan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh kotibiga Cablegram 15 may 1948 yil: 2012 yil 4 mayda olindi
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  150. ^ "Isroil (1948-1949) va Falastin (1998-1999): Gay S. Gudvin-Gill va Stefan Talmonning nashrlarida" Xalqaro huquqning haqiqati: insholar "da 5-bobga qarang. Yan Braunlining sharafi (Oksford: Clarendon Press, 1999)
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Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

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Tashqi havolalar