Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.) - Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)

Shunga o'xshash nomlangan xususiyatlar uchun qarang Eski pochta aloqasi idorasi (ajralish).

Eski pochta aloqasi va soat minorasi
Old Post Office Building, Vashington, DC. Jpg
2012 yilda Eski pochta aloqasi binosi
Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.) Markaziy Vashingtonda joylashgan.
Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.)
Old Post Office (Vashington, Kolumbiya) Kolumbiya okrugida joylashgan
Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.)
Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.) AQShda joylashgan
Old Post Office (Vashington, D.C.)
ManzilVashington, Kolumbiya
Koordinatalar38 ° 53′38 ″ N. 77 ° 1′41 ″ V / 38.89389 ° N 77.02806 ° Vt / 38.89389; -77.02806Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′38 ″ N. 77 ° 1′41 ″ V / 38.89389 ° N 77.02806 ° Vt / 38.89389; -77.02806
Qurilgan1892 yildan 1899 yilgacha
Me'morWilloughby J. Edbrooke (asl bino)
Karn Charuhas Chapman va Twohey (Sharqiy Atrium)
Arxitektura uslubiRomaneskning tiklanishi (asl bino)
Modernist (Sharqiy Atrium)
QismiPensilvaniya prospektidagi Milliy tarixiy sayt (ID66000865 )
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q73002105[1]
NRHP-ga qo'shildi1973 yil 11 aprel

The Eski pochta aloqasi, ro'yxatida ko'rsatilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri sifatida Eski pochta aloqasi va soat minorasi va 1100 da joylashgan Pensilvaniya Avenue NW yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya, 1892 yilda boshlangan, 1899 yilda yakunlangan va uning hissasi bo'lgan mulkdir Pensilvaniya prospektidagi Milliy tarixiy sayt.[1] U shaharning asosiy qismi sifatida ishlatilgan Bosh pochta aloqasi boshida 1914 yilgacha Birinchi jahon urushi, 1839 yilgi avvalgi qurilishdan so'ng, G.P.O. Klassik tiklanish uslubi, 1866 yilda F ko'chasida kengaytirildi, keyinchalik u Tarif komissiyasi va boshqa bir qator agentliklarga topshirildi (bugungi kunda Monako mehmonxonasi). Pensilvaniya prospektidagi 1899 yildagi diqqatga sazovor inshoot keyinchalik federal ofis sifatida ish olib borgan va atrofni qurish paytida deyarli buzilib ketgan. Federal uchburchak 1920-yillarda murakkab. 1970-yillarda yana shunga o'xshash Federal uchburchak majmuasini qurib bitirish bo'yicha takliflar berish uchun tahdid qilingan va deyarli buzib tashlangan. Beaux Arts ilk bor 1920-30 yillarda boshlangan uslubiy arxitektura hukumat idoralari.

1976 va 1983 yillarda katta ta'mirlar amalga oshirildi. 1983 yilgi ta'mirlash inshootlar tarixi va ishlatilishida yangi sahifa ochdi oziq-ovqat sudi va bino bilan birgalikda chakana savdo maydoni markaziy atrium "Old Post Office Pavilion" nomini oldi. Ilgari qo'shni avtoturargohda shisha bilan o'ralgan qo'shimcha 1991 yilda tuzilishga qo'shilgan.

2013 yilda AQSh Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish (GSA) mulkni "DJT Holdings LLC" xolding kompaniyasi boshchiligidagi konsortsiumga 60 yilga ijaraga bergan. Donald Tramp qaytarib olinadigan ishonch orqali egalik qiladi.[2] Trump mulkni hashamatli mehmonxonaga aylantirdi Trump International Hotel Vashington, Kolumbiya, 2016 yil sentyabr oyida ochilgan.[3][4]

Bino misoldir Richardsonian Romanesk, qismi Romanesque Revival arxitekturasi o'n to'qqizinchi asrning Qo'shma Shtatlari. Vashington shahridagi 315 metrlik (96 m) balandlikdagi Soat minorasida "Kongress qo'ng'iroqlari" joylashgan bo'lib, shahar va uning atrofini panoramali ko'rinishini kuzatuv darajasida taqdim etadi, radio minoralari bundan mustasno, uchinchi baland inshootdir.

Qurilish va ochilish

1911 yilda Eski pochta aloqasi binosi

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi 1890 yil 25 iyunda Vashington uchun yangi pochta aloqasi qurilishini tasdiqladi.[5] Pensilvaniya avenyu va 12-ko'chaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan joy tanlangan Senator Leland Stenford 1888 yilda[6] bino jonlantiradi degan umidda Qotillik ko'rfazi orasidagi mahalla Kapitoliy binosi va oq uy.[7] Willoughby J. Edbrooke, Nazorat qiluvchi arxitektor G'aznachilik boshqarmasi, Romanesk Uyg'onish me'morchiligi an'analariga binoan tuzilgan Genri Xobson Richardson.[8][9][10][11] Qurilish 1892 yilda boshlangan va bino 1899 yilda qurib bitkazilgan.[12][13] Qurilishning umumiy qiymati 3 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[14]

Qurilish tugagandan so'ng, pochta aloqasi binosida shahardagi eng katta yopiq yopiq joy mavjud edi.[12] Uning soat minorasi havoga 96 metr balandlikda joylashgan.[9][11] Bu shuningdek temir ramkali konstruktsiyaga ega bo'lgan shaharning birinchi binosi edi,[11] va uning dizayniga kiritilgan elektr simlari bilan birinchi bo'lib qurilgan.[7] Tarkibida juda murakkab temirli qafasli liftlar mavjud edi,[15] stakan yopilgan atrium va oraliq daraja va qavatlar, pervazlar, to'siqlar va shamollatish marmardan yasalgan.[14] Atrium balandligi 196 metr (60 m) edi va 10 qavatli balkonlar bo'shliqqa qaradi (ichki yoritish odatiy bo'lmagan davrda ichki yorug'likni ta'minladi).[15] U 39000 dan ortiq ichki elektr chiroqlari va o'zining elektr generatori bilan maqtandi.[8] Belbog'lar va podiumlar uchinchi qavat darajasida atriumni yoyib, pochta aloqasi rahbarlari ishchilarga past nazar bilan qarashlariga imkon berishdi.[6] Beshinchi qavat burchaklarda ijro idoralari joylashgan. Har bir idorada qasr, bezakli o'yilgan yog'ochdan yasalgan qoliplar va qizil eman paneli.[15] Ammo tuzilish bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud edi. The Washington Star gazetada derazalar va derazalardan havo va suv oqib ketganligi, marmar pollar yomon yotqizilganligi va qurilishning katta qismi eskirganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[14] To'qqizinchi qavat fayllar xonasi bo'lib xizmat qilishi kerak edi, ammo qurilishdan keyingi tekshiruv uning og'irligini sig'dira olmasligini ko'rsatdi.[16] Elektr va elektr simlari, mashinasozlik sohasidagi texnologik yutuqlar, havo harakati, isitish va boshqalar bino ochilishi bilanoq eskirgan.[15]

Kutilgan iqtisodiy rivojlanish hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan.[7] 1898 yilgi uchrashuvda Amerika me'morlari instituti tomonidan tuzilgan yalpi nutq davomida ushbu tuzilma nihoyatda xunuk deb tanqid qilindi Nyu-York shahri me'mor Jorj B. Post.[17] O'sha yili senator Jozef Rozvel Xouli buni "sobor va paxta zavodi orasidagi xoch" deb atagan.[17] Ochilish vaqtida bino ham uni egallab olgan davlat idoralariga sig‘dira olmaydigan darajada kichik edi. Shahar pochta boshqaruvchisi 50 ming kvadrat metrlik (4600 m) binoni himoya qildi2) oyoq izi, ammo atigi 10000 kvadrat metr (930 m.)2) sotib olindi.[5] Pochta aloqasi asosiy qavat va oraliq,[14] ammo bular 1900 yil yanvar oyiga qadar juda gavjum edi.[16] G'aznachilik departamenti sakkizinchi qavatni egallashi kerak edi, ammo inshoot shu qadar to'lib toshganki, bu harakat to'xtatildi.[16]

Bino ochilgandan bir yil o'tgach, u erda avariya D.C. Postmaster Jeyms P. Uillettning hayotiga zomin bo'ldi. 1899 yil 30-sentabrda Uillet 90 metr (27 m) ochiq lift valiga qulab tushdi. Yalang'och yog'och to'siqdan boshqa narsa milga kirishga to'sqinlik qilmadi. Uillet bir kundan keyin vafot etdi.[18]

