Amerikalik faxriylar hayot uchun nogironlar yodgorligi - American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial

Amerikalik faxriylar hayot uchun nogironlar yodgorligi
qurilayotgan qora granit yulduz shaklidagi favvoraning tasviri
Hayot uchun nogiron bo'lgan Amerika faxriylarining joylashuvi ko'rsatilgan xarita
Hayot uchun nogiron bo'lgan Amerika faxriylarining joylashuvi ko'rsatilgan xarita
ManzilVashington, Kolumbiya, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Koordinatalar38 ° 53′11 ″ N. 77 ° 0′48 ″ V / 38.88639 ° N 77.01333 ° Vt / 38.88639; -77.01333Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′11 ″ N. 77 ° 0′48 ″ V / 38.88639 ° N 77.01333 ° Vt / 38.88639; -77.01333
Maydon2,4 gektar (9700 m.)2)
O'rnatilgan2014 yil 5 oktyabr; 6 yil oldin (2014-10-05)
Boshqaruv organiMilliy park xizmati
Veb-saytNPS: Hayot uchun nogiron bo'lgan Amerika faxriylari

The Amerikalik faxriylar hayot uchun nogironlar yodgorligi yodgorlikdir Vashington, Kolumbiya, bu faxriylarni hurmat qiladi Qo'shma Shtatlarning qurolli kuchlari milliy xizmati davomida bir umrga nogiron bo'lganlar. Kongress 2000 yil 23 oktyabrda ushbu yodgorlikni tashkil qiluvchi qonunchilikni qabul qildi, "Nogiron faxriylarga" Hayot uchun yodgorlik "yodgorlik jamg'armasiga yodgorlikni loyihalashtirish, mablag 'yig'ish va qurish huquqini berdi. Xayriya mablag'larini yig'ish maqsadiga 2010 yil o'rtalarida erishilgan va yodgorlik uchun asos 2010 yil 10 noyabrda buzilgan. Memorial 2014 yil 5 oktyabrda Prezident Barak Obama tomonidan bag'ishlangan.

Memorialning yaratilishi

Qonunchilikni tasdiqlash

1995 yilda, Lois Papa, beva ayol National Enquirer egasi Generoso Papa kichik.,[a][1] da nogiron amerikalik faxriy bilan uchrashdi Vetnam faxriylari yodgorligi Shaharda nogiron faxriylarni ulug'laydigan yodgorlik yo'qligini tushundi.[2] U uni tanimagan bo'lsa-da, Papa ofisga qo'ng'iroq qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha kotibi Jessi Braun yodgorlik uchun iltimos qilmoq. Papa keyingi olti oy davomida har kuni qo'ng'iroq qildi, nihoyat Braunning kotibi qo'ng'iroqni amalga oshirdi.[1][3] Braun yodgorlik tashkil etish to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'ldi.[4] Chunki Xotira asarlari to'g'risidagi qonun 1986 yildagi (CWA) (P.L. 99-625) federal mablag'larni yodgorliklarga sarflashni taqiqladi, bu xususiy mablag 'yig'ishni nazorat qilish uchun asos yaratilishi kerak edi. Braun Papani Art Uilson bilan tanishtirdi,[1] milliy adyutanti (masalan, bosh ijrochi direktori) Nogiron Amerika faxriylari (DAV), nogiron faxriylarga yordam berish uchun 1920 yilda tashkil etilgan tashkilot. DAV o'zi notijorat tashkilot emas edi va shuning uchun Papa va Uilson yangi "Nogironlar uchun faxriylarni hayot uchun yodgorlik fondi" (DVLMF; shuningdek, "Nogiron faxriylarning LIFE Memorial Foundation" nomi bilan ham tanilgan) tashkil etish to'g'risida kelishib oldilar.[1] Braun (1997 yilda o'z lavozimini tark etgan), Papa va Uilson 1998 yilda fondni tuzdilar va Uilson uning prezidenti etib tayinlandi.[5]

Uch kishi va ularning tarafdorlari zarur federal qonunchilikni qabul qilish uchun Kongressni lobbi qilishni boshladilar.[3] Ushbu sa'y-harakatlar 1998 yil 9-noyabrda e'lon qilindi.[6] Ular senatorlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Jon Makkeyn (R -Arizona ), Maks Klelend (D. -Gruziya ) va Jon Kerri (D-Massachusets shtati yodgorlikni yodda saqlashga ruxsat beruvchi qonunchilikni taqdim etgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1999 yil yanvar oyida (106-Kongress ).[7] Vakillar palatasida vakillar tomonidan sheriklik to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari kiritildi Jon Murta (D-Pensilvaniya ).[8]

CWA yodgorlik fondi uchun to'siq bo'lganligini isbotladi. Xotira yodgorliklari to'g'risidagi qonun har qanday yodgorlikni qurishni taqiqlagan Milliy savdo markazi yoki ushbu hodisadan 25 yil o'tmagan bo'lsa yoki guruhning omon qolgan so'nggi a'zosi vafot etgan bo'lsa, uning yaqin atroflari.[9] Yagona yoki uzoq muddatli tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan voqealar yoki shaxslar uchun istisnolar qilinishi mumkin. Ushbu imtiyoz faqat Milliy poytaxt yodgorlik komissiyasi (NCMC). Yodgorlik fondi aynan shunday imtiyozni talab qildi, ammo 1999 yil noyabrida - oldinroq Faxriylar kuni - NCMC imtiyozni rad etdi. Veteranlar guruhlari g'azablandilar va Papa "byurokratiya" millat uchun "o'q olgan" odamlarni ulug'lash yo'lida turganini e'lon qildi.[10] NCMC o'z qarorini himoya qildi va Kongress Mallda yodgorliklarning tez tarqalishini sekinlashtirish uchun qonun qabul qilganligini ta'kidladi. Agentlik shuningdek, Milliy savdo markazida faxriylarga va bir nechta urushlarga bag'ishlangan ko'plab yodgorliklar mavjudligini ta'kidladi. Yodgorlik uchun juda oz joy qolganligi sababli, qolgan narsalar kelajak avlodlar uchun ochiq bo'lishi kerak, deb ta'kidladilar NCMC rasmiylari.[10]

Ushbu qarordan so'ng, Kongressdagi qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar tezda CWA-ning Milliy savdo markazining taqiqlash marosimidan ozod qilingan yangi qonunlarni qo'shdilar.[9] The Milliy park xizmati va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ichki ishlar vazirligi endi ushbu imtiyoz tufayli qonunchilikka qarshi chiqdi.[11][12] Ammo Kongress tezda qonun loyihasini va Prezidentni ma'qulladi Bill Klinton uni 2000 yil 24 oktyabrda imzolagan (106-348-sonli davlat qonuni).[13][14]

Biroq, CWA qoidalarining aksariyati nogironlar faxriylari xotirasiga nisbatan qo'llanilgan. Yodgorlik fondi yodgorlikni loyihalashtirish va uni qurish uchun etarli miqdordagi xususiy mablag 'to'plashi kerak edi, shuningdek yodgorlik qurilish xarajatlarining 10 foiziga teng bo'lgan mablag' yig'ilishi va yodgorlikni saqlash va ishlashi uchun ishonchli fondga joylashtirilishi kerak edi. CWA poydevorga qurilishni boshlash uchun etti yil muhlat berdi, aks holda uning avtorizatsiyasi tugaydi.[13]

Saytni tanlash

Amerikalik nogironlar faxriylariga "Hayot uchun yodgorlik" uchun ajratilgan er uchastkalari (A, B va C).

Yodgorlik fondi tomonidan tanlangan birinchi sayt ma'qullanmadi. Jamg'arma qo'riqxona hududiga, Milliy savdo markazi va uning atrofini o'z ichiga olgan hududni (federal qonun va qoidalar bilan belgilangan) so'radi. 2001 yil 16-yanvarda NCMC qo'riqxonaning istalgan joyida yodgorlikni tasdiqlashdan bosh tortish uchun 6 dan 0 gacha ovoz berdi (bitta betaraflik bilan). Jamg'arma rahbarlarining jahli chiqdi. Hozirda fondning ijrochi direktori Jyeysi Braunning so'zlariga ko'ra, NCMC Mall-da bo'lish uchun "2,3 million nogiron faxriylar etarli emas".[15] Lois Papa ushbu yodgorlikning abadiy ahamiyatga ega emasligi yoki tarixiy ahamiyatga ega emasligi haqidagi NCMC xulosasiga e'tibor qaratib, "Agar bu erkaklar va ayollar bo'lmaganida biz erkinlikka ega bo'lolmas edik" deb ta'kidladi.[15] Qarordan ikki hafta o'tgach, Washington Times Art Wilsonning NCMC qaroriga hujum qilgan tahririyat maqolasini chop etdi.[16][b] DVLMF Kongressdan NCMC qarorini bekor qilishni so'radi, ammo bunga qarshi qaror qildi. Keng qarama-qarshiliklar qarori bilan o'ralgan Ikkinchi jahon urushini yodga olish bo'yicha maslahat kengashi qimmatbaho sud jarayonlariga olib kelgan va bu ishni kechiktirgan yodgorlik uchun ozodlikni izlash Ikkinchi jahon urushi yodgorligi"s qurilish. "Biz u yo'ldan borishni xohlamadik", - dedi Braun.[17]

NCMC tomonidan taqdim etilgan yashash qoidalari va xaritalariga rioya qilgan holda, DVLMF Milliy poytaxt hududidagi 50 dan ortiq yodgorlik joylarini ko'rib chiqdi.[18] Jamg'arma rahbarlari saytni aniqlashda D.C. hukumat vakillari bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qildilar.[19] Shahar va fond tomonidan o'nta sayt ro'yxatiga kiritilgan,[17] DVLMF shulardan faqat oltitasini jiddiy ko'rib chiqqan bo'lsa-da.[14] Tuman yodgorlikni Vashington prospekti SW, C ko'chasi SW va 2-ko'cha SW bilan chegaralangan mavjud parkga o'xshash uchburchakda joylashtirishga undadi.[19] Sayt janubi-g'arbiy va ko'chaning narigi tomonida edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Botanika bog'i "s Bartoldi favvorasi Park, va masofadan ikki blok narida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy.[18] Sayt sun'iy ravishda yaratilgan, foydalanilgan holda qurilgan havo huquqlari tunnel ko'tarilganda Davlatlararo-395 1965 yildan 1973 yilgacha qurilgan.[17] Uchastka shaharga tegishli edi, ammo shahar uni Milliy bog 'xizmatiga o'tkazishga tayyor edi.[17][20][c][14] Jamg'arma bosh direktori Robert Xansen D.C. rasmiylarini yordamlari uchun maqtadi.[19] Lois Papa shaxsan sayt tanlashga rozi bo'ldi.[3] DVLMF uchun asosiy masalalar saytning muzeylar bo'lgan Kapitoliy tepaligiga yaqinligi edi Smitson instituti va Vashington metrosi metro stantsiyalari.[14] Jamg'arma 2001 yil avgust oyida NCMC-ga sayt tanlash bo'yicha hisobotni taqdim etdi.[21]

30 avgust kuni NCMC bir ovozdan Vashington prospektidagi SW yodgorlik yodgorlik fondining maqbul joyini tasdiqladi.[17][19] NCMC fond tomonidan taklif qilingan saytlarning oltitasini faol ko'rib chiqdi.[19] Kolumbiya okrugining rasmiylari komissiya oldida bergan guvohliklarida afzal qilingan saytni qattiq qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[19] Biroq, D.C. rasmiylari ikki masala bo'yicha tashvish bildirdi. Birinchisi, yodgorlikka etib borish uchun sharqdan SW ko'chadan va Mustaqillik prospektidan shimoldan o'tayotgan piyodalar soni.[17][19] Ikkinchisi rejalashtirilgan yodgorlikning og'irligi edi. Mavjud parklar va ko'chalarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi yer osti inshooti og'ir granit yoki bronza yodgorlikni va favvoraning og'irligini ko'tarish uchun mo'ljallanmagan.[17] Ular yodgorlik haykaltaroshlik yoki yodgorlik emas, balki bog'dan iborat bo'lishini tushunganliklari uchungina Kolumbiya okrugi afzal ko'rilgan joyni qo'llab-quvvatlashlari haqida ogohlantirdilar.[11] Shahar rasmiylari esa ushbu muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun yodgorlik dizaynerlari bilan ishlashga va'da berishdi.[17][19] Braun DVLMF saytni AQSh Kapitoliy bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qarashga ega bo'lganligi sababli qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi va urush va tinchlik masalalarini ko'rib chiqishda Kongress a'zolariga o'zlarining og'ir majburiyatlarini eslatib turishi haqida guvohlik berdi.[11][17]

Yodgorlik joyi ham tasdiqlashni talab qildi Milliy Kapitoliyni rejalashtirish komissiyasi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasi.[11] Ikkala idoradan ham jiddiy qarshilik kutilmadi, chunki har ikkala agentlikning vakillari Milliy poytaxt Xotira komissiyasida ishladilar.[17] Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) va Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi (CFA) saytni tezda tasdiqladilar.[22]

Yodgorlik jamg'armasining ta'kidlashicha, 2001 yil avgust oyida uning yodgorligi 35 million dollarga tushadi.[17][19] Agar loyihani tasdiqlash va mablag 'yig'ish kutilganidek bo'lsa, fond 2005 yil bahorida qurilishni boshlashini aytdi.[11][19]

Mablag 'yig'ish va muddatni uzaytirish

Dastlab mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari

"Xotira yodgorliklari to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 10-moddasi (b) qismida, 102-216-sonli Davlat qonuni bilan tuzilgan (1991 yil 11-dekabr), Milliy poytaxt mintaqasida yodgorliklarga oid qonunchilik vakolati etti yil bilan cheklangan, agar yodgorlik qonunlarida boshqacha tartib belgilanmagan bo'lsa. Yodgorlik joyi va dizayni tasdiqlangan bo'lishi kerak; yodgorlik fondi yodgorliklarni tuzish va o'tirishda badiiy, me'moriy va tarixiy konservatorlar bilan maslahatlashganligini ko'rsatishi kerak; qurilish uchun shartnomalar imzolanishi kerak; va yodgorlik qurilishini yakunlash uchun etarli mablag 'yetti yillik muddat tugashidan oldin bo'lishi kerak.[23] 2003 yilda Kongress ushbu standartni biroz yumshatdi. Ichki ishlar kotibi yoki ma'muri Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish, NCMC bilan maslahatlashib, agar NCPC va CFA loyihani yakuniy (dastlabki emas) tasdiqlagan bo'lsa va poydevorda qurilish mablag'larining 75 foizi bo'lsa, qurilish ruxsatnomasini berish huquqiga ega edi.[24] Bundan tashqari, "Xotira ishlari to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 8-moddasi (b) bandiga binoan har bir yodgorlik jamg'armasi qurilishning umumiy qiymatining 10 foiziga teng miqdorda mablag 'to'plashni va ushbu pullarni Ichki ishlar vazirligi tomonidan boshqariladigan ishonchli jamg'armaga topshirishni talab qildi. asarni doimiy saqlash va saqlash xarajatlari.[25][26]

Jamg'arma 2002 yil avgustigacha mablag 'yig'ishni boshlamadi.[27] Jamg'arma uchun qancha mablag 'kerakligi aniq emas edi, ba'zi manbalar 35 million dollar talab qilmoqda[28] boshqalar esa 60 million dollar.[12][27] Jamg'arma mablag'larini yig'ish bo'yicha birinchi tadbirlardan biri har biri 29,95 dollarga baholangan oltin bilan qoplangan esdalik medalini sotish bilan bog'liq.[27] Xalqni xayr-ehson qilishga chaqirish uchun Papaning o'zi General tasvirlangan reklama uchun pul to'lagan H. Norman Shvartskopf, shoir Mayya Anjelu va Milliy futbol ligasi Yulduz Maykl Strahan.[4][27] 2002 yilda Veteranlar kunida Lois Papa LIFE jamg'armasi loyihaga 2 million dollar xayriya qildi.[12][27][28] Xuddi shu kuni nogiron amerikalik faxriylar uning boblari ham yodgorlik uchun mablag 'yig'ishni boshlashlarini aytishdi.[28] Ko'p o'tmay, DVLMF a to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pochta mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari ham.[27]

2004 yilga kelib, to'rt yil o'tganiga qaramay, yodgorlik qiymati DVLMF tomonidan 60 million dollarga tenglashtirildi.[29] Yodgorlik uchun yagona er uchastkasi yaratilishi uchun C Street SW-ni an'anaviy sharqiy-g'arbiy yo'nalishga qaytarish uchun taxminan 20 million dollar mablag 'ajratilgan.[29]

Mablag 'yig'ish ham davom etdi. DVLMF bilan shartnoma tuzildi Tom Brokaw, avvalgi NBC News langar va kitob muallifi Eng buyuk avlod (1998), 2004 yil aprel oyida Nyu-York shahrida xayriya tadbirini o'tkazish uchun va Jessi Braunning mulki (2002 yilda vafot etgan) Braunning kitobidan tushgan mablag'ni xayr-ehson qilishga rozi bo'ldi. Ularning qonining narxi: ruhdagi profillar (bu 10 nogiron faxriyning hayotini hujjatlashtirgan) yodgorlik qurilish fondiga.[29] Ammo mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha bitta harakat to'xtab qoldi. Senator Tim Jonson (D. -Janubiy Dakota ) 2003 yil iyul oyida vakolat berish uchun qonunchilikni joriy qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari zarbxonasi yodgorlik uchun pul yig'ish uchun sotiladigan esdalik tangalarini ishlab chiqarish. Tangalarning har biri 10 dollardan sotiladi (a bilan qonuniy to'lov vositasi nominal qiymati $ 1). Tangalarni ishlab chiqarish narxi sotish narxidan kelib chiqadi, qolgan qismi yodgorlik qurilish fondiga sarflanadi. Jonson 2004 yilda 2003 yilgi qonun loyihasi to'xtab qolgandan keyin qo'shimcha qonunlarni taqdim etdi. Ushbu qonun Senatni qabul qildi, ammo palatada to'xtab qoldi.[30] Jonsonning hisob-kitobi oxirida vafot etdi 108-Kongress, Uy qo'mitasida qamalgan. Shunga qaramay, DVLMF 2004 yil aprel oyida yodgorlik qurilishi 2005 yil bahorida boshlanishini aytdi.[29]

Katta xayriya mablag'larining ikkinchi to'lqini

2005 yil noyabrga qadar DVLMF yodgorlik qiymati 65 million dollarga ko'tarilganligini tan oldi.[31][32][33][34] Xayriya mablag'larini yig'ish va yodgorlikning milliy xabardorligini oshirish uchun DVLMF aktyorni yolladi Gari Sinis, 1994 yilgi filmda nogiron Vetnam urushi faxriysi leytenant Den Teylor rolini o'ynagan Forrest gamp, yodgorlikning milliy vakili sifatida xizmat qilish.[32][35] Papa Siniseni ushbu harakatga qo'shilishga taklif qilish uchun shaxsan javobgar edi.[2] The Xorijiy urushlar faxriylari (VFW) 2005 yil 28 dekabrda 100 ming dollar berganida yodgorlik tadbiriga xayriya qilgan birinchi yirik milliy faxriylar tashkiloti bo'ldi.[33][36] Xuddi shu kuni e'lon qilingan yana bir katta xayr-ehson shu kuni keldi Beshinchi Uchinchi Jamg'arma, bu DVLMF-ga xayriya mablag'larini besh yil davomida yiliga 100000 dollarga teng bo'lishini aytdi.[34][37] Ushbu xayriya mablag'lari yig'ilgan mablag'larning umumiy miqdorini 10 million dollardan oshdi.[33][37][38][d][1] Bundan tashqari, Lois Papa 5 million dollar miqdorida xayr-ehson qilganida, DVLMFga o'zining shaxsiy xayr-ehsonini qildi.[26][33][37][e][1]

Ammo bu katta xayr-ehsonlarga qaramay, umumiy mablag 'yig'ish hali ham sust edi. Bu qurilishni boshlash kunini kechiktira boshladi. 2005 yil dekabrga kelib, yodgorlikning poydevorini qo'yadigan sana 2010 yilga to'g'ri keldi.[33] (Bir gazetada Papa 2006 yilda zaminni ochishga va 2011 yilda uni bag'ishlashga umid qilganligi haqida xabar berilgan).[1]

Mablag'lar 2006 yilda ham kelishda davom etdi. Mart oyiga kelib Papaning xayriya mablag'lari va mos keladigan xayr-ehsonlari 2 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[38] Keyingi oy Leo Albert, direktorlar kengashining sobiq raisi Prentice Hall, yodgorlik fondiga 1 million dollar xayriya qildi. Lois Papa xayr-ehsonga rozi bo'ldi.[39] Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha sobiq kotib Entoni Prinsipi yodgorlik maslahat kengashiga mablag 'yig'ishda yordam berish uchun qo'shildi,[38] va Beshinchi Uchinchi Bankning prezidenti va bosh ijrochi direktori Jorj Shefer Jr. xuddi shu organga aprel oyida qo'shilgan edi.[34] DVLMF rejalashtiruvchilari hali ham yodgorlik 2009 yoki 2010 yillarda ochilishini talab qilishdi.[38] 2006 yil oktyabr oyida ikkinchi milliy vakili, komediyachi Filis Diller, yodgorlik fondining mablag 'yig'ish harakatlariga qo'shildi.[40]

Moliyaviy muammolar

Yodgorlikning asl saytini (chapda) va P.L. tomonidan o'zgartirilganidan keyin saytni taqqoslash. 109-396, bu taklif qilingan maydonlarning janubiy qismini qisqartirgan.

2005 yil mart oyida senator Jonson o'zining "Amerikalik faxriylarni nogironlik uchun esdalik tangalar to'g'risida" gi qonuni (S. 633) qayta taqdim etdi. Senat qonun loyihasini 2006 yil yozida qabul qildi. Hamkorlik to'g'risidagi qonunchilik (1951 yy.) Uyda 2005 yil aprel oyida vakili tomonidan kiritilgan. Sue W. Kelly (R-NY). Ammo qonun loyihasi to'xtab qoldi Moliyaviy xizmatlar qo'mitasi Ichki va xalqaro valyuta siyosati, savdo va texnologiyalar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita.[41] Nogiron Amerika faxriylari (DAV) 2006 yil noyabr oyida Kongressning a'zo bo'lishiga nisbatan harakatsizligiga qarshi norozilik bildirdilar.[41] Ammo yana bir bor qonun hujjatlari vafot etdi Kongress sessiyasining yakunlanishi. Shunga qaramay, yodgorliklarni rejalashtiruvchilar umidvor edilar, chunki ular qonun loyihasi keyingi sessiyada erta qabul qilinishini kutishdi - bu ularga mablag 'yig'ish va 2010 yilda yodgorlikni bag'ishlashga imkon beradi.[41]

Yodgorlik maydoni ustidan yurisdiktsiya Kolumbiya okrugidan Ichki ishlar vazirligiga (Milliy park xizmati) 2006 yil Federal va okrug Kolumbiya hukumatining ko'chmas mulk to'g'risidagi qonuni (109-396-sonli qonun) tomonidan o'tkazilgan.[42][f] II sarlavha, 201 (a) (2) bo'lim, federal hukumat tomonidan sayt ustidan nazoratni amalga oshirdi va C Street SW-ning tasdiqlanishisiz qayta yo'naltirilishini taqiqladi. Kapitoliy me'mori va saytning janubiy qismi bo'ylab sharqiy-g'arbiy piyodalar yurishi kerak edi. Kolumbiya okrugi tomonidan er osti qavatining yurisdiksiyasi (poydevorlar, tuproqlar, tunnellar, devorlar va tegishli narsalar) saqlanib qoldi.[g]

Ma'lumotlar fondi 2007 yilgacha jamg'arma tomonidan qancha mablag 'yig'ilganligi to'g'risida farq qiladi Palm Beach Daily News 2006 yil aprelida atigi 20 million dollar aytdi.[39] Filadelfiya tergovchisi 2007 yil iyul oyida 35 million dollar talab qilgan Papaning so'zlarini keltiradi,[3] va Kansas City Star Jamg'arma taxminan 32 million dollar yig'ganini taklif qildi.[43] Ammo tomonidan chiqarilgan hisobot Senatning Energetika va tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi 2007 yil sentyabr oyida bu ko'rsatkich atigi 26 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[13][h] Bu vaqtga kelib Newark Star-Ledger 2007 yil may oyida Papa o'zining 8 million dollar (LIFE Foundation emas) pulini va'da qilgan, DAV yana 3 million dollar va'da qilgan va DAVning filiallari o'z hissalarini qo'shmoqdalar.[4] Shuningdek, qancha pul kerakligi ham noaniq edi. Manbalar 2006 yilda bu ko'rsatkichni 65 million dollarga etkazishda davom etishdi[39] va 2007 yil boshida va o'rtalarida,[3][4][43][44][45] inflyatsiyaga qaramay, bu ko'rsatkich deyarli besh yil ichida sezilarli darajada o'smagan bo'lsa-da. Shunga qaramay, ADVLMF 2008 yilda yodgorlikni buzish va uni 2010 yilda bag'ishlash uchun qo'lingizda mablag 'borligini da'vo qilishni davom ettirdi.[43][46]

DVLMFning daromadlari va xarajatlari, 1998-2005[47]

YilDaromadXarajatlar
1998$50,000$36,760
1999$50,240$46,283
2000$50,307$38,741
2001$70,600$366,452
2002$4,663,383$444,300
2003$1,799,217$2,498,734
2004$2,078,566$3,328,008
2005$5,660,984$7,918,068
Jami$14,423,297$14,677,346

2007 yil aprel oyida Palm Beach Post gazetasi DVLMF jiddiy moliyaviy muammolarga duch kelgan degan hikoyani tarqatdi. Yodgorlik jamg'armasi deyarli 255 ming dollarlik defitsitga ega edi, deb yozadi gazeta va 2 million dollardan ortiq qarzlari bor edi.[47] Gazetaning ta'kidlashicha, fondning sarf-xarajatlari muammo bo'lgan. Notijorat tashkilotlarning "qo'riqchi" guruhlari xayriya tashkilotlari 75 foizni missiya dasturiga, 15 foiz ma'muriyatga va atigi 10 foiz mablag 'yig'ish uchun sarflashlari kerakligini aytdi.[47] Ammo DVLMF mablag'larining 88 foizini mablag 'yig'ish uchun sarflagan.[47] Yodgorlik fondi bu erda qo'riqchilar guruhlari tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilindi. Xayriya navigatori"s Sandra Miniutti, uning guruhi poydevorni to'rtta yulduzdan nolga (eng past reytingi) berganini va DVLMF operatsiyalarini o'tkazganligini aytdi: "Ularning moliyaviy ahvoli tugagan va ular o'z missiyalariga rioya qilmayapti".[47] Donorlarni xayriya tashkilotlari bilan birlashtirishga yordam beradigan "Charity Brands Marketing" guruhi ham juda muhim edi. Ularning bosh ijrochi direktori Stiven Adler DVLMF mablag 'yig'ish uchun juda katta mablag' sarflayotgani to'g'risida ogohlantirdi: "Raqamlar voqeani aytib beradi va bu notijorat tashkilot uchun qabul qilinadigan raqam emas".[47] The Palm Beach Post shuningdek, Lois Papa o'zining LIFE fondidan DVLMFni ushlab turish uchun pul ishlatganligi haqida xabar berdi. 2001 yil oxiriga kelib DVLMF tanqisligi 267 089 dollarni tashkil etdi va LIFE Foundation tomonidan 2002 yilda 3,5 million dollar miqdorida berilgan xayriya yordami uni saqlab qoldi.[47] DVLMF maslahatchisi Rik Fenstermaxer Papa bundan ham ko'proq va'da berganini tan oldi, ammo qo'shimcha xayriya qancha bo'lganligini aytishdan bosh tortdi.[47]

DVLMF har qanday moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelganligini qat'iyan rad etdi. 2005 yilda mablag 'yig'ish uchun 4,9 million dollar sarflaganini tan oldi, ularning aksariyati potentsial donorlarga pochta orqali yuborish uchun qahva krujkalari, futbolkalar, stadion ko'rpalari va soyabonlari kabi moslashtirilgan narsalarni sotib olish uchun.[47] Ammo bunday xarajatlar o'z samarasini bermoqda, deyiladi unda. Jamg'arma 2007 yil mart oyigacha potentsial donorlarga 8,5 million xatni jo'natgan va o'rtacha qiymati 16,58 dollar bo'lgan 749 306 xayriya mablag'larini olgan.[47] Fenstermaxer dastlabki sarmoyaviy xarajatlarni kutish kerakligini va 2006 yil yakuniy bo'lmagan mablag 'yig'ish ko'rsatkichlari "yulduzcha" ekanligini ta'kidladi.[47] Papaning advokati Bob Montgomeri ham mablag 'yig'ish strategiyasini oqladi. "Sizda ziyofatlar bo'lishi kerak ..." dedi u Palm Beach Post, ushbu turdagi tadbirlarda odamlar pul berganligini ta'kidlab.[47] U 2006 yilda Palm-Bichdagi DVLMF tomonidan 500 000 dollar yig'ilgan gala-marosimga ishora qildi.[47]

Boshqa bir janjal DVLMFga 2007 yilda Lois Papani o'g'li Pol D. Papa tomonidan sudga berilganda tushdi. Ona va o'g'il o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar ko'p yillar davomida pasayib kelgan, asosan moliyaviy muammolar sabab bo'lgan.[48] Pol Papa onasi unga yiliga bir million dollar daromad, shuningdek, uy va hashamatli avtomashinani va'da qilganini va keyin va'dalaridan voz kechganini ta'kidladi.[47] U buzilgan kelishuvda onasining DVLMFni qo'llab-quvvatlashi aybdor deb da'vo qildi va yodgorlik jamg'armasi yuqori ish haqi, ziyofatlar va qimmatbaho bezaklarga 14 million dollar sarflaganini ta'kidladi.[47] Shuningdek, u DVLMF maslahatchilarning ikkita hisobotini topshirganligini va bu hisobotlar poydevorni "yomon moliyaviy ko'rsatkichlar va javobgarlikning yo'qligi" da ayblaganini da'vo qildi.[47] Montgomeri uning da'volarini "asossiz" deb baholadi.[47] Lois Papa Pol Papani qarshi sudga murojaat qilib, 340 ming dollarlik shaxsiy kreditni to'lashni talab qildi.[48][49] U, shuningdek, uni otasidan meros qilib olgan 20 million dollarni isrof qilganlikda va yiliga 840 ming dollar pul sarflaganlikda aybladi.[49] Ushbu huquqiy muammolar keyinchalik Lois Papa Pol va uning beshta birodarlariga jami 12 million dollar bergan kelishuvga erishilgandan so'ng hal qilindi.[50][men][51]

Salbiy matbuotga qaramay, katta xayr-ehsonlar kelishda davom etdi. Donald Tramp yodgorlikdagi yoritilgan bayroq va bayroq ustuniga 2007 yil avgust oyi oxirida 25000 dollar bergan.[46]

Avtorizatsiya kengaytmasi

Qurilishni qonun bilan belgilangan muddat ichida boshlash uchun deyarli mablag 'yo'qligi sababli, yodgorlik jamg'armasi mablag' yig'ish 2010 yilgacha tugashini ta'kidlab, Kongressga muddatni uzaytirishni iltimos qildi.[3][13] Ushbu muddatni uzaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari joriy etilgan Vakillar palatasi (H.R. 4275) 2006 yilda o'tgan va o'tgan, ammo ko'rib chiqilmagan Senat. Qonun hujjatlari oxirida vafot etdi 109-Kongress 2006 yil 8 dekabrda.[13] Vakil Fil Xare (D-Illinoys ) 2007 yilda xuddi shunday qonunchilikni joriy qildi (H.R. 995), 2007 yil 5 martda Uydan o'tgan.[52] Hamkorlik chorasi (S. 824) Senatda senator tomonidan kiritilgan Jon Thune (R-Janubiy Dakota ).[13]

S. 824 2007 yil 24 oktyabrda o'tdi va bir kundan keyin Prezident Jorj V.Bush P.L. 110-106-sonli qonun. Qonun qurilishning boshlanish muddatini 2015 yil 24 oktyabrgacha uzaytirdi.[13]

Xotira tangalariga mablag 'yig'ish

Yodgorlik jamg'armasi Kongressdan esdalik tanga chiqarish orqali mablag 'yig'ishda yordam berishni iltimos qildi. O'tganidan beri Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining esdalik tangalar to'g'risidagi qonuni (P.L. 104-329) 1996 yil oktyabr oyida ko'plab guruhlar (shu jumladan federal yodgorliklarni quradiganlar) to'lash orqali mablag 'to'pladilar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari zarbxonasi esdalik tangalarini ishlab chiqarish. Xotira tangalari dasturida ishtirok etish uchun Kongress akti zarur edi.

Bu safar DVLMF esdalik tanga akti Vakillar Palatasida paydo bo'ldi. Vakil Dennis Mur (D-Kanzas ) 2007 yil yanvar oyida 634 H.R.ni tanitdi va u May oyida 416-dan 0-gacha bo'lgan uydan o'tdi.[53] Keyinchalik senator Tim Jonson 2007 yil oktyabr oyida Senatda sheriklik to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni (S. 2119) kiritdi.[54] DVLMF Kongress a'zolariga ushbu yodgorlikni qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan 65 million dollardan 43 million dollarni tashkil etganini va yodgorlik tanga savdosi 2008 yilda mablag 'yig'ishni yakunlashiga imkon berishini aytdi.[52] The Senatning bank qo'mitasi Senator Jonsonning aniq qonunchiligi bilan 2008 yil 20 mayda qonunchilik to'g'risida ijobiy xabar berdi.[8] Senat o'zgartirilgan qonun loyihasini 10 iyun kuni bir ovozdan qabul qildi.[53] va palata Senat qonun loyihasini 18 iyunda qabul qildi.[55]

2008 yil 17-iyulda Prezident Jorj V.Bush Amerikalik nogironlarning "Hayot uchun nogironlar" yodgorlik tanga to'g'risidagi qonuni (110–277-sonli davlat qonuni) ni imzoladi.[53][56] Garchi tanga nominal qiymati 1 AQSh dollariga teng bo'lsa-da, u yodgorlikni qurish va parvarishlashning ishonchli jamg'armasini yaratishga ketadigan qo'shimcha xarajatlarning barchasi (xarajatlarni kamaytirgan holda) 10 dollarga (standart qo'shimcha to'lov) sotilgan.[43][56] Faqat 350 ming tanga ishlab chiqarilgan.[43][56] Esdalik tanga 2010 yil 25 fevralda muomalaga chiqarilgan va birinchi ikki oy ichida 190 ming dona sotilgan.[56] 2010 yil oxiriga qadar jami 281 071 tanga sotilgan.[j][57]

Xotira kunidan keyin tanga mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari

Xotira tangalari aktidan keyin mablag 'yig'ish sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi.

Xotira tangalari to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari kutilayotgan paytda, DAV 2008 yil mart oyida qo'shimcha xayr-ehson 600 ming AQSh dollarini e'lon qildi, ularning yarmi Kaliforniyadagi shtat bo'limidan, yarmi esa DAV tomonidan mos keladigan xayriya edi. Ammo milliy DAV 3 million AQSh dollarigacha bo'lgan davlat xayriya mablag'larini (umumiy DAV davlati va 6 million dollarlik milliy hissasi uchun) tashkil etishga va'da bergan bo'lsa-da, garovning 2,4 million dollari 2008 yil boshiga qadar bajarilmagan.[26] Ikkinchi yirik yodgorlik xayr-ehsoni 2008 yil aprelida tadbirkor bo'lganida qilingan H. Ross Perot DVLMFga har biri bir million dollardan uch yillik to'lovni berishga rozi bo'ldi.[58][59] Perotning hissasi (yodgorlik poydevori bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan shaxs yoki guruhning eng katta miqdori) qurilish va ta'mirlash uchun yig'ilgan mablag'larning umumiy miqdorini 55,1 million dollarga etkazdi.[58][59] Ayni paytda DVLMF qurilishni boshlash uchun faqat 65 million dollarga ehtiyoj sezgan.[58] Yangilik manbalari xabar berishicha, poydevor qurilishni 2010 yilda boshlash va tugatishni rejalashtirgan.[58][59]

Ammo 2008 yil noyabrga kelib, yodgorlikning e'lon qilingan narxi keskin ko'tarilib, 86 million dollarga yetdi.[60] (86 million dollarlik mablag 'texnik yordam fondining xayriya mablag'larini o'z ichiga olgan.)[61] Shu oyda DVLMF DAVdan yana $ 200,000 qo'shma xayriya mablag'larini qabul qildi va u 3 million dollarlik mablag 'ajratish majburiyatidan 2 million dollardan kam mablag' qo'shganligini xabar qildi.[60] DAVning xayriya mablag'lari yodgorlik uchun yig'ilgan jami mablag'ni 70 million dollardan oshib ketdi.[60] 1-dekabr kuni Lois Papa o'zining va'da qilingan va'dasini bajardi va DVLMF-ga 5 million dollarlik chekni taqdim etdi.[62] Bu vaqtga kelib, Papaning yodgorlik fondiga qo'shgan hissasi 8,6 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[36][62] Mablag'lar to'g'ri va boshida davom etdi. 2009 yil aprelga qadar DVLMF-ning qo'lida hali atigi 70 million dollar bor edi.[36] Ammo bir oy o'tgach, xayriya mablag'lari 80,1 million dollarga yetdi.[61]

2009 yil oktyabrga kelib, yodgorlik qiymati 86 million dollarga teng bo'lganligi sababli, DVLMF 2010 yilga bag'ishlanishni bashorat qilgan edi.[63] Hozir DVLMF-ga bosh operatsion direktori sifatida qo'shilgan Rik Fenstermaxerning ta'kidlashicha, fond AQSh Ichki ishlar vazirligidan qurilish uchun ruxsat olish jarayonini boshlaydi.[63]

Yodgorlik qurilishi

Poydevor qo'yish

2010 yil boshiga kelib, Veteranlar Nogironlar uchun Memorial jamg'armasi 86 million dollarlik kampaniyasini yakunlash uchun 2,0-2,5 million dollar atrofida mablag 'to'plashi kerak edi.[64][65] Bu vaqtga kelib, Lois Papa 8,5 million dollar orasida xayriya qilgan[66] va 9 million dollar[64] shaxsiy va LIFE Foundation mablag'lari (manbalari har xil), DAV va uning a'zolari yana 10 million dollar xayriya qildilar.[64][66] Asosiy korporativ homiylar kiradi AT & T va Ford Motor Company.[67] U jami mablag 'yig'ish maqsadidan kam bo'lganiga qaramay, yodgorlik fondi qurilish xarajatlarining 75 foizini o'z zimmasiga oldi va yodgorlik loyihasini yakuniy tasdiqladi, shu sababli ichki ishlar vazirligiga qurilish uchun ruxsatnoma berish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan muvaffaqiyatli murojaat qildi.

1.72 gektar maydonda (7000 m) zamin buzilgan2) yodgorlik sayti 2010 yil 10 noyabrda.[64][66] Poydevor qo'yishga DVLMF vakili Lois Papa, Art Uilson va Gari Sinis qatnashdi;[68] Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha kotib Erik K. Shinseki; sobiq faxriylar ishlari bo'yicha kotibi Entoni Prinsipi; va Palata spikeri Nensi Pelosi (D-Kaliforniya ).[69] Marosimni 400 dan ortiq jamoat vakillari, ularning aksariyati nogiron faxriylar tomosha qilishdi.[69] DVLMF ushbu yodgorlik 2012 yilda faxriylar kuniga bag'ishlanganligini aytdi.[66][69][70]

Yakuniy mablag 'yig'ish

Yodgorlik poydevorini qo'ygandan keyin qancha pul yig'ilishi kerakligi aniq emas edi. Ba'zi manbalarda 2,5 million dollar,[64][67][71] boshqasi 3,2 million dollar,[70] boshqasi esa 3,5 million dollar talab qilgan.[69] Yodgorlik uchun zarur bo'lgan yakuniy mablag'larni yig'ish uchun DVLMF esdalik tanga savdosiga katta ishongan.[64][70] Shuningdek, yodgorlik hozir qanchalik qimmatga tushgani ham noma'lum. Bir manbada 86 million dollar,[69] ammo boshqa manbalar bu xarajat atigi 85 million dollarni tashkil etganini aytdi[64][67][71] va DVLMF 2011 yil may oyida 82 million dollarga tushganini da'vo qildi.[72][k][73]

2011 yil fevral oyida Papa yodgorlik jamg'armasiga xayriya mablag'larini 500 ming dollarga etkazishini e'lon qildi.[71] Keyingi may oyida Papa DVLMF-ga 1 million dollarlik yakuniy hissa qo'shdi. Yodgorlik jamg'armasining ta'kidlashicha, hozirda uning mablag'lari 10 million dollardan oshgan.[72][74] 2011 yil oktabrga qadar DVLMF mablag 'yig'ish maqsadiga erishish uchun atigi 250 ming dollarga ehtiyoj sezdi, fond vakolatxonalari oxirgi qolgan esdalik tangalarini sotish orqali unga erishish mumkin deb o'ylashdi.[75] DVLMF mablag 'yig'ish maqsadiga qanchalik yaqin bo'lganligini uning eng faol donorlari faoliyatida ko'rish mumkin. Papaning LIFE jamg'armasi 2011 yil noyabr oyida Palm-Bichda o'zining 18-va "Qizil kiyimdagi ayol" gala-tadbirini o'tkazdi. Papaning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Ushbu gala Amerika nogironlari uchun" Hayot uchun nogironlar "ga bag'ishlangan mablag 'yig'adigan so'nggi tadbir bo'ladi. LIFE Foundation ning] mablag 'yig'ish maqsadi. "[76]

Qurilish

Qurilish yodgorlik joyidagi yulduzcha shaklidagi favvora poydevorida davom etmoqda.
Yodgorlikning "Rahmat devori" ning janubiy qismi (chapda) qoplamaga tayyor, yog'och shakllar esa hali ham davolanayotgan shimoliy qismni (o'ngda) o'rab oladi.

Yodgorlik elementlarini tayyorlash, uchastkani tayyorlash va yodgorlik qurilishi 2011 yilda boshlangan. Bronza bilan ishlangan buyumlar yodgorlik dizaynining bir qismi bo'lgan va 2011 yil may oyida DVLMF bronza panellarni yaratgan haykaltarosh Larri Kirkland ham buyurtma qilinganligini e'lon qildi. ularni to'qib chiqarish.[77] Vashingtonda joylashgan Tompkins Builders yodgorlik qurilishini nazorat qilish uchun 2011 yil iyun oyida tanlangan.[78]

Qurilish 2011 yil iyun oyida boshlanishi kerak edi,[79] ammo muammolar paydo bo'ldi. Beshta kommunal xizmat (shu jumladan to'rtta aloqa liniyasi va bitta elektr liniyasi)[l][80] sayt ostida joylashgan chiziqlar borligi aniqlandi. Ushbu yo'nalishlarga egalik qiluvchi kommunal xizmatlar ularni tezda harakatga keltirishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, naqd pulga duch kelgan Kolumbiya okrugi ko'chib o'tishda amalga oshiriladigan ko'chalarni yopish va infratuzilmani yaxshilashda yordam berish uchun federal mablag'larni talab qildi. Shu sababli, Milliy park xizmati ushbu kommunal xizmatlarni ko'chirish va ushbu mablag'larni olish dasturi ishlab chiqilgunga qadar qurilishga ruxsat berishni rad etdi.[77]

Yodgorlik qurilishi keyinchalik ikki bosqichda amalga oshirildi. I faza yodgorlik ostidagi optik tolali kabellarni, keng polosali kompyuter liniyalarini, telefon liniyalarini va boshqa aloqa liniyalarini olib tashlash va yo'naltirishdan iborat edi.[79] II bosqich shahar ko'chalarini obodonlashtirish va transport signallarini boshqa joyga ko'chirishdan iborat edi.[79][75] Birinchi bosqichda ishlar 2011 yilning kuzida boshlandi,[75] ammo aloqa liniyalari 2012 yil kuzigacha yo'naltirilmagan.[80][81] 2012 yil noyabr oyiga qadar yodgorlik uchun granit qazib olinib, bronza haykallar ustida ish olib borilmoqda.[75] II bosqich qurilishi 12 oy davom etadi,[79] DVLMF mutasaddilari 2013 yil noyabr oyida o'zlarini bag'ishlashga umid qilishlarini aytishdi.[75]

2011 yilning ikkinchi yarmida va 2012 yilning birinchi yarmida memorial jamg'armasi va D.C. rasmiylari zarur bo'lgan avtomobil yo'llari qurilish mablag'larini qidirdilar. Jamg'arma senator bilan yaqin hamkorlik qildi Patty Myurrey (D-Vashington ), keyin raisi Senatning Faxriylar ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitasi; Vakil Nensi Pelosi; Vakil Tom Latham (R-Ayova ) kafedrasi Transport, uy-joy va shaharsozlik bo'yicha kichik qo'mita va tegishli agentliklar ning Uy mablag'larini ajratish bo'yicha qo'mitasi; keyin-Transport kotibi Rey LaHood; va Viktor Mendez, Ma'muri Federal avtomobil yo'llari ma'muriyati, mablag'larni ta'minlash uchun. Ularning sa'y-harakatlari muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va 2012 yil o'rtalarida Kolumbiya okrugi transport departamenti (DDOT) ko'cha yo'nalishlarini qurish va II bosqichni bajarish uchun Public Lands Highway Diskretsion Dasturidan 6 million dollar miqdorida grant oldi.[82][m][83]

Shisha panellar ustida ishlash ham davom etdi. DVLMF panel uchun kotirovkalarni tanlashda yordam berish uchun Cloud Gehshan Associates-ni yolladi. Mashhur nogiron faxriylarning nutqlari va yozuvlari bo'yicha tadqiqotlar olib borildi va nogiron faxriylar bilan yuzlab suhbatlar o'tkazildi. 700 dan ortiq kotirovka to'plandi, ammo ulardan atigi 18tasi ishlatildi, ya'ni vaqt o'tishi bilan tarqalgan turli xil ovozlar.[84] Dastlab, a Nyu York Shisha panellarni tayyorlash uchun asosli firma yollangan edi, ammo bu kompaniya loyihadan chiqib ketdi.[85] Savoy Studios, joylashgan shisha ishlab chiqaruvchi firma Portlend, Oregon, keyin panellarni yozish va tayyorlash uchun yollangan.[86][87] Shaxsiy stakan choyshablari sotib olingan PPG Industries.[86] Savoy Studios kompyuter tomonidan boshqariladigan vositalardan foydalangan suv oqimi to'sar ularga matnni o'ymakorlik qilish.[85] Moon Shadow Glass, dekorativ shisha ishlab chiqaruvchisi (buzilib ketgan avtobuslar uchun boshpana oynasida qumloq ishlov berish bilan mashhur) TriMet Portlenddagi avtobus tizimi) tasviriy san'atdan foydalanilgan abraziv portlash foto-realistik tasvirlarni oynaga solib qo'yish.[85] Keyinchalik Savoy Studios kompaniyasi GlassLam kompaniyasi tomonidan savdo markasi bo'lgan suyuq polimer bo'lgan GlassLam-dan foydalangan Pompano plyaji, Florida, shisha choyshablarni panelga birlashtirib laminatlash uchun. Laminat nafaqat choyshablarni birlashtirdi, balki choyshab orasidagi bo'sh joylarni ham to'ldirdi. Keyin Savoy Studios panellarni so'nggi o'lchamiga kesib olish uchun kompyuter tomonidan boshqariladigan suv oqimidan foydalangan.[88]

Technifex, joylashgan maxsus effektlar kompaniyasi Valensiya, Kaliforniya, 2011 yilda abadiy olovni tabiiy gaz bilan ta'minlaydigan yagona po'lat tizimni loyihalash va ishlab chiqarish uchun yollangan. Technifex also designed the electronically controlled ignition system that would keep the flame lit.[86]

Work on the bronze panel artworks was under way by mid-2012. These panels were fabricated at the Walla Walla Foundry in Walla Walla, Vashington. The process was much simpler than creating the glass panels. Sculptor Kirkland created a silhouette of the figures he wanted for the panels. Red wax slabs 6-by-8-foot (1.8 by 2.4 m) in size were created, and the shape cut into them by a computer-controlled router. The shapes did not need to be perfect, as Kirkland preferred a slightly imperfect image that gave the viewer the impression that the "artist's hand" was still crafting the work. The bronze panels were then cast using the yo'qolgan mum usul.[85]

By November 2012, all utilities except the electricity had been relocated.[82] In mid-December 2012, Pepko began relocation of the electrical line.[80][81] DDOT said it would call for proposals to do the street work later that month, award a contract in January or February 2013, and begin construction work in March.[80][81][82]

By this time it was not exactly clear what the DVLMF's construction timeline was, however. In November 2012, the DAV reported that the memorial would be completed and ready for dedication in early 2014.[82][83] But the DVLMF said in December 2012 that the dedication would be in October 2014.[80] By March 2013, the DAV also reported the dedication date as October 2014.[81] Finally, in March 2014, the DVLMF set the dedication date for October 5, 2014.[89]

Design of the memorial

Dizayn tanlovi

The design of memorials on federal property in the District of Columbia are subject to the approval of the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts (CFA), and the D.C. Historic Preservation Office.[90]

The first design element imposed on the memorial regarded the site. In approving the memorial foundation's preferred site in October 2001, the NCPC said that the site should be configured to allow C Street SW to be restored to its historic alignment. This changed slightly the geometry of the memorial site, and restricted the amount of on-site parking which the memorial planners desired.[91]

To design the memorial on the slightly restricted site, the memorial foundation held a design competition. On November 11, 2002, the DVLMF invited about 20 architects and landshaft me'morlari to submit design proposals for the memorial. Six firms responded with a proposal. The DVLMF established a nine-member design committee consisting of members of the foundation's Board of Directors as well as architects, artists, and landscape architects. In February 2003, the six proposals were presented anonymously to the design committee. Two firms, Michael Vergason Landscape Architects and Nelson Byrd Woltz Landscape Architects, were asked to submit a refined proposal. This second proposal included, among other things, cost estimates, a project schedule, and a scale model. The design committee submitted a list of questions to each firm, and asked them to address the questions in their second submission. Each firm was also asked to discuss possible design alternatives. In July 2003, the design committee selected Michael Vergason Landscape Architects as the memorial designer. The DVLMF Board of Directors affirmed the choice.[92]

Vergason's winning design envisioned a plot that formed a to'g'ri uchburchak, bilan to'g'ri burchak in the southwest corner of the site. Along the sidewalks that formed the legs of the triangle were dense rows of trees. Slightly inward from the right angle was a beshburchak -shaped paved area whose tip was aimed at the southwest corner of the site. Within this paved area, two walls formed a partial top of another pentagon, while two walls formed complete sides to it. The base of this shape, which faced northeast, was open to provide a view of the U.S. Capitol. Within the pentagonal area bounded by these walls was a fountain with a pentagon-shaped bowl. Aligned with the base of the paved pentagonal area was the edge of the reflecting pool. Beginning near the tip of the pentagonal paving area were stone walls, approximately 15 feet (4.6 m) high, which extended to the northern and southeastern tips of the site. These walls had rectangular windows in them, and they were inscribed with quotations about democracy, sacrifice, and honor. Paralleling the stone wall, creating a path about 10 feet (3.0 m) in width, were glass walls approximately 12 feet (3.7 m) high on which images of disabled veterans were inscribed. The glass walls were also to carry stories about disabled veterans and quotations from them about the meaning of their military service and the sacrifices they made. The northeastern side of the right triangle site formed the base of a trapezoidal reflecting pool. Its sides were the glass wall, and its top the edge of the paved area. Trees partially lined the northeastern side of the site, with a gap in them to permit views of the Capitol.[93]

Dastlabki dizayni

Original design proposal for the American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial.

Vergason's initial design underwent changes before being submitted to the Commission of Fine Arts for approval. It now consisted of five elements. The first was the fountain. The fountain, intended to be the center of the memorial, was still located near the southwestern corner of the site. But instead of pentagonal shaped, the fountain was now a circular granite basin which contained both water and an abadiy olov.[94][20] The flame was about 12 to 18 inches (30 to 46 cm) high, and was designed to gout higher during times of war or national emergency.[20] A circular area around the fountain was paved with specially colored stones to emphasize its centrality to the site.[20] The second element were the stone walls and trees. The white, marble-faced stone walls were now called the "Walls of Loss", and Vergason intended for them to be inscribed with stories from disabled veterans documenting how they were wounded, their reactions to their disabilities, and the way they felt society treated them.[94] Circular openings in the stone walls helped maintain a sense of openness (as opposed to being walled in).[95] The west and south sides of the site continued to be lined with trees, but the stone walls no longer connected with the paved area around the fountain. The stone walls were also no longer continuous, so as not to create the sense that the memorial was walled off from the surrounding area. The third element was the triangular reflecting pool, which extended south and east from the fountain,[94] with trees at the north end emerging from the water at seemingly random points.[96] An opening in the grove on the northeast portion of the site still permitted views of the U.S. Capitol. The fourth element was the glass walls. These were moved inward, away from the stone walls, to form trapezoidal paved areas that formed paths guiding the visitor between the various groves of trees.[94] These trapezoidal, paved areas were oriented toward the north, or main, entrance to the memorial.[96] They also created partial walls forcing visitors to use one of the memorial's three entrances. (In addition to the memorial's primary entrance on the north end,[94][96] entrances existed in the southeast and southwest corners.) The glass walls were now called the "Walls of Light". Vergason intended for these walls to be more uplifting, and to be inscribed with quotes about democracy, honor, sacrifice service, duty, and patriotism. The fifth element consisted of the masses of trees around the site. Nearly the entire site would be paved with grey granite, and grey granite benches would be placed in strategic locations to force visitors to view the Capitol and fountain from the best angles. The memorial also had a flagpole,[97] and Vergason intended for "works of art" to be placed around the memorial site (although the nature of these artworks had yet to be determined).[94]

CFA members were, on the whole, positive and enthusiastic about the memorial design, but they also had a number of criticisms. First, the memorial seemed to be merely a collection of elements rather than a unified design. The memorial designers were asked to simply and harmonize the design, and reduce the number of elements if possible.[96][98] A'zo Diana Balmori, a landscape architect, made the specific suggestion that the fountain and pool be combined, and the flame placed in the pool.[97] Second, the large number of interior walls on the site created areas that ignored the street alignments which gave the site shape.[96] While the DVLMF believed nearly all visitors would come from the north (with pedestrians coming from the Capitol, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Botanika bog'i, va Amerikalik hindlarning milliy muzeyi ), the CFA questioned this assumption and asked that pedestrian flow be studied.[96][98] Finally, CFA members thought that raising and lowering the flame would trivialize the memorial,[99] the flagpole should be located in less intrusive place, and that the trees in the reflecting pool would create serious maintenance problems.[97] Nonetheless, the CFA approved the memorial's preliminary design on March 18, 2004.[98]

The National Capital Planning Commission approved the preliminary design concept of the American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial on April 1, 2004.[29][98] However, the NCPC made three requests of the memorial's planners. First, they asked them to continue to study vehicular movement around the memorial and refine the design and site plot accordingly. Second, they asked the planners to study the ways pedestrians would cross busy Independence Avenue SW, 2nd Street SW, and Washington Avenue SW, and to make design refinements based on these studies. Third, the NCPC asked that the circular holes in the stone walls, which disconcertingly looked like gun ports, be redesigned.[95]

First revised design

The first revised design for the memorial.

A revised design was submitted to the CFA as well as to the NCPC in June 2005.[98] In the revised design, the fountain was now a simple basin (without water jets) in the shape of a star, with the eternal flame at its center.[100] A thin scrim of water surrounded the flame, making it appear as if the fire were emerging from the water itself.[94] The northeastern sides and arms of the star spilled water over into a reflecting pool.[100] Extending northwest and southeast from the star-shaped basin was a triangular reflecting pool whose long edge bordered Washington Avenue. Both the star-shaped basin and the reflecting pool were intended to be of black granite.[100] Both the basin and the reflecting pool were designed to have as little rippling water as possible, so as best to reflect both the eternal flame and the Capitol building.[100] Trees lined the edges of the reflecting pool, except for an opening on the northeast portion of the site (which permitted views of the U.S. Capitol). The length of the stone and glass walls was now much reduced, and they were set near the trees on the western and southern edges of the site. The memorial's primary entrance was still considered to be on the north end, but stone walls came close together in the southwest corner of the site to create a major secondary entrance. The white marble-faced stone walls were called the "Walls of Loss", and Vergason intended for them to be inscribed with stories from disabled veterans documenting how they were wounded, their reactions to their disabilities, and the way they felt society treated them.[94] Circular openings in the stone walls helped maintain a sense of openness rather than being walled off.[95] The glass walls were called the "Walls of Light". Vergason intended for these walls to be more uplifting, and to be inscribed with quotes about democracy, honor, sacrifice service, duty, and patriotism. Nearly the entire site would be paved with grey granite, and grey granite benches would be placed in strategic locations to force visitors to the Capitol and fountain from the best angles. Vergason also intended for "works of art" to be placed around the memorial site, although the nature of these artworks had yet to be determined.[94] The revised design still returned C Street SW to its original configuration in the L'Enfant Plan.[101] All steps and grade changes were eliminated and special-needs parking along C Street SW increased to make the memorial more handicapped-accessible.[100]

The CFA received an update on this first revision in July 2005. The DVLMF had hired sculptor Larry Kirkland as the designer of the artworks, and Vergason emphasized strongly that Kirkland was very much a member of the design team. These artworks were to be bronze panels, 9 feet (2.7 m) tall,[38] Neoklassik in style but with some abstraction, and life-size human bodies with missing limbs.[100] Each panel featured a counter-relief image of a human body, each missing one or more limbs. Sample panels included full human bodies, headless bodies, and single body parts.[102][n][85] One statue would be female. Three of the sculptures would be associated with the eastern wall and one with the north wall, be placed between the glass walls (which were envisioned to be 8 to 9 feet (2.4 to 2.7 m) in height) and the taller marble-clad walls. The DVLMF had also contracted with Kirkland to assist with the inscriptions on the glass and stone walls. Kirkland reported that the northern wall was intended to express gratitude toward disabled veterans, while the eastern wall would provide quotations from disabled veterans themselves.[100] More than 700 quotations had been collected, he said.[100][102] Although no quotations had yet been selected, the designers were mindful of picking text that related to the statues. Each glass wall would consist of five layers of glass, laminated together. Quotations would be inscribed on an inner layer, so that the exterior remained smooth. Inscriptions would be placed at different layers at different points within the wall, and the number and grouping of quotations would be varied. Both elements would help to achieve a diverse appearance. CFA members generally applauded the revisions and were positive about Kirkland's preliminary statue and glass wall designs.[100] But they emphasized that the memorial still lacked a hierarchy of design and was too complex. "There were too many elements – fire, a star, water, two kinds of walls, writing, sculpture, landscaping – but there was no clear hierarchy," said one member of the CFA.[90]

Second revised design

The first revised design was being tweaked in March 2006[38] when a major design change occurred.

Because of concerns expressed by the Architect of the Capitol and the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy politsiyasi[52] that a realigned C Street SW might provide an easy route for a yuk mashinasida bomba to be used against one of the House of Representatives' office buildings, C Street was now designed to dead-end at 2nd Street SW.[77][103][104] This radically altered the site's southern boundary, extending it southward and forcing a reconsideration of the memorial's entire design.[104][80] However, since a portion of the site was also given to the Architect of the Capitol, the site's size was reduced to just 1.72 acres (7,000 m2).[105]

The second revised design was submitted to the CFA in November 2006. This new design moved the five-pointed[44] star-shaped basin to the northern tip of the site.[104][105] The eternal flame remained at the center of the basin.[43][44] To provide an unobstructed view of the Capitol, no trees would line the northern half of the northeastern side of the site. The stone walls were reduced so that they now only occurred in two long sections on the western side of the site, and a pedestrian walkway was added in the much-expanded southern grove of trees to allow office workers to move through the site.[104] To maintain handicapped-accessibility, the new plan widened 2nd Street NW and added a lane nearest the memorial for bus and special-needs parking.[105] The range of quotations on the stone wall were now limited only to expressions of loss and the nation's gratitude.[104] Because of the diminution of the screening walls and a more limited number of trees, which reduced traffic noise, the star-shaped basin was now raised to a height of about 3 feet (0.91 m). A cascade of water 30 inches (76 cm) high led from the basin to the tree-lined reflecting pool. This cascade, it was hoped, would make oq shovqin which would reduce the intrusiveness of the traffic noises.[43][104][44] The reflecting pool was now capable of being drained quickly to be used as a platform for events, rallies, or commemorations. Changes were made to the glass walls as well, which were now scattered in the larger grove of trees on the southern portion of the site. Vergason said that the glass panels (confirmed to be 8 feet (2.4 m) high) would reflect the trees and visitors reading their inscriptions. The bronze panels were reduced in number to four,[43] each one depicting the silhouette of a veteran with missing body parts.[104] Addressing landscape concerns, Vergason said the large, southern grove of trees would consist of ginkgo, bilan kel sarv along 2nd Street.[104][105] Disease-resistant Amerikalik qarag'aylar would be planted in a double-row along Washington Avenue.[104][105] Vergason confirmed that grey granite would be used for the plaza, and black granite for the bottom of the basin and pool. Lighting would be provided by standard CFA-approved single-globe or double-globe lighting standards. Spotlights on poles would illuminate the bronze sculptural panels, and the glass panels would be lit from behind and below by ground lamps.[104][104][o][106]

Some elements were still in flux, however. Ground plantings had not been selected yet, and the depth of the reflecting pool and the direction of its water flow were undecided. Also not yet finalized were how to handle the water features in winter. The National Park Service wished to drain both water elements, but memorial planners were hoping to maintain a low level of water in the star-shaped basin year-round. The height and style of the reflecting pool's edge was also unclear, as it depended on the direction of the water flow and other details. Among the designs being considered were a low, flat edge which could serve as seating; a low, angled edge which discouraged seating; and no edge, in which case the reflecting pool would be nearly level with the plaza. The design of benches, and their placement, was also still under discussion.[104]

Although the Commission of Fine Arts still expressed some concerns with the memorial's design, it approved the second revised concept on November 16, 2006.[43][104]

The National Capital Planning Commission approved the second revised concept on November 30, 2006.[43][107] The NCPC expressed concern that the water features either provide for year-round operation or be aesthetically pleasing when drained. The group also asked the memorial planners to consider not just physically handicapped individuals but also those with visual and hearing impairments when designing the memorial's accessibility features. These elements should not be added later, but incorporated into the design, NCPC members stressed. Finally, the agency expressed its ongoing concern over pedestrian access.[73]

Third revised design

Both the CFA and NCPC still needed to give their final approval to the design, however.[43]

The third revised design was presented to the Commission of Fine Arts on July 17, 2008. Two firms had been hired by the memorial planners to assist the design team: Fluidity Design Consultants, which helped with the design of the star-shaped fountain; and Cloud Gehshan Associates, which worked on the glass panels and artworks. The first major change to the memorial design involved the star-shaped basin, which no longer overflowed into the triangular reflecting pool. Now the fountain overflowed itself, with water passing down its sides into a trough at the base of the structure. The overflow was designed to be a quiet one. The basin's underlying stone was no longer black granite, but the same grey granite as the rest of the plaza. The height of the star-shaped basin was also raised to 34 inches (0.86 m) above the plaza, to make it a more visible and dramatic part of the memorial's design. (The height of the fountain permitted someone in a wheelchair to see the flame, but was also high enough to discourage a person from climbing into the water and approaching the flame.) The fountain was designed to be turned off in winter, although the basin would not be drained. A sensor system would detect if anyone climbed into the fountain's basin, and turn off the flame as a protective measure. The nature of the eternal flame had also been further refined. The new plan called for five stones to protrude slightly above the water. Just out of sight below the surface of the water, jets would allow natural gas to bubble to the surface. As the bubbles broke the surface, igniters hidden in the stones would cause the gas to burst into a 3 feet (0.91 m) high flame. Sensors would adjust the flow of gas and the operation of the igniters to accommodate weather (such as wind or rain).[106]

The second major change to the memorial's design involved the glass walls and bronze artwork. Placed on the northern edge of the southern gingko tree grove, these four freestanding glass walls—now called "Voices of Veterans"—would not only contain quotations and other inscriptions but also photo-realistic images of disabled veterans. Each glass "wall" consisted of 17 or 18 panels, with each panel 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, 8 to 9 feet (2.4 to 2.7 m) high, and 2.25 inches (5.7 cm) thick. A 0.5-inch (1.3 cm) gap between each panel permitted the movement of air. About 30 quotations would be used. The images would depict disabled veterans from the Amerika fuqarolar urushi to the present, although the quotations extended back to the Amerika inqilobiy urushi. The number of rectangular bronze panels now numbered five, and they were to be placed behind some of the glass walls. These artworks passed light through to the glass walls as well as helped create a stronger visual element than glass alone. Trees in the grove would have their limbs removed up to a height of about 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) to provide visibility, and a planting bed about 8 feet (2.4 m) deep behind the glass panels would discourage anyone from approaching them from behind. Kirkland said that as the bronze panels evolved, both veterans and DVLMF board members began questioning whether they effectively depicted the experiences of disabled veterans.[106][p][85] It became clear that a more photo-realistic approach was needed, but this could only be accommodated by the glass panels. The designers realized that glass panels with only quotations was not dynamic enough, and that the bronze elements would help present the idealized elements that the photo-realistic images could not.[106]

Several small changes were also made to the rest of the memorial. The overall size of the reflecting pool was reduced to just 150-foot (46 m) in length. The height of the pool was raised so it was about 10 inches (25 cm) off the ground, which gave the pool a more "honorific" quality. The reflecting pool was designed to be drained in winter, leaving a flat expanse of stone. The "Walls of Loss" was now called the "Wall of Gratitude", and designers said it would be 14 feet (4.3 m) high. The northern segment of this wall would not only contain the name of the memorial, but also include several quotations and the seals of each branch of the armed services as well.[106]

The CFA requested a site visit to see in-place mock-ups for the stone and glass walls and their lighting. The effectiveness of the photo-realistic elements were questioned by some members of the CFA, who pointed out that they created a time-bound (rather than timeless) memorial and had proven ineffective at the Koreya urushi faxriylari yodgorligi.[106] Several commissioners also expressed very strong concern over the significant changes in the bronze panels. But CFA chair Graf A. Pauell III (himself a Vietnam War veteran) strongly endorsed it, which appeared to mute these concerns.[85] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha kotib o'rinbosari Gordon H. Mensfild, a Vietnam War veteran who was paralyzed in combat, spoke movingly before the CFA in favor of the revised bronzes. Mansfield's testimony, given as a paralyzed individual and not in an official capacity, also helped to win over the CFA.[85] The CFA also asked that the designers study the spacing and placement of the glass panels, the size of the gap between the two segments of the stone wall, and whether the stone wall might be broke into three or more sections. Commission members noted that the spotlights on poles might be eliminated, suggesting that light from surrounding buildings and street lights made them unnecessary. They requested a nighttime lighting study from the memorial planners to help decide the issue.[106]

The Commission approved the third revised concept on July 17, 2008.[106]

Yakuniy dizayn

National Capital Planning Commission architectural drawing of the layout of the memorial's final design.

As requested, the DVLMF manufactured mock-ups of the glass and bronze panels. The site visit was held in early March 2009. Mock-ups of the glass panels were placed in their planned locations, and various sticks and flags indicated the position and height of other memorial elements. CFA members made minor suggestions regarding the opacity of the lettering and the typography on the glass panels, and expressed ongoing concern about the site's accessibility. Commission members also asked that the memorial planners to study whether the "Wall of Gratitude" was so high as to block views of the U.S. Capitol from points east, to consider widening the pedestrian access points in the wall, and to reduce further the size of the reflecting pool. Another site visit, with more details about the water elements and lighting scheme, was planned.[108]

The second site visit was held in May 2009. The memorial's designers had once more reduced the size of the reflecting pool and also widened the walkways and access points. Commission members stressed that art was more important than the quotations on the glass panels, and made two suggestions: First, that more images be added, and second, that the images be made more complex to heighten their impact. The memorial planners discussed the "Wall of Gratitude" height study and the nighttime ambient street lighting study with the commission. The decision was made to limit the wall's height to 12 feet (3,700 mm), and to eliminate the pole lights. The members of the CFA said they believed that, pending resolution of these issues, the memorial was ready for final approval, and requested a final design approval submission (complete with a description of all materials and plantings as well as material samples).[109]

The Commission of Fine Arts reviewed the final site design on July 16, 2009. A nearly complete mockup of the artwork was prepared and viewed by the commissioners prior to the meeting. The commission was extremely pleased with the final site plan and made a single minor suggestion (ensure even distribution of illumination along the Wall of Gratitude). CFA staff were delegated to work with the memorial planners on final details. In its last action regarding the memorial, the Commission of Fine Arts approved the final design.[77][110]

The final design was then submitted to the National Capital Planning Commission on June 24, 2010.[111] By this time, the southernmost glass wall had been eliminated to provide for better east-west pedestrian flow through the site (leaving the memorial with just three glass panels). The placement of the remaining glass walls was adjusted, and the number of glass panels reduced from 70 to 49.[112] Per the request of the Commission of Fine Arts, the height of the "Wall of Gratitude" was reduced from 14 feet (4.3 m) to 12 feet (3.7 m).[113] At the request of the National Park Service, this wall was now composed of granite, which was more durable than marble.[77] The American elms planned for Washington Avenue were replaced with gingko,[114] and the pole-mounted lights and ground-level lighting for the glass panels eliminated. Small LED lights were added to the top and back of each glass panel, and LED lights were used to underlight each granite bench.[115] Accessibility elements for special-needs individuals were also incorporated into the submitted final design. All crosswalks now had tactile paving and audible crosswalk signals. Seating height within the memorial was adjusted to be more accessible to the physically impaired, and the memorial planners had reached an agreement with the Architect of the Capitol to provide special needs parking south of the memorial site. To assist those who were visually impaired, the memorial now also provided an audio tour, accessed for free via Mobil telefon, which described the memorial's art and components and provided an interpretive description of them.[116]

On July 1, 2010, the National Capital Planning Commission gave its approval to the memorial's final site design.[77][117]

Bag'ishlanish

The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial was dedicated on October 5, 2014. President Barack Obama addressed a crowd of about 3,100 visitors and guests, many of them disabled veterans, who witnessed the memorial's unveiling.[118] "In the United States of America, those who have fought for our freedom should never be shunned and should never be forgotten," Obama said. "When our wounded veterans set out on that long road of recovery, we need to move heaven and earth to make sure they get every single benefit, every single bit of care that they have earned, that they deserve."[118]

Also in attendance at the event was Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha kotib Robert A. McDonald va Ichki ishlar kotibi Sally Jewell. Actor Gary Sinise spoke at the event as national spokesperson for the memorial foundation. Speaking to the crowd, McDonald said, "Few have given more to America. This imposing memorial stands as a powerful reminder of their service and their sacrifice."[118]

About the memorial

The American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial is located on a 1.72-acre (7,000 m2) parcel of land (roughly in the shape of a right triangle) bounded by 2nd Street SW, Washington Avenue SW, and the on-ramps from both streets to I-395.[105] The site is adjacent to and east of the Xubert H. Xamfri binosi, qarorgohi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi; adjacent to and northeast of the Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr. Federal Building; and southeast and adjacent to the Bartholdi Fountain portion of the grounds of the United States Botanic Garden. The site is federally owned, and under the administrative jurisdiction of the National Park Service.[14]

The memorial was designed by Michael Vergason of Michael Vergason Landscape Architects, with sculptor Larry Kirkland consulting. Architectural services were supplied by Shalom Baranes Associates, and engineering services by RK&K Engineers. Technical assistance for the fountain and reflecting pool were provided by Fluidity, Inc. Technical assistance in graphic design was provided by Cloud Gehshan Associates, and consultant Claude Engle assisted with the lighting design.[79]

The memorial consists of five elements:

  • The first element is a fountain in the shape of a five-pointed star, 30 inches (0.76 m) in height and set on the northern end of the site. The fountain is clad in a nearly black granite known as St. John's Black.[77][114] Water in the basin overflows the sides of the fountain, and is collected in a small trough at the base of the structure. In the center of the fountain is an eternal flame. Jets below the surface of the water generate bubbles of natural gas, which rise to the surface. Two igniters, hidden among five decorative stones which just break the surface, ignite the gas, which rises to a flame about 3 feet (0.91 m) high (although this varies due to weather). Sensors monitor the flame to ensure a smooth flow of gas and that the igniters function properly. Pressure sensors in the basin automatically stop the flow of gas should anyone attempt to climb into the fountain. The system is monitored and controlled remotely via the Internet, allowing both the operator (the National Park Service) and the fabricator (Technifex) to operate the system.[119] The fountain is designed to remain filled but not overflow during winter months.
  • The second element is a reflecting pool which extends south and southeast from the star-shaped fountain. The reflecting pool rises 10 inches (25 cm) from the plaza[77] and is also made of St. John's Black granite.[77][114] The memorial is designed so the water in both the fountain and the reflecting pool reflect the nearby United States Capitol building.[4]
  • The third element is a "Wall of Gratitude", which consists of two long, 12-foot (3.7 m) walls of reinforced concrete clad in an almost pure white granite known as Bethel White (quarried near Bethel, Vermont ).[77][114] This wall extends along the western wide of the site, and inscriptions are carved into the east face of both segments. On the northern segment are quotations from General Jorj Vashington va umumiy Duayt Eyzenxauer, and the name of the memorial. Quotations expressing gratitude for the sacrifices of disabled veterans are inscribed on the southern segment of the wall.[113] A passage between the two segments is cut so that it orients visitors toward the Capitol dome.[4]
  • The fourth element is the "Voices of Veterans" area, which forms the southern portion of the site. This exhibit consists of three staggered glass walls consisting of a total of 49 panels. Each panel is 8.58 feet (2.62 m) high, 48 inches (1.2 m) wide, and 4 inches (10 cm) thick;[82][86] weighs 1,800 pounds (820 kg);[85] and consists of five 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) sheets[85] of Starphire glass laminated together.[82][q] On the interior sheets of glass are inscribed photo-realistic images of veterans and quotations from veterans describing their devotion to duty, what it was like to be wounded, and how they came to terms with their disability.[77][120] Four bronze panels, with silhouettes of soldiers cut from their center, stand behind some of the glass panels.[66][120] The four bronze panels feature a saluting soldier in full dress uniform, a soldier rescuing a wounded comrade (who is slung over his shoulders), a running soldier bowed beneath a full pack, and a soldier with an amputated leg using crutches to hold himself upright.[85]
  • The fifth element consists of a grove of memorial trees. The "Voices of Veterans" element is set among the trees of the northern part of this grove. A pedestrian walkway passes through the grove south of the "Voices of Veterans", to give local workers a means of passing through the site.[64]

Landscaping elements form an integral part of the memorial design. A row of gingko trees lines the side of the site west of the "Wall of Gratitude", as well as both sides of the wide sidewalk on the Washington Avenue side of the site. Planting beds approximately 8 feet (2.4 m) deep exist behind each glass wall. Ground cover consists of mondo o't va lily turf. Shrubs used at the site include Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), dwarf shirin qalampir, Harry's garnet sweetspire, "Gulftide" holly osmanthus va Burkwood viburnum. Perennial plantings at the site include marginal wood fern, autumn fern, lenten rose (Helleborus orientalis), Virjiniya ko'k qo'ng'irog'i va woodland sedge.[114]

Most of the memorial is paved using a type of gray granite known in the stone trade as Virginia Mist.[77] All paving stones have been treated with a thermal coating to help them resist o'simliklarni yo'q qilish.[114]

Perimeter lighting along city sidewalks bordering the site is provided by standard single- or double-globe D.C. standard streetlights. Metal halide lights illuminate the eastern side of the "Wall of Gratitude", the flagpole, and the memorial grove. LED lights are used to backlight each glass wall, and for under-lighting the granite benches at the site.[115]

The Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial Foundation raised the funds for, oversaw the design of, and constructed the memorial. After the memorial is dedicated, the memorial will become the property of the U.S. federal government and will be administered by the National Park Service.[36]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar
  1. ^ Generoso Pope died in 1988 at the age of 61 from a heart attack. Lois Pope inherited the National Enquirer, which she sold six months after her husband's death for $412.5 million. Lois Pope then established the Leaders in Furthering Education {LIFE} Foundation to fund scholarships, summer camp for poor children, medical research, and more.
  2. ^ Wilson's editorial identified him as National Adjutant of the Disabled American Veterans, but not as a board member of the Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial Foundation.
  3. ^ The transfer appears to have been completed by 2005.
  4. ^ One source says $12 million had been raised.
  5. ^ One source says her matching donation was only $3 million.
  6. ^ H.R. 3699 passed the House on September 29, 2006, and the Senate on November 16, 2006. President George W. Bush signed it into law on December 15, 2006.
  7. ^ Title II, Section 201(a)(3)(A) defined an area "bounded by 2nd Street Southwest, the C Street Southwest ramp to I–295, the D Street Southwest ramp to I–395, and I–295". The northern 0.249 acres (1,010 m2) of this section was transferred to the Department of the Interior with the explicit requirement that it be used either for landscaping or special-needs parking. The remainder was transferred to the Architect of the Capitol.
  8. ^ Differences might be accounted for by foundation expenditures. Sources are unclear on the point.
  9. ^ Despite another payment to Paul by Lois of $4 million in 2012, the Popes were still suing and counter-suing one another in 2013.
  10. ^ Because the cost of each commemorative coin varies due to metals prices and design issues, the per-coin profit margin is difficult to estimate. The U.S. Mint advises that the median cost is $0.86 per 100 coins, which means the surcharge released to the DVLMF might be around $999.16 per 100 coins sold. This would not, however, account for commemorative packaging, handling, marketing, shipping, and other costs, however.
  11. ^ In November 2007, the NCPC had estimated construction costs at just $35 million, plus a $3.5 million operational trust fund.
  12. ^ The communication lines were owned by the Kapitoliy me'mori, Fibergate, 3-darajali aloqa va Verizon Communications. Pepko owned the electricity line.
  13. ^ The Public Lands Highway Discretionary Program ceased to exist in 2013.
  14. ^ Kirkland said, "I had begun to think about the issues of the disabled and came up with the idea of a figure being in negative". His concept reflected the idea that limbs were missing, just as metal had been taken away from the panel to create the image.
  15. ^ The lamps lighting the glass panels from behind and below were later changed to LED chiroqlar.
  16. ^ According to Kirkland: "But [when the initial design for the bronze panels] got back to the (Disabled American Veterans organization)...they didn't understand it. ... That the disabled vets didn't understand it told me I hadn't done my research." Kirkland also said the National Park Service was worried about the concept of "bronze body parts strewn around the lot".
  17. ^ Starphire is a trademarked glass manufactured by PPG Industries and used in military aircraft.
Iqtiboslar
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