LEnfant Plaza - LEnfant Plaza - Wikipedia

Vashington metrosi va Virjiniya temir yo'l ekspresiga xizmat ko'rsatadigan temir yo'l stantsiyasi uchun qarang L'Enfant Plaza bekati.
2011 yil fotosurat L'Enfant Plaza orqali sharq tomon sharqiy bino tomon, janubiy bino esa o'ng tomonga qarab. 1990-yillarning oxirida o'rnatilgan shisha piramida 2013 yilda olib tashlangan.[1]

L'Enfant Plaza to'rt kishilik kompleks savdo binolar dagi katta maydon atrofida to'plangan Janubi-g'arbiy qismi Vashington, Kolumbiya, Qo'shma Shtatlar. Plazma va binolarning darhol ostida "La Promenade" joylashgan savdo markazi.[2][3] The plaza janubida joylashgan Mustaqillik xiyoboni SW 12 va 9-chi ko'chalar o'rtasida SW (9-chi ko'cha aslida maydonning eng sharqiy qismida joylashgan binolarning markazlari ostidan o'tadi). U L'Enfant Promenade-ga perpendikulyar ravishda qurilgan, shimoliy-janubiy yugurish ko'chasi va piyodalar esplanade uning bir qismi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 10-chi ko'chadan yuqorida joylashgan. Plazma nomi berilgan Pyer (Piter) Charlz L'Enfant,[4] birinchi bo'lib poytaxt uchun ko'chalar maketini loyihalashtirgan me'mor va rejalashtiruvchi (qarang L'Enfant rejasi ). Bu 1968 yilda shimoliy va janubiy binolar qurib bitkazilgandan keyin bag'ishlangan.

Rejalashtirish

1939 yil iyul oyida AQSh Kapitoliy binosida Vashington shahrining janubi-g'arbiy kvadrantiga qarab.

L'Enfant Plaza janubi-g'arbiy qismining bir qismi edi. shahar yangilanishi loyihasi, AQShda shaharlarni yangilash bo'yicha eng qadimgi loyihalardan biri va D.C.[5] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Vashington aholisining tez kengayishi shahar atrofidagi ofis binolari va uy-joy uchastkalarining keng qurilishiga olib keldi.[6] Ammo federal idoralar (bu hududning eng yirik ish beruvchilari bo'lgan) shahar markazida cheklanganligi sababli, urushdan keyin Vashingtonning eski, ancha xarob bo'lgan, yakka oilalarda istiqomat qiladigan mahallalarini qayta ishlash uchun ishchilarni yuqori zichlikdagi, zamonaviy uy-joy bilan ta'minlash harakati boshlandi.[7] 1946 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi Kolumbiya okrugini qayta qurish to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qildi, u Kolumbiya okrugini qayta qurish bo'yicha er agentligini (RLA) tashkil etdi va poytaxtda qayta qurish uchun erlarni va mablag'larni tozalash uchun qonuniy vakolat berdi.[8] Kongress shuningdek berdi Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) qaysi erni va qanday qilib qayta rejalashtirilishini belgilash vakolati.[9] RLA mablag'lari mablag 'o'tmaguncha moliyalashtirilmagan 1949 yildagi uy-joy to'g'risidagi qonun.[9]

NCPC tomonidan olib borilgan 1950 yilgi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, shaharning janubi-g'arbiy qismida to'rtdan bir qismi eski va yomon ta'mirlangan binolarning yuqori konsentratsiyasidan aziyat chekkan va odamlar sog'lig'iga tahdidlar (masalan, yopiq suv, kanalizatsiya tizimlari, elektr energiyasi, markaziy isitish, va ichki hojatxonalar).[5][10] Qayta qurish uchun raqobatdosh vizyonlar ta'mirdan tortib, mahallalarni ulgurji tekislashgacha bo'lgan, ammo oxirgi qarash federal moliyalashtirishga loyiq bo'lganligi sababli ustun keldi.[11] Vashingtonning janubi-g'arbiy qismidagi vayronagarchilik deyarli barcha tuzilmalarga duch keldi va 1950 yilda boshlanishi kerak edi, ammo yuridik muammolar 1950-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar hududni qismlarga bo'lib yo'q qilishga olib keldi. Janubi-g'arbiy qismida yashovchilarning aksariyati edi Viktoriya davri qator uylar.[12] Ushbu hududda yashovchi qashshoq va o'rta sinf afroamerikaliklar va immigrantlar Markaziy va Sharqiy Evropa oilalari o'zlarining uylaridan majburan foydalanib chiqib ketishgan. taniqli domen, o'zlarining uylari qiymatining faqat bir qismini kompensatsiya sifatida oladilar.[13] 1954 yilda janubi-g'arbiy shaharda 4500 ta oilani qamrab oluvchi 3900 ga yaqin bino bo'lgan.[14] Aholining 60 foizga yaqini afroamerikaliklar, qolganlari esa kavkazliklar edi.[14] Aholining atigi 20 foizi o'z uyiga egalik qildi va binolarning 72 foizi sifatsiz deb baholandi.[14] L'Enfant Plazaga aylangan maydon, asosan yopiq bo'lsa ham, Viktoriya davridagi shahar uylari edi qassobxona shuningdek, mintaqada turdi.[15]

Yangi reja

RLA birinchi bo'lib 10-chi ko'chada katta maydonchani taklif qildi. Bu me'morlarga Robert Justement va Xloetiel Vudard Smit 1952 yilda chiqarilgan Janubiy-G'arbiy shaharning Jastement-Smit rejasi uchun maydonning bosh rejasini tuzish uchun hududni ulgurji tozalash kerak edi.[16] Ta'kidlash joizki, Xustement-Smit rejasi, shuningdek, 10-ko'cha SW dan yuqori qismida (temir yo'l va undan keyin qurilayotgan temir yo'llar orqali o'tishiga ruxsat berish uchun) esplanade qurishni taklif qildi. Janubi-g'arbiy-sharqiy shosse ) Maine Avenue SW bilan bog'lanadigan.[16] Keyinroq RLA ushbu savdo markazini 5-ko'chadan 12-ko'chaga qadar har qanday joyga qo'yishni o'rganganini aytdi, ammo 10-ko'chada yagona iqtisodiy joy bo'lgan.[17] Bog'lar sharqiy va g'arbiy qismida esplanade bilan chegaradosh bo'lib, ularning ko'rinishi uchun to'siqsiz ko'rinishni ta'minlashi kerak edi Smitson instituti shtab-kvartirasi va Milliy savdo markazi.[16] 1952 yil noyabr oyida NCPC Justement-Smit rejasini asosan qo'llab-quvvatlagan hisobotni e'lon qildi (garchi ko'p qavatli uylarning "o'rmoni" o'rniga kam qavatli shahar uylari qurilishi ta'kidlangan bo'lsa ham).[18] NCPC hisobotida, shuningdek, 10-ko'cha SWdan yuqori qismida esplanade qurish rejasi ma'qullandi, ammo rejaga jiddiy geografik to'siqlar bo'lganligi ta'kidlandi.[18] 1953 yilda RLA ishlab chiquvchilardan NCPC ning 1952 yil noyabrdagi kelishuv hisoboti asosida rejalarini taqdim etishni so'radi.[19]

Nomlash

1952 yilda Uilyam Zekendorf.