Birinchi 50 yil

1914 yil iyun oyida 1899 yilgi umumiy pochta aloqasi binosining atriumi

1880-yillarning boshlarida, Senator Jastin Smit Morril va senator Jon Jeyms Ingalls Pensilvaniya avenyu va B ko'chalari orasidagi barcha inshootlarni vayron qilishni taklif qildi (hozir Konstitutsiya xiyoboni ) park yaratish uchun janubga.[19] Ta'sirli McMillan rejasi 1902 yil, ammo tuzilishni saqlab qolishni taklif qildi.[20] (Bino faqat qurilishi tugagandan so'ng, buni boshqacha qilish mumkin edi.)[21] Shunga qaramay, o'sha yili Vashington Post uning buzilishi foydasiga tahririyat tomonidan nashr etilgan.[19] Vashingtonni obodonlashtirish rejalarini muhokama qilar ekan, esseist Sammuel E. Moffett kamsitilgan holda 1906 yildagi binoni "Kanzas-Siti emporium rasmiy Vashingtonning umumiy muhitiga mutlaqo mos kelmaydigan darajada, me'morlarning tishlarini chekkaga qo'yadi ".[22] O'sha yilning oxirida, senator Weldon B. Heyburn federal hukumatga Pensilvaniya avenyu (shimoli-sharq tomoni), Milliy savdo markazi (janubiy tomon), 15-uy N.V. (g'arbiy tomoni) va AQSh Kapitoliy me'moriy "uyg'un" massiv ofis binolari majmuasini qurish uchun maydon (sharqda). Heyburnning rejasi 1899 yildagi arxitektura jihatidan ustun bo'lgan Eski General Post Office binosini qo'mondon minorasi bilan saqlab qoldi, ammo Pensilvaniya xiyobonini ko'chaga parallel qilib o'rnatdi.[23]

Qurilish minorasidagi soat dastlab tabiatan mexanik bo'lib, tortishish kuchi orqali aniq vaqtni ushlab turardi. Kabel barabanga o'ralgan va katta og'irlik kabelning uchiga ulangan. Kabel tortishish kuchi tufayli ochilayotganda soat millari aylandi. Kabel kuniga bir yoki ikki marta qayta o'ralgan.[24] 1956 yil 10 oktyabrda kabeldan og'irlik tushdi va ikki qavatdan o'tib ketdi (ish stolidan ko'tarilgan odamni o'ldirishdan saqlaning).[25] Keyinchalik mexanik soat elektr bilan almashtirildi.[24]

1914 yilda Kolumbiya okrugining Bosh pochta aloqasi katta qismga ko'chib o'tdi Beaux Arts / Yaqinda qurib bitkazilgan klassik tiklanish binosi Birlik stantsiyasi pochta orqali tezroq etkazib berish uchun milliy temir yo'l tizimidan og'ir foydalanish imkoniyatidan foydalangan holda, xuddi shunday ta'sirchan uslubda.[26] Hozir atigi 15 yoshda bo'lishiga qaramay, 12-ko'chadagi va Pensilvaniya avenyuidagi bino odatda "eski" pochta aloqasi deb nomlangan. Keyingi qirq yil davomida GPO binosi bir nechta davlat idoralari uchun ofis maydoni bo'lib xizmat qildi.[8]

Qadimgi pochta aloqasi binosi qurilish paytida buzilishi kerak edi Federal uchburchak. 1926 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi qabul qildi Jamoat binolari to'g'risidagi qonun nafaqat Federal Uchburchak majmuasini, balki yangisini ham qurishga vakolat bergan AQSh Oliy sudi binosi ning sharqiy old tomoniga qarama-qarshi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy saytida Fuqarolar urushi davr Eski Kapitoliy qamoqxonasi va yaqinda 1897 yil shimolida Kongress kutubxonasi ning birinchi kengaytmasi bilan bir qatorda birinchi bino AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi qurilish Shimoliy Kapitoliy ko'chasi, va B ko'chasi NW ni sezilarli darajada kengaytirish. (keyinchalik Konstitutsiya xiyoboni deb o'zgartirildi) ning shimoliy qismida Milliy savdo markazi.[27] Hukumat amaldorlari, boshqa mutaxassislar va matbuot 1898 yildagi vayronagarchiliklarga ishonishdi Tuman binosi (uchun "shahar zali" Kolumbiya okrugi ), Old Post Office Building va mintaqadagi ko'plab ko'chalarning yopilishi sodir bo'ladi.[28] 1927 yil 19-mayda Federal Uchburchakni rivojlantiruvchi federal agentliklarga qanday ishlashni maslahat berish uchun Arxitektura bo'yicha maslahatchilar kengashi tuzildi.[29] 1927 yil iyul oyiga qadar kengash ushbu hududning bosh rejasini ishlab chiqdi, ammo Eski pochta aloqasi binosi, tuman binosi yoki Janubiy temir yo'l binosi buzilishi kerakmi yoki yo'qmi degan masalani hal qilmadi.[30] Majmuani rejalashtirishga chuqur ta'sir ko'rsatdi Shahar chiroyli harakati ma'muriyat samaradorligiga erishish hamda jamoatchilikning hokimiyatni vakolatli va doimiy deb qabul qilishini kuchaytirish uchun fuqarolik markazini yaratish g'oyasi. Binolarning me'moriy uslubi uchun kengash McMillan Planining tavsiyasini qabul qildi Neoklassik uslub.[31] Ko'p baland va ajoyib binolarning o'rniga, ikkita birlashtiruvchi ochiq joylar (tantanali ravishda foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan va kamida 1928 yil mart oyigacha Kengash muhokamasida) foydalaniladi.[32] Birinchisi, Circular Plaza (ilhomlanib Vendome-ni joylashtiring )[33] Old Street Post Office binosini buzishni talab qiladigan 12-chi ko'chada joylashgan.[32][34]

Ammo 1934 yilga kelib, hukumat Eski pochta aloqasi binosi atrofidagi erlarni bo'shatgan bo'lsa-da, Kongress bu tuzilmani buzishga tobora ko'proq qarshilik ko'rsatmoqda. Qurilish paytida 35 yillik qadimiy binoni buzish Katta depressiya bema'ni tuyuldi.[35] Ammo Federal uchburchak qurilishini nazorat qiluvchi ijro etuvchi idoralar baribir uning yo'q bo'lishini istashdi.[36] Shunga qaramay, u buzilmagan. To'rt yil o'tdi. 1938 yilda yana eski pochta aloqasi binosini olib tashlashga harakat qilingan bo'lsa ham, senator Elmer Tomas uni himoya qildi va uning o'rniga neoklassik ofis binosini o'rnatishga moliyaviy jihatdan nomaqbul deb hujum qildi.[37]

1938 yildagi binoni olib tashlashga qaratilgan harakatlar 30 yil ichida so'nggi harakat edi. Eski pochta aloqasi binosi nima uchun omon qolganligi uchun turli sabablar aytilgan. Umumiy da'vo shundaki, Buyuk Depressiyaga qarshi kurashayotgan federal hukumat shunchaki pulga ega emas edi.[8][38] O'sha paytdagi matbuot xabarlarida ta'kidlanishicha, saylovchilar juda yaxshi binoni buzib tashlagan kongressmenlarni jazolagan bo'lar edi.[35] Arxitektura tarixchilari ham Prezident deb ta'kidlashgan Franklin D. Ruzvelt (1933 yil mart oyida, Federal Uchburchak qurilishidan besh yil o'tgach, u ish boshladi) oq marmar ofis binolarining qimmatbaho majmuasini tugatish yoki Federal Uchburchakni me'moriy jihatdan uyg'un holga keltirishdan manfaatdor emas edi.[10][34]

Old Post Office Building minorasi asta-sekin shaharning ramziy minorasiga aylandi. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Axborot agentligi ko'pincha chet ellarda targ'ibot filmlari namoyish etilishi uchun fon sifatida foydalangan. Bir misolda, filmning bir qismi Sovet dissident Aleksandr Soljenitsin minora ichiga yopishtirilgan.[24]

1970-yillarni buzishga urinish

Janubi-sharqdan pastga qarab Pensilvaniya avenyu o'ng / janubiy tomondan Eski pochta aloqasi binosi va minorasi tomon va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy masofada (2007)

1950 yillarga kelib va Eyzenxauer davr, Eski pochta aloqasi binosi atrofidagi mahalla ham pasaygan. Pensilvaniya prospektidagi N.V. shimol tomonidagi yomonlashgan uylar, do'konlar va ofis binolari va janubdagi 1920-30 yillar davridagi monumental Neoklassik federal ofis binolari bilan ajralib turardi.[39] Uning paytida avenyuning yomon ahvolini kuzatgandan so'ng birinchi parad Kapitoliydan Oq Uygacha, 35-prezident Jon F. Kennedi hududni obodonlashtirish yo'llarini o'rganish uchun Pensilvaniya avenyuida Prezident kengashini tayinladi.[40] Kengashning rejasi loyihasi Kennedining qariyb ikki yarim yil o'tgach, uni tasdiqlashi uchun tayyor edi suiqasd qilingan yilda Dallas Texas 1963 yil 22-noyabrda.[41] Reja loyihasida Eski pochta aloqasi binosi saqlanib qoldi.[42]

