Watergate kompleksi - Watergate complex - Wikipedia

Votergeyt
WatergateFromAir.JPG
Watergate majmuasi Markaziy Vashingtonda joylashgan.
Watergate kompleksi
ManzilVashington, Kolumbiya
Koordinatalar38 ° 53′56 ″ N. 77 ° 03′15 ″ V / 38.89889 ° N 77.05417 ° Vt / 38.89889; -77.05417Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′56 ″ N. 77 ° 03′15 ″ V / 38.89889 ° N 77.05417 ° Vt / 38.89889; -77.05417
MaydonTumanli pastki
Qurilgan1962–1971
Me'morLuidji Moretti, maslahatchi me'mor;
Milton Fisher, arxitektor;
Boris Timchenko, landshaft me'mori
Arxitektura uslubiZamonaviy yodgorlik
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q05000540[1]
NRHP-ga qo'shildi2005 yil 12 oktyabr

The Watergate kompleksi oltita binolardan iborat guruhdir Tumanli pastki mahalla Vashington, Kolumbiya, Qo'shma Shtatlarda. Bilan qo'shni bo'lgan jami 10 gektar maydonni (4 ga) egallagan Jon F. Kennedi nomidagi ijrochilik san'ati markazi binolarga quyidagilar kiradi:

  • Watergate West (2700 Virginia Avenue NW), kooperativ kvartiralar.
  • Watergate 600 (Nyu-Xempshir sh. 600 NW), ofis binosi.
  • Watergate mehmonxonasi (2650 Virginia Avenue NW).
  • Watergate East (2500 Virginia Avenue NW), kooperativ kvartiralar.[2]
  • Watergate South (700 Nyu-Xempshir Avenyu NW), kooperativ kvartiralar.
  • Watergate ofis binosi (2600 Virginia Ave NW), joylashgan ofis binosi Votergeytdagi o'g'irlik sodir bo'ldi[3].

1963 yildan 1971 yilgacha qurilgan Uotergeyt Vashingtonning Kongress a'zolari va ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning siyosiy tayinlovchilari orasida mashhur bo'lgan Vashingtonning eng kerakli yashash joylaridan biri hisoblangan.[2][4] Kompleks 1980-yillardan beri bir necha bor sotilgan. 1990-yillar davomida u bo'linib ketdi va uning tarkibiy binolari va binolarning qismlari turli xil egalariga sotildi.[5][6]

1972 yilda .ning bosh qarorgohi Demokratik milliy qo'mita, keyin Watergate ofis binosining oltinchi qavatida joylashgan edi o'g'irlangan; saylovoldi tashviqotining shaxsiy hujjatlari suratga olindi va telefonlar tinglandi.[7] The AQSh Senatining tergovi o'g'rilik ma'muriyati yuqori mansabdor shaxslar aniqlandi Prezident Richard Nikson buzilishni buyurgan va keyinchalik ularning ishtirokini yashirishga harakat qilgan. Qo'shimcha jinoyatlar ham fosh etildi. The Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal, majmua nomi bilan atalgan, natijada Niksonning iste'foga chiqishi 1974 yil 9-avgustda.[8][9][10][11]

"Watergate" nomi va qo'shimchasi "-Darvoza "shundan beri AQSh va boshqa joylardagi munozarali mavzular va janjallar bilan sinonim bo'lib, jurnalistlar tomonidan qo'llanilmoqda,[12][13][14][15] hatto ingliz tili asosiy til bo'lmagan kontekstlarga ham taalluqlidir.[16]

Manzil

Uotergeyt majmuasining xaritasi, unda ko'cha bo'ylab joylashgan sobiq Xovard Jonsonning motorli lojasi va unga yaqin joylashgan Kennedi markazi ko'rsatilgan.

Votergeyt maydon shimoliy tomonidan chegaralangan Virjiniya avenyu, sharqda Nyu-Xempshir-avenyu, janubda F ko'chasi, g'arbda esa Rok-Krik va Potomak Parkway Potomak daryosi bo'yida joylashgan.[17] Bu Tumanli pastki mahalla, yonida Kennedi markazi va elchixonasi Saudiya Arabistoni. Eng yaqin Metro bekat, 0,4 milya (650 m) uzoqlikda joylashgan Tumanli pastki-GWU.

Sayt tarixi

Bir asrdan oshiqroq vaqt mobaynida Uotergeyt majmuasi egallab olgan er gazning gaz zavodlariga tegishli edi Washington Gas Light kompaniyasi ishlab chiqargan "ishlab chiqarilgan gaz "(vodorod, uglerod oksidi, metan va boshqa yonuvchan va yonmaydigan gazlarning aralashmasi) shahar bo'ylab isitish, pishirish va yoritish uchun.[18][19][20] 1947 yilda bu erda gaz qazib olish to'xtatildi va ko'p o'tmay zavod buzib tashlandi.[18]

1950 yillar davomida Jahon banki o'zining xalqaro shtab-kvartirasini shu erda va unga qo'shni joyda (hozirda Kennedi markazi joylashgan) qurishni o'ylagan, ammo noma'lum sabablarga ko'ra saytni rad etgan. U shtab-kvartirasini 1818 yilda joylashgan joyida qurgan H ko'chasi NW Vashingtonda[21]

Ismning kelib chiqishi

C&O Canal terminali milepostda nolga teng. Fotosuratda # 1 chiqindi Weir qoldiqlari va tortishish to'g'oni bo'lgan joyda ko'rsatilgan. "Uotergeyt G'arb" binosi orqa fonda.