"L'Enfant Plaza" Nyu-York shahrini ishlab chiqaruvchisi tomonidan taklif qilingan Uilyam Zekendorf 1954 yil fevralda deyarli butun Janubi-g'arbiy shaharni ("S loyihasi" deb belgilangan maydon) deyarli qamrab oladigan 330 gektarlik (130 ga) rivojlanish doirasida 20 gektarlik (8,1 ga) madaniy markaz uchun unvon sifatida.[20] Dastlab belgilab qo'yilgandek, avtoulovning old qismida, Mustaqillik prospektida avtoulov aylanasi quriladi Smitson qal'asi.[15] Eni 400 metr (120 m), o't bilan o'ralgan piyodalar markazi 10-ko'cha SW o'rnini egalladi.[20] Konsert zali, anjumanlar markazi va opera teatri temir yo'llar va Janubi-Sharqiy avtomagistral ustiga qurilgan va Potomak daryosining qirg'og'i bilan bog'lanadigan piyodalar markazida joylashgan.[20] Rejada 20 gektar maydonda mavjud bo'lgan barcha binolarni yo'q qilish kerakligi aytilgan.[14] Zeckendorf va RLA Zeckendorf rejasining asosiy jihatlarining aksariyatini qamrab olgan "anglashuv memorandumi" ni imzoladilar, bu esa saytni yanada o'rganish va arxitektura dizayni oldinga siljishlariga imkon beradi.[21] O'sha yilning oktyabriga qadar Zeckendorf hukumat idoralari binolarini rejalashtirilgan piyodalar markaziga qo'shishga rozi bo'ldi.[22] Ishlab chiquvchining aytishicha, u allaqachon tadqiqotlarga 450 ming dollar sarflagan va batafsil rejani ishlab chiqishda yana 500 ming dollar sarflashni rejalashtirgan.[22] Dekabr oyida Zeckendorf NCPC va RLA-dan o'zining 10-chi SW savdo markazini rasmiy ravishda tasdiqlashini so'radi va federal hukumatga uning savdo markazi bo'ylab transport oqimlarini kamaytirishga yordam berish uchun Potomak daryosi ustida "12-chi ko'prik" qurishni taklif qildi. yo'l.[23] Biroq 1955 yil fevral oyida NCPC rejalashtirilgan "madaniy savdo markazini" 9-ko'chaga ko'chirishni va 10-ko'chani ko'chadan chiqadigan transport uchun katta yo'l sifatida saqlab qolishni taklif qildi. 14-ko'cha ko'prigi.[17] RLA raisi va NCPC vitse-raisi Jon Remon rejani (shuningdek, temir yo'llarni boshqa joyga ko'chirishni taklif qilgan) juda tanqid qildi.[17] Keyin D.C. rasmiylari 12-ko'chani janubiy tomonga, 9-ko'chani shimolga bir tomonga aylantirishni va transport oqimlarini hisobga olgan holda yangi 14-ko'chada ko'prik qurishni taklif qildilar.[24] Murosaga kelgan holda Zeckendorf o'z rejalarini qayta ko'rib chiqishni rejalashtirgan yo'lni rejalashtirish rejasi bo'yicha bir yoki bir nechtasini yo'l rejalarini joylashtirishga qaror qildi.[24] Yo'l va ko'prik mojarosi qayta qurish harakatlarining barbod bo'lishiga olib keldi.

Ammo 1955 yil aprelda D.C. avtoulovi mutasaddilari murosaga kelishni taklif qilishdi: ular Roaches Run-da katta yangi ko'prikni "oxir-oqibat" qurishga rozi bo'lishdi[25] NCPC tomonidan Zeckendorf tomonidan taqdim etilgan mavjud dastlabki rejalarni tasdiqlash evaziga.[26] Qo'shimcha ravishda, Milliy park xizmati (NPS_ rasmiylari Mustaqillik prospektining SW qismiga ruxsat berishga kelishib oldilar (o'rtasida Linkoln yodgorligi va Tidal havzasi ) va Ogayo Drive SW taklif qilinganlarning bir qismi uchun ishlatilishi kerak Ichki ko'chadan avtomagistral - NCPC ning uzoq vaqtdan beri ko'zlagan maqsadlari.[27] Keyinchalik NCPC Zeckendorfning S loyihasi bo'yicha deyarli barcha takliflarini, shu jumladan, 10-ko'cha savdo markazini ma'qulladi.[28][29]

1955 madaniy savdo markazi

10-ko'cha SW bo'ylab "madaniy savdo markazi" ni taklif qilish 1955 yil o'rtalarida yana murakkablashdi. 1 iyul kuni Prezident Duayt Eyzenxauer Kolumbiya okrugi auditoriya komissiyasini tuzadigan qonunchilikka imzo chekdi, uning zimmasiga "fuqarolik auditoriyasini, shu jumladan prezidentlarning ochilish zalini va musiqani qo'shish uchun Kolumbiya okrugida loyihalash, joylashishi, moliyalashtirilishi va qurilishi uchun rejalar tuzish" kerak edi. san'at va ommaviy kommunikatsiya markazi ".[30] Janubi-g'arbiy Vashington va ayniqsa Zeckendorf tomonidan taklif qilingan "madaniy savdo markazi" Auditoriya Komissiyasi tomonidan rejalashtirilgan ko'p martalik ijro markazi uchun o'rganilgan eng yaxshi joylardan biriga aylandi. RLA 1955 yil sentyabr oyida (xususiy emas) foydalanish uchun 10-ko'chadagi saytni Auditoriya komissiyasiga topshirishning iqtisodiy samaradorligini ko'rib chiqa boshladi.[29] Bir oy o'tgach, RLA maslahatchisi L'Enfant Plaza uchun "Jahon markazi" ni taklif qildi, u 4000 o'rinli opera teatri, 2000 o'rinli teatr sahnasi, katta va kichik konsert zallari, ko'rgazma maydonlari, majlislar zallari, televizion studiyalar, ziyofat va rasmiy ovqatlanish xonalari va madaniy kutubxona.[31] Ammo yana bir yillik o'qishdan so'ng, ushbu reja faqat uchta binoga (birlashtirilgan auditoriya-ko'rgazma zali, opera-kontsert zali va teatr) qamrab olindi.[32] Ammo D.C. Auditoriya Komissiyasining rasmiylari endi madaniyat markazi uchun ikkita joy taklif qildilar: L'Enfant Plaza va Tumanli pastki mahalla (. maydoni fabrikalar, pivo zavodlari, gaz ishlaydi va eskirgan uy-joylar, keyin qayta qurish bo'yicha tadqiqotlar olib borilmoqda).[32]

Madaniyat markazi joylashgan joy

Auditoriya komissiyasining Foggy Bottom-ni madaniy markaz uchun ko'rib chiqishga tayyorligi markaz joylashgan joyda uzoq davom etgan jangni keltirib chiqardi. Noyabr oyida Auditoriya Komissiyasi Foggy Bottom saytiga ovoz berdi.[33] Ammo Federal shahar kengashi, xususiy korporatsiyalar va korxona rahbarlari guruhi,[34] L'Enfant Plaza uchun ovoz berdi.[33] D.C. va RLA rasmiylari L'Enfant Plaza-ni ham qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[33] Ammo taklif qilingan Ichki halqaning g'arbiy qismi (shahar markazida joylashgan olti qatorli, yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan magistral yo'l) ellips (Oq Uyning markazida) Tumanli pastki qismni kesib o'tdi va uni joylashtirish uchun rejalashtirilgan magistral g'arbga ko'chirilishi kerak edi. 1956 yil oktyabr oyining oxirida NCPC avtomagistralni ko'chirishni ko'rib chiqishga rozi bo'ldi[35] va Auditoriya Komissiyasi qator yangi saytlarni ham o'rganishga kelishib oldi.[36] 1957 yil 31 yanvarda Auditoriya Komissiyasining hisobotini topshirish muddati tugagach, Komissiya madaniy markaz uchun uchta joyni taklif qildi: tumanli pastki (uning nominal afzalligi), L'Enfant Plaza va L'Enfant Plazaning sharqida joylashgan joy ( Robert C. Weaver Federal binosining hozirgi sayti va Konstitutsiya markazi, xususiy ofis binosi).[37] Kongressga 10 ming o'rinli anjumanlar zali, musiqa zali, auditoriya, teatr va sayyohlik markazi kiradi.[37] Narxi 36 million dollarga teng bo'lgan (2011 yilda 282,1 million dollar).[38] RLA L'Enfant Plaza saytini bosdi, garchi u bitta taklif qilingan madaniy markaz bir necha tuzilmalarga bo'linishi mumkinligiga rozi bo'lsa ham.[39] Janubi-g'arbiy qismida to'rtinchi joy (7-chi ko'cha, 9-chi ko'cha, Meyn prospekt va G ko'chasi bilan chegaralangan) 1957 yil fevral oyida taklif qilingan.[40] Auditoriya Komissiyasi, shuningdek, madaniyat markazini Tumanli Bottomdan biroz g'arbiy tomon siljitish ma'qul, shuning uchun u Potomak daryosining ichkarisida bir necha blok emas, balki qirg'og'ida o'tirishi mumkin edi.[40]

Uch oy o'tgach, 1957 yil aprel oyida, Uy va Senat Kolumbiya okrugini nazorat qiluvchi kichik qo'mitalar Tumanli Bottom saytini ham tasdiqlash uchun ovoz berishdi.[41] Senat may oyida bu ishni davom ettirdi,[42] ammo uy erni sotib olish uchun tegishli pulni rad etdi.[43] Sakkiz oy o'tgach, Auditoriya Komissiyasining faoliyati tugashi bilan bir qator fuqarolik rahbarlari va Kongress a'zolari madaniy markazni janubdagi Milliy savdo markazida qurishni taklif qilishdi. Milliy san'at galereyasi (qaerda Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi hozir).[44] Ushbu taklif shunchalik yoqimsiz bo'lib chiqdiki, Kongress yana o'zgarib, madaniy markaz uchun Foggy Bottom joyini tanladi.[45] Prezident Eyzenxauer 1958 yil 2 sentyabrda Milliy madaniyat markazini (keyinchalik Jon F. Kennedi nomidagi Ijro san'ati markazi deb o'zgartirildi) tashkil etish to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni imzoladi.[46]

Rejalar oldinga siljiydi

Foggy Bottom-ga mo'ljallangan madaniy markaz bilan L'Enfant Plazada yana rejalar rivojlana boshladi. 1958 yil noyabrda RLA va Zeckendorff erlarning narxi va L'Enfant Plazada quriladigan binolarning tarkibi to'g'risida muzokaralarni boshladilar.[47] 1959 yil dekabr oyida Zeckendorf L'Enfant Plazada 1000 xonali mehmonxona va beshta xususiy ofis binosini qurishga ruxsat oldi.[48] Qayta ishlab chiqish bo'yicha er agentligi tomonidan tasdiqlangan mahkumlik plaza, mehmonxona va ofis binolarini qurish uchun 14 ta shahar bloklarini yo'q qilish.[48][49] Qurilish ishlari 1961 yil 1-yanvarda boshlanishi kerak edi, ammo L'Enfant Promenade bilan loyihalash masalalari hal qilinmaganligi, qurilishning batafsil rejalarini tayyorlash uchun qisqa muddat va Kongress bergani sababli kechiktirildi. havo huquqlari 9-chi ko'chadan yuqorida SW ishlab chiquvchilarga.[48]

Kechikishlar

To'rt yil davomida L'Enfant Plaza va mehmonxona qurilishi kechiktirildi. Zeckendorf 1961 yil aprel oyida sayyohlik maydonini, plazani va atrofdagi barcha binolarni bitta loyiha sifatida qurishga va 1 kvadrat metr uchun 20 dollar to'lashga (0,093 m) rozi bo'ldi.2) er uchun.[50] Ushbu va'dalar, Yerni qayta ishlash agentligi 14 blokli maydonni 1961 yil oktyabr oyida Zeckendorfga 7 million dollar evaziga mukofotlashiga olib keldi.[51][52]

I.M.Pey, L'Enfant Promenade and Plaza (2006) ning bosh rejasi va umumiy ko'rinishini ishlab chiqqan me'mor.

Zeckendorf tayinlagan edi I.M.Pey, o'sha paytda o'zining Webb & Knapp firmasida ishlaydigan me'mor, plaza, sayyohlik va parkning umumiy dizaynini ta'minlash uchun (shu jumladan, binolarning joylashuvi).[53] 1955 yilda Pei o'zining firmasini ochdi, u asosan Zekendorfning loyihalarida ishlagan va Peining sherigi Araldo Cossutta Shimoliy bino (955 L'Enfant Plaza SW) va Janubiy bino (950 L'Enfant Plaza SW) uchun etakchi me'morga aylandi.[53] Ammo 1962 yilga kelib loyihaning ko'lami qayta ko'rib chiqildi; mehmonxona binosi ta'sirlanmagan, ammo ofis binolari soni sakkizdan uchtagacha qisqargan.[52] Zeckendorf 1962 yil noyabr oyida loyihaga do'kon va restoranlarning er osti savdo majmuasini qo'shdi,[54] xiyobon va plazada qurilish ishlari 1963 yil aprelda boshlanishi kerak edi.[55] Ammo Zekendorfning ulkan ko'chmas mulk imperiyasi 1964 yilda jiddiy moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch kela boshladi va haqiqatan ham kompaniya 1965 yilda bankrot bo'ldi.[56] Zeckendorf o'zining qurilish va'dalarini bajara olmaganligi sababli, Qayta qurish er agentligi uni 1964 yil noyabr oyida L'Enfant Plazadagi qiziqishini olib qo'yishga va sotishga majbur qildi.[57][58]

Qurilish

Qurilish boshlanadi

Zeckendorfning mol-mulki va ijarasini sotib oluvchi L'Enfant Plaza Corp. (L'Enfant Properties, Inc. nomi bilan ham tanilgan) edi.[58] L'Enfant Plaza Corp sobiq boshchiligidagi sindikat edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari General-leytenant Elwood R. Kuesada va shu jumladan Manxetten bankini ta'qib qiling Prezident Devid Rokfeller, D.C. ishbilarmon Devid A. Garret, investitsiya bo'yicha bankir André Meyer, va Gerry Brothers & Co ko'chmas mulk investitsiya firmasi.[58] Kuesadaning ta'kidlashicha, agar Yerni qayta qurish bo'yicha agentlik ushbu sotuvni ma'qullasa, uning kompaniyasi Pei firmasining 10 yillik rejalaridan foydalangan holda zudlik bilan xiyobon, uning ostidagi avtoulov garaji va plazani qurishni boshlaydi.[58][59] Agentlik 1965 yil 21 yanvarda o'z tasdig'ini berdi.[60] va savdo 30 avgustda yakunlandi.[61]

L'Enfant Plaza va xiyobon qurilishi tezda oldinga siljidi. Saytni tayyorlash 1965 yil noyabrda boshlangan.[62] 9-chi Street SW-ga havo huquqlari 1965 yil 23-noyabrda 99 yil davomida yiliga 500 dollar ijaraga berildi.[63] L'Enfant Plaza uchun haqiqiy poydevor 9-dekabr kuni sodir bo'ldi.[64] Ammo loyiha hali ham kechikishlarga duch keldi. Qurayotgan federal hukumat Jeyms V. Forrestal binosi L'Enfant sayyohlik shimoliy uchida, 1967 yil iyuniga qadar qurilish jadvalidan bir yil orqada qolib, sayyohlikning shimoliy uchi tugallanmagan bo'lib qoldi.[65] Shu bilan birga, haddan tashqari optimistik qurilish jadvallari va ishchi kuchining etishmasligi L'Enfant Plazaning Shimoliy va Janubiy binolarini (L'Enfant Plaza Corp. tomonidan qurilgan birinchi inshootlar bo'lgan) qurilishini olti oyga kechiktirdi.[65] 23 million dollarlik kompleks 1968 yil yanvar oyida qurib bitkazilishi kerak edi,[66] 1968 yil iyun oyida aholi uchun va biznes uchun ochilgan ofis binolari, plaza va sayilgoh.[67] Plazma 1968 yil 16-noyabr, shanba kuni rasmiy ravishda bag'ishlangan.[68]

Mehmonxonada qurilish 1970 yilning bahorida boshlanishi kerak edi.[69] Biroq, kechikishlar shuni anglatadiki, 1 million kvadrat metr (93000 metr) ustida ish olib boriladi2), 23 million dollarlik mehmonxona va ofis binosi 1971 yil iyunigacha boshlamagan.[70] Mehmonxona 1973 yil 31 mayda o'z bag'ishlovi bilan yakunlangan uch kunlik gala bilan ochildi.[71]

Me'morlar

Vlastimil Koubek West Building (475 L'Enfant Plaza SW) va East Building (yoki) me'mori bo'lgan L'Enfant Plaza mehmonxonasi; 480 L'Enfant Plaza SW).[53] 1969 yil fevral oyida Koubek, sobiq Birinchi xonim Mami Eyzenxauer va ishlab chiqaruvchi Uilyam Zekendorf tantanali ravishda 640 ming kvadrat metr (59,000 m) bo'lgan G'arbiy bino uchun zamin yaratdi.2) ichki ofis maydoni Vashingtondagi o'sha paytdagi eng yirik xususiy ofis binosi edi.[72][73] 1972 yil iyun oyida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati milliy shtab-kvartirasi uchun G'arbiy binoni sotib oldi.[74]

Uchinchi me'mor Edvin F. Shnedl savdo majmuasi va oziq-ovqat maydonchalarini loyihalashtirgan.[75] "La Promenade" nomi bilan tanilgan ushbu savdo markazi to'rtta bino va Metro stantsiyasini yer osti bilan birlashtiradi.[76]

Benjamin Banneker bog'ida tugaydi

Benjamin Banneker bog'idagi plaza va favvora (2011)

1970 yilda "O'ninchi ko'cha qarovsiz" L'Enfant Promenade janubiy terminali bo'ldi.[77] Pei dastlab chakana savdo korxonalari va restoranlari tomonidan Ko'chadan o'tib ketuvchi Promenade-ga cho'zilgan katta piyodalar ko'prigini taklif qilgan edi. Davlatlararo 395 Meyn-avenyu SW dan pastga va dengiz bo'yiga.[78][79] Ushbu qurilish hech qachon iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra qurilmagan.

Ko'zdan qochirish, bu Daniel Urban Kiley ishlab chiqilgan,[80] yodgorlik favvorasini o'rab turgan past granit devor va SW dan 9-ko'chagacha tushadigan minimal peyzajlangan maysazorni o'z ichiga oladi.[77] 1970 yil 19-iyun kuni Yerni qayta rejalashtirish agentligi 4,7 gektar (1,9 ga) qarashni ko'chib o'tdi Milliy park xizmati Park sifatida foydalanish uchun (NPS). "[81]

1970 yil 30 iyunda Kolumbiya shahar kengashining okrugi bir ovozdan qabul qilingan qarorga binoan NPSga o'ninchi ko'chaga qarashni Banneker bog'i deb nomlashni iltimos qilgan.[81] 1971 yil 24-noyabrda NPS shahar Kengashining murojaatiga javoban bag'ishlash marosimini o'tkazdi va "Overlook" ni "Benjamin Banneker bog'i ", garchi bu hududning o'ziga xos aloqasi yo'q bo'lsa ham Benjamin Banneker o'zi.[81][82] Ushbu bog 'Vashingtondagi afroamerikalikka bag'ishlangan birinchi jamoat maydoni bo'lgan va ko'pincha Qora tarix turlariga qo'shilgan.[83]

Tuzilmalar

Vashington metrosi va Virjiniya temir yo'l ekspressi

L'Enfant Plaza Metro stantsiyasi, Metro tizimidagi eng katta va eng gavjumlaridan biri (2009).
Asosiy maqola: L'Enfant Plaza bekati

The Vashington metrosi L'Enfant Plaza stantsiyasi 1977 yil 1 iyulda ochilgan.[84][85] Dastlabki kirish joylari 400-chi 7-chi ko'chaning hovlisida va 7-chi ko'chada Merilend prospektidagi SW-da joylashgan.[84] "La Promenade" er osti savdo majmuasi bilan bog'langan L'Enfant Plaza ichkarisidagi kirish 1977 yil oktyabr oyida ochilgan.[84] 1992 yil iyun oyida, Virginia Railway Express yangi 1,1 million dollarini ochdi L'Enfant stantsiyasi Virjiniya prospektida.[86][87]

L'Enfant Plazada, shuningdek, maydonning shimoliy qismida, shaharda ikkinchi o'rinda joylashgan 1622 o'rinli avtoulov garaji mavjud.[88]

Ko'cha tarmog'i

L'Enfant Promenade shakllanish uchun Banneker Overlook-ning ikki tomoniga tushadi Banneker doirasi SW. G ko'chasi SW aylanadan janubi-sharqqa, 9-ko'chaga qadar davom etadi, garchi qachon bo'lsa ham Washington Nationals beysbol o'yinlari o'tkaziladi Milliy park transport harakati cheklovi aholiga transport harakatini cheklovchi o'rnatildi. Piyodalar yuradigan yo'l va ko'prik parkdan shimoli-g'arbga olib boradi I-395, kesib o'tgan Vashington kanali parkning g'arbida va oxir-oqibat olib keladi Sharqiy Potomak bog'i.

20-asrning oxiri

Kino teatr

L'Enfant Plazma dastlab 82-o'rinli kinoteatr joylashgan bo'lib, 1980-yillarda u butunlay yopilguncha moliyaviy muammolarga duch keldi.[89][90] Endi bo'sh joy NTSB konferentsiya markazi sifatida.[91]

Eastern Realty tomonidan sotib olingan

1981 yilda Eastern Realty Investment Corp., elektr ta'minoti bo'yicha pensiya sxemasining ko'chmas mulk sarmoyasi, pensiya rejasi Birlashgan Qirollik, L'Enfant Plazaning o'zi, La Promenade, Shimoliy bino, Janubiy bino va L'Enfant Plaza mehmonxonasi binosini sotib olgan.[92][93]

Yong'in

1984 yil 15 oktyabrda AQSh pochta xizmati shtab-kvartirasining yuqori to'rt qavatini jiddiy yong'in olib ketdi.[94] Yong'inni o'chirish uchun 200 dan ortiq o't o'chiruvchilarga ikki soat vaqt kerak bo'ldi, bu DC tarixidagi eng katta yong'inlardan biri.[95] Taxminan 100 million dollarlik zarar etkazdi va 25 ta o't o'chiruvchilar jarohat oldi.[95] (Kolumbiya okrugi qonuni juda kam binolarda purkagichlarni talab qilgan.)[95]

Mulk solig'i

AQSh pochta xizmati 1984 yilda D.C.ning eng yirik yong'inlaridan birini boshdan kechirgan L'Enfant Promenade g'arbiy qismida joylashgan shtab.

1980-yillarning oxirlarida L'Enfant Plaza ko'chmas mulk solig'i bilan bog'liq muammolar yuzaga keldi. 1981 yilda L'Enfant Plaza va uning tarkibidagi binolar va savdo majmuasi 78 million dollarga baholangan shaharning eng qimmat mulki bo'lgan.[96] 1985 yilda Kolumbiya okrugidagi moliya va daromad departamentidagi baholovchi idorasi mehmonxonani 83,7 million dollarga baholadi.[97] Eastern Realty baholashga qarshi chiqdi va D.C. mulk solig'i bo'yicha tenglashtirish va ko'rib chiqish kengashi bahoni 65,1 million dollarga tushirdi.[97] Eastern Realty hali ham baho juda yuqori ekanligini sezdi va shahar sudining yuqori sudidan ushbu tuzilmaning qiymatini atigi 44,5 million dollarga tushirishni so'radi.[97] Sud tenglashtirish kengashining qarorini bekor qilishni rad etdi.[97] 1986 yilda soliqni baholash 98,5 million dollarga teng bo'lgan, ammo apellyatsiya va baholashdan so'ng 62,1 million dollarga tushgan.[97] 1987 yildagi baho 93,2 million dollarni tashkil etgan, ammo tenglashtirish kengashi bahoni kamaytirishni rad etganida, Sharqiy Realty sudga bergan.[97]

Uy egalari tomonidan yollangan xususiy baholovchi mehmonxonani 1986 yilda 54,6 million dollarga va 1987 yilda 63,4 million dollarga baholagan, shahar bahosi 1986 yilda 83 million va 1987 yilda 85 million dollarni talab qilgan (g'ayrioddiy katta farqlar).[97] Tafovutlar shuni anglatadiki, 1986/1987 yillar uchun Eastern Realty 2,3 million yoki 3,3 million dollar qarzdor edi.[97] 1990 yil iyulda sud 1985 yildagi bahoni 44,5 million dollarga, 1986 yildagi bahoni 54,6 million dollarga, 1987 yildagi bahoni 63,4 million dollarga tushirdi.[98] Keyingi uch yil ichida soliq kurashlarining navbatdagi bosqichi boshlandi. Shahar 1988 yilda mehmonxonani 93,2 million dollarga, 1989 yilda 97,4 million dollarga, 1990 yilda 102,2 million dollarga va 1991 yilda 103,9 million dollarga baholagan.[98] Ikkinchi shahar sudining yuqori sudi baholarni 1988 yil uchun 63,4 million dollarga, 1989 yil uchun 71,1 million dollarga, 1990 yil uchun 61,7 million dollarga va 1991 yil uchun 63,9 million dollarga tushirdi.[98] Shunga o'xshash soliq urushlari xuddi shu davrda Shimoliy binoga nisbatan sodir bo'lgan va shunga o'xshash natijalar bo'lgan.[98]

1990 yilda shimolga qarab Banneker bog'iga qarab, L'Enfant Promenade, Jeyms V. Forrestal binosi va Smitson qal'asi.

Soliq kurashlari paytida Eastern Realty 1988 yilda L'Enfant Plazadagi ofis binolari va mehmonxonalarni ta'mirlash uchun 35 million dollar sarflagan.[99] Yangilanishlarga purkagich tizimlari va tutun detektorlarini barcha inshootlar orqali qo'shish, liftlarni modernizatsiya qilish va elektr tizimini takomillashtirish kiradi.[99] Biroq, elektr tizimining yangilanishi egalari uchun katta muammo tug'dirdi. 1992 yil fevral oyida elektr tizimida ishlaydigan pudratchilar L'Enfant Plaza mehmonxonasi ostiga qisqa vaqt ichida ikkita ishchini shikast etkazishdi va mehmonxonani va savdo markazining uchdan bir qismini elektr energiyasi tiklanmaguncha yopishga majbur qilishdi (bu ikki haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida sodir bo'lgan) keyinroq).[3]

1996 yil boshida Eastern Realty South Building-ni Gollandiyaning ko'chmas mulk investitsiyalari kompaniyasi bo'lgan VIB Management Fund-ga 52 million dollarga sotdi.[93] 1996 yil sentyabr oyida Gollandiyaning ikkinchi ko'chmas mulk investitsiya firmasi Sarakreek Holding N.V. (o'zi Nyu-York shahridagi Tiger / Westbrook ko'chmas mulk fondining sho'ba korxonasi) plazani, Shimoliy bino, mehmonxona va savdo markazini 185 million dollarga sotib oldi.[93] O'sha yili sport jamoasi egasi Abe Pollin qisqa vaqt ichida arenani qurish haqida o'ylashdi (endi Capital One Arena ) L'Enfant Plazada, lekin uni qurdi Chinatown o'rniga.[100]

Qayta ishlab chiqish

1998 yilda Shahar er instituti sayyohlarga yanada qulay muhit yaratish hamda janubi-g'arbiy qirg'oq bilan aloqa yaratish uchun L'Enfant Promenade-ni qayta ishlashni tavsiya etamiz.[101] Garchi o'sha paytda ushbu kontseptsiya kam e'tiborga sazovor bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, 2010 yilda L'Enfant Plazaning tabiati va ko'rinishini tubdan o'zgartirish uchun paydo bo'lgan asosiy rejaning genezisi bo'lib chiqdi. Bir yil o'tib, Sarakreek Holdings Pei tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan favvorani La Promenade markaziy qismida shisha piramida nurlari bilan almashtirdi.[101][102]

21-asr

2001 yilda Sarakreek Holdings L'Enfant Plaza xoldingi sotishga intildi.[101] Xuddi shu yili VIB boshqaruv jamg'armasi Janubiy binoni Heyman Properties (mahalliy D.C. ko'chmas mulk investitsiya kompaniyasi) ga 55 million dollarga sotdi.[101][102] 2003 yil 3-noyabrda, JBG Smit, mahalliy ko'chmas mulk investitsiyalari va rivojlanish firmasi, 200 million dollarga L'Enfant Plaza, L'Enfant Plaza mehmonxonasi va Shimoliy va Janubiy ofis binolarini Sarakreek Holding-dan sotib oldi.[101][102][103] L'Enfant Plaza-ning avtoulovlarga kirish panduslari, obodonlashtirish, texnik xizmat ko'rsatish, zinapoyalar, uch darajali parvarishlash xarajatlari har xil shartnomalar va oldi-sotdi shartnomalariga binoan. Avtoulovlarning ko'p qavatli to'xtash joyi va plazaning o'zi (lekin L'Enfant Promenade emas) atrofidagi yo'lga Heyman Properties tomonidan 18,22% va JBG tomonidan 81,78% to'lanadi.[102]

JBG yollanma me'mor Sezar Pelli va Hickok Warner Cole arxitektura firmasi 10 yillik 200–300 million dollarlik bosh uchastkaning loyihasini ishlab chiqishni rejalashtirdi. Bu uchala bino ham ta'mirlanib, ko'cha darajasidagi chakana savdo imkoniyatlari yaxshilanadi va bir yoki bir nechta turar-joy binolari qo'shiladi (" Banneker Village Center "rejasi shahar tomonidan taklif qilingan).[101][103] 2004 yil may oyida Milliy bolalar muzeyi L'Enfant Plaza markazida o'zining yangi muzeyini qurishni taklif qildi.[103] Ammo L'Enfant Plazani qayta qurish sur'ati pasayganda, 2004 yil noyabr oyida bolalar muzeyi boshqa joyda qurishga qaror qildi.[104]

Banneker bog'ini buzish rejalari

1990-yillarning oxiri va 2000-yillar davomida Banneker bog'ini qayta qurish yoki yo'q qilish bo'yicha turli xil takliflar L'Enfant Promenade tabiatini tubdan o'zgartirishi bilan tahdid qildi. 1990-yillarning boshlarida parkda parvarish etishmovchiligi, ba'zi xususiyatlarining yomonlashishi va favvora ishlamay qolgan.[105] 1996 yilda Vashingtonning o'zaro bog'liqlik bo'yicha notijorat kengashi o'sha paytda parkni boshqargan NPS tomonidan park uchun Bannekerning umr bo'yi haykalini qurish va boshqa obodonlashtirishlarni amalga oshirish uchun 3 million dollar mablag 'yig'ish uchun ruxsat oldi (masalan. asosiy relyef Bannekerning ko'zdan qochiradigan ohaktosh doirasidagi yutuqlarini tasvirlaydigan haykallar).[105] 1997 yilda NPS parkni qisman tikladi (shu jumladan tabellarni tiklash, favvorani qayta ishga tushirish va kichik izohlovchi eksponatni qo'shish) va shahar va federal rasmiylar u erda qayta tayinlash marosimiga homiylik qildilar.[105]

Keyingi yil 105-AQSh Kongressi Vashington o'zaro bog'liqlik kengashiga Kengash mablag'lari evaziga Bannekerning yutuqlarini yodga oladigan okrugdagi federal erlarda yodgorlik barpo etishga vakolat bergan qonunchilikni qabul qildi.[106][107] 1999 yilga kelib, taklif qilingan yodgorlik 17 million dollarlik loyihaga aylandi, unda Promenade shimolidagi Mustaqillik xiyoboni yaqinidagi mehmonlar markazi, Promenade markazidagi baland poydevor ustidagi soat, Banneker haykali Promenade janubidagi parkning aylanasi va a osmon yo'li parkni qirg'oqqa bog'laydigan I-395 dan ortiq.[108] Taklifni ko'rib chiqqandan so'ng Milliy poytaxt yodgorlik komissiyasi haykalni parkga joylashtirishni rad etdi va Kolumbiya okrugi hukumati bilan Banneker yodgorligini Promenade markazida joylashtirish to'g'risida maslahatlashishga qaror qildi.[108][109]

Tumandagi federal erlarda Memorialni joylashtirishga nisbatan qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat 2005 yilda bekor qilingan.[109] Bu yodgorlikning Kolumbiya okrugi yurisdiksiyasi ostidagi L'Enfant Promenade-dagi yo'l harakati kabi erlarda joylashganligiga to'sqinlik qilmadi.[106][109][110][111]

Skyway g'oyasi

Skyway g'oyasi shaharsozlarning qiziqishini o'ziga jalb qildi va L'Enfant Promenade janubiy qismida beysbol stadionini qurish rejasining bir qismiga aylandi. The Kolumbiya okrugining kengashi 2002 yil mart oyida janubi-g'arbiy qirg'og'ini qayta qurish rejasini tasdiqladi, unga Banneker bog'i ostidagi tur avtobuslari avtoulovi uchun garaj qurilishi va Banneker bog'idan Meyn-prospekti tomon narvonlarini tushirish kiradi.[112]

Osmon yo'llari / zinapoyalar kontseptsiyasi tez orada Banneker bog'ining boshqa rejalari bilan tanishdi. 2004 yilda shahar Banneker bog'ini vayron qilishni va uning o'rniga yangi beysbol stadionini qurishni taklif qildi.[113] Taklifda I-395 samolyotining bir qismini qoplash va stadionni qirg'oq bilan bog'lash uchun osmon yo'lini yoki zinapoyalarni yaratish kerak edi. Shaharning taklifi bilan Urban Land Institute-ning 1998 yildagi taklifi amalga oshirilib, L'Enfant Promenade-ni qayta qurish va uni chakana savdo korxonalari, ko'p qavatli uylar va sayyohlik ob'ektlari bilan birlashtiradigan "Banneker Village Center" loyihasi yaratilishi mumkin edi.[114]

Biroq, stadion rejalashtirishni murakkablashtirishi bilan tahdid qilganida Anacostia Waterfront korporatsiyasi, shahar ma'murlari qirg'oq bo'yidagi rivojlanish davom etishi uchun qo'llab-quvvatlashdan voz kechishdi. Banneker sayti eng ko'p qiziqish uyg'otgan bo'lsa ham Beysbolning oliy ligasi, Banneker Park saytidan foydalanish narxi ham taklifni qo'llab-quvvatlashga sarflanadi.[115][116] Nomlangan stadion Milliy park, keyinchalik 2007 yilda qurilgan Janubi-sharqiy, Vashington, Kolumbiya

Xavf

2004 yilda D.C.ni himoya qilish ligasi Benjamin Banneker bog'ini ushbu hududni qayta qurish bo'yicha takliflari sababli tumandagi eng xavfli joylardan biri sifatida qayd etdi.[117] Liga parki "Mashhur landshaft me'mori tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Dan Kiley ... madaniy ahamiyatga ega bo'lib, Vashingtondagi afroamerikalik uchun nomlangan birinchi jamoat maydoni bo'lib, odatda Qora tarix turlariga kiradi ".[117]

2005 yil fevral oyida Benjamin Banneker bog'i sayt sifatida ko'rib chiqildi Smitson instituti yangi Afro-amerikaliklar tarixi va madaniyati milliy muzeyi.[118] Biroq, 2006 yil yanvar oyida Smithsonian Madison Drive NW ning bo'sh blokida 14 va 15-ko'chalar NW o'rtasida (g'arbiy qismida Amerika tarixi milliy muzeyi ).[119]

2006 yilda tuman hokimligi va Federal avtomobil yo'llari ma'muriyati chiqarilgan atrof-muhitni baholash sayr qilish va parkni "obodonlashtirish" uchun ushbu qayta qurish bo'yicha ba'zi takliflarni tasvirlab berdi.[106] 2011 yilda "" uyini quradigan taklif paydo bo'ldi.Amerika xalqining milliy muzeyi "park joylashgan joyda yoki uning yonida.[120][121]

Janubi-g'arbiy ekodistani

L'Enfant Plaza-ni Milliy savdo markazining yuqori zichlikdagi, ekologik toza va barqaror hayotga mo'ljallangan kengaytmasiga qayta qurish 2006 yilda boshlangan. Poytaxtning uzoq muddatli rejalarini ishlab chiqadigan NCPC ushbu qayta qurishni "Janubi-g'arbiy ekodistani" deb atadi. "[122]

JBG L'Enfant Plazani 2006 yilda 242 million dollarga ega bo'lganida qayta qurishni boshladi ipoteka krediti uni ta'mirlash loyihalari uchun.[123][124] Xuddi shu yili NCPC va tuman rasmiylari L'Enfant Plaza va Promenade uchun ehtiyojlarni aniqlash va g'oyalarni taklif qilish bo'yicha qo'shma tinglovlarni o'tkazdilar. Hududni saqlash katta muammoga aylandi, chunki esplanadadagi g'ishtlar singan va obodonlashtirishning katta qismi yomon ahvolda edi.[109] Eshitish davomida zudlik bilan esplanad bo'ylab daraxt ekish, velosiped yo'laklarini qurish va jamoat joylarini o'rnatish zarurati aniqlandi.[109] Ammo tinglovlar Urban Land Institute-ning 1998 yilda qayta qurish g'oyalariga yangi hayot bag'ishladi va ularni L'Enfant Promenade-ning taxminiy dizayn rejasi sifatida rasmiy ravishda qabul qildi.[109]

2009

L'Enfant Plaza ostidagi "La Promenade" savdo majmuasi, 2009 yilda uning ta'mirlanishidan oldin tasvirlangan.

2009 yilda NCPC L'Enfant Promenade-ni yanada tubdan qayta loyihalashtiradigan "10-sonli tezkor guruhni" chaqirdi. Ish guruhi (L'Enfant Plaza, Banneker bog'i, Merilend prospektidagi SW yo'lagini va umuman federal ofis binolarini ko'rish bilan ayblangan) "ekologik tuman" yaratishni taklif qildi. energiya neytral, joylashtiring multimodal transport, turar-joy binolarini qo'shish va sayyohlar va aholiga teng darajada mo'ljallangan ko'cha darajasidagi chakana savdo.[109] Maqsad 2011 yil boshigacha rasmiy qayta rejalashtirish rejasini tuzish edi.[102] Xuddi shu yili komissiya tashkil etishning maqsadga muvofiqligini ko'rib chiqdi Amerika Latino milliy muzeyi taxminiy ravishda Banneker Parkni potentsial muzey joylashgan joy deb hisoblagan, ammo sayt komissiyaning afzal qilingan joylarining qisqa ro'yxatini tuzmagan.[109][125] 2009 yil noyabr oyida JBG La Promenade-ning sharqiy qismini ta'mirlashni boshladi va 2010 va 2011 yillarda g'arbiy qismini ta'mirlashni rejalashtirdi.[76][102] Tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan 40 million dollarlik harakat SmithGroup me'morchilik firmasi, maysazon terasiga qaraydigan katta derazalarni qo'shib qo'ydi Robert C. Weaver Federal binosi sharqda va tez ovqatlanish operatsiyalarining ko'p qismini savdo markazining sharqiy qismiga ko'chiradi.[76] The retail shopping area will be expanded to 205,000 square feet (19,000 m2).[76] The plaza glass pyramid (installed in the late 1990s) would be removed, and a greatly expanded atrium and pedestrian entry way installed over the center portion of the mall.[76] The plan is to situate restaurants under this enlarged glass atrium, to provide diners with a more pleasant experience.[76] JBG also said it would renovate the North Building and the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, and proposed renovating the South Building (with its owner's consent) to fit the new look of the plaza.[76]

Boundaries of the Southwest Ecodistrict, with various key buildings and structures marked.

Also in 2009, the NCPC released its Monumental yadro asoslari rejasi, a comprehensive plan for creating places and spaces around the National Mall to increase the availability of space for new museums and memorials while adding residences and retail features that would make the city a more attractive place to live and work.[76] The plan was adopted by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tasviriy san'at komissiyasi on March 19, 2009, and approved by the NCPC on April 2, 2009.[126] The Monumental yadro asoslari rejasi proposed adding a new visitor's center and memorial at Banneker Park, an intermodal transportation hub beneath Banneker Park, demolition of the Forrestal Building and its annex, and construction of apartment and office buildings along L'Enfant Promenade with retail and dining space at the street level to accommodate tourists and residents alike.[76] The framework plan also proposed covering over I-395 between Banneker Park and L'Enfant Plaza, covering over the CSX railway tracks (which currently cut L'Enfant Plaza off from the Forrestal complex of buildings), re-establishing Maryland Avenue SW between 12th and 7th Streets SW (it currently does not exist there, due to the presence of the railroad tracks), and restoring the view of the U.S. Capitol building along Maryland Avenue SW.[122]

However, in September 2009, JBG proposed a much more extensive redevelopment of L'Enfant Plaza. The firm's plans included construction of two 12-story office buildings in the center of the plaza, an extended-stay hotel above 9th Street SW (north of the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel) and either an office building or a residential building over 9th Street SW (south of the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel).[102] (One source claimed this would be an apartment building.)[76] Heyman Properties, owner of the South Building, sued shortly thereafter to stop all renovations and the proposed buildings, saying the construction projects would harm the value of its property.[109] Nonetheless, JBG started renovating the eastern part of La Promenade in late 2009, planned to renovate the western section and install the enlarged atrium beginning in late 2010.[102] JBG presented its master plan to the NCPC in early 2010.[102] In November 2010, JBG released an artist's conception of its proposed plaza building, a two-tower, Geri -like structure with wavy glass walls.[127]

2011

"La Promenade" shopping mall undergoing renovation in February 2011.

In August 2011, Heyman Properties put the South Building up for sale.[128] Three months later, JBG began the second phase of its La Promenade renovation. The $27 million, 20-month project covered 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) bo'shliq.[129]

JBG also announced in late 2011 that it planned a radical redevelopment of L'Enfant Plaza.[129] First, the company said it had hired SmithGroup JJR to design a three-story glass atrium to replace the low glass pyramid in the center of the plaza. The atrium would have an elevator and stairs to permit pedestrian access from the plaza.[130] Second, a 234-room Homewood Suites by Hilton would be constructed on the outdoor eating plaza at the corner of 9th Street SW and D Street SW.[129][130] Also designed by SmithGroup, the proposed design hotel featured ground-level retail and access to the Metro as well as glass curtain walls to alleviate the blocky look of the existing nearby structures.[130] Ground-breaking on the hotel was expected in mid-2012.[129] Third, the company proposed a 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) office building for the small space bordered by 9th Street SW, Frontage Road SW, the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, and the HUD building. Loyihalashtirilgan ZGF Architects LLP, the proposed office building featured a flat façade with windows set in deep, angled, grid-like frames similar to the existing L'Enfant Plaza buildings.[130] A fourth proposed element was a new U-shaped, 550,000 square feet (51,000 m2) office building to surround the new atrium. This design replaced the curving, cone-like structure previously proposed in 2010. Designed by Richard Rojers, Modernist glass building would front on 10th Street SW.[130] JBG said it hoped to include the Heyman Properties' South Building in its plans, but Heyman continued to press its 2010 lawsuit against JBG. Bringing the suit one step closer to resolution, a local court ordered both sides into vositachilik 2012 yil fevral oyida.[129]

2012

In May 2012, a session at a national convention of the Amerika me'morlari instituti held in Washington examined the history of area's planning and the concepts and design strategies for the Southwest Ecodistrict.[131] The session noted that the plans for the Ecodistrict were consistent with Prezident Barak Obama 2009 yil 13514-sonli buyrug'i entitled "Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance".[131]

2013

The NCPC released the draft Southwest Ecodistrict Plan on July 12, 2012. After holding a public meeting on July 19, 2012, and a 60-day public comment period, the NCPC accepted the Plan on January 10, 2013.[122][132] The accepted Plan recommended the redesign of Benjamin Banneker Park and adjacent areas to accommodate one or more new memorials, museums and/or landscaping.[133]

The proposed construction at L'Enfant Plaza by JBG did not begin in mid-2012 as scheduled. In August, the company said it was offering investors an kapital ulushi in its existing buildings. JBG also said that the U-shaped office building would now be 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2), and the hotel would have 370 rooms.[134] The Plaza's glass pyramid was demolished in May 2013 when construction began.[1]

2014

Atrium of the redeveloped shopping center, looking up towards the Plaza. Seen in July, 2014, before a number of businesses were opened.
The redevelopment added numerous eateries to La Promenade, as well as other businesses such as a Kiyinish ombori (2015).
Redevelopment of the shopping center added a number of LED columns as decoration, among other things. This was the first area of the center to reopen after renovation (2015).

In September 2014, the NCPC accepted an addendum to the SW Ecodistrict Plan.[135] Among other things, the addendum stated: "A modern, terraced landscape at Banneker Park is envisioned to enhance the park and to provide a gateway to the National Mall."[136]

2017–2018

In April 2017, the NCPC approved plans for a staircase and ramp that would connect Benjamin Banneker Park with Washington's Southwest Waterfront and that would add lighting and trees to the area. The NCPC and the NPS intended the project to be an interim improvement that could be in place for ten years while the area awaited redevelopment.[137] Funding for the $4 million project included money that Hoffman-Madison Waterfront provided, as well as a $2 million grant from the District of Columbia's Office of the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development.[138] Construction began on the project in September 2017 and was completed during the spring of 2018.[138]

In 2017, the South Building was foreclosed on after failing to repay a $95 million mortgage from 2007.[139] It was sold in 2018 to Normandy Real Estate Partners in a foreclosure auction for $39.5 million.[140] Citizens Bank provided a $68 million loan on the property in December 2018.[141]

2019- Saw the opening of the relocated SPY museum within the Promenade area of the complex.

Architectural assessment

L'Enfant Plaza was considered a masterpiece when it opened in 1968. Vashington Post architectural critic Wolf von Eckardt called it "a triumph of good architecture over bad planning."[78] He believed it would be D.C.'s version of Rokfeller markazi yoki Ville-Mari-ni joylashtiring, and predicted people would throng the plaza—which he felt would be the "city's major urban attraction."[78] Von Eckardt piled praise on the plaza itself, calling it "exceptionally attractive" and "modern America's most beautiful 'outdoor salon'".[78] He also lauded the "marvelous" cruciform-and-globe light fixtures and the huge "dramatic" fountain.[78] Architects Chloethiel Woodard Smith and Louis Justement felt the esplanade and plaza were an "essential ... appropriate entrance to the Southwest."[59] Five years later, in 1973, von Eckardt continued to sing the plaza's praises despite its shortcomings. Although he recognized that the plaza was largely devoid of foot traffic most of the time, he considered it a "superb work of urban design" on par with the great plazas and squares built in Parij ostida Napoleon III yoki Linkoln nomidagi sahna san'ati markazi Nyu-York shahrida.[15]

Looking north along L'Enfant Promenade to the Forrestal Building, which visually cuts the promenade and plaza off from the Milliy savdo markazi (2011).

Such high praise did not last. Even von Eckardt felt the Forrestal building was an "esthetic disaster" (sic) and "silly"—"like an elephant tottering on the legs of a giraffe."[78] He heartily disliked the design of the plaza itself ("all the charm of an empty freeway")[15] Banneker Park, with its minimalist fountain, came in for similar criticism. He declared that the city's decision to cancel the skywalk to Maine Avenue SW ruined the southern end of the Promenade: "It ends with a whimper."[78] Two years after L'Enfant Plaza opened, Vashington Post architecture critic Eugene L. Meyer called it a "ghost town", and said it was "not living up to its advance billing."[59] Araldo Cossutta, who designed the North and South Buildings for I. M. Pei & Associates, declared it a "product of outmoded city planning".[59] The complex's reputation did not improve over the next 30 years. 2003 yilda, Vashington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey was just as critical:[142]

The Pei solution was elegant on paper but, as we know, it did not work very well in practice. The plaza today is lusterless and very nearly lifeless, and the 10th Street connector, renamed the L'Enfant Promenade, seems just another pretentious, failed dream. ... Much of the fault clearly rests with the plan itself. Life is sucked out of the plaza by an extensive, wrongheaded underground retail mall. The wide, ceremonial roadway is simply too much for too little, like a symphonic fanfare introducing a high school band recital. And there's little reward for taking the road—it leads only to a dreary auto turnaround overlooking the (equally dreary) redeveloped Southwest waterfront.

He also noted that Pei himself fiercely fought construction of the Forrestal Building, knowing that it would severely compromise the Promenade's view of the National Mall.[142] Art critic Hank Burchard called L'Enfant Plaza a "pitiful and pitiless 'plaza' that dishonors the name of L'Enfant" in 1992.[143] The complex's popularity with citizens hadn't improved, either. Boshqa Vashington Post reporter noted in 2005 that L'Enfant Plaza "shuts down" at night and on weekends, creating an effect described as a "Valley of the Tombs".[144] In 2010, an article in the Vashington shahar qog'ozi said L'Enfant Plaza "could easily contend for the honor of being modern urban design's grandest mistake."[109] It called the complex an "unmitigated urban planning disaster", and strongly criticized the Forrestal Building for isolating the promenade from the rest of the city.[109]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

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  2. ^ "The L'Enfant complex ... includes three private office buildings and one government-owned building ..." See: Spinner, Jackie. "Rooftop Residences at Hechinger Site." Vashington Post. 2001 yil 29 oktyabr.
  3. ^ a b Swisher, Kara. "Feeling Powerless Under L'Enfant Plaza." Vashington Post. February 20, 1992.
  4. ^ L'Enfant was born Pierre L'Enfant, but anglicized his name to Peter. Both names were used in the United States when referring to him. See: Sandiford, 2008, p. 5.
  5. ^ a b Banks and Banks, 2004, p. 41.
  6. ^ Redevelopment of Southwest D.C. had originally been proposed in 1942 by Arthur Goodwillie, an executive with the Uy-joy mulkdorlarining kredit korporatsiyasi, an agency of the federal government which provided short-term loans to individuals in danger of losing their homes. The "Goodwillie Plan" recommended renovating a nine-block area near the U.S. Capitol building for use as wartime housing. It also proposed building new high-rise apartment stories on some open lots in the area. See: Gutheim and Lee, 2006, p. 260-261.
  7. ^ Gutheim and Lee, 2006, p. 258.
  8. ^ Committee on the District of Columbia, 1978, p. 112.
  9. ^ a b Gutheim and Lee, 2006, p. 260.
  10. ^ Gutheim and Lee, 2006, p. 266-267.
  11. ^ Gutheim and Lee, 2006, p. 267-271; Banks and Banks, 2004, p. 42.
  12. ^ Goode, 1979, p. 149-150.
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Adabiyotlar

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Tashqi havolalar

Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′02 ″ N. 77 ° 01′15 ″ V / 38.8840 ° N 77.0209 ° Vt / 38.8840; -77.0209