Kennedining vorisi, 36-prezident Lyndon B. Jonson, reja bilan oldinga siljishga rozi bo'ldi va 1965 yil 21 maygacha birinchi yig'ilishini o'tkazmagan bo'lsa-da, Pensilvaniya prospektida vaqtinchalik prezident komissiyasini tayinladi.[43] Yangi komissiya Federal Uchburchakning rejasini bajarish foydasiga Eski pochtani buzishni tavsiya qildi.[44] Vaqtinchalik komissiya xiyobonning rivojlanishiga to'sqinlik qildi, bu reja loyihasiga zid edi, ammo u hech qachon o'z rejasi uchun Kongress ma'qulini topa olmadi. 1969 yil 15 noyabrda mablag 'etishmasligi sababli o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi.[45] Doimiy ravishda Pensilvaniya Avenue rivojlanish korporatsiyasi (PADC) nihoyat 1972 yil 30 oktyabrda Kongress tomonidan tashkil etilgan.[46]

Eski pochta aloqasi binosini buzishga urinish 1970 yil fevralda boshlangan.[47] The Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi, Vashington metropolitenidagi yirik qurilish loyihalari bo'yicha qonuniy yurisdiktsiyaga ega federal agentlik, bunga rozi bo'ldi (garchi minora saqlanib qolishi mumkin deb aytgan bo'lsa ham).[48] Bir necha kun ichida Vulf Von Ekkardt, nufuzli me'morchilik tanqidchisi Washington Post, tuzilmani saqlab qolish uchun tashviqot ishlarini boshladi.[49] 1970 yilda buzish loyihasi bo'yicha hech qanday choralar ko'rilmadi va Von Ekkardt 1971 yilda binoni saqlab qolish uchun bosim o'tkazishda davom etdi.[50] 1971 yil boshiga kelib bir guruh mahalliy fuqarolar va me'morlar "Uni yiqitmanglar" deb nomlanuvchi guruhni tuzdilar (D.C.ni saqlab qolish ligasi oldingisi).[51] Guruh a'zolari Nensi Xenks, siyosiy jihatdan nufuzli raisi San'at uchun milliy fond.[15][52] Yirtmang, PADCni qattiq lobbi qila boshladi, Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish (Federal hukumat binosiga egalik qilgan), Oq uy, Kongress va shahar hokimiyati buzishni to'xtatish uchun. 1971 yil aprel oyida binolarni eshitish uchun o'tkazilgan AQSh Senatida buzilishga qarshi qarshilik kuchayib bordi.[53] Saqlash kuchlari 1971 yil may oyida federal bo'lganida katta kuch oldi Tarixiy saqlash bo'yicha maslahat kengashi uni saqlab qolish tavsiya etiladi.[54]

The Nikson ma'muriyati, ammo, Federal uchburchagi uchun o'z vaqtida yakunlash mumkin, shunday qilib, uning buzish izlab davom etmoqda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ikki yuz yillik 1976 yilda.[55] Ammo bu vaqtga kelib, senator Mayk Gravel, jamoat binolari va er maydonlari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita raisi Jamoat ishlari qo'mitasi sa'y-harakatlarga qat'iy qarshi edi.[56] Gravel ittifoqchilarni qidirdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi va 1972 yil iyun oyida Uy mablag'larini ajratish bo'yicha qo'mitasi Niksonning Eski pochtani buzish uchun pul talab qilganiga ovoz berdi.[57]

1970-yillarda yoshartirish

Qadimgi pochta aloqasi bo'limiga qo'shildi Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 1973 yilda.[58] O'sha yili Bosh xizmat ma'muriyati binoni buzish niyatidan rasman voz kechdi va buning o'rniga uni saqlab qolish rejasini ishlab chiqdi.[59] Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi loyihaga rozi bo'ldi.[60]

Tuzilmani tubdan yangilash 1976 yilda "Jamoat binolari kooperatividan foydalanish to'g'risida" gi qonun qabul qilinishi bilan amalga oshirildi. Qonun GSAga federal binolarni ijaraga berish va olingan mablag'larni ta'mirlash va yangilashga sarflash uchun qonuniy vakolat berdi. Shuningdek, federal ofis binolarining bir qismini tijorat chakana savdo va restoranlardan foydalanish uchun foydalanishni qonuniylashtirdi.[15] Eski pochta aloqasi ushbu qonun doirasida boshlangan birinchi yirik loyiha edi.[6]

18 million dollarlik ta'mirlash 1977 yilda boshlangan.[61] Binoga juda kerak edi: atrium tomi yopilib, ichki qorong'i bo'lib qoldi; bino oqdi va suvga katta zarar etkazdi; bino bo'ylab mog'or bor edi; va isitish tizimi ko'pincha buzilib ketgan.[15]

1979–1983 yillarda yangilanish

1983 yildagi ta'mirlash katta zinapoyani qo'shib qo'ydi, yuqoridan ko'rinib turibdi (2009)
Katta zinapoyadan yuqori nurli chiroq (2009)

GSA 1978 yilda Eski pochta aloqasi binosini qayta qurishga tayyor sherik topish uchun tanlov o'tkazdi. Agentlik ichki makon va ko'chmas mulk bozorining konfiguratsiyasi faqat mehmonxonani qo'llab-quvvatlashiga ishongan.[62] Ammo g'olib bo'lgan taklif mehmonxonani taklif qilmadi. To'rt firma - McGaughy, Marshall va McMillan qo'shma korxonasi; Artur Koton Mur Associates; Associated Space Design, Inc.; va Stewart Daniel Hoban & Associates - tanlovda g'olib bo'lishdi.[11] GSA va savdo guruhi 55 yillik ijaraga berish to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdilar. GSA yiliga 166000 dollar ijara haqi yig'di, bu ijara muddati davomida atigi 5 foizga oshdi. Shuningdek, GSA korxonadan barcha foydalarning bir foizini oldi.[62]

29 million dollarlik ta'mirlash 1983 yilda yakunlangan. Binoning katta qismi ichki makondan unumli foydalanish uchun qurilgan, ammo ichki qismning tarixiy xususiyatini saqlab qolish uchun ba'zi "muhofaza zonalari" tashkil etilgan. Eski marmarning katta qismi yangi, pushti marmar bilan almashtirildi va ichki qismi krem, kulrang, yashil va fil suyagidan yasalgan pastel soyalar bilan bo'yalgan. Kuzatuv maydonchasiga shisha bilan yopilgan lift ham qo'shildi,[15] shuningdek, ikkinchi qavatga va 6000 kvadrat metrlik (560 m) ikkita yangi zinapoya2) restoranlar.[63] Yangilangan bino rasmiy ravishda 1983 yil 19 aprelda bag'ishlangan. Vitse-prezident Jorj H. V. Bush tadbirga raislik qildi. Qayta ochilish soat minorasidan Kongress qo'ng'iroqlari pallalari bilan nishonlandi. Federal ijarachilarga shu jumladan Muzeylarga xizmat ko'rsatish instituti, San'at uchun milliy fond, Gumanitar fanlar uchun milliy fond, va Prezidentning San'at va gumanitar fanlar bo'yicha qo'mitasi. (Modulli ofis mebeli ko'proq odamlarning ish joylarida ishlashiga imkon berish uchun ishlatilgan, bu an'anaviy stollar va stullarda ishlatiladigan federal xodimlar o'rtasida ziddiyatli bo'lgan).[6] Binoning dastlabki uch qavatini egallagan chakana savdosi 1983 yil 13 sentyabrda ochilgan.[64] Chakana savdo bo'limida Nensi Xenks markazi deb nomlanuvchi ishlash maydoni mavjud edi.[15] Xenks 1983 yil 7 yanvarda, bino qayta ochilishidan bir necha hafta oldin vafot etdi.[65] Soat minorasi va kuzatuv maydonchasi 1984 yil 1 mayda jamoatchilikka qayta ochildi.[66] 1983 yilgi ta'mirlash me'morchilik tanqidchisi Benjamin Forgey tomonidan yuqori baholandi.[67][68]

Savdo maydoni tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Boston Benjamin Thompson & Associates firmasi bo'lib, uni Evans Development Co. Baltimor. Uch qavatli chakana savdo bo'limining pastki qismlarida 50 dan ortiq restoran va butik chakana savdo do'konlari kutilgan edi va u ochilishida 98% lizingga olingan edi.[64] Binoning atrium va chakana savdo maydonchalari "Old Post Office Pavilion" nomini oldi.[69][70] 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida Hillman Properties sherigi Evans Developmentni sotib oldi va Old Post Office Pavilionini o'z qo'liga oldi.[69]

1986 yil oktyabr oyida Kongress Eski pochta aloqasini rasmiy ravishda qayta nomlash to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni qabul qildi Nensi Xenks markazi.[71]

Yangi yil bayramini nishonlash

1983 yil davomida Kolumbiya okrugi hukumati va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati pochta xizmatining 1984 yildagi yangi yigirma yigirma to'rt metrlik (6 metr) uzunlikdagi yog'och nusxasini yaratdi.sent "Sevgi" muhri (qarang Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi AQSh pochta markalari va pochta tarixi ).[72][73][74][75][76] 1984 yil boshidan boshlab "Sevgi" shtampining so'nggi versiyalari nusxalari tushirildi shpil Old Post Office binosining soat minorasi har birida yarim tunda Yangi Yil kechasi.[72][73][74][76][77][78][79]