"Votergeyt" nomi uning jismoniy va tarixiy kontekstining ko'plab jihatlari bilan bog'liq. "Watergate" nomi va qo'shimchasi "-Darvoza "shundan beri jurnalistlar Qo'shma Shtatlardagi munozarali mavzular va janjallar bilan sinonimga aylandi va ularga murojaat qildi[12][13][14][15] va boshqa joylarda, asosiy til sifatida ingliz tiliga ega bo'lmagan joylarda.[16]

Majmua sharqiy terminali yonida joylashgan Chesapeake va Ogayo kanali, 1831 yildan 1924 yilgacha faoliyat yuritgan va hozirda a Milliy tarixiy park. Rok-Krik bo'ylab tortishish to'g'onining qoldiqlari, shuningdek Weir chiqindisi # 1 ushbu saytda.[22] Bir vaqtlar kanal kompaniyasiga tegishli bo'lgan erlar 1960 yilda loyihani ishlab chiquvchi Rim tomonidan sotib olingan 10 gektar (4 ga) maydonning bir qismi bo'lgan. Società Generale Immobiliare (SGI).[23]

Uning 2018 yilgi kitobida Votergeyt: Amerikaning eng taniqli manzili ichida, muallif Jozef Rodota rivojlanish guruhidagi manbalarga asoslanib, ismning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida uchta hisobot berdi: Muallif va dramaturg Uorren Adler, ishlab chiquvchilar uchun publitsist sifatida ishlayotganda, bu nom bilan chiqdi; Dastlabki saytni Societa Generale Immobiliare-ga taklif qilgan Nyu-Yorklik moliyachi Nikolas Salgo bu nomni Water Gate Inn egasi Marjori Xendriksdan sotib oldi; va uchta mahalliy rahbar - Societa Generale Immobiliare xodimi Juzeppe Cekchi, Nikolas Salgo va Roys Uord - qisman Water Gate Inn-dan ilhomlanib, ismni taklif qildilar va uni Rimdagi ofisdagi rahbarlarga tasdiqlash uchun tavsiya qildilar. Rodotaning so'zlariga ko'ra, Societa Generale Immobiliare-ning saqlanib qolgan fayllarida Watergate ismining birinchi ishlatilishi 1961 yil 8 iyundagi Juzeppe Cecchi mualliflik qilgan memorandum bo'lib, kelajakdagi rasmiylar bilan erta uchrashuvni yakunlab bergan. Jon F. Kennedi nomidagi ijrochilik san'ati markazi taklif qilingan loyiha haqida.[24]

Uning 2009 yilgi kitobida Prezident kuchi sud jarayonida: Votergeytdan tortib to barcha Prezident odamlariga, Uilyam Noblning yozishicha, Votergeyt "o'z nomini toshqin oqimida Potomak daryosidan Gelgit havzasiga oqib tushishini tartibga soluvchi" darvoza "ga qarashdan olgan".[25] O'sha darvoza (yaqin Jefferson yodgorligi ) Uotergeyt majmuasidan pastga qarab 2,4 km masofada joylashgan.

Yana bir nomdosh - "Water Gate Inn" restorani (1942-1966), bu erda Watergate majmuasi qurilishidan yigirma yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida ishlagan.[26]

2004 yilda, Vashington Post yozuvchi Jon Kelli bu nomning "Suv ​​zinapoyalari" yoki "Suv ​​darvozasi" bilan bevosita bog'liqligini ta'kidladi, Linkoln yodgorligi bu Potomakka tushdi.[27][28][29] Dastlab qadamlar shaharga tantanali kirish eshigi va Virjiniyadan suv taksisi orqali Vashingtonga kelgan mehmonlarni rasmiy qabul qilish joyi sifatida rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo ular hech qachon bu funktsiyani bajarmagan edilar.[27] Buning o'rniga, 1935 yildan boshlab, Potomak daryosidagi suzuvchi ijro sahnasi zinapoyalarga o'rnatildi. Bu erda ochiq kontsertlar o'tkaziladigan joy bo'lgan va tomoshabinlar zinapoyada o'tirishlari mumkin edi.[27][28] 12 minggacha odam zinapoyalarda va atrofdagi maysalarda simfoniyalar, harbiy orkestrlar va operalarni tinglash uchun o'tirardi. Barj kontsertlari 1965 yilda reaktiv samolyot xizmati boshlanganda tugagan Milliy aeroport va shovqin joyning yashash qobiliyatini yomonlashtirdi.[19][27][28][30][31][32]

Musiqa joyi kinofilmlardagi sahnalarda tasvirlangan Uy qayig'i (1958) [19] va Kecha tug'ilgan (1950).[33]

Tarix

Taklif etilayotgan kompleks

Watergate kompleksi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Italyancha SGI firmasi.[34][35] Kompaniya 10 gektar maydonni (40000 m.) Sotib oldi2) bekor qilingan narsaga tegishli Chesapeake va Ogayo kanali 1960 yil fevralda $ 10 million.[34][35][36][37] Loyiha 1960 yil 21 oktyabrda e'lon qilingan.[36] Luidji Moretti ning Rim universiteti bosh me'mor va Milton Fischer, DC-da joylashgan Corning, Mur, Elmore va Fischer firmalarining me'mori.[4][17][28][34][36][38][39][40][41] Ko'p qavatli uylarda birinchi va ikkinchi qavatlardagi ikki qavatli uylar, yuqori qavatdagi uylar esa xususiy uyingizda edi teraslar va kaminlar.[2][4] Butun majmuani loyihalashtirishda elektron xavfsizlik tizimi shu qadar keng ko'lamda yaratilganki, matbuot "bosqinchilar aniqlanmagan asoslarga kirishda qiynaladi" deb da'vo qilmoqda.[4] Boris V. Timchenko, taniqli D.C. landshaft me'mori, 150 dan ortiq ekish joylari, palapartishlik kabi tovushlar yaratish uchun mo'ljallangan favvoralar qatlamlari, uyingizda tomorqalari, suzish havzalari va 7 gektar maydonni (28000 m) o'z ichiga olgan maydonlarni loyihalashni nazorat qildi.2) park.[4][41] Ekuvchilar kabi landshaft xususiyatlari, shuningdek, kvartiralar o'rtasida maxfiylik to'siqlarini yaratish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.[38] Kompleks birinchi bo'ldi aralash ishlatiladigan rivojlanish Kolumbiya okrugida,[20][42][43] va hududni sanoat tumani emas, balki biznes va turar joy sifatida belgilashga yordam berish uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[41] "Uotergeyt" majmuasi "shahar ichidagi shahar" bo'lib, shu qadar ko'p qulayliklar yaratadiki, aholi chiqib ketishga hojat qolmaydi. Ular orasida 24 soatlik qabul qiluvchi, Watergate mehmonxonasi, sog'liqni saqlash klubi, restoranlar, savdo majmuasi, tibbiy va stomatologik idoralar, oziq-ovqat, dorixona, pochta aloqasi va alkogol do'konlari tomonidan xizmat ko'rsatiladigan xonalar bor edi.[20] O'sha paytda, bu nafaqat xususiy mablag'lar hisobiga amalga oshirilgan Kolumbiya okrugidagi eng katta yangilanish harakati edi.[44]

