Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni - Yamhill River lock and dam

Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni
Bonita in Yamhill river lock 1900.jpg
Paroxod Bonita Yamhill Lokda, 1900 yil 24-sentyabr
Yamhill River lock and dam is located in Oregon
Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni
Oregon shtatidagi Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'onining joylashishi
MamlakatAQSH
ManzilLafayet, Oregon
Koordinatalar45 ° 13′50 ″ N. 123 ° 06′15 ″ V / 45.23056 ° N 123.10417 ° Vt / 45.23056; -123.10417Koordinatalar: 45 ° 13′50 ″ N. 123 ° 06′15 ″ V / 45.23056 ° N 123.10417 ° Vt / 45.23056; -123.10417
Maqsadnavigatsiya
HolatIshdan chiqarilgan
Qurilish boshlandi1898
Ochilish sanasi1900 yil 22 sentyabr
Vayron qilingan sanataxminan 1965 yil
Qurilish qiymati$72,164.83
Operator (lar)Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi logo.svg Muhandislar korpusi
To‘g‘on va suv oqadigan yo‘llar
To'siq turiYog'och beshik tosh bilan to'ldirilgan
Ta'sir qilishYamxill daryosi
Balandligi (poydevori)26 fut (7,92 m)
Uzunlik125 fut (38,10 m)
Kenglik (taglik)30 fut (9,14 m)
To'kilgan yo'llarbitta (1)
To'kilgan yo'l turiBosdi.
Suv ombori
Maksimal uzunlik9 mil (14 km)
Suvning maksimal chuqurligi16 fut (4,88 m)
Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni
Yamhill River Lock and Dam entrance.JPG
Devorlarni qulflash va pastga tushirish, may, 2009 yil
Maydon8 gektar (3,2 ga)
Me'morAQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi; Normile, Fastabend & McGregor
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q91000799
NRHP-ga qo'shildi1991 yil 21 iyun

The Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni yaqinida qurilgan. 1900 yilda qurilgan Lafayet, Oregon, daryo orqali transportni yaxshilashga imkon berish Yamxill daryosi dan Deyton, ga McMinnville, Oregon. Muhandislar korpusi qulfni qurishni taqiqlagan bo'lsa-da, baribir, asosan, loyiha tarafdorlarining siyosiy harakatlari natijasida qurilgan. Qulfni qurishdan qariyb qirq yil davomida Yamhill daryosida qulf va to'g'on qurish uchun harakatlar qilingan.[1]

Qulf daryoning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan, uzunligi 210 fut (64 m) va eni 40 fut (12 m) bo'lgan bitta ko'taruvchi kamera edi. To'siq daryoning sharqiy qirg'og'idan sharqiy qulf devorigacha cho'zilgan va qulf eshiklari yopilgach, Yamhill daryosining zaxirasini olib, suv sathini yetarli darajada ko'tarib, yozgi quruq mavsumda McMinnville-ga tayyor qayiqda suzib o'tishga imkon berdi. Qish paytida qulf va to'g'on navigatsiya yordamidan ko'ra ko'proq to'sqinlik qilar edi, chunki ular tez-tez o'tib ketar edi yangilar toshqinlar, ba'zan qulf devorlaridan yigirma metr balandroq yoki balandroq.

Qurilgandan ko'p o'tmay, qulfni biron bir muhim tarzda ishlatish to'xtatildi. Kundaliklarni tashish uchun birlamchi 1930-1940 yillarda daryodan foydalanish kuchaygan. AQSh hukumati daryoda oz miqdordagi transport endi ularning xarajatlarini oqlamaydi degan xulosaga kelgan 1950 yillarga qadar qulf o'z ishini davom ettirdi.

Keyin qulf va to'g'on aylantirildi Yamhill okrugi. Qulfni saqlash yoki tiklash uchun okrugda mablag 'etishmadi va to'g'on yumurtlamaya to'siq sifatida qaraldi go'shti Qizil baliq, oxir-oqibat portlovchi moddalar yordamida yo'q qilindi. Qulf devorlari shu kungacha saqlanib qolgan. Bir vaqtning o'zida qurilgan va hozirda shaxsiy qo'llarda bo'lgan qulf qo'riqchisining uyi ham saqlanib qolmoqda. Qulfni tuzilishini ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan tuman parki yaqinida. Ishning qolgan ba'zi qoldiqlari, masalan, qoziqlar, past suvda ham ko'rinadi.

Garchi muhandislik loyihasi sifatida unchalik ahamiyatli bo'lmasa-da, qulf Oregonda va haqiqatan ham Tinch okeanining barcha shtatlarida 19-asr davomida AQSh hukumati tomonidan boshlangan uchta qulf va to'g'on loyihalaridan biri edi.[1]

Qulf va to'g'on, shuningdek, mahalliy tabiat asarlari uchun milliy hukumat mablag'larini sarflash uchun mahalliy bosim natijalarini ifodalaydi.[1] Loyihaning katta qismi bugungi kungacha ko'rinib turibdi va "Yuqori qismdagi so'nggi moddiy qoldiqlardan biri" deb aytilgan Willamette Valley daryo navigatsiyasi yuk va yo'lovchilarni tashishda muhim rol o'ynagan davr. "[1]

Qulf ba'zan Lafayette Lock deb nomlanadi.[1] Lafayette qulflar bog'i Yamhill okrugi, Oregon endi eski qulf va to'g'on o'rnini egallaydi.[2]

Manzil

Qulf Lafayet shahridan bir milya pastlikda va Yamhill va Daryo quyilish joyidan besh mil uzoqlikda joylashgan (va joylashgan). Willamette Rivers.[3] Makminnvill va qulf o'rtasida Yamhill daryosining qulashi 13,0 fut (4,0 m) ni tashkil etdi.[3] Daryoning tabiiy holatida dastlab Yamhill sharsharasi deb nomlangan Lafayetdan oqib o'tadigan tez oqimlar bor edi,[4] pastga, daryo to'qqiz metrga qulab tushgan qulflash joyiga.[3]

Yamhill daryosining manbai bu edi Sohil oralig'i Oregonda. Daryo sharqqa, taxminan 72 milya uzoqlikda, yuqoriga ko'tarilgan tomon 64 milya masofada joylashgan Portlend, Oregon, u erda Willamette daryosiga qo'shiladi. Yengil tortadigan paroxodlar muntazam ravishda yugurishdi Deyton, daryoning og'zidan taxminan besh mil balandlikda. Shahar Lafayet daryoning og'zidan 13 km uzoqlikda joylashgan.[5]

Lafayetda bir qator tezliklar bor edi, uning ustiga daryo 8 km (2,7 m) ga 1 mil (1,6 km) ga tushib ketdi. Rapidlar etagidan daryoning og'zigacha qulash atigi 1 fut (0,30 m) bo'lgan. Yamxill daryosidagi yuqori suv yoki Willamette daryosida balandligi 3,0 m balandlikda bo'lishi tez suvlarni cho'ktirishi mumkin edi.[5]

Lafayetdan daryo taxminan 14 km masofani bosib o'tdi McMinnville, joy Yamhill okrugi, obod qishloq xo'jaligi viloyati. Daryoning bu qismi kengligi 12 metrdan 30 metrgacha 40 metrdan 100 metrgacha cho'zilib, to'siqlar va osilgan daraxtlar bilan to'silgan. Siqilishlar McMinnville daryosidan 4,8 km uzoqlikda harakatlanish uchun juda yomon edi. Agar qulab tushgan va osilgan daraxtlar olib tashlansa, 2,5 - 3,0 fut (0,76 - 0,91 m) suv tortadigan bug 'qayiqlari McMinnville tomon yo'l olishi mumkin edi. Rapidlar bo'ylab qayiqlar o'tishi mumkin bo'lgan mavsum yiliga taxminan besh oy bilan cheklangan edi.[5]

1892 yil dekabrda mahsulotlarni suv bilan jo'natish uchun daryodan foydalanishga umuman tayyorgarlik ko'rilmadi. Daryoga olib boradigan yo'llar bo'lmagan va qirg'oqlarda omborxonalar bo'lmagan. Daryoning yaqinda tozalanishiga qiziqish juda kam bo'lganga o'xshaydi. Bitta paroxod muntazam ravishda yil davomida Portlend va Deyton o'rtasida ishlagan va yaxshi biznes qilgan. Agar daryo bo'yida bunga loyiq bo'lish uchun etarli ish bo'lganida, bu paroxod Makminnvillga boradigan yo'lini uzaytirishi mumkin edi.[5]

1892 yilda temir yo'l liniyasi McMinnville va LaFayette-da Yamxill daryosini kesib o'tdi, ular vagonlar yo'li bilan atigi 8 milya masofada joylashgan. Lafayette va Dayton yo'llar bilan atigi 3,2 km masofada joylashgan va mamlakatning hammasi tekis edi.[5]

1910 yilda Yamhill daryosi "Yozda sayozlik va chuqurliklarning mayin oqimi, Qishda mushtlashuvchi toshqin" deb ta'riflangan.[6] 1874 yilda Yamhill AQSh armiyasining muhandislik bo'limi tomonidan tekshirilib, daryo yozda sayoz hovuzlar zanjiridan "buyuk kuch va quvvat daryosiga" qadar o'zgarib turishini aniqladi, uning qirg'oqlari bo'ylab suv sathlari ko'tarilganligini ko'rsatdi. , ba'zan esa qish va bahorgi toshqinlar paytida 18 metrdan oshiqroq masofani bosib o'tadi.[7]

Qulflashdan oldin McMinnville-ga bug'li navigatsiya

Qulfni qurishdan oldin kichik paroxodlar Makminnvillga yugurish imkoniyatiga ega edilar. Juda erta paroxodlar Korxona (115 fut.)[8]) va Hoosier[9] (50 fut; 5 tonna)[8]) keyinchalik to'g'onni qurish uchun tanlangan Martinning qo'nish joyi deb nomlangan joydan daryoni boshqargan.[10] Paroxod Elk Kristofer E. Svitserga tegishli bo'lgan 60 ta qisqa tonna (54 tonna) 1850-yillarning oxirlarida ham Yamhillda yugurdi, ammo bir mavsumdan so'ng u marshrut uchun juda katta bo'lib chiqdi.[4]

1867 yilda Xalq transport kompaniyasi McMinnville-ga yuk tashish xizmati tonnasiga 7,00 dollar narxida reklama qilingan.[11] 1871 yilda Willamette Transport kompaniyasi McMinnville-ga portlend xizmatini Portlenddan tonnasi uchun 3,00 dollar miqdorida e'lon qildi.[11]

1895 yil mart oyida paroxod Toledo (128 fut; 226 tonna)[8]) McMinnville-ga muntazam ravishda sayohat qilgan.[12] Toledo 14 yil ichida Makminnvillga etib kelgan birinchi paroxod bo'lgan ko'rinadi.[11] 1896 yil noyabrda paroxod Çingene (101 fut.; 213 tonna.)[8]) vaqtincha Portlend-Makminnvil yo'nalishi bo'yicha joylashtirilgan.[13]

Takliflarni oldindan qulflang

Oregon shtat bo'lishidan oldin ham, Yamhill daryosida qulf yoki qulf qurish uchun beshta mahalliy harakatlar bo'lgan.[4] 1858 yilda Oregon shtatidagi Argus Yamhill okrugini Yamhill daryosining og'zida daryo bo'ylab yil bo'yi navigatsiya qilish uchun qulf qurishga chaqirdi.[14] The Davlat huquqlari demokrat Keyinchalik, partizan gazetasi qulflarning barbod bo'lishida Respublikachilar siyosatining hukmronligi sabab bo'lgan Yamhill okrugi.[14]

1859 yil 17-yanvarda, Oregon davlatga rasmiy ravishda qabul qilinishidan oldin, paroxod egasi Kristofer E. Svitser. Elk hududiy hukumatga Yamhill suv-qulf va to'g'on kompaniyasini qo'shish to'g'risida hujjat topshirdi, uning kapitali 50 000 AQSh dollar qiymatida, Yamhill og'zida 60 ta qisqa kemani sig'dira oladigan qulf qurishni taklif qildi ( Bilan bir xil tonna bo'lgan 54 t) hajmda Elk.[4]

1869 yil 27-dekabrda Yamhill qulflar va transport kompaniyasi tashkil etildi.[4][15] Kompaniyaning kapitali 75 ming dollarni tashkil qilishi aytilgan.[15] McMinnville-dagi asosiy idorasi bilan kompaniyaning maqsadi, ta'sis shartnomasida aytilganidek, Yamhillning og'zida va Lafayettdagi tezlikda qulflarni qurish edi.[4][15] Yamhillning og'ziga to'g'on qurilgan, ammo 1871 yil noyabr oyida toshqin suv bilan yuvilib ketgan.[4]

Qulfni qurish bilan bog'liq boshqa muammolar, shu jumladan 1872 yil 17-fevralda bir guruh Lafayette ishbilarmonlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan Yamhill Lock and Transport Company tashkil etildi.[4]1874 yil oktyabrda, ta'sis shartnomalari Yamhill daryosini takomillashtirish kompaniyasiga besh kishi tomonidan topshirilgan, ularning kapital zaxiralari har biri 50 dollarlik aktsiyalarga bo'lingan holda, Yamhill daryosida qulflar, suv omborlari, tutunlar, qirg'inlar va chuqurliklar orqali harakatlanishni yaxshilashga qaratilgan. bug 'qayiqlarini boshqarish va omborlar va iskala qurish.[16] 1876 ​​yil oktyabrda Yamhill qulflar va ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi birlashtirildi.[4][17] Ushbu kompaniyalarning birortasi daryoda qulf qurolmagan yoki qurishni boshlamagan.[1]

Qonunchilik harakati

Davlat qonunchiligi

Oregon shtati qonunchilik organi 1876 yilda Lafayettdagi Yamhill daryosiga qulflar qurishni ta'minlash uchun "franchayzing" yaratgan qonun qabul qildi.[4][18] Franshiza shartlariga ko'ra, davlat istalgan vaqtda yaxshilanishni sotib olish huquqini o'zida saqlab qoldi.[18]

Federal qonunchilik

Ning qoidasi Daryolar va portlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1892 yil 13-iyulda o'tgan muhandislar korpusi Yamhill daryosining og'zidan McMinnville-ga Lafayetda qulf va to'g'on qurish orqali sust suv navigatsiyasini rivojlantirish imkoniyatlarini dastlabki ekspertizasini tayyorlashni talab qildi.[5] Xuddi shu daryolar va portlar Lafayette va Makminnvill o'rtasidagi Yamhill daryosidagi to'siqlarni, osilgan daraxtlarni va boshqa to'siqlarni olib tashlash uchun 3000 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'sarflashga ruxsat berdi. Ushbu pulga ushbu to'siqlar 1892 yil oktyabr va noyabr oylarida bartaraf etildi.[5]

1892 yil dekabr oyining boshlarida muhandislar korpusining mayori Tomas X. Xendberi (1841-1915) marshrut bo'ylab skif va uni "juda yaxshi qayiq" holatida topdi, daryo past suv sathidan taxminan 3 fut balandlikda (3,7 m). Ushbu suv sathida Xendberi "Lafayetdagi qulab tushish va tez oqimlar butunlay yo'q qilingan" deb xabar berdi.[5]

Aftidan etarli darajada avtoulov, temir yo'l va daryo transporti holatini hisobga olgan holda, 1892 yil hisobotini tayyorlagan mayor Xandberi Lafayettda qulf va to'g'on qurish federal hukumat uchun uni moliyalashtirish va qurish uchun etarlicha muhim emas degan xulosaga keldi. Xandberining urush departamentidagi qo'mondonlik zobitlari u bilan birlashdilar va loyihaga qarshi o'zlarining tavsiyalarini Kongressga etkazdilar.[5]

1896 yil 13-may kuni AQSh Senatida Daryolar va Harborlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi qabul qilindi.[19] U navigatsiyani yaxshilash uchun $ 200,000 xarajatlarini tasdiqladi Willamette daryosi va qulfni qurish Yamxill daryosi.[19] Qonun hujjatlarida atigi 40 000 AQSh dollari o'zlashtirildi.[19] Kongressmen Tomas H. Tongue loyihani moliyalashtirishni ta'minlashda ishtirok etgan.[20]

The Urush bo'limi Yamhillda qulfni o'rnatmaslikka qaror qilgan edi.[21] AQSh vakili Binger Hermann Yamhillda navigatsiyani ko'paytirish tugallangandan keyin bir yil ichida butun loyihani to'lashini talab qilib, loyihaning kuchli tarafdori edi.[22] Qulf va to'g'onni qurish foydasiga boshqa siyosiy bosim o'tkazildi.[1][4] Qulflash loyihasi ham yoqdi Harvi V. Skott, shtatdagi eng yirik gazetaning muharriri Tong Oregonian.[1]

1897 yil 12-noyabrda Daily Capital Journal, ning Salem, Oregon, olganini xabar qildi telegram AQSh senatoridan Jorj V. Makbrayd qulf muhandislik bo'limi tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan tarzda qurilishi va kerakli mablag 'Kongress akti bilan sarflanishi kerak.[21] Shuningdek, 1897 yil noyabrda brigada generali Jon M. Uilson Yamxill okrugi komissarlariga Kongress avvalgi 40 ming dollarga qo'shimcha ravishda 160 ming dollar ajratganligi, shu bilan qulf va to'g'onni qurish uchun etarli mablag 'ajratgani haqida maktub bilan xabar berishdi.[15]

Qurilish

Tender takliflari

1898 yil 3-yanvarda kapitan V.L. Fisk, AQSh muhandislari Yamhill daryosida to'g'on qurish va boshqa ishlarni bajarish bo'yicha muhrlangan takliflarni taklif qilgan xabarnomani joylashtirdilar.[23] Takliflar 1898 yil 10 fevralga qadar Oregon shtatidagi Portlenddagi AQSh muhandislik idorasida qabul qilinadi.[23] 1898 yil 11 fevralda oltita taklif mavjud bo'lib, shundan eng pasti 59 918 dollar bo'lgan Astoriya Simon Normilning sherikligi, Jon Anton Fastabend (c1860-1942),[24] va Uilyam F. Makgregor.[25][26] Shartnoma Normil konserniga berilgan va 1898 yil 11 martda tuzilgan.[27][28]

Shartnoma bo'yicha loyihani 1898 yil 31 dekabrgacha tugatish talab qilingan.[28] Loyiha uchun joy hali hukumat tomonidan sotib olinmagan edi va shartnomada hukumat pudratchini sotib olish to'g'risida xabardor qilmaguncha hech qanday ish qilinmasligi aytilgan edi, shundan so'ng qurilish 10 kun ichida boshlanishi kerak edi.[28] Loyihaning ba'zi qismlari, shu jumladan qulf saqlagichining uyi, o'tinlar, piyodalar va to'siqlar, pudratchi xabar olganidan keyin 60 kun ichida bajarilishi kerak edi.[28]

Normile firmasi mukofot olgandan taxminan ikki hafta o'tgach ishni boshlashini kutgan edi.[29] Qurilishning katta qismi betondan iborat bo'lib, loyihaning 2 mil (3,2 km) masofasidan olingan toshdan aralashtiriladi.[29] 500 mingdan iborat qurilish materiallari taxta oyoqlari yog'och va taxminan 60,000 funt (27,000 kg) dan temir Astoriyadan jo'natiladi.[29] Columbia Iron Works, aftidan subpudratchi bo'lib, loyihaning temir ishlari uchun shartnomani oldi.[30]

Qurilish boshlanadi

To'siq uchun poydevorda olib borilayotgan ishlarni aks ettiruvchi eskiz.

1898 yil 8 aprelda hukumat loyiha uchun erni egalari O.N.dan sotib oldi. 275 dollar evaziga Gertrude J. Denny.[31]1898 yil 14-iyunda pudratchilarga ishni davom ettirish to'g'risida xabarnoma berildi.[28] Qo'riqchining uyida ba'zi ishlar 1898 yil 12 mayda boshlangan edi.[28] Bu joy dastlab Martinning qo'nishi deb nomlangan.[31]

Boshqa ishlar allaqachon boshlangan edi, shu jumladan materiallarni yig'ish va ishchilarni ish bilan ta'minlash.[28]

1898 yil 20 aprel kuni kechqurun pudratchilar Lafayetga etib kelishdi va ishni boshlash uchun kelishuvlarni boshlashdi.[32] Pansionat va kamon qurish uchun ishchi kuchi darhol boshlanadi.[32] Loyiha maydonchasi og'ir daraxt o'sishi bilan qoplangan va uni tozalash kerak edi.[32] Shundan so'ng, tosh va yog'och ish joyiga etkazib berilishi kerak edi.[32] Ushbu dastlabki ish ikki-uch hafta davom etishi kerak edi.[32]

Ispaniya bilan urush boshlanishi, 1898 yil 21 aprelda ishchi kuchi va materiallarning narxini oshirdi.[28]

Tugatish muddati ikki marotaba uzaytirildi, birinchi navbatda 1899 yil 1-noyabrga, ikkinchidan, muhandislar korpusi "pudratchilar ishni oxiriga etkaza olmadi" deb ta'riflagani uchun 1900 yil 1 oktyabrgacha uzaytirildi.[33]

1898 yil 20-iyundan boshlab ellik kishi va jamoalar ish olib borishdi va pudratchi loyiha kuzda yuqori suvga qadar tugashini kutgan edi.[34] 1898 yil 21-iyulda faqat yigirma kishi ish joyida edi, ularning yuztasi tayyorgarlik ishlari tugashi bilan ish bilan ta'minlanishi kerak edi.[35] Bu vaqtga kelib, pudratchi kuz yomg'irida tugashini kutish o'rniga, umidvor edi.[35]

1898 yil 9-avgust, seshanba kuni beton pudratchi Jon Krouford ish shu qadar davom etishi va 40-ot kuchi qozon va bug 'dvigateli faoliyat yuritishi kerak edi beton aralashtirgich va boshqa uskunalar.[36] Loyihaga ikkita ishchi to'dalar joylashtirilishi kerak edi, biri kunduzi va biri kechasi.[36] Rejaning bir qismi, agar uni o'rtacha narxda topish mumkin bo'lsa, elektr yoritgich zavodini o'rnatish edi.[36] Kroufordning aytishicha, ishni tugatish uchun taxminan 60 kun kerak bo'ladi.[36]

1898 yil 18-noyabrdan boshlab qirg'oqdagi beton devor ustida ishlar tugallandi va tashqi devor bilan ishlash boshlandi.[37] Qattiq qishki ob-havo kelguniga qadar ish nihoyasiga qadar iloji boricha tezroq ketayotgan edi.[37] Daryoda suv baland bo'lgani uchun qulflar ustida ishlash 1898 yil 30-noyabrda to'xtatilgan.[38]

1899 yil 3-oktabr, seshanba kuni qulfdagi eshiklar o'rnatildi va to'g'ri sozlandi, valflar joyida va mitti pervazlari (qulf eshiklari ostida) o'rnatildi va qulfga oxirgi pardozlar o'rnatildi.[39] Doimiy to'g'onning qirg'og'ida, shuningdek, qoziqlar haydalgan tiklanish daryo qirg'og'ini to'g'on ustidagi va ostidagi eroziyadan himoya qilish. Doimiy to'g'on ustida ishlashni yakunlash uchun daryo qulfdan o'tdi.[39]

1899 yil 6 oktyabrda koferdam saytida ikkinchi marta yuvilib, ehtimol loyiha tugashini kechiktirishi mumkin.[40]

Qurilish paytida daryoda paroxodlar yugurishgan.[31] 1899 yil 13-noyabrda paroxod Çingene qulfni peshin vaqtida o'tqazdi, keyin qorong'i tushgandan keyin soat 18:13 da qaytib kelib, qulf va to'g'onni keng urib, ishlarga zarar etkazdi.[31]

Qulfni tugatish 1899 yilga mo'ljallangan edi, ammo beshtasi yangilar Yamhill daryosida bunga to'sqinlik qildi.[3] Yamhill daryosi odatdagidan ancha balandroq turdi va kuzgi yomg'irlar tushganda koferdamni yuvib tashladi, shuning uchun 1900 yilda suv pastroq va ob-havo yaxshi kelguniga qadar ishni to'xtatib turish kerak edi.[3]

Davolash

1900 yil fevral oyida pudratchilar, McGregor & Normile, Portlend shahrida yashovchi Jorj Teylorni tsement etkazib berish bo'yicha shartnomani buzganligi uchun sudga murojaat qilib, 1537,50 dollar miqdorida zararni talab qildilar.[41] Shikoyatning da'volari 1898 yil mart oyida Teylor McGregor & Normile bilan shartnoma tuzib, ularga Jossenning 7400 bochkasini etkazib berdi. tsement barreli uchun 2,50 dollar narxida qulf va to'g'on loyihasida foydalanish uchun.[42] Jossen tsement turi bo'lgan Portlend tsement yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Belgiya.[43]

McGregor & Normile Teylorning 2000 bochka etkazib berganini da'vo qilishdi va ularga ko'proq bochkalarni Evropadan okean paroxodida olib borishga va'da berishdi. Afina shahri. Afina shahridagi Taylonga 6000 bochka yuborilgan bo'lsa-da, Teylor McGregor & Normile-ga atigi 1540 bochkani etkazib berdi va qolgan bochkalarni boshqa tomonlarga sotdi. Natijada, McGregor & Nichols 2460 barrel tsementni 3,12,5 dollarga ko'tarilgan narxda sotib olishga majbur bo'ldi.[42]

Ular bu farqni Teylordan barreli uchun 75 sentni qaytarib olishga harakat qilishdi. Ushbu ish Multnomax okrugidagi hakamlar hay'ati sudyasi Makbrayd oldida ko'rib chiqildi.[42] Hukm 1900 yil 21 fevralda chiqishi kutilgan edi.[42] 1900 yil 21-fevral soat 17:30 da hakamlar hay'ati da'vogarlar McGregor & Normile uchun chiqarilgan hukmni qaytarib berishdi va 912,50 dollar miqdorida zararni qoplashdi.[44]

Tugatish

1900 yil 1-iyundan boshlab qulf devorlari, eshiklari, klapanlar va boshqa jihozlar to'liq qurilgan; daryoning g'arbiy tomonidagi yog'ochlarni qayta ishlash va qirg'oqlarni tekislash ishlari to'rtdan uch qismga, asosiy to'g'onning qoziq bilan to'ldirilishi (o'sha paytgacha hali qurilishi davom etayotgan) uchdan bir qismiga to'g'ri keldi. Asosiy to'g'onning beshik qismida, sharqiy tomonida esa ko'milgan joylar, to'siqlar va qirg'oqni himoya qilish ishlari hali boshlanmagan edi.[33]

1900 yil 1-avgustda asosiy to'g'onning beshik qismidan yuqorida va pastda kofferdamlar qurib bitkazildi va daryoning butun oqimi qulflash kamerasi orqali o'tdi.[33] Shundan so'ng to'g'on uchun sovun toshi poydevori ustida ish boshlandi. Butun to'g'on 1900 yil 1 sentyabrda qurib bitkazildi.[33]

1900 yil 15-sentabrda qulflash kamerasi yopildi va daryo to'g'on orqasiga qaytib keta boshladi. To'rt kundan so'ng, 19 sentyabr kuni suv to'g'on ustiga to'kila boshladi.[33]

Qulflarning ochilishi

1900 yilda eskiz rassomi tasavvurida bo'lgan qulflar ishlaydi.

1900 yil 21 sentyabrda qulf olti yarim daqiqani to'ldirdi va uch yarimda bo'shatdi.[3] Qurilishning umumiy qiymati 72 164,83 dollarni tashkil etdi.[45] O'sha kuni kapitan. Wm C. Langfitt tekshirildi va norasmiy ravishda operatsiyalar uchun qulfni ochdi.[3]

Soat 13:00 da hukumatning bug 'chiqarishi, kapitan Langfittning g'ildiragi bilan, qulfga kirdi, muhandis yordamchisi Devid B. Ogden, xonim Ogden va bortda Oregoniyalik muxbir.[3] O'n daqiqadan so'ng, raketa yuqori daryo sathiga ko'tarilib, Makminnvill tomon yo'l oldi, u daryoning burilishi tufayli 16 km uzoqlikda, quruqlikdan ikki baravar uzoqroq edi. Portga tushish poyezd Portlendga yo'l olishidan bir necha daqiqa oldin McMinnville-ga etib keldi. McMinnville-ning taniqli fuqarolari bilan salom almashishdan so'ng, kapitan Langfitt va muxbir Portlendga qaytib poezdga qaytishdi.[3]

Muhandis yordamchisi D.B. Ogden 1900 yil 1 oktyabrda sodir bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan pudratchilar tomonidan hukumatga rasmiy ravishda topshirilishi uchun tayyorlanish uchun quyi qulfga qaytib keldi.[3] Barcha ishlar davomida moliyaviy yil 1901[46] muhandis Ogden tomonidan boshqarilgan.[33]

Shartnoma bo'yicha barcha ishlar 1900 yil 22-sentabrda yakunlangan deb topildi va hukumat rasmiy ravishda ikki kundan keyin, 24-sentabrda navigatsiya uchun ochilgan asarlarni qabul qildi.[33] The Tong Oregonian "bu vaqtdan boshlab Portlend va Makminnvill o'rtasida" qayiqlar yil davomida harakat qiladi, yukning tez va xavfsiz tranzitini ta'minlash uchun mo'l-ko'l suv bilan ".[47]

Tugatgandan so'ng o'lchovlar

Yamhill qulfi va to'g'oni qurib bitkazildi.

Qulfning umumiy uzunligi 275 fut (84 m) va eshiklar orasidagi masofa 210 fut (64 m) edi. Qulfning kengligi 12 metr edi. Qulfning ustida 1,2 m chuqurlikdagi suv bor edi sills, shunday qilib har qanday qayiq o'tishi mumkin Willamette Falls qulflari Yamhill yangi qulfidan ham o'tishi mumkin.[3]

Quruqlik devorining qalinligi uning tagida 12 fut (3,7 m), tepasida esa 8 fut (2,4 m) qalinlikda bo'lgan. Daryo devori yuqoridan pastgacha 12 fut (3,7 m) qalinlikda edi. Pastki eshiklarni qulflash 25 x 25 fut (7,6 x 7,6 m) va har birining vazni 15 kalta tonna (14 t) bo'lgan. Yuqori eshiklar 9 dan 25 futgacha (2,7 dan 7,6 m), har birining vazni 9 kalta tonna (8,2 t) bo'lgan.[3]

Yuqori eshiklarda klapanlar yo'q edi. The qulflash kamerasi qulf devorlarida 3 x 6 fut (0,91 x 1,83 m) gacha bo'lgan suv o'tkazgichlar bilan to'ldirilgan. Suv o'tkazgichlari vertikal ravishda ochilib yopildi kelebek klapanlari. Pastki geyjlar gorizontal kapalak klapanlari bor edi, ularning o'lchamlari 2 x 4 fut (0,61 x 1,22 m), qulflash kamerasini bo'shatish uchun ishlatilgan.[3]

Qulflangan pol va qulf devorlari to'rt metr qalinlikdagi quyilgan beton poydevorga suyanib turar, qulf devorlari esa uning ustiga 26 metr (7,9 m) ko'tarilgan. Qulfning tagligi ham 1,2 m qalinlikda edi. Pastki poydevor 700 dumaloq qoziqlarga joylashtirilgan, 30-50 fut (9.1 dan 15.2 m) chuqurlikgacha yuradigan yog'och panjaradan iborat edi. Qulf va poydevor uchun 8000 kub metr beton ishlatilgan. Qulf bor edi ko'tarish 16 futdan (4,9 m).[3]

Yamhill daryosiga kelib tushgan to'g'onning uzunligi 38 metr (38 metr) va kengligi 9 metr (9,1 metr) bo'lgan. To'siq zinapoyalarga ko'tarilib, 100000 metr pog'onali yog'och va 1400 kub metr toshlardan qurilgan.[3]

Qulfni saqlash idorasi daryoning g'arbiy qismida, daryoning yuqori suv belgisidan yuqori bo'lgan tepalikda joylashgan. Yamhill daryosida qulf tugaguniga qadar uch yil ichida qayd etilgan suvning eng yuqori darajasi 34,5 fut (10,5 m), qulf devorlari ustidan 13,5 fut (4,1 m) ko'tarilgan bo'lar edi. Qulfni qo'riqchining qarorgohi daryoning sharqiy qismida joylashgan bo'lib, u ham yuqori suv belgisining ustida joylashgan. Yig'iladigan temir ko'prik daryoning har qanday oddiy suv sathida qulfni kesib o'tishga imkon berdi.[3]

Tugatishdan keyin toshqinlarga qarshi choralar

O'nta edi yangilar Yamhill daryosida 1900 yil noyabrdan 1901 yil aprelgacha. Qulf va to'g'on yonidagi daryo qirg'oqlari ancha barqaror bo'lib chiqdi, keyin rejalashtirilgan edi va daryo sharoiti kutilganidan ham yomonroq edi. Dekabr yangilanishidan so'ng, qirg'oqdan himoyalangan uchastkaning 12 metr uzunlikdagi qismi daryoga qulab tushdi va to'g'on buzilish xavfi ostida edi tozalash. Bunga 150 kvadrat metr (130 m) qo'yib berish bilan qarshi kurashildi2) to'g'on oldida va qiyalik etagidagi tosh.[48]

1900 yil dekabrdagi uchinchi tetiklash qulf devorlarini 10 fut (3,0 m) ga ag'darib tashladi va g'arbiy qulfning quruqligi bo'ylab kengligi taxminan 25 fut (7,6 m) va 9 fut (2,7 m) chuqurlikdagi kanalni chiqarib tashladi. devor. Ushbu bo'lim chim bilan himoyalanish uchun juda kech mavsumda tugatilgan edi.[48]

1901 yil 12-19 yanvar kunlari Yamhill daryosida 1894 yildan beri eng yuqori ko'tarilish sodir bo'ldi, suv qulf devorlari ustidan to'liq 25 fut (7,6 m). Agar suv faqat Yamhilldan tushganida edi, daryoning ko'tarilishi va tushishi bilan birga "halokatli zarba" paydo bo'lar edi, lekin Willamette daryosi ham toshib ketganligi sababli, Yamhilldagi oqim sekinlashdi.[48]

Qo'shimcha zarar fevral oyidagi qulfning qulfidan 11 metr (3,4 m) balandlikdagi suv o'tkazgichi va mart va aprel oylarida qulf devorlaridan oshib ketgan, ammo fevraldagi kabi baland bo'lmagan boshqa freshes tufayli sodir bo'ldi.[48]

1901 yilgi suv kam bo'lgan mavsumda muhandislar korpusi qulf boshidagi beton qanot devorini kengaytirish, yonbag'irlarni qayta tiklash, riprap himoyasini almashtirish va kengaytirish va to'g'on tagida tosh bilan to'ldirishni ko'paytirish uchun 26160 dollar sarflashni taklif qildi.[48]1901 yil iyul oyining boshlarida D.B. bilan birga muhandislar korpusi. Og'den mas'ul bo'lgan, yaqinda sodir bo'lgan suv toshqini paytida ularni eroziyadan himoya qilish uchun qulf ustidagi qirg'oqlarga toshbo'ron qilib, toshbo'ron qilayotgan 50 kishi bor edi.[49] Ish 1901 yil noyabrgacha yakunlandi.[50]

Taxminan 50,000 kvadrat metr (4600 m)2) yon bag'irlari asfaltlangan va yirtilgan Daryo daryoning sharqiy orqa tomoniga 7,6 metr balandlikda cho'zilgan.[50] Rip-rap ustidagi yamaqlar yumshatilgan va o't bilan urug'langan.[50] Bu kelajakdagi toshqinlarga qarshi turish uchun etarli deb o'ylardi.[50] Qurilish ishlari qayiqlar qulflardan o'tayotganda davom etdi.[51] 1901 yil 6-dekabrda qulflar ustida ish nihoyat yakunlangani va qishki ob-havoga bardosh berishga tayyorligi haqida xabar berildi.[51]

1900 yildan 1902 yilgacha bo'lgan operatsiya

1902 yil 6-yanvarda Willamette va Yamhill daryolaridagi punktlarga paroxod xizmati uchun reklama joylashtirilgan, shu jumladan McMinnville, bu Yamhill qulfidan foydalanishni talab qilishi mumkin edi.

1900 yil 24 sentyabrda paroxod Bonita (keyinchalik qayta nomlandi Metlako) qulfni tranzit qilgan birinchi paroxod bo'ldi.[31]1900 yil 24 sentyabrda rasmiy ochilishdan navigatsiyaga qadar, moliya yilining oxiriga qadar, 1901 yil 30 iyunda qulf 202 kun davomida ishladi va suv yuqori bo'lganligi sababli 78 kun davomida yopildi.[48] 225 ta qulf bor edi. Jami ish vaqti 67 soat 32 minutni tashkil etdi. Qulflardan tranzit bilan o'tgan umumiy ro'yxatdan o'tgan tonnalar 38.967 tani tashkil etdi. Jami yuk tashish 1742 tonnani tashkil etdi. Jami yo'lovchilar 2010 kishini tashkil qildi.[48]

1901 yil noyabrda Portlend va Makminnvill o'rtasida bug 'qayiqlari muntazam ravishda yurib, bir kun va boshqa kun pastga qarab harakatlanib, don bilan to'ldirilganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[50]1901 yil noyabrda yugurishni amalga oshirgan bitta qayiq bu edi Altona, keyinchalik Portlenddan McMinnvillegacha haftada uch marta yugurdi.[52]

1902 yil 6-yanvarda Oregon shahridagi "Yellow Stack Line" deb nomlanuvchi transport kompaniyasi paroxodda muntazam xizmat ko'rsatishni e'lon qildi. Altona Portlenddan McMinnvillegacha.[53] Altona Portlenddan McMinnville tomon har dushanba, chorshanba va juma kunlari ertalab soat 7:00 da Portlenddagi Teylor ko'chasi etagidagi kompaniyaning dokidan jo'nab ketishi kerak edi.[53]

1902 yil 8-yanvarda Yamxill daryosidagi suv juda baland ko'tarilib, navigatsiyani amalga oshirishga imkon bermadi.[54] G'ildirakli paroxod Altona Portlanddan Makminnvillgacha uch haftalik tanaffusdan so'ng qaytishni davom ettirgan, bundan keyin davom etishga majbur bo'ldi Deyton Yamhill daryosida.[54]

Xizmatning avvalgi to'xtatilishi Altona biznes etishmasligi tufayli bo'lgan. Paroxod xizmati yo'qligi sababli, Deyton va Makminnvillning savdogarlari o'zlarining paroxodlarini yaratishni o'ylashdi. Oregon shahridagi transport kompaniyasining kapitani Grem, egasi Altona, savdogarlar bilan maslahatlashib, o'z mavqeini tushuntirdi. Savdogarlar ular etarli ish bilan ta'minlanishiga rozi bo'lishdi va kapitan Grem davom ettirishga rozi bo'ldi Altona McMinnville yugurishida.[54]

1902-moliya yili davomida ro'yxatdan o'tgan 48240 tonna kemalardan tranzit bilan o'tadigan 246 ta blokaj bor edi, ular 3455 tonna yuklarni, shu jumladan qulflarni ta'mirlash uchun yuborilgan 571 tonna qum va shag'allarni tashiydilar. Temir yo'llar raqobatlashish uchun stavkalarini pasaytirdilar va yuk tashish biznesining katta qismini ushlab turdilar.[11]

1902 yilda, savdogarlar paroxodlarga homiylik qilish to'g'risida kelishuvga qaramay, Oregon Siti transport kompaniyasi o'zlarining paroxodlarini Daytondan yuqori xizmatdan butunlay chiqarib tashladilar. Kompaniya buni qish oylarida qulf qachon ochilishini bashorat qilishdagi qiyinchiliklar biznesni rivojlantirishga imkon bermaganligi sababli aytgan.[1] Keyinchalik McMinnville-ga paroxod xizmatini yo'lga qo'yish uchun harakatlar qilingan bo'lsa-da, Oregon Siti transport kompaniyasi tomonidan olib qo'yilishi qulfni doimiy ravishda tijorat bug 'qayig'idan foydalanishni tugatdi, garchi bu qulfni qurilgan va tugatgan xizmatni o'rnatishga yordam berishiga qaramay. ikki yil oldin.[1]

Gazetalar loyihani pulni isrof qilish deb tanqid qilmoqda

Biz McMlnnvllle ishbilarmon erkaklari va fuqarolari e'tiborini jalb qilamiz, chunki Herald muharriri la'natlanganda, biz uni la'natladik (biz buni shafqatsiz tarzda ishlatmaymiz. Lekin uning asl ma'nosida) Yamhill qulflari qurilgan, himoyalangan. o'sha shahardan Daytonga elektr liniyasini qurish va qulflar McMlnnvllle aholisiga transportda hech qanday yordam bermasligini bashorat qilgan. Qaysi biri to'g'ri ekanligini isbotladi. Qulflari qurilgan davlat muhandislari yaxshi ish qilmaganliklari emas; kim bilishi kerak, bu ish birinchi darajali deb aytganlarni eshitdik. Endi, janoblar, siz o'sha qayiq sizning shaharingizga yugurishini kutayotganingizda va SP kompaniyasi LaFayette-dan bizning shaharga qadar kengaytmani qurishni kutayotganingizda, yenglaringizni o'ralgan holda "kirib" oldingiz va elektr liniyasini qurishda yordam bering. o'zingizning shahringizdan Nyubergga, LaFayette va Dayton orqali Salemga boring, pul to'laydi.

—Daily Journal
Salem, Oregon
1903 yil 25-iyun[55]

1903 yil may oyi oxirida hukumatda qulflash bilan shug'ullanadigan bir nechta odam va jamoalar bor edi, ular baholash, o't urug'ini ekish va boshqa yaxshilanishlarni amalga oshirdilar.[56] Bu vaqtga kelib, qulfdan foydalanishning etishmasligi aniq bo'lib qoldi. Buni ta'kidlab, muharriri Hillsboro mustaqil izohni qo'shib qo'ydi: "Ammo siz qulflarni xohladingiz, shunday emasmi?"[56]1903 yil iyun oyida Hillsboro mustaqil Lafayettdagi qulflarni yopish haqida gapirishdi, chunki daryo transporti etarli emas edi.[57]

Shunga qaramay, Hillsboro mustaqil kinoya bilan izohladi: "Yaxshilash Yamxill okrugidan yuklarni tashishda inqilob yaratmaganga o'xshaydi".[57] Xuddi shu oyda yana bir gazeta Dally Journal, Salemdan, qulflarni qurish to'g'risidagi qarorni va ularning aftidan foydasizligini tanqid qildi.[55]

1903 yil iyun oyida, sal kul 900 metr uzunlikdagi loglar arra tegirmoniga bog'langan Yamhill qulflaridan o'tib ketdi Yangi davr.[58] Paroxod odamlarining fikriga ko'ra, 1903 yilda qulflar orasidan faqat bitta paroxod o'tgan bo'lishi mumkin.[58]Izoh berib, Oregon City Courier, qulflar "navigatsiya uchun foydasiz edi, xuddi shu paroxod odamlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, katta suvda qulflarni suv bosadi va to'siq bo'ladi. Deyttonning yonida Yamhill daryosida deyarli hech qanday suzish mavjud emas. Sem amaki tomonidan sarflangan 93 ming dollar - saqlash uchun Respublikachilarning ovozlari, go'yoki behuda sarflanganidan ham yomonroq edi, temir yo'l qiyshaygan Yamhilldan afzalroq. "[58]

1910 yil oktyabrda Tong OregonianBir paytlar loyiha tarafdori Yamhill daryosiga suzib yurish qobiliyatini keltirmagani uchun qulf va to'g'onni tanqid qildi.[6]

Pudratchi ortiqcha xarajatlarni qoplashga harakat qilmoqda

1905 yilda Kongressda Sen tomonidan qonun loyihasi kiritildi. Charlz V.Fulton, bosh pudratchilarga (Simon Normil, Jon F. Fastabend va Uilyam F. Makgregor) "hukumat Yamhill qulflari uchun saytga egalik huquqini berishni kechiktirishi natijasida etkazilgan zararlar" uchun 30 ming dollar to'lash uchun.[59] 1905 yil 5-yanvarda senat bu masalani Da'vo sudi.[59] Da'vo kechikishdan ko'proq narsani o'z ichiga oldi, chunki asosiy masala Qo'shma Shtatlar shartnoma shartlariga binoan qo'shni to'g'on qurilishi paytida blokirovka kamerasi orqali vaqtincha burilish ishlarini qurish bilan bog'liq qo'shimcha ish uchun to'lashi kerakmi degan savol edi. .[28] The contractors won in the Court of Claims, but the government appealed to the United States States Supreme Court.[28]

The Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Oliver Vendell Xolms, kichik, reversed the court of claims, ruling for the government, and finding that the extra cost and expense was chargeable to the contractor, as the government had only directed the general result of what was to be attained by the contract and leaving the details up to the contractors as to how to perform the work.[28]

Design failure

Colorized postcard printed 1908 or before, showing Yamhill lock and dam. Lock office is visible on left.

After 1902, the official reports of the Corps of Engineers consistently emphasized that no commercial steamers were regularly using the lock.[1] The lock had been "practically abandoned" by sternwheelers after 1902.[60] From 1902 to 1914 the locks were used mostly by passengers in launches and by boats towing rafts.[60]

The serious flaw with the lock and dam was that the lock had to be closed at high water, because the river simply flowed over the lock walls, making the lock chamber unusable.[11] On the Willamette River, high water, usually coming in the fall and spring, was traditionally the best steamboat time, with late summer and early fall the worst, with water levels down. On the Yamhill above Lafayette, the dam created the reverse situation.[11]

The original design of the lock had assumed that steamers could simply float over the dam when the water level rose to 5 feet above the dam.[31] In practice this proved impossible because until the water rose to 12 feet (3.7 m) above the dam, the drop between the upper and lower pools was too great to permit safe passage of a steamer.[31][61]

In 1903, several proposals were made to address the issue, but they were rejected as being impractical, too expensive, or both.[31]

Keyinchalik operatsiyalar

1903 yildan 1910 yilgacha

On December 31, 1902, heavy rains caused the Yamhill River to rise very fast, and by that date the water was 5 feet (1.5 m) over the lock walls.[62] In late January 1903, the Willamette River flooded, backing water up to the locks, where the water measured 42 feet (13 m) above zero on the gauge.[63] On January 26, 1903, the Yamhill river was pouring 21 feet (6.4 m) deep over the lock walls, and it was reported to be still rising.[63]The lock was closed to navigation by high water on November 20, 1904.[64] The highest water recorded in fiscal year 1905 was on December 31, 1904, when the river rose 11.1 feet (3.4 m) above the lock walls. No damage was sustained by the lock, dam, or the adjacent slopes.[64]

From November 20, 1904 to April 2, 1905, the lock was closed to traffic 46 days and open 86 days. From April 2, 1904 to June 30, 1905, the lock was opened continuously. Total expenditures on maintenance, labor, materials, office expenses and so forth for fiscal year 1905 were $1,274.13. Total lockages were 123, of which 30 were for towboats and all others were for wood barges, log rafts, fishing boats, and launches. Total time operating during FY 1905 was 74 hours and 12 minutes.[64]

In three months in FY 1905 (July 1904, September 1904, and May 1905), there were only two lockages in each month despite the lock being open all month long. Total freight transiting the lock in FY 1905 was 4,109 tons. Total passengers were 44. Except for 17 tons of sand, almost all the freight was either logs or cord wood for paper pulp.[64] In November, 1906, the locks were again reported closed due to a freshet.[65] Water again was flowing over the lock walls.[65]

On August 31, 1908, the steamer Leona was placed on a tri-weekly run from Portland to McMinnville.[66] This was the first time in about five years that a steamboat had operated above the lock. Reportedly a good cargo was carried on the initial trip. A few days before, Leona had been brought up to McMinnville under Captain Turper. This scouting trip had been difficult because of the snags and floating logs in the river. The government snag boat was expected to soon clear these obstructions.[66]

In mid-September 1908, the water behind the dam was drained to allow a baliq narvoni to be built around it, and as a result, the river "scarcely floats a plank".[67] Natijada, Leona was forced to suspend operations to McMinnville.[67]

By the end of 1908 a baliq narvoni had been installed at the dam.[31]

During fiscal year 1909, the locks were operated 155 times.[68] The locks were closed 74 days, from September 23, 1908, to March 24, 1909, because of high water. The cost of operating the locks during FY 1909 was $1,188.66.[68]

1911 to 1920

It was a pleasant lock where the tender could grow gray in solitude, undisturbed in his meditations, because only an occasional steamboat came along to wake him up. At the beginning there was practically no traffic on the Yamhill, and what there was steadily declined until, in 1921, only lone ton of freight went through the locks, traveling in solitary grandeur. In addition, about 2,100 tons of rafted logs went down the river, along with 26 passengers that year.

—Randall V. Mills, Sternwheelers Up Columbia, p. 146.[69]

During fiscal year 1913, the locks were operated 91 times and closed 65 days because of high water.[70] The cost to maintain the locks in FY 1913 was $1,300.28.[70]

In 1914, regularly scheduled steamboat service was being conducted on the Yamhill River by the Oregon City Transportation Company, but only as far as Dayton.[60] During the calendar years 1913 through 1915, the following short tons of freight were moved through the locks: 1913, 432 tons, estimated total value $1,728; 1914, 1,314¼ tons, total value $5,777; 1915, 639 tons, total value $20,627.[45]

In April 1914, it was reported that the locks would be used again by a sternwheeler, to move paving material from Portland to McMinnville for the Montague-O'Reilly Company, which had been awarded a paving contract in McMinnville.[60] Measurements were taken of three bridges crossing the Yamhill and it was found that there was enough clearance under them to allow a sternwheeler to pass.[60]

In its 1916 report, the Corps of Engineers wrote "there is no regular boat traffic through the lock."[45] On December 5, 1916, rising waters in the Yamhill river covered the lock, barring navigation to McMinnville.[71] Paroxod Woodland returned to Portland on December 5, 1916, having failed to proceed beyond Dayton.[71] Paroxod Pomona was scheduled to depart December 6, 1916 from Portland for Dayton, but no further upriver on the Yamhill.[71]

In February 1917, Carl M. Johnson, mate of the government snag boat Mathloma, was appointed lock master.[72]

New lock gates were installed in the summer of 1919.[73] There had been no previous replacement of the gates since the locks were opened.[74] Replacement work began on July 11, 1919.[74] The new gates were built at Oregon Siti.[74] The original gates had been built of Duglas archa.[74] On August 10, 1919, work was complete on the replacement gates.[73]

In July 1924, the Greyhound Transportation Company proposed placing a small steamer on the Yamhill river that, if business warranted, would use the lock to serve on the stretch to McMinnville. This steamer would be only about 65 feet (20 m) in length, too small to be legally required to have a crew of more than two men. With no more than two men on board, it could save the expense of additional crew and be more likely to earn a profit.[75]

1921 to 1930

As of July 5, 1925, it had been a year since a boat had passed through the locks.[75] The gates had to be opened once a week so that the machinery could be reported in good condition. There was not much else for the lock keeper to do except mow the lawn and water the plants at the small park which the government had placed at the locks.[75]

Surge in log transports

Lafayette steamboat landing, 1938
Lafayette steamboat landing, 1938

In the 1930s a series of o'rmon yong'inlari deb nomlanuvchi Tillamook kuyishi greatly increased the amount of salvaged logs shipped down the Yamhill River through the lock.[31] An important railroad estakada also burned, which left the river as the best remaining transport.[31] In 1939 the number of logs transported on the Yamhill river was over two hundred times greater than what it had been in 1931.[31]

The lock was closed from May 25 to June 20, 1935 while new lock gates were installed and repairs made to the miter sills.[76]

In 1941, 99,000 tons of logs, with attendant small tugs, were transited through the lock.[69] In 1943, 101,981 tons of logs were brought through the locks, the highest volume ever, falling off to 79,895 tons in 1946.[31][69] In March 1947, the large Pope and Talbot logging concern, purchased property just upriver from the locks, and organized a log dump.[31] Trucks brought logs to the river that had pooled up behind the dam, and dumped them in the water.[31] Tugboats came up through the lock and towed the logs downriver.[31] This continued until the early 1950s, when the log dump was destroyed by fire and rebuilt at Dayton, downriver from the lock.[31]

On September 8, 1949, the water behind the lock and dam was scheduled to be lowered to 2.5 feet (0.76 m)to allow repairs to be made to the dam and baliq narvoni.[77]

Operations terminated

From FY 1944 to FY 1953, tonnage passing through the lock declined from 119,006 to 32,986.[78] Most of this tonnage consisted of log rafts for a single company. In July 1953, the Army Corps of Engineers removed the local lock master and decided only to open the locks upon 24 hours prior notice to the lock master at Willamette Falls Locks yilda G'arbiy Linn, Oregon.[78]

In July 1953, the lock and dam needed about $95,000 worth of repair, while the operating budget had been cut from $10,000 to $5,000. There was not sufficient navigation to justify the repair expense, but local farmers used the pool above the dam to draw water for irrigation, and pleasure boats used the waterway.[78]

The Corps of Engineers also planned to close the seven-acre park, which upset the residents of Yamhill county. The corps felt that it could not maintain a park unless it was connected to a navigation project. For a token amount, the Corps of Engineers was willing to lease the lock, dam and park. The Yamhill County government didn't have the money even to maintain the park, and an effort was underway to get the state to accept into the state park system.[78]

In 1954, operation of the lock ceased permanently when the government received word from logging operators that they would no longer be using the lock.[79] All commercial boat service through the lock had stopped many years before.[79] After the lock was shut down, a large log drifting down the river floated over the top of the lock, striking the lock machinery, effectively putting the lock permanently out of operation.[79]

Transfer to Yamhill County

In 1956, under a bill sponsored by U.S. Representative A. Valter Norblad, Congress authorized transfer of the lock and dam to Yamhill okrugi.[80] The bill, which authorized the transfer of 28 federal locks and dams which had gone out of service, had been requested by the Corps of Engineers.[79] Prezident Duayt D. Eyzenxauer signed the bill in early August, 1956.[81] The bill authorized the Corps to transfer the property to state, county or other groups.[81]

The state park superintendent, C.H. Armstrong, said that the park would go to the county. Yamhill County Commissioner Charles R. Newman said the county was only interested in the eight-acre park, and not the lock, and had set up a park commission to manage it.[81] Newman said that farm owners had expressed interest in the dam for irrigation purposes.[81]

The last vessels to transit the lock were five pleasure boats which had come up the Willamette and the Yamhill rivers specially to use the lock on the closing day.[81]

Post-closure disposition

The lock walls as they appeared in 2009.

The Corps of Engineers had maintained the property next to the lock and dam as a park for a number of years.[80] The county had sought the property for a number of years, and the river there had become a popular place for swimming.[80]

The transfer was finally effected on January 19, 1959, by a deed to Yamhill County, which included the park area as well.[80] The details of the transfer had been worked out by the Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish.[80]

In June 1960, the Oregon State Fish Commission ordered that demand be made on Yamhill Count to either build a fish ladder at the dam, or remove the dam entirely.[82][83] By this time, the lock gates had broken out, but the dam still held water for about 20 farmers.[83] After three years of negotiations and disputes about whether the dam should be preserved for irrigation purposes, or destroyed to facilitate the spawning runs of go'shti Qizil baliq, on September 18, 1963, by order of the state fish commission, the dam was destroyed by the use of explosives.[31][84]

Placed on the National Register of Historic Places

On June 21, 1991, the lock and dam were placed on the Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri.[85] At that time, much of the original structure remained.[84] Most prominently the lock walls remained in place.[84] About halfway along the east side of the water wall, runs over a jumble of stones, falling about 6 feet (1.8 m), which marks where the dam once stood.[84] At low water pilings and remains of wooden revetments were visible.[84] Parts of the lock gates still lay on the lock floor just above the lower lock sill.[84] The original concrete walkway along the top of the east bank slope still remained, and offered a good view of the lock.[84] The lock keeper's house, on the east side of the river, still existed in 1991, but was not included in the proposal for registration, as it was in private ownership and the property holders did not wish it to be included.[84]

A county park and picnic area had been established on the grounds and was in use in 1991.[84] This did not detract from the overall historicity of the location,[84]

Archival resources

Plans and drawings for the lock, prepared by the Corps of Engineers, are now in the collection of the Oregon tarixiy jamiyati.[86]

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Stoller, Rut; Williams, George (June 21, 1991). Yamhill daryosi qulfi va to'g'oni (National Register of Historic Places Registration Form). Milliy park xizmati. Sek. 8 pp. 2–3, 5, 8–12.
  2. ^ "Lafayette Locks Historical Park". Yamhill okrugi, Oregon. Olingan 21 may, 2015.
  3. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p "Yamhill Lock Open: River Can Now be Navigated to McMinnville: The First Boat Passed Through: Captain Langfitt, U.S. Engineers, Pilots His Launch Up the River to McMinnville". Tong Oregonian. XL (12, 411). Portlend, OR. 1900 yil 22 sentyabr. P. 1 col. 5.
  4. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Reddick, Suann Murray (1990). "Dream to Demolition: The Yamhill Lock and Dam". Oregon tarixiy kvartali (1 qism). Portlend, OR: Oregon tarixiy jamiyati. 91 (1): 45, 47–48, 49–52, 50, 53–54, 58–61, 70–72. JSTOR  20614296.
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  6. ^ a b "Small Waterways and Crops". Tong Oregonian. L (15, 577). Portlend, OR. 1910 yil 29 oktyabr. P. 10 cols. 3.
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  46. ^ At that time, the U.S government's fiscal year started on July 1 and ended the following June 30. The fiscal year is referred to by the calendar year in which it ends.
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Kitoblar

Hisobotlar

Jurnal maqolalari

  • Reddick, Suann Murray (1990). "Dream to Demolition: The Yamhill Lock and Dam". Oregon tarixiy kvartali (1 qism). Portlend, OR: Oregon tarixiy jamiyati. 91 (1): 43–80. JSTOR  20614296.
  • Reddick, Suann Murray (1990). "Dream to Demolition: The Yamhill Lock and Dam". Oregon tarixiy kvartali (2 qism). Portlend, OR: Oregon tarixiy jamiyati. 91 (2): 154–202. JSTOR  20614313.

Onlayn gazeta to'plamlari

Boshqalar

Tasvirlar

Pacific Northwest Stream Survey, Oregon State University