Musiqachilar shu vaqt ichida bino ichidagi bal raqqosalarini xushnud etishdi fişek va qidiruv nuri nurlari tungi osmonni yoritdi va taniqli insonlar tashqi sahnalarda chiqish qildilar. Yarim tunda minoradan qo'ng'iroqlar chalinib, neon yozuvlar "Yangi yilingiz bilan" porlab turardi lazer nurlari namoyishlari.[73][74][78][80] 1985 yil susayib borar ekan, shahar hokimi Marion Barri bashorat qilgan: "Biz ustunlik qilamiz Nyu York. O'ylaymizki, biz faqatgina o'zimizga olamiz va eng yaxshi yagona tadbirga aylanamiz. "[72][78][79]

Markalar yillar o'tishi bilan kattalashib bordi. 1986 yil boshini nishonlagan bayramda o'sha yilgi yigirma ikki sentlik kuchukcha "Sevgi" markasining 900 funt (408 kg) yoritilgan nusxasi namoyish etildi.[76][80][81] 1990 yil boshida neon yoritilgan shtamp 6 futdan 9 futgacha va ikki tonnaga (1814 kg) teng bo'lgan.[72][79]

Dastlabki har bir yilda ushbu tadbirda 100 minggacha odam nishonlandi.[80][82] Biroq, 1986 yil boshlanishi munosabati bilan bayram tugagandan so'ng, tozalash guruhlari a bo'g'ib o'ldirilgan va zo'rlangan 18 yoshli ayol yopiq sahnadan 100 metr narida zinapoyada vafot etdi Clow Calloway ilgari ijro etgan edi.[83][84] 1988 yil boshini belgilagan tadbir tartibli va ko'pchilik ishtirok etgan bo'lsa-da,[82] O'sha yili DC hukumati mablag'larini qaytarib oldi, chunki tadbir xarajatlari juda katta bo'lib qoldi.[79]

Keyin tadbirga tashrif buyuruvchilar keskin tushib ketdi. Natijada, pochta xizmati 1990 yilda shtampni tushirishni to'xtatishga qaror qildi.[79] Pavilion 2500 kishilik ziyofat uyushtirgan bo'lsa-da, 1991 yil boshlanishini nishonlash uchun bino atriumiga "Sevgi" markasining kichikroq versiyasi tushgan bo'lsa ham, tashqi ishlar g'oyib bo'ldi.[72][84][79]

1988-1992 yillarda kengayish

Old Post Office Pavilioni haqidagi ijobiy yangiliklarga qaramay, u yaxshi ishlamayapti. GSA 1983 yilgi ta'mirlash ishlariga shart qo'ydi, natijada chakana savdo paviloni savdo markazidan ko'ra ofis binosiga o'xshab qoldi. Shuningdek, chakana savdo maydoni juda kam edi, binoning me'moriy dizayni tufayli chakana savdo maydoni yomon tuzilgan edi va GSA chakana savdo do'koni yoki ichkarida restoranlar borligini bildiruvchi tashqi peshtaxtalarga ruxsat bermadi.[62] Pavilion daromadlari sayyohlar, mahalliy ofis ishchilari va mahalliy aholidan taxminan teng qismda olingan.[85] Aksariyat chakana savdogarlar pul ishlashgan bo'lsa-da, daromadlar mavsumiy ravishda juda o'zgarib turardi. Restoranlarda pul ishlash qiyin kechdi va ular orasida tovar aylanmasi yuqori edi.[86]

Old Post Office qo'shma korxonasi (guruh boshchiligida Hillman xususiyatlari ), pavilon ishlab chiqaruvchisi ham pul yo'qotayotgan edi. Old Post Office qo'shma korxonasi (OPOJV) GSA dan yiliga 166000 dollar ijara haqi olgan, ammo federal hukumat bilan kelishuvda chakana savdo maydonining hajmini 100000 kvadrat metrga (9300 m) oshirishni nazarda tutgan.2). Ushbu kengayish uchun tasdiqlash hech qachon berilmagan edi. OPOJV dastlab chakana savdo maydonini kengaytirishni taklif qildi Ichki daromad xizmati binosi, ammo xavfsizlik sababli bu rad etildi. Keyin IRS binosining avtoturargohi egallagan hududda er osti avtoturargohi va pavilonni kengaytirishni taklif qildi, ammo bu ham ma'qullanmadi.[86]

Eski pochta aloqasi pavilyonidagi moliyaviy ahvolning yomonlashishi bilan OPOJV IRS binosining avtoturargohiga oynadan ilova qilingan ilova qurishni taklif qildi. Ushbu taklif D.C.ning tarixiy saqlanishni ko'rib chiqish kengashi tomonidan qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Shunga qaramay, Kongress loyiha uchun 1,7 million dollar ajratdi va OPOJV yana 15 million dollar ajratishga rozi bo'ldi. Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi ham loyihani tasdiqladi.[86]

Yangi Sharqiy Atrium 1992 yil 6 martda ochilgan. Uch darajali inshoot 100000 kvadrat fut (9300 m) bo'lgan2) ichki makon va shisha tom. Rivojlanish shartnomasi shartlariga binoan federal hukumat inshoot ostidagi erlarga egalik qilgan, ammo bino Hillman Properties kompaniyasiga tegishli bo'lgan. Qurilish ishlari olib borilgach, Eski pochta aloqasi pavilyoni ko'plab yuqori darajadagi chakana savdogarlarini yo'qotdi va ularning o'rniga sayyohlarga mo'ljallangan krujkalar, esdalik sovg'alari, futbolkalar va boshqa narsalarni sotadigan past darajadagi do'konlarni joylashtirdi. Biroq, Sharqiy Atrium tarkibiga yirikroq va yuqori darajadagi chakana savdo korxonalari kirgan. Qo'shimcha shuningdek, 5000 kvadrat metr (460 m) bilan ajralib turardi2) miniatyura golf maydoni va bar. Sharqiy Atrium tomonidan boshqarilgan Umumiy o'sish xususiyatlari, bu taxminan 78 foiz maydon ijaraga berilganligini aytdi.[87] Sharqiy Atrium tanqidiy jihatdan yaxshi qabul qilinmadi. Arxitektura tanqidchisi Benjamin Forgey bino o'z maqsadlariga erishganligini tan oldi; ko'plab zamonaviy me'moriy dizayn xususiyatlarini (masalan, shisha) o'z ichiga olgan parda devorlari, muvaffaqiyatsizliklar va piyodalar yo'lagi va piyodalar uchun joylar bilan yaxshi aloqalar); va u 1982 yildagi Federal uchburchak uchun bosh rejaning bir qismini qo'shib qo'ydi. Ammo Forgey Karn Charuhas Chapman & Twohey mahalliy arxitektura firmasi dizaynini noqulay, mutanosib va ​​haddan tashqari og'ir elementlar deb atadi. Ichki makon, ammo engilligi uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi.[88]

Kengayishdan keyin

1992 yil 26 avgustda Eski pochta aloqasi binosining g'arbiy qismida to'qqizinchi qavatning tomi bilan tomi o'rtasida kichik yong'in sodir bo'lgan. Shiftni ta'mirlayotgan ishchilar tasodifan yong'inni 15:45 da boshlanib, 45 daqiqada o'chirilgan. keyinroq. Yong'in kichik bo'lsa-da, kechqurun shahar markazidagi tirbandliklarni chalg'itdi shoshilinch soat.[89]

1993 yil oktyabr oyiga kelib, yiliga 3 milliondan ziyod tashrif buyuruvchilarga qaramay, OPOJV GSA uchun ijara haqi va Collin Equities (uning filiali) ga bergan ipoteka qarzini to'lamagan. Uells Fargo ). Ko'chmas mulk mutaxassilari ulkan atriumni isitish va sovutish xarajatlari, ijarachilarning katta aylanmasi va Sharqiy Atrium ostidagi joy uchun teatr yo'qligi bilan bog'liq. DC Kongressi va tashrif buyuruvchilar uyushmasi Old Post Office Kolumbiya okrugidagi eng ko'p sayohat qilingan sakkizinchi diqqatga sazovor joy deb aytgan bo'lsa-da, chakana savdo bo'yicha mutaxassislar bu hech qachon pul ishlab topmagan deb hisoblashadi va Sharqiy Atrium Eski pochtani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun etarlicha ijara haqi olib kelmagan. Pavyon.

Collin Equities / Wells Fargo OPOJV-da 1993 yil oktyabr oyida musodara qilingan.[90] Bank ko'chmas mulkni boshqaruvchi Hill Partners kompaniyasini yolladi Sharlotta, Shimoliy Karolina, rivojlanishning chakana tomonlarini jonlantirish. Hill Partners kompaniyasining ta'kidlashicha, chakana savdo maydonchasiga kirish va xaridorlarning xabardorligini oshirish, bu Old Postingga tashrif buyuruvchilar sonini ikki baravar ko'paytirib, 7 milliondan oshishi mumkin. Hill Partners, shahar aholisi uchun zarur bo'lgan chakana sotuvchilarni qo'shish uchun o'zlarining ijarachilar aralashmasini qayta ko'rib chiqishni boshladi. Shuningdek, Sharqiy Atrium pul yo'qotadigan, hech qachon o'z maydonining yarmidan ko'pini to'ldirmaydigan odam ekanligi aniqlandi. Sharqiy Atrium ochiq bo'lib qoladimi yoki yo'qmi, aniq emas edi. Biroq, kompaniya Pavilion hududini "festival bozori" (o'yin-kulgi, oziq-ovqat va chakana savdo do'konlari kombinatsiyasini taklif qiladigan) saqlashga rozi bo'ldi.[91]

1995 yil mart oyida Cineplex Odeon korporatsiyasi Sharqiy Atriumda yetti ekranli kinoteatr ochilishini aytdi (hozirda ijarachilari yo'q edi).[90] Ammo kompaniya 1996 yil may oyida Hill Partners bilan ijara shartnomasini tuza olmasligini aytib chiqib ketdi.[92]

Tepalik sheriklar Sharqiy Atrium va pavilon uchun yangi ijarachilarni topish qiyin kechdi.[92] Bokira guruhi 1996 yil iyun oyida u qurishi mumkin dedi Virgin Megastore, sakkizdan 12 gacha ekran Bokira kinoteatri va Old Post Office-da rok musiqasi mavzusidagi restoran bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo kompaniya Sharqiy Atriumga emas, balki chakana savdo do'konlari uchun asosiy binoga ega bo'lishni xohladi.[93] Ammo bu munozaralardan hech narsa chiqmadi.

1997 yilda mehmonxonalarni rivojlantirish bilan shug'ullanadigan "Denhill D.C." MChJ GSAga murojaat qilib, Collins Equities / Wells Fargo ijarasini olishni taklif qildi. Kompaniyaning ta'kidlashicha, yuqori qavatlardagi ofis maydonlarini mehmonxonalar xonasiga aylantirish va Pensilvaniya avenyu devorlarini ochish uchun ko'proq kirish va ko'cha oldida chakana savdo maydonchalarini yaratish uchun 100 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarflanadi. Buning evaziga kompaniya GSAdan 55 yillik ijarani 65 yilgacha uzaytirishni va yana o'n yillik uzoq muddatli ijaraga berish imkoniyatini qo'shishni taklif qildi. Denhill D.C. rasmiylarining so'zlariga ko'ra, muzokaralar shu qadar rivojlanganki, ularda mehmonxonani boshqarishga tayyor menejment kompaniyasi va bo'sh joy olishga tayyor chakana ijarachilar bor edi. GSA, keyinchalik boshqa ishtirokchilarga reklama bermasdan, uzoq muddatli ijaraga berishni rejalashtirayotganligi to'g'risida yuridik xavotirlar bo'yicha muzokaralarni yakunlaganini aytdi.[62]

2000 yil avgustga kelib, Old Post Office-dagi biznes sharoitlari yanada pasayib ketdi. 17 yil ichida u erda olib borilgan operatsiyalar hech qachon foyda keltirmagan, pavilyondagi bo'sh ish o'rinlari darajasi 80 foizni tashkil etgan, Sharqiy Atrium yopilgan va GSA hech qanday daromad olinmagani uchun Wells Fargo ijara haqini olishni to'xtatgan. Chakana savdo / ofis kombinatsiyasi pul ishlashni istamasligini tushunib, GSA ijara shartnomasini bekor qilish to'g'risida Collins Equities / Wells Fargo bilan muzokara boshladi. GSA hozirgacha chakana savdo maydoni saqlanib qolsa, u Pensilvaniya avenyu NW tomon ochilishi kerakligini anglab etdi. Shuningdek, agentlik chakana savdo qavatlarini yo'q qilish va ularni ofis maydoniga aylantirish yoki tuzilmani mehmonxona sifatida rivojlantirishga imkon berish uchun chakana va ofis maydonlaridan xalos bo'lish haqida o'ylardi. Agentlikning ruxsat berish bo'yicha juda ijobiy tajribasi tufayli mehmonxona optsiyasi 1980 yillarning boshlariga qaraganda ancha jozibali edi. Kimpton mehmonxonalari 170.000 kvadrat metrni (16000 m) o'zgartirish uchun2) bo'sh Tarif komissiyasi binosi 172 xonali hashamatga Monako mehmonxonasi.[62]

Mehmonxona sifatida qayta qurish

2012 yil iyul oyida Eski pochta aloqasi va soat minorasining kechki ko'rinishi

2000 yil 28 dekabrda GSA 1999 yildagi Omnibus konsolidatsiyalangan va favqulodda qo'shimcha mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun talabiga binoan Eski pochta aloqasi rejasini taqdim etdi.[94] 2001 yil 15 iyunda senatorlar Robert Smit, Garri Rid, Ben Naythor Kempbell va Bayron Dorgan GSAga, agar ma'lum shartlarga rioya qilingan bo'lsa, eski pochta aloqasi bo'limida lizing huquqini sotib olish orqali sotib olish uchun zarur bo'lgan mablag'ni sarflash uchun GSAga rozilik bergan xat yubordi.[94]

Mehmonxonalarni qayta rejalashtirishga urinishlar

2002 yilda lobbist Jek Abramoff GSA shtabi boshlig'i bilan keng noqonuniy muhokamalar olib borgan Devid X. Safaviy mahalliy amerikalik qabila mijozi uchun tuzilmani ijaraga olishni ta'minlashga urinish.[95] Abramoff Safaviyani barcha xarajatlar evaziga golf sayohatiga olib bordi Shotlandiya, shu vaqt ichida ular ijarani noma'lum qabilaga topshirishni muhokama qilishdi.[96] Keyinchalik Savafian sud qilindi yolg'on guvohlik berish Abramoff bilan munosabatlari haqida yolg'on gapirgani uchun.[97]

Umumiy xizmatlar ma'muriyati 2004 yilda Eski pochta aloqasi binosini rivojlantirish uchun qiziqish bildirish to'g'risida so'rov yuborgan. Bir nechta kompaniyalar qiziqish bildirishdi, ammo GSA bundan keyin ham davom etmadi.[98]

2002 yildan boshlab binoni binoga aylantirish uchun katta tus oldi Milliy ayollar tarixi muzeyi va buni amalga oshirish uchun qonun loyihasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 2005 yilda.[99][100] Biroq, mahalliy qurilishchilar, shahar aholisi va Vakillar Palatasi a'zolari binoning bepul berilishiga g'azablanishdi.[101] Ushbu qonun loyihasi qayta kiritildi 109-AQSh Kongressi, garchi bu safar ayollar muzeyi faqat Sharqiy Atriumni so'radi. Sharqiy Atrium singari pol plitalari va ichki qurilishi tugallanmagan nurlarga duch kelgan va do'kon peshtaxtalari o'rniga bo'shliqlar qoldirgan bo'lsa ham, bu harakat muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[102]

Qayta ishlab chiqish bo'yicha cheklangan harakat

2005 yil mart oyida GSA a ma'lumot so'rash (RFI) va 20 dan ortiq javob oldi.[103] Biroq, agentlik tomonidan tasdiqnoma olinmadi Boshqarish va byudjet idorasi (OMB) ga o'tish uchun takliflar uchun so'rov (RFP). OMB, RFIga berilgan javoblar qayta rejalashtirish federal hukumatning eng yaxshi moliyaviy manfaatlariga javob berishini ko'rsatganiga ishonmadi.[104]

2006 yil iyun oyida, natijada O'rta Atlantika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi 2006 yilgi toshqin, 12.11 dyuym (308 mm) yomg'irni rekord o'rnatgan Vashingtonga tushdi, Old Post Office binosining yerto'lasi, shuningdek, Uilyam Jefferson Klintonning Federal binosi (qarorgohi Spirtli ichimliklar, tamaki, qurol va portlovchi moddalar byurosi ), the Gerbert C. Guvver binosi (qarorgohi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo vazirligi ), the Ichki daromad xizmati binosi, Milliy arxivlar binosi, va Robert F. Kennedi Adliya vazirligi binosi. Yuqori postlardan biri bo'lgan Eski pochta aloqasi binosi ikki kundan keyin qayta ochildi. Boshqa binolarning aksariyati bir hafta davomida yopiq qoldi.[105][106]

2007 yilda GSA tuzilmani modernizatsiya qilish uchun 100 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarflanishini taxmin qildi. GSA shuningdek, 2007 yilda Eski pochta aloqasi binosida 5,4 million dollarlik ijara haqi olgan bo'lsa-da, 6,5 million dollarlik zarar uchun ma'muriy va texnik xizmatga 11,9 million dollar sarflaganini aytdi.[107]

2008 yilda, Eleanor Xolms Norton, D.C. Kongress delegati, GSA tomonidan takliflar so'rovini yuborishda tezroq harakat qilishni talab qilish uchun "2008 yilgi eski pochta aloqasi binolarini qayta rejalashtirish to'g'risidagi qonunni" (H.R. 5001) taqdim etdi.[104] Iqtisodiy rivojlanish, jamoat binolari va favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish bo'yicha kichik qo'mita tinglovlari paytida Uyning transport va infratuzilma qo'mitasi, Kongress a'zolari foydalanilmayotganligi uchun Eski pochta aloqasi binosini ajratib ko'rsatdilar. Qonunchilik palatadan 23 iyunda, Senat 26 sentyabrdan qabul qilindi. Prezident Jorj V.Bush 8 oktyabrda qonun bilan imzolandi (P.L. 110-359). Qabul qilinganidek, Qayta qurish to'g'risidagi qonunda GSA Eski pochta aloqasi binosini qayta qurish va barcha federal ijarachilarni boshqa joyga ko'chirishni talab qildi. U GSA-dan har qanday qayta qurish kelishuvi to'g'risida tegishli Palata va Senat qo'mitalariga hisobot berishni talab qildi va qayta qurish rejasining Kongressning doimiy sessiyasining 30 kunigacha kuchga kirishini taqiqladi.

2008 yil 12 iyulda Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi o'zining kelgusi 50 yil ichida Vashingtonda rivojlanishni boshqarish uchun ishlab chiqilgan milliy kapital doirasini chiqardi. Reja tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasi, D. metropolidagi barcha yirik binolarning estetik dizaynini tasdiqlash uchun qonun chiqaruvchi vakolatli federal agentlik. Milliy poytaxt asoslari, ayniqsa, Pensilvaniya prospektidagi obodonlashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlash va eski xizmat ko'rsatishni yaxshilash uchun Old Post Office binosini ta'mirlashni iltimos qildi.

Qonunchilikdan keyin qayta ishlab chiqish tashabbuslari

DC vakili Eleanor Xolms Norton 2008 yilda Federal pochta idorasidan Eski pochta aloqasi binosini qayta qurishni talab qilgan federal qonunlarni qabul qildi.

2010 yil oktyabrga kelib, qayta qurish bo'yicha hech qanday muhim maqsadlar amalga oshirilmadi. The House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee strongly criticized GSA in a report for mismanaging the Old Post Office Building.[108] The report specifically accused GSA of not moving to redevelop the property during a real estate boom in 2006. When the boom ended, GSA was stuck with the property, and the House committee accused the agency of losing more than $25 million on maintenance rather than generating income.[109] With pressure building on the White House to deal with billions of dollars worth of excess or underutilized federal property, the Barak Obama administration said it would take action to more quickly dispose of property like the Old Post Office.[108] Rather than sell property at yong'in sotish prices, the administration created a new independent advisory panel to help create a disposal plan for each individual building. D.C. area lawmakers pressed the advisory panel to act immediately on the Old Post Office.[110] Douglas Firstenberg, a principal with Stonebridge karerlari, a real estate property management firm that helped the federal government lease buildings, said that historic preservation restrictions and the large number of existing tenants made redevelopment difficult.[111]

In March 2011, A new RFP was finally issued by GSA. In all, GSA received 10 bids, most of which were hotels. Among the proposals were a luxury hotel and a National Museum of the Jewish People.[112]Other bidders included Tramp tashkiloti, Carpenter, Monument Realty, JBG Smit, and a partnership of Xilton butun dunyo bo'ylab va Metropolitan Partnership, Ltd.[113][114][115]

Trump International Hotel Vashington, Kolumbiya

Lease to The Trump Organization

On February 6, 2012, GSA announced that it had chosen The Trump Organization as the potential redeveloper of the Old Post Office Building. The company partnered with Colony Capital, a private equity firm, in its bid. The Trump Organization bid pledged to spend $200 million to turn the structure into a 250-room[102] (later sources said 261-room)[116] luxury hotel. Much of the investment would be in cash, not debt.[116] The hotel would include a conference center,[102] spa,[102] three high-end restaurants,[116] and a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) meeting and banquet facility.[116] The company also pledged to create a small museum dedicated to the history of the building and the Bells of Congress,[116] and to maintain the historic exterior.[102] The Trump Organization also tentatively agreed to pay GSA $3 million a year in rent.[117] The Trump Organization bid touted the involvement of Artur Koton Mur, a noted local architect who had renovated historic buildings in the area before and who had helped design the Old Post Office Building renovations in the 1970s.[116] Moore left the effort within less than a year for health reasons.[118] Another preservationist architect, John Cullinane, working on the project resigned "because I couldn't support what they were doing to the building... [t]hey were covering up or tearing out everything that was historic..."[119]

There were many concerns expressed by local residents and historic preservationists by the successful Trump bid.[120] Preservationists believed Trump would not respect the historic nature of the building[120] and had almost no experience renovating historic properties[117] but government officials said any redesign would need to be approved by the Commission of Fine Arts (whose secretary signaled heavy scrutiny for any changes).[120] Trump dismissed concerns that he lacked experience with historic buildings, pointing to his redevelopment of Katta markaziy terminal yilda Nyu-York shahri va Mar-a-Lago Club yilda Palm-Bich, Florida.[121] Some city residents worried that Trump would block access to the clock tower. However, the National Park Service said it will retain control over the clock tower and observation deck and it will keep them open for tours.[120][121][122] Vashington Post business columnist Steven Pearlstein questioned the financial wisdom of selecting Trump/Colony Capital, given Trump's extensive problems with bankrotlik and Colony Capital's current problems keeping its hotel properties out of receivership.[117] Pearlstein and local hoteliers argued that the market would not support the room rates Trump wished to charge, and therefore would not be able to support the excessive amount of redevelopment money and rent Trump was paying for the property.[116][117] Robert Peck, Commissioner of the General Services Administration, defended the selection, arguing that the Trump/Colony Capital bid was by far the best in terms of financial commitment, experience in renovating and managing properties, and quality of design. Peck dismissed criticism about Trump's numerous past bankruptcies, noting that these mostly concerned kazinolar rather than hotels.[115]

There was, however, also the opinion expressed by Vashington Post business reporters Petula Dvorak and Jonathan O'Connell that the new Trump hotel would help spark an economic renaissance in the Shahar markazi Turar joy dahasi.[115][120]

Lease protests

2012 yil mart oyida Vashington Post reported that Monument Realty offered a base rent much higher than that of The Trump Organization. Monument and development partner Angelo, Gordon & Co. proposed a 260,000-square-foot (24,000 m2) office building with a media center on the first three floors. It also proposed demolishing the annex in favor of a parking garage.[123] Monument Realty bid for the building with a lease price of $5.1 million annually, with rent increases based on the building's performance. The Trump Organization, however, offered $200 million in redevelopment dollars, while Monument would have provided just $116.5 million. GSA scored submission based on experience and past performance, design concept, financial capacity and capability, and initial development investment. It was unclear, therefore, that Monument's bid was superior to The Trump Organization's bid.[124]

Another bidder, BP-Metropolitan Investors, filed an official protest in April 2012 against GSA for awarding the redevelopment to The Trump Organization.[125] The bidding group, which included Hilton Worldwide, said GSA failed to take into account Trump's repeated bankruptcies and unrealistic economic assumptions. GSA said Metropolitan lost the award because it offered to spend only $140 million to renovate the building.[116] GSA responded to the protest by noting that since the redevelopment was not a procurement, there were no legal grounds for protesting its decision.[116][125][126]

Trump lease negotiations

In the summer of 2012, The Trump Organization asked the District of Columbia to waive possessory interest taxes on the Old Post Office Building.[127] The possessory interest tax was estimated at about $3 million in 2012, although it would likely be far more once the property was fully redeveloped. D.C. tax officials denied the waiver.[128] Pedro Ribeiro, a spokesperson for Shahar hokimi Vinsent C. Grey, said, "It was never part of the bid proposal that the project would not be subject to the tax." David Orowitz, the Vice President for Acquisitions and Development in The Trump Organization, said that the denial of tax waiver was not a surprise and would not change the financial calculations of the company's bid.[129] Donald Trump later denied seeking any tax waiver.[130][131]

As the clock ticked on the one-year deadline to finalize a deal with GSA, The Trump Organization hired Streetsense, a real estate and retail design firm, to select restaurants and retailers for the Old Post Office Pavilion. Trump chose the company over local real estate developer Duglas Jemal and retail design firm Ashkenazy Acquisition.[132] Tiffany & Co. was among the retailers the company talked to.[130][131]

Six development meetings were held with GSA, the CFA, D.C. government officials, and The Trump Organization between February and December 2012. Determining what was acceptable redevelopment was critical if a final lease agreement was to be signed. The Trump Organization's new design team consisted of the firms Beyer Blinder Belle and WDG Architecture (formerly Edwin Weihe & Associates). The Trump Organization proposed extending 11th Street NW south of Pennsylvania Avenue NW. City officials asked that a half-block of C Street NW south of the hotel be reopened with redevelopment money, too, but The Trump Organization declined the request. The architectural team proposed adding retail on all four corners of the Old Post Office Building, and building a new mezzanine level inside it (with a restaurant on top and a spa and fitness center below). Historic preservation agencies refused to allow various types of canopies or signs bearing the hotel's name along Pennsylvania Avenue, and six alternative designs for the East Atrium were rejected out of hand by the CFA. But still under consideration was a proposal to convert the lower level of the East Atrium into parking with the upper level retained as a ballroom.[133]

By late January 2013, no final lease agreement had been reached. However, both The Trump Organization and GSA said that they were closing in on a deal, and GSA said it was unlikely to reopen the bidding process if one was not reached by the 12-month deadline. Trump officials and GSA attributed the delay to the length of the lease, which created complexities that needed time to be resolved.[129][134] GSA also said there were also unique issues raised by the building's historic status.[131][134] Nonetheless, federal law required the GSA to reach a deal by June 2013 or reopen the bidding process.[134]

Change in financing and receiving preliminary regulatory approval

Donald Trump asserted that a deal was "weeks" away in mid-April 2013. But even as he said that, contrary to rumor, he was not seeking to renegotiate his initial agreement with GSA, The Trump Organization re-evaluated its partnership with Colony Capital. Trump said his company was likely to either replace Colony or finance the entire redevelopment deal in cash. GSA officials said any such change would not affect the negotiations.[135]

The Trump Organization cleared several regulatory hurdles in April and May 2013. On April 28, the Commission of Fine Arts gave non-binding, preliminary approval to the company's draft redevelopment plan.[136] On May 16, GSA completed an atrof muhitga ta'sirini baholash (EIA) which concluded the redevelopment would have no significant adverse historic, land use, or transportation impacts. The EIA also concluded that the hotel would generate about $6.5 million per year in hotel bed tax revenue and $1.5 million in sales tax revenue.[137]

Final lease agreement

On June 4, GSA reached a final agreement with The Trump Organization regarding redevelopment of the Old Post Office building.[138] The Trump Organization negotiated a 60-year lease[138][139] under which it paid $250,000 in rent per month, with annual increases tied to the Iste'mol narxlari indeksi.[139][140] Rent payments were to begin either eight months after construction started or 20 months after the lease's signing, whichever came first.[140] The company had the option to extend the lease another 40 years.[122] The Trump Organization agreed to spend at least $200 million redeveloping the property,[138][139] with Trump using his personal funds to pay for the redevelopment.[122][141][142] To allay concerns by critics that he too often defaulted on developments, Trump agreed to provide a $40 million personal kafolat as well as a "bad acts" (to cover failure to pay taxes, fraud, or other forms of misconduct).[140] The Trump Organization agreed to pay all taxes, although the lease did not bar the company from seeking a historic preservation soliq imtiyozi.[139]

The Trump Organization agreed to turn the Old Post Office building into a 260-room[139][141][142] hotel (although some sources said there would be 267 rooms,[143] some said 270,[121][144] some said 271,[122][145] and others 275[140]). Many of the rooms would have 25-foot (7.6 m) high ceilings,[145] although most ceilings would be 14-to-16-foot (4.3 to 4.9 m) high.[122][146] The average room was expected to be 600 square feet (56 m2) in size,[122][146] and the hotel would have a higher percentage of suites and larger-than-average rooms to draw corporate executives and diplomats.[147]

In what were formerly the offices of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining postmaster general, the company planned two "presidential suites" of 3,000 square feet (280 m2) each with 16-foot (4.9 m) ceilings. Each presidential suite would have a working fireplace, sauna, steam room, walk-in closet, direct-access elevators, and views of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and the National Mall.[122][146]

Redevelopment plans included an art gallery, café, bar, fitness center, library, lounge with fountain, meeting rooms, spa, two or three upscale restaurants, several luxury retail shops, a 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) Mar-a-Lago brand spa, and a small museum about the building, its clock tower, and its bells.[121][122][125][140][142][143][145] The Trump Organization agreed to continue to allow the public access to the clock tower and observation platform. The National Park Service agreed to operate the clock tower tours.[140][142][143] The exterior of the building (including the multicolor brick and granite pavement designed by Aleksandra Kasuba )[143] would be preserved in its historic state.[140] Pending approval by regulatory authorities, The Trump Organization proposed building a floor over the ground level (turning the mezzanine into a floor), although the grand staircase would remain. Most of the retail would occupy the ground and second floor, while the historic Stamp Counter on the east side of the ground floor would become the hotel registration desk.[143]

Major changes would be made to the 86,000-square-foot (8,000 m2) East Atrium and the streets around it. The Trump Organization intended to convert the 34,400-square-foot (3,200 m2) basement level into a 150-space parking garage, with a 31,600-to-35,000-square-foot (2,940 to 3,250 m2) ballroom on the ground level and 20,000 square feet (1,900 m2) of conference room space on the second floor.[143][147] The ballroom's size would make it the largest in any luxury hotel in the city.[147] The city agreed to extend 11th Street NW into the Federal Triangle south to C Street NW to provide access for automobiles.[140][147] The Old Post Office Building's entrance on 11th Street NW would again be the structure's main entrance (opening the door on the long-closed side of the building).[147] Pending final regulatory approval, a new steel and glass canopy will be constructed over the new entrance and a "Trump International Hotel" sign suspended inside the entrance arch.[143]

The 12th Street NW entrance would become the secondary entrance, providing public access to the restaurants and retail stores. Awnings would be over windows and the entrance on the ground floor, and a sign for the hotel added over the entrance. Outdoor seating would be added on the 12th Street NW, 11th Street NW, and Pennsylvania Avenue NW sides of the building. C Street NW would not be reopened to automobile traffic. The Trump Organization said it would remove the ahistoric glass and steel ground floor storefront on the C Street side and expand and renovate the public plaza there by adding outdoor seating and a performance space.[143]

With the lease signed, Ivanka Tramp said construction would begin immediately after the building was turned over to The Trump Organization.[141]

Soliq imtiyozlari

On November 14, 2016, the National Park Service approved Part 2 of the Trump organization's application for a tax credit in the amount of 20% of the rehabilitation cost of the building, estimated in the original application at $160 million. The final step would be the filing of Part 3 to collect the tax credit on the actual cost upon the completion of the construction.[148][149]

2014 redevelopment

Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion before 2014 redevelopment (2013)
Entrance to Old Post Office Pavilion after 2014 redevelopment (2018)

Under the 2008 redevelopment law, Congress had 30 days to disapprove the lease or it would become final.[138][139][140] Anticipating no problems from the legislature, GSA began relocating the existing federal tenants in the Old Post Office Building.[142]

Another major regulatory hurdle was cleared by The Trump Organization in early July 2013. The staff of the National Capital Planning Commission recommended to the agency that it approve the redevelopment plans.[143] The NCPC staff report suggested that GSA and The Trump Organization continue to work on exterior signage designs to ensure they are appropriate.[143] The full commission approved the staff report and gave preliminary approval to the company's building plans. The NCPC asked the organization to return in fall 2013 with final plans.[150]

On August 5, 2013, Congress allowed the lease between GSA and The Trump Organization to go into force.[151] The Washington Business Journal reported that the lease called for a 263-room[152] (another source said 270-room)[125] hotel and for Trump to spend $250 million on renovations.[152] The D.C. Preservation League (the former Don't Tear It Down) said it supported the Trump redevelopment of the site.[125]

The Trump Organization hired the interior design firm of Hirsch Bedner Associates to work on the interior of the Old Post Office Building.[153]The $200 million renovation began on May 1, 2014, with the closure of the clock tower.[154] Changes to the structure's exterior included the removal of the words "OLD POST OFFICE" from the central kamar of the building's main entrance and the placement beneath that arch of a bar containing the words "TRUMP INTERNATIONAL HOTEL".[155]

Opening of Trump International Hotel

Ochilish

The Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C. opened to paying guests with a "soft opening" on September 12, 2016.[4] The hotel's grand opening was celebrated on October 26, 2016.[156]

Sharhlar

A Vanity Fair review in December 2016, that was highly critical of the incoming Trump administration, described the hotel as grand on the outside, a complete disaster and "a frightful dump" on the inside.[157] In December 2016, Luxury Travel Intelligence reviewed the Trump Hotel and found major shortcomings in its service and operations. It called the decor "garish", said that it was not suited to the discerning business traveler, and ranked it as the third worst hotel in the world.[158] A Condé Nast Traveller article in May 2018 praised the restaurants and the service at the hotel.[159] On February 20, 2018, the hotel was named to the prestigious Forbes sayohati bo'yicha qo'llanma Five Star list for 2018 and later that year, it was named to Forbes' inaugural World's Most Luxurious Hotels ro'yxat.[160] On February 20, 2019, Forbes Travel Guide renewed the Five Star rating for 2019. The hotel has also achieved the #1 rating on TripAdvisor.com for all Washington, DC hotels.[161]

Restaurant controversy

The Trump Organization initially entered into contracts with chefs Xose Andres va Geoffrey Zakarian to open restaurants in the atrium and in the northwest corner of the Organization's planned new hotel. However, both chefs pulled out of the deals after Donald Trump made controversial public comments about Mexicans in June 2015, before the hotel had opened. The ensuing legal disputes were settled in April 2017.[162]

Impacts on Pennsylvania Avenue

For 16 years until 2015, the Sakura Matsuri-Japanese Street Festival, the largest Yapon madaniyati festivali in the United States, took place throughout a spring-time day on Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the Old Post Office Building. The Festival's location enabled the event to be near the route of the annual Cherry Blossom Parade, which traveled nearby along Konstitutsiya xiyoboni during the same day (see Cherry Blossom milliy festivali ).[163][164]

However, in 2016 and 2017, the Street Festival's organizers were forced to move theirevent to a distant location in Washington, D.C.[164][165] The Festival's relocation became necessary after the Trump Organization negotiated a deal with the Kolumbiya okrugi hukumati that requires a 20 feet (6 m)-wide lane on Pennsylvania Avenue to remain open to the Trump International Hotel's customers and mashinalar to'xtash joyi service except during major events such as presidential inaugural parades, thus leaving insufficient space on the Avenue for the festival's activities and for those of other events formerly held near the building.[164]

Legal challenges associated with Trump's presidency

Bir kun oldin Trump's inauguration, Donald Trump and Michael Pence attended a "Leadership Luncheon" with his cabinet nominees and major donors at the Presidential Ballroom in the Trump International Hotel at the Old Post Office Pavilion in which attendees paid $1 million.[166][167][168] Ivanka Trump assisted in resolving disputes between the Inauguration Committee and the Hotel staff.[168]

After Donald J. Trump was inaugurated as President of the United States, the Trump International Hotel became the focus of legal controversy.[169] A former Mexican ambassador claimed to have heard that emissaries were being encouraged to stay at Trump hotels while visiting.[170] Trump family members, such as Ivanka, have profited from their stake in the hotel while Donald Trump has been president.[171]

Emoluments Clause lawsuits

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Donald Tramp bilan bog'liq sud jarayonlari ro'yxati
CREW va Trump
Asosiy maqola: CREW va Trump

In January 2017, a lawsuit against Trump was brought by Vashingtonda fuqarolar javobgarlik va axloq qoidalari uchun (CREW) and several prominent legal scholars—including Lorens Tribe ning Garvard yuridik fakulteti, former White House Special Counsel for Ethics and Government Reform Norman L. Eyzen, Ervin Chemerinskiy ning Irvin UC va Zephyr Teachout ning Fordxem universiteti.[172][173] The lawsuit argues that Trump is in violation of the Chet ellik yodgorliklar to'g'risidagi maqola ning Qo'shma Shtatlar because his hotels, as well as other businesses, are accepting payments from foreign guests.[172] The suit is pending in the Nyu-Yorkning janubiy okrugi uchun AQSh okrug sudi.[174]

District of Columbia and Maryland v. Trump
Asosiy maqola: D.C. and Maryland v. Trump

On June 12, 2017, the Attorney General Karl Rasin ning Kolumbiya okrugi va Bosh prokuror Brayan Frosh ning Merilend filed a joint lawsuit in the Merilend okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudi against President Trump alleging both chet el va domestic emoluments clause violations of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi.[175] Similar to CREW v. Trump, Attorneys General Racine and Frosh cite Tramp tashkiloti receipt of foreign money at Trump Hotels and other businesses as a violation of the constitution, and that this transaction negatively affects the economy of Washington, D.C. and Maryland, as well as the best interests of the American public.[176]

Blumenthal et. al. v. Trump
Asosiy maqola: Blumenthal v. Trump

On June 14, 2017, lead by Senator Richard Blumenthal va Vakil Jon Konyers, kichik, more than a third of the voting members of Kongress filed a lawsuit alleging violations of the Chet ellik yodgorliklar to'g'risidagi maqola seeking the right to be informed of and approve of gifts from foreign governments before they are received.[177] The lawsuit makes specific allegations concerning attempts to solicit foreign governments at the Old Post Office building.[178]

GSA contract

The Trump Organization's lease contract with the AQSh umumiy xizmatlar ma'muriyati, signed in 2013, provides that "no elected official of the government ... shall be admitted to any share or part of this Lease, or to any benefit that may arise therefrom."[169] In a letter to the GSA, Vashingtonda fuqarolar javobgarlik va axloq qoidalari uchun wrote: "Elected government officials are barred from receiving any benefit under the lease, and now that Mr. Trump has been sworn in today as President of the United States, Trump Old Post Office LLC, a company he largely owns, is in violation of the lease's conflicts-of-interest provision."[169] Since Trump's election as president, Demokratlar have taken the position he "must fully divest himself of all financial interests in the lease to be in compliance with the legal agreement."[179] In February 2017, Senators Tom Karper va Kler Makkaskill (the Democratic ranking members ning Milliy xavfsizlik va hukumat ishlari qo'mitasi va uning Tergov bo'yicha doimiy quyi qo'mita, respectively) wrote a letter to the GSA bosh inspektor, writing: "Since President Trump took the oath of office, the Trump Old Post Office, LLC appears to be in breach of the plain language of the lease agreement." They requested an inspector general inquiry.[179] In March 2017 the GSA announced that they considered the tenant of the property to be in full compliance with the terms of the lease, following a reorganization of the hotel's organizational structure and the placing of the property in a revocable trust.[180]On August 30, 2017, Bloomberg BNA reported that both the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the GSA Inspector General's Office of Inspections had confirmed that they were evaluating GSA's management and administration of the lease.[181] In January 2019, GSA General Counsel Jack St. John agreed with the single recommendation from Carol F. Ochoa's 47-page report in which the President's business interest in the Trump International Hotel at the Old Post Office building might constitute a violation of the emoluments clause and this might cause a breach of the lease.[182]

Trump response

President Donald Trump responded to the emolument clause allegations by outlining a plan where payments from foreign guests would be paid into the U.S. Treasury and to the GSA contract issues by placing his holdings into a trust directed by his children. This plan was criticized by Walter M. Shaub, direktori AQSh hukumat axloqiy boshqarmasi, who stated that "the plan does not comport with the tradition of our Presidents over the past 40 years" and was at odds with past practice, since "...every President in modern times has taken the strong medicine of divestiture."[183]

Siyosiy norozilik

Protesters at Trump Hotel, April 15, 2017

During the presidency of Donald Trump, the Old Post Office has become a frequent location of political protests. During the evening of May 15, 2017, artist Robin Bell projected messages onto the hotel's jabha that stated, among other things, "Emoluments Welcome," along with an animation of the flags of nations in which Trump had business projects.[184] On January 13, 2018, after Trump reportedly used the word "shithole" at a meeting, Bell projected onto the facade the message "Not a D.C. resident?" / "Need a place to stay?" / "Try our shithole".[185] Keyingi Bizning hayotimiz uchun mart anti-gun violence rally on March 24, 2018, many rally-goers left their signs by the hotel.[186][187]

Possible 2019 sale of hotel

In 2019 the Trump Organization announced that it was exploring the possible sale of the hotel. President Trump's son, Erik Tramp aytdi The Wall Street Journal that “People are objecting to us making so much money on the hotel, and therefore we may be willing to sell.”[188]

Clock tower and bells

One of the Bells of Congress hanging in the clock tower of the Old Post Office Building (2012)

The Old Post Office Building's 315-foot (96 m) clock tower is the third-highest building in Washington, D.C., after the Vashington yodgorligi va Beg'ubor kontseptsiya milliy maqbarasi bazilikasi.[189] The tower's 270-foot-high (82 m) observation deck offers panoramic views of the city and its surroundings.[9][189] The tower includes an exhibit depicting the building's long struggle for survival and a view of the interior workings of the illuminated clock.[15]

The Clock Tower houses the Bells of Congress (also known as the Ditchley Bells), which the Whitechapel Bell quyish cast and are replicas of bells in Vestminster abbatligi.[190] Sir David Wills, founder of the Ditchli fondi, donated the bells to the United States in commemoration of the nation's 1976 Ikki yillik.[190][191] However, the bells were not brought to the United States and installed in the Clock Tower until 1983.[190]

The 10-bell peal consists of bells ranging from 300 to 3,000 pounds (140 to 1,360 kg) and from 2 to 4.5 feet (0.61 to 1.37 m) in diameter.[190] Their composition is 78 percent copper and 22 percent tin.[190] Each bell features the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Buyuk muhri, Shohlikning buyuk muhri, and an image of the flower London mag'rurligi yengillikda.[192] Because the tower was not designed to hold bells, the architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings va Merrill and the structural engineering firm Cagley & Associates were hired to modify the tower so that it could accommodate the weight of the bells and the stress of their swings.[24]

The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.[190] The official bells of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi, they are one of the largest sets of qo'ng'iroqni o'zgartirish bells in North America.[190] Tower visitors can see the colored ropes that the bell-ringers pull to sound the bells but not the bells themselves, although plans are in the works to open a viewing area for the bells as well.[193]

Prior to the 2014 renovation, Milliy park xizmati rangers provided tours of the Clock Tower.[193] After stopping for three years during the tower's renovation, the ranger tours resumed in February 2017.[193] The service continued during the United States federal government shutdown of 2018–2019 of "all but the most essential" federal government services, including the National Park Service.[194]

Shuningdek qarang

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Bibliografiya

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Yozuvlar
Oldingi
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy		 Vashington shahridagi eng baland bino
1899–1959
96m		Muvaffaqiyatli
Beg'ubor kontseptsiya milliy maqbarasi bazilikasi