Dastlab, loyiha 75 million dollarga tushishi kerak edi va 1400 xonadondan iborat 16 qavatli oltita bino, 350 xonali mehmonxona, ofis xonalari, do'konlar, 19 ta hashamatli "villalar" (shahar uylari ) va 1250 ta avtomobil uchun uch darajali er osti to'xtash joyi.[17][36][38] Votergeytning egri tuzilmalari yaqin atrofdagi ikkita elementni taqlid qilishga mo'ljallangan edi. Birinchisi, taklif qilingan Ichki halqa tezyurar yo'li, egri chiziq Avtomagistral yaqin o'n yil ichida Uotergeytning oldida qurilishi kutilmoqda.[4][a] Ikkinchisi - yaqin atrofdagi Kennedi markazi, keyin rejalashtirish bosqichida va asl dizayni egri chiziqli bo'lishi kerak edi.[28][34] Keyinchalik Kennedi markazi iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra to'rtburchaklar shaklini qabul qilgan bo'lsa-da, Watergate majmuasining dizayni o'zgarmadi.[34][52] Aytgancha, egri tuzilmalar, shuningdek, kvartira aholisiga Potomak daryosining ajoyib ko'rinishini beradi.[38] Strukturadagi egri chiziqlar tufayli "Uotergeyt" majmuasi Qo'shma Shtatlardagi birinchi yirik qurilish loyihalaridan biri bo'lib, unda kompyuterlar dizayn ishlarida muhim rol o'ynagan.[4][20][53]

Qarama-qarshiliklarni tasdiqlash

Kolumbiya okrugi Qo'shma Shtatlar hukumatining qarorgohi bo'lganligi sababli, shahardagi binolarga (xususan, shahar markazidagi binolarga, federal binolar va yodgorliklarga yaqin) binolar bo'yicha takliflar keng, murakkab va ko'p vaqt talab qiladigan tasdiqlash jarayonidan o'tishi kerak. Watergate majmuasini tasdiqlash jarayoni besh bosqichdan iborat edi. Birinchi bosqich taklif etilayotgan loyihani hamda birinchi taklif qilingan bino sifatida ko'rib chiqildi.[54] Qolgan to'rt bosqich o'z navbatida qolgan to'rtta binolarni ko'rib chiqdilar.[54] Har bir bosqichda uchta alohida rejalashtirish organlari tasdiqlashlari kerak edi: Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC), Kolumbiya okrugini rayonlashtirish komissiyasi (DCZC) va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasi (USCFA) (ular atrof-muhitga estetik jihatdan mos kelishini ta'minlash uchun Potomak daryosida qurilgan binolarni tasdiqlash vakolatiga ega edi).[55]

1961 yil dekabrda, loyiha ommaviy e'lon qilinganidan 14 oy o'tgach, Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) loyihaning 16 qavatli binolari Linkoln yodgorligi va taklif qilingan "Milliy madaniy markaz" (keyinchalik Jon F. Kennedi nomidagi Ijro san'ati markazi deb nomlangan) soyasida qolishi mumkinligidan xavotir bildirdi.[44] O'sha paytda, Kolumbiya okrugi faqat binolar ko'chalari bo'ylab joylashgan binolardan tashqari barcha binolarda balandligi 90 metr (27 m) bo'lgan.[44] Balandlikdan voz kechish uchun SGI majmuaga chakana savdo ofislarini kiritishi kerak edi, ammo keyinchalik sayt faqat ko'p qavatli uylar uchun rayonlashtirildi.[44] Shunday qilib, dastlabki tasdiqlash avval Kolumbiya okrugini rayonlashtirish komissiyasidan olinishi kerak edi.[56]

1962 yil aprel oyining o'rtalarida DCZC tasdiqlash masalasini ko'rib chiqish uchun yig'ilguncha, loyiha qiymati 50 million AQSh dollarigacha qisqartirildi.[56] Chunki Kolumbiya okrugi etishmayotgan edi uy qoidasi, DCZC rejalashtiruvchilari federal hukumat idoralari bilan muvofiqlashtirmasdan harakat qilishni xohlamadilar.[56][57] Bundan tashqari, ko'plab fuqarolar rahbarlari, me'morlar, ishbilarmon odamlar va shahar rejalashtiruvchilari DCZC-ga qadar loyihaga qarshi chiqishdi, chunki ular juda baland va juda katta bo'lishidan qo'rqishdi.[56] Aprel oyining oxiriga kelib, DCZC o'z qarorini kechiktirishi haqida e'lon qildi.[58] Tasviriy san'at komissiyasida ham tashvish bor edi: u erning bir qismi jamoat joyi sifatida saqlanib qolishi kerak edi[44] va taklif qilinayotgan binolarning balandligi bilan bir qatorda ularning binolariga e'tiroz bildirdi zamonaviy dizayn.[59] DCZC yig'ilishidan uch kun o'tib, USCFA, Uotergeytni rivojlantirish masalasida uning muammolari hal qilinmaguncha "ushlab turish" haqida e'lon qildi.[59] Ushbu qarshilikka qarshi turish uchun SGI rasmiylari 1962 yil aprel oyida Nyu-Yorkda USCFA a'zolari bilan uchrashdilar va majmua dizaynini himoya qildilar.[58][60] SGI shuningdek, Watergate-ning rejalashtirilgan balandligini 16 qavatdan 14 qavatga qisqartirdi.[4][17] 1962 yil may oyida NCPC loyihani ko'rib chiqdi. Dizayn rejasidagi qo'shimcha tuzatishlar xarajatlarni 65 million dollarga etkazdi, garchi hozirda atigi 17 ta villa rejalashtirilgan bo'lsa ham.[35] Ushbu taklif asosida NCPC Watergate rejasini tasdiqladi.[61]

NCPC ko'magi bilan SGI tovonlarini qazib oldi: u o'zining egri chiziqli dizayni (hozirda "Watergate Towne" deb nomlangan) tasdiqlanmaguncha, yoqimsiz, tashlandiq tijorat saytini rivojlantirishdan manfaatdor emasligini e'lon qildi va DCZC komissarlarini kechikib lobbi qildi. May, ularga tuman arxitektura merosi va zamonaviy arxitektura go'zalligi to'g'risida ma'ruza qildi.[20][62][63] SGI rasmiylari, shuningdek, USCFA-ni lobbilar. Ayni paytda, oq uy xodimlar buni ma'lum qildilar Kennedi ma'muriyati majmuaning balandligi 27 metrga (90 metr) tushirilishini xohladi.[4] Uchta asosiy xodim loyihaga balandlik bo'yicha qarshi chiqishdi: Artur M. Shlezinger, kichik., Prezidentning maxsus yordamchisi; Avgust Xekscher III, san'at bo'yicha maxsus maslahatchi; va Kennedi oilasining ishonchli vakili Uilyam Uolton.[64] Uch kishi qisqacha ma'lumot berishdi Prezident Jon F. Kennedi masala bo'yicha, ammo balandlikni kamaytirishni talab qilish to'g'risida kim qaror qabul qilgani yoki kim bu so'rovni ommaviy qilgani aniq emas edi.[64] Oq uyning e'lon qilinishi ko'pchilikni ajablantirdi va federal va shaharsozlarni xafa qildi, ular buni o'zlarining faoliyatiga prezident aralashuvi deb hisoblashdi.[64]

SGI bosh me'mori, Gábor Ács va Watergate bosh me'mori Luidji Moretti 17 may kuni Nyu-Yorkka uchib ketdi va USCFA a'zolari bilan uch soatlik uchrashuvda majmua dizaynini himoya qildi.[4][57] SGI qurilishdagi rejalashtirilgan binolarning uchtasini 13 qavatli (112 fut) qisqartirishga rozi bo'ldi, qolgan bino esa 40 metrga ko'tarildi.[4][17][57] SGI shuningdek, Uotergeyt o'lchamini 1,73 million kvadrat metrgacha (161 000 m) qisqartirish orqali ko'proq bo'sh joy qo'shishga rozilik berdi.21,911 million kvadrat metrdan (177500 m)2) va ba'zi binolarni yo'naltirish yoki qayta joylashtirish orqali.[57] USCFA 28-mayda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan qurilish rejasiga rozilik berdi, Oq Uy o'z e'tirozlarini qaytarib oldi va DCZC 13-iyul kuni yakuniy tasdiqini berdi.[4][58][65][66][67][68] Yakuniy reja bitta binoni ikkiga bo'lib, to'rtta qurilish loyihasini emas, beshtasini yaratdi.[65][68] Keyinchalik Moretti, ehtimol baribir binolarning balandligini pasaytirgan bo'lardi, deb tan oldi,[38] va tasdiqlash jarayoni nisbatan muammosiz o'tdi deb o'ylardi.[40] Qurilish 1963 yil bahorida va so'nggi besh yilda boshlanishi kutilgan edi.[68]

Uotergeyt loyihasi bitta so'nggi bahsga duch keldi. Guruh Protestantlar va boshqa amerikaliklar cherkov va davlatni ajratish uchun birlashgan loyihalashtirishga qarshi milliy xat yozish kampaniyasini boshladi, chunki rayonlashtirishga imtiyozlar berilmagan bo'lar edi Vatikan SGI-ning asosiy investorlari bo'lmagan.[20][69] 1962 yil noyabr oyining o'rtalariga kelib Kongressga 2000 dan ortiq, Oq Uyga yana 1500 ta norozilik xati yuborildi.[69] Ammo guruhning qurilishni to'xtatishga urinishi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va loyiha oldinga siljidi.

Loyiha 1962 yil oxirida 44 million dollarlik moliyaviy yordamni qo'lga kiritdi va 1963 yil may oyida qurilishga ruxsat oldi.[55][70][71] Birinchi bino - Watergate East kvartirasida qurilish 1963 yil avgustda boshlangan.[17][72] Quruvchi Magazine Bros. Construction edi.[4] Poydevorni buzish 1963 yil avgustda sodir bo'lgan va katta qazish ishlari 1964 yil may oyiga qadar yakunlangan.[4][17]

AQSh Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi yana bir bor loyihani qayta ko'rib chiqishga urindi. 1963 yil oktyabr oyida USCFA Watergate majmuasining balandligi, uning oldidagi avtoulov yo'lagidan o'lchanganidek, kelishilgan balandlik cheklovlaridan oshib ketishini ta'kidladi.[55] Biroq, SGI rasmiylari me'morlar qurish kerak bo'lgan mol-mulkni eng yuqori nuqtadan o'lchashlari qonun bilan talab qilinadi; ushbu o'lchov yordamida bino 1962 yil may oyidagi kelishuv qoidalariga javob berdi.[55] 1963 yil 10-yanvarda SGI va USCFA majmua balandligi suv sathidan 140 metrdan (43 metr) oshmasligi (yaqin atrofdagi Linkoln yodgorligidan 10 dyuym past), 300 xonadondan kam kvartira qurilishi to'g'risida kelishib oldilar. (aholi zichligini kamaytirish uchun) va taklif qilinayotgan hashamatli villalarni yo'q qilish (ko'proq ochiq joylarni yaratish uchun).[54] Biroq, hashamatli pentxaus kvartiralari, agar ular mavjud bo'lsa, ular 43 metrlik chegaradan oshib ketishlari mumkin edi orqaga qaytish binoning chetidan va 14-qavat oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan edi.[54] Ushbu tuzatishlar bilan birinchi turar-joy majmuasining umumiy qiymati (sanitariya-tesisat, elektr energiyasi va bezakdan tashqari) 12 184 376 dollarga baholandi.[54]

Qurilish

Qurilish davom etdi. Birinchi bino, 110 metrlik (34 m) Watergate East sharqining poydevori va poydevori 1964 yil sentyabr oyida qurib bitkazildi va metall va beton uskuna oktyabrda ko'tarildi.[72] 1964 yil sentyabr oyida "Watergate" ishlab chiqaruvchilari "Washington Gas Light Co." butun majmuani isitish va konditsioner bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha birinchi turdagi shartnomani imzoladilar.[73] Watergate East 1965 yil may oyida qurib bitkazildi va bir oy o'tgach, birinchi namunaviy kvartira uyi tomosha qilish uchun jamoatchilikka ochildi.[74] Bino 1965 yil 23 oktyabrda rasmiy ravishda ochildi va birinchi ijarachilar bir necha kundan keyin ko'chib o'tdilar.[4][75] 238 narxlari kooperativ kvartira birliklar samaradorligi uchun 17000 dollardan pentxauslar uchun 250.000 dollardan oshiqgacha o'zgargan va 1967 yil aprelga kelib deyarli butunlay sotilgan.[2][4][41] O'rtacha kvartirada ikkita yotoq xonasi, ikki yarim vannalar, ovqat xonasi va oshxona bor edi va ularning narxi 60 ming dollarni tashkil etdi.[2] Er osti garajidagi har bir to'xtash joyi 3000 dollarni tashkil etdi.[2] Ijarachilar o'zlarining binolariga 1966 yil 8 aprelda egalik qilishdi.[76] Noyabr oyida, a Xavfsiz yo'l Supermarket, a Xalqlar giyohvandligi (endi nomi bilan tanilgan CVS dorixonasi ), go'zallik saloni, sartaroshxona, bank, novvoyxona, alkogol do'koni, florist, kimyoviy tozalash, pochta aloqasi shoxobchasi, yuqori darajadagi do'konlar va yuqori darajadagi restoran birinchi qavatda joylashgan savdo maydonchasida istiqomat qilishdi.[4][41][77][78] Riverview Realty majmuaning lizing agenti bo'lgan.[4]

Ikkinchi bino, 11 qavatli ofis binosi va mehmonxonada qurilish 1965 yil fevral oyida boshlangan.[79] Ikkalasi ham 1967 yil 30 martda ochilgan; Watergate mehmonxonasi o'sha kuni birinchi mehmonlarini kutib oldi.[4][80] 12 qavatli mehmonxona dastlab 213 xonani o'z ichiga olgan bo'lsa, mehmonxonaga a tomonidan biriktirilgan 12 qavatli ofis binosi ustunli, 200.000 kvadrat metr (19000 m) bo'lgan2) ofis maydoni.[41] Birlashtirilgan mehmonxona / ofis binosi sog'liqni saqlash klubini, birinchi qavatda do'konlar uchun joyni va eng yuqori qavatda joylashgan "Roman Terrace" restoranini o'z ichiga olgan.[4][41] Keyinchalik aprel oyida Demokratik milliy qo'mita binoning chakana savdo bo'limida ijaraga olingan ofis maydoni.[81]

Majmuadagi uchinchi bino, Watergate South,[20] 1968 yil iyun oyida ochilgan. Bu majmuadagi boshqa binolardan 260 ta turar joyni o'z ichiga olgan.[82]

Majmuadagi to'rtinchi bino, Watergate West kvartiralari qurilishi 1967 yil iyul oyida boshlangan.[83] Tugallanmagan binoda 30 mingdan 140 ming dollargacha bo'lgan kvartiralar 1967 yil oktyabr oyida sotila boshlandi, bu majmuaning tuman aholisi tomonidan qanchalik mashhur bo'lganligidan dalolat beradi.[77][84] Watergate West chiqib ketdi 1968 yil 16-avgustda ushbu loyiha qiymati 70 million dollarga ko'tarildi.[85] Qurilish 1969 yilda yakunlangan.[4]

5-bino

Majmuaning beshinchi va yakuniy inshooti bo'lgan Votergeyt ofis binosi qurilishi to'g'risida tortishuvlar yuzaga keldi. Uning asl dizayni ko'proq joy va yorug'lik yaratish uchun yuqori qavatlar orqaga qarab 140 metrlik (43 m) inshootni talab qildi.[86] Ammo 1965 yil iyun oyida, Kennedi markazida qazish va tozalash ishlari boshlanganda, uning himoyachilari so'nggi Watergate binosining rejalashtirilgan balandligini pasaytirish uchun tashviqot qilishni boshladilar.[86] The umumiy maslahat chunki Kennedi Markazi USCFA-ga Watergate Town (rivojlanish "e" tushgan) Kennedi markazining estetikasiga zarar etkazadigan va uning parki atrofiga kirib boradigan 170 metrlik (52 m) bino qurishni rejalashtirayotganini aytdi.[86] Uotergeytning advokatlari ularning binolari kelishilgan balandligi 43 metr bo'lgan balandlikda bo'lishiga javob berishdi.[86]

Ushbu kelishmovchilik qariyb ikki yil davom etdi,[87] rejalashtirilgan 1967 yildagi kuzni kechiktirish bilan qurilishni boshlash.[88] Kabi Watergate kvartirasining aholisi Senator Ueyn Mors SFCni Kennedi markazining xohishlariga qo'shilishga majbur qilish uchun USFCA, DCZC va NCPC-ni lobbi qildi.[89] 1967 yil noyabr oyida USCFA Watergate loyihasini tasdiqlaganligini tasdiqladi.[90] DCZC o'z tasdig'ini berish arafasida paydo bo'lganida, Kennedi Markazi DCZC nizolarga nisbatan yurisdiksiyaga ega emasligini ta'kidladi.[91] DCZC rozi bo'lmadi va o'z vakolatini qayta tasdiqladi.[91] Keyin Kennedi Markazi DCZC o'z e'tirozlarini to'g'ri ko'rib chiqmaganligi va uni tasdiqlashni boshqa muhokamalarga qadar kechiktirishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.[92] Tuman yuridik maslahatchisi rozi emas, DCZCga uning tasdiqlash to'g'risidagi qarorini tasdiqlash (yoki yo'q) uchun ruxsat berib,[92] buni rayonlashtirish komissiyasi 1967 yil 30 noyabrda amalga oshirdi.[93]

SGI beshinchi bino ustidan sud kurashida g'alaba qozonganiga qaramay, shahar shaharsozlari Kennedi markazi va Uotergeyt o'rtasidagi nizolarga vositachilik qilishga va qonuniy emas, balki shartnomaviy qarorga erishishga harakat qilishdi. 1967 yil 7 dekabrda ikkala tomonga uchta alohida taklif berildi.[94] 1968 yil 22-aprelda SGI o'zining "Watergate" majmuasini biroz ko'proq ochish va Kennedi markaziga biroz bo'sh joy berish uchun o'zining beshinchi binosini janubi-g'arbiy tomon burilishga rozi bo'ldi.[95] Kennedi Markazi ushbu taklifni qabul qilgan bo'lsa-da, beshinchi binoga ushbu hududning turar joy tabiatini saqlab qolish uchun to'liq ofis maydoniga bag'ishlangan emas, balki turar-joy binolari kirishini talab qildi.[96] Endi kurash NCPCga ko'chib o'tdi. 1968 yil iyun oyida NCPC sud majlisini o'tkazdi, unda 150 dan ortiq Watergate kvartirasida yashovchilar SGI rasmiylari bilan oxirgi binoning tabiati to'g'risida to'qnash kelishdi.[97] 1968 yil 8-avgustda SGI va Kennedi markazi qarorga kelishib, beshinchi binoning atigi 25 foizini 1,7 million kvadrat metr (160 ming metr) egallashdi.2) ofis maydoni sifatida ishlatiladi va qolgan maydon kvartiralarga aylanadi.[96] NCPC 1968 yil noyabr oyida qayta ko'rib chiqilgan rejani tasdiqladi va DCZC buni besh hafta o'tgach amalga oshirdi, xususan binoni rayonlashtirish uchun notijorat tashkilot va professional faqat foydalaning.[98][99]

Beshinchi bino 1971 yil yanvar oyida qurib bitkazilgan.[17] Uning birinchi ijarachisi 1971 yil fevral oyida yashashni ta'minlagan avtomagistral xavfsizligi sug'urta instituti va uning birinchi yirik ijarachisi butun sakkizinchi qavatni ijaraga olgan Ishchi kuchini baholash va rivojlantirish instituti edi.[4] 1972 yil oktyabr oyida "Les Champs" nomli savdo maydonchasida bir nechta yuqori darajadagi moda butiklari, zargarlar va restoran ochildi.[4]

Loyihaning umumiy qiymati 78 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[20]

Tanqidiy qabul

Watergate kompleksining o'ziga xos arxitekturasi

Uotergeytning dastlabki qabulxonasi juda yomon bo'lgan, ammo tez orada D.C.ning zamonaviy me'morchilikning eng yaxshi namunalaridan biri sifatida tanilgan. 1961 yilda Votergeytning modellari namoyish etilganda, tanqidchilar ushbu inshoot "qirg'oqni buzadi" deb aytishgan.[4] Boshqa tanqidchilar buni "mos kelmaydigan" deb qoralashgan va "Antipasto on Potomac" deb rad etishgan.[58] Yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek, ko'plab odamlar Potomak daryosining to'sib qo'yilgan ko'rinishini sezishgan, yaqin atrofdagi yodgorliklar va boshqa binolarga soya solishga moyil bo'lishgan va juda ko'p ochiq joylarni iste'mol qilishgan. Ba'zi aholi, hatto bloklarning qurilishini sifatsiz deb hisoblashgan.[100] Arxitektura tanqidchilari tafsilotlarni "beparvo" deb atashdi.[28]

The Washington Star ammo gazeta Votergeytning dastlabki tarafdori edi. 1962 yil may oyida u tahririyatda shunday deb yozgan edi: "To'g'ri," egri chiziqli "deb nomlangan dizayn Vashingtondagi aksariyat tijorat me'morchiligiga zid keladi. Ammo bizning fikrimizcha, natijada jamoat ochiq maydonlari va bog'ga o'xshash atrof-muhitga ustunlik beriladi. Va shaharning eng yaxshi darajasiga ega bo'lgan uy-joy sifatini taklif qiladigan narsa, bu alohida boylik bo'ladi. "[4] Burilish dizayni maqtovni davom ettirdi. 2006 yilda qayd etilgan shahar me'morchiligiga oid qo'llanmada Votergeyt shaharning quti ko'rinishiga "xush kelibsiz suyuqlik" keltirgan degan xulosaga keldi.[28] Boshqalar majmuaning ichki jamoat joylarini maqtashdi. 1965 yilda Watergate East ochilganda, Washington Post bu sohalarni boy va italiyalik dizayndagi eng yaxshi deb atagan.[101] The New York Times dizaynni "supurish" deb ta'riflagan va har bir binoning Potomak daryosi, Virjiniya silsilasi va yodgorliklarning ajoyib manzaralarini maqtagan.[41] Keyinchalik ko'plab aholining aytishicha, oqayotgan chiziqlar ularga nafis kemani eslatgan.[2]

Watergate II

1970 yilda, Votergeyt qurilishi tugashiga yaqin bo'lganida, SGI dengiz bo'yida "Watergate II" kvartirasini, mehmonxonani va ofis majmuasini qurishni taklif qildi. Iskandariya, Virjiniya, Potomak daryosi bo'ylab asl Watergate tomonidan.[102] Dastlab loyiha Iskandariya shahri rasmiylari va ishbilarmonlari, shahar aholisi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan bo'lsa-da Eski shahar qat'iy e'tiroz bildirdi.[103][104][105] Ushbu loyiha ikki yil davomida aholining noroziligi va loyiha joylashtirilishi kerak bo'lgan qirg'oqqa egalik huquqiga oid er mojarosi tufayli to'xtab qoldi.[105][106]

Watergate II loyihasi oxir-oqibat juda katta kompleks foydasiga qoldirildi Landmark savdo markazi Iskandariyada (suv yaqinidagi joy).[106]

Votergeytdagi alohida binolar

Kompleks. The Kennedi markazi fonda ko'rinadi. Chap o'rtada joylashgan quti bino avvalgisidir Xovard Jonsonning motorli turar joyi, 1972 yilgi Votergeytdagi o'g'rilik paytida ko'chadagi buzilishlarni va telefonlarni tinglashni kuzatishda foydalanilgan.

Butun Watergate kompleksi dastlab SGI bo'limi Watergate Improvements, Inc kompaniyasiga tegishli edi.[40] 1969 yilda Vatikan SGIga bo'lgan qiziqishini sotdi va endi "Watergate" ning qisman egasi emas edi.[107] Uotergeyt shahardagi eng jozibali turar joylardan biri deb hisoblangan bo'lsa-da, 1970 yillarning o'zida aholi va korxonalar sifatsiz qurilishlardan, shu jumladan tomning oqishi va sanitariya-tesisat va simlarning yomonligidan shikoyat qilishgan.[100]

Uchta Watergate kvartirasi 600 ga yaqin turar joydan iborat.[42] Ko'plab taniqli o'tmishdoshlar orasida quyidagilar mavjud: Alfred S. Bloomingdeyl,[108][109] Anna Chennault,[110][111] Bob va Elizabeth Dole (Watergate South),[108][112][113] Plasido Domingo,[108][114][115][116] Rut Bader Ginsburg (Watergate South),[108][112] Alan Greinspan,[4][108][117][118] Monika Levinskiy (u qisqa vaqt ichida majmuadagi onasining kvartirasida qoldi),[108][119][120] Senator Rassel Long,[2][121][122][123] Clare Boothe Luce (1983 yildan keyin),[124][125][126] Robert Maknamara,[4][108] Jon va Marta Mitchell,[108][113][121][127][128] Pol O'Nil,[129][130] Kondoliza Rays,[108][131][132] Mstislav Rostropovich,[108][133][134] Moris Stans,[113][116] Ben Shteyn,[135][136][137] Gerbert Shteyn,[138][139] Jon Uorner va Elizabeth Teylor (nikoh paytida),[108][140][o'lik havola ] Kaspar Vaynberger,[141][142] Charlz Z. Vik,[108][109][143] va Rozi Meri Vuds.[108][113] Kongress a'zolari va yuqori martabali ijro etuvchi hokimiyatning siyosiy tayinlovchilari orasida "Uotergeyt" ning obro'si majmua ochilgan paytdan beri kuchli bo'lib kelmoqda. Juda ko'p a'zolari Nikson ma'muriyati Vashington, Kolumbiya matbuoti bu haqda fikr bildirgan[144] va unga "Respublika Bastiliyasi" laqabini berdi.[4] Kompleks 1980-yillarning boshlarida uyg'onish davrini boshdan kechirdi va ko'pligi sababli "Oq Uy G'arb" deb nomlandi. Reygan ma'muriyati u erda yashovchi amaldorlar.[4][109]

Uotergeyt majmuasi 1970-yillarda o'zgargan va 1990 va 2000 yillarda (o'n yillikda) har bir bino alohida sotilgan (quyida ko'rib chiqing). Biroq, qat'iy ijara shartnomalari ko'p qavatli uylarni aholining qo'lida ushlab turdi: Masalan, Uotergeyt janubida egalar o'zlarining uylarini to'liq yil o'tguncha ijaraga ololmaydilar va hech qanday ijara muddati ikki yildan ortiq davom etishi mumkin emas.[20] 1977 yilda Watergate-ning moliyachilaridan biri (Nikolas Salgo) va Continental Illinois Properties SGI-ning qurilishdagi ulushini 49 million dollarga sotib oldi.[145][146] Ikki yil o'tgach, Continental Illinoys o'z foizlarini sotdi Milliy ko'mir kengashi Buyuk Britaniyadagi Pensiya jamg'armasi[147] Salgo 1986 yilda ham shunday qilgan.[4] Ko'mir kengashining pensiya jamg'armasi "Uotergeyt" majmuasini 1989 yilda sotuvga qo'ydi va majmuaning qiymatini 70 dan 100 million dollargacha baholadi.[5] 1990-yillarda bir nechta binolar sotilgan (batafsil ma'lumot uchun quyida ko'ring).[5] 1991 yilda mulk 278 million dollarga baholandi.[20] O'sha yili samaradorlik birliklari 95000 dollarga sotilgan, pentxaus kvartiralari esa 1 million dollarga yoki undan ko'proqga sotilgan.[20] 2000-yillarning boshlarida (o'n yilliklarda) turli xil binolar yana sotildi.[6] 2005 yilda majmuadagi barcha chakana savdo maydonchalari sotuvga qo'yildi.[3]

Saytni ozgina qayta qurish Watergate birinchi qurilganidan beri 40 yil ichida sodir bo'lgan. Kompleks hali ham uchta hashamatli ko'p qavatli uylarni, mehmonxona / ofis binosini va ikkita ofis binosini o'z ichiga oladi.[42] Barcha rivojlanish ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri 2005 yil 21 oktyabrda.[148]

Watergate East

Watergate East turar-joy binosi, ehtimol, rivojlanishdagi beshta bino orasida ikkinchi o'rinda turadi. U 1966 yilda ochilganda shaharda eng ko'p terilgan yashash joyiga aylandi.[2]

Bino qurilishi bilan bog'liq muammolar u foydalanib bo'lgandan ko'p o'tmay aniq bo'ldi. 1968 yilga kelib tomidan sizib chiqayotgan edi.[149] Washington Post 1968 yil oktyabr oyida SGI ushbu kompleksni beshinchi bino qurilishiga qarshi bo'lgan aholisi qarshilik ko'rsatmasa, qochqinlarni bartaraf etishdan bosh tortgani haqida xabarlarni e'lon qildi.[149] 1970 yilga kelib, Watergate East-dagi muammolar matbuotni binoni "Potomac Titanic" deb nomlashiga olib keldi.[100] va uning aholisi 1971 yilda tuzuvchi bilan bog'liq muammolarni tuzatish uchun ishlab chiquvchiga qarshi da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qilishdi.[77] 1970 yil fevral oyida o'tkazilgan yana bir sud da'volari kooperativ o'ziniki deb bilgan er osti avtoulov garajiga eksklyuziv kirish huquqini qidirdi va ishlab chiquvchidan aholining to'xtash joyidagi joylarni sotishni to'xtatishni talab qildi.[77] SGI "zararli xijolat" ayblovi bilan 4 million dollarlik qarshi da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi va besh yildan so'ng fuqarolarga ishlarni hal qilish uchun 600 ming dollar to'ladi.[4]

1970 yilda Uotergeyt Sharqda ham katta norozilik namoyishi bo'lib o'tgan. Sudlar sudining sud qaroridan bir necha hafta oldin. Chikago yetti (ichida.) Chikago, Illinoys ), siyosiy faollar rejalashtirishni boshladilar va keyin norozilik uyida bo'lishini reklama qilishdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh prokurori Jon N. Mitchell (Uotergeyt Sharqida yashagan).[150] Kutilganidek, hukm 1970 yil 18-fevralda chiqarildi (barcha sudlanuvchilar fitna uyushtirishda aybdor deb topildi, ammo beshtasi tartibsizlik qo'zg'atishda aybdor deb topildi[151]). O'sha kecha 200 dan ortiq odam D.C. All Souls Unitarian cherkovi ertasi kuni ommaviy norozilik namoyishiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish.[152] 19 fevral kuni bir necha yuz namoyishchilar Votergeyt Sharq oldida to'planib, binoga kirmoqchi bo'lishdi.[150][153] Namoyishning oldini olish uchun bir necha yuz politsiyachilar namoyishchilar bilan ko'cha janjalida qatnashib, ularni orqaga chekinishga majbur qilishdi va oxir-oqibat olomonni tarqatish uchun bir nechta ko'z yosh oqizuvchi gaz ballonlarini ishga tushirishdi.[150] 145 dan ortiq namoyishchilar hibsga olingan.[153] Ertasi kuni ikkinchi norozilik kutilgan bo'lsa-da, u hech qachon paydo bo'lmadi va politsiya kunni qahva ichib, Uotergeyt Sharqning qandolat do'konida pishirilgan pechene va pirojniylarni iste'mol qildi.[4][154]Kolen, B.D. (1970 yil 21 fevral). "Watergate aholisi baxtli". Washington Post.</ref>

Watergate East ijarachilar kooperatsiyasi 2000 yildan keyin bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, ipoteka kreditini qayta moliyalashtirdi va uning binosi ostidagi erlarni sotib oldi.[17]

Watergate mehmonxonasi va ofis binosi

Ichki hovli va savdo markazidan Votergeytga qarab

Watergate mehmonxonasi va ofis binosi - bu Watergate rivojlanishidagi beshta bino.

Watergate mehmonxonasi

1980-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri mehmonxonani boshqarish va egalik qilish bir necha bor o'zgardi. 1986 yilda, Cunard Line, kruiz kemalari kompaniyasi mehmonxonani boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga oldi va uni qayta ta'mirlashni va ta'mirlashni boshladi.[155] British Coal Board pensiya jamg'armasi binoning mehmonxona qismini 1990 yilda ingliz-yapon konsortsiumiga 48 million dollarga sotgan.[5] Blackstone ko'chmas mulk bo'yicha maslahatchilari, ko'chmas mulk filiali Blackstone guruhi, 1998 yil iyul oyida mehmonxonani 39 million dollarga sotib olgan.[42] 1990-yillarning oxiri va 2000-yillarning boshlarida (o'n yilliklar) bir necha yil davomida "Uotergeyt" mehmonxonasi Shveytsariya mehmonxona guruhi.[42] Ammo mehmonxona hajmi, joylashuvi va narxiga o'xshash boshqa Swissôtel operatsiyalarini kam bajargan.[42] Jan-Lui Palladin "s ismli binodagi restoran 1996 yilda yopilgan.[112][156] Keyinchalik mehmonxona 2000 yilda ta'mirdan chiqarildi.[28] Swissôtel tomonidan sotib olingan Raffles mehmonxonalari va dam olish maskanlari, va Rafflesning boshqaruv shartnomasi 2002 yil may oyida tugagan.[42] Blekstoun mehmonxonani boshqarishni boshladi va 2002 yil kuzida uni sotuvga qo'ydi (50 dan 68 million dollargacha bo'lgan narx bilan).[42] Monument Realty 2004 yilda mehmonxonani 45 million dollarga sotib oldi va uni hashamatli kvartiralarning kooperatsiyalariga aylantirishni rejalashtirdi.[157][158] Ammo majmuaning boshqa qismlarida yashovchilarning ko'pchiligi (ularning ba'zilari Blekstonga sotilmagan mehmonxonaning 25 foiziga egalik qilishgan)[112] argued that a hotel would better enhance the livability of the area and challenged the conversion in court.[159][160] The hotel closed on August 1, 2007, for a $170 million 18-month renovation, during which the hotel rooms were intended to be roughly doubled in size to 650 square feet (60 m2).[160] But the renovation never occurred, and the building sat empty—consuming $100,000 to $150,000 a month in security, heating, electricity, water, and other costs.[158] Lehman Brothers, Monument Realty's financing partner, went bankrupt in 2008 and Monument was forced to attempt to sell the property.[158] No buyer emerged and the Blackstone Group regained ownership of the hotel.[158]

The Blackstone Group transferred the Watergate Hotel to its Trizec Properties subsidiary. Trizec did not pay the hotel's property taxes for 2008 (which amounted to $250,000), and estimated that it would take $100 million to make the hotel habitable due to the stalled 2007 renovation.[158] The hotel was put on the market in May 2009, but once again no buyer emerged. The hotel was auctioned off on July 21, 2009 (with the minimum bid beginning at $25 million), but there were no buyers and Deutsche Postbank, which held the $40 million mortgage on the property, took over ownership.[157][158] The bank began marketing the property for sale, and Monument Realty submitted a bid in October 2009 to buy the hotel back.[161] Monument was outbid by developer Robert Holland and the Jumeirah Group (a luxury hotel chain based in Dubay ), but the deal collapsed in November 2009 when financing fell through.[161] Euro Capital Properties purchased the hotel in May 2010 for $45 million, with plans to rehabilitate it over the next two years.[162]

Euro Capital announced its year-long, $85 million renovation of the hotel in January 2013. Among the improvements it wished to make were the addition of six outdoor "summer gardens" where liquor may be served. The plan would require the approval of the Advisory Neighborhood Commission, which voted to protest the liquor licenses unless the company reached an agreement with all the tenant associations in the Watergate cooperative.[163] A year later, the company said its design team, led by the architectural firm BBGM, had completed a plan to increase the number of luxury hotel rooms to 251 to 348, renovate the lobby to add a bar and lounge, add a restaurant with some outdoor seating, and add a rooftop bar with a small water feature. Euro Capital also said it would seek a hotel management company to continue to operate the Watergate Hotel as an independent hotel. Construction on the new interior elements is planned to start in March 2014.[164]

Euro Capital received the construction permits for its now $100 million renovation in May 2014. Architect Bahram Kamali of BBGM said the renovation will completely replace the electrical, HVAC, mechanical, and plumbing (fresh water and sewage) systems. The renovation now featured two new restaurants, upgraded ballrooms, and a new spa and fitness area.[165] The meeting space, which was quite small by industry standards, was expanded to 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2), and the ballroom enlarged slightly to 7,000 square feet (650 m2). Watergate officials said the new rooftop bar will seat 350, and other internal structural changes will add nearly 100 guest rooms.[166] Kamali said the interior will feature high-quality, expensive plaster, stone, and wood finishes, but the exterior's iconic textured concrete balconies will remain unchanged except for repairs, repainting, and new windows. Grunley Construction will oversee all the renovations.[165] Israeli artist and interior decorator Ron Arad designed all the metal sculptures and other work that will be featured in the hotels' bar, lobby, and other interior space.[166]

The cost of the renovation was pegged by Euro Capital at $125 million in November 2014. The 336-room hotel reopened in 2016, nine years after it closed.[167]

Ofis binosi

The office building portion of the building contains 198,000 square feet (18,400 m2).[3]

In 1972, the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) occupied the entire sixth floor of the 11-story building at 2600 Virginia Avenue.[7][168] The DNC had occupied the space since the building opened in 1967.[81] On May 28, 1972, a team of burglars working for President Richard M. Nixon's re-election campaign bugged the phones of and took photos in and near the DNC chairman's office.[11][113][169] The phone taps were monitored from the burglars' rooms (first Room 419, later Room 723) at the Howard Johnson's Motor Lodge across the street at 2601 Virginia Avenue NW.[11][113][168][169][b] During a second burglary on June 17, 1972, to replace a malfunctioning phone tap and collect more information, five of the burglars were arrested and the Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal began to unfold.[7][11][113][169][170] A plaque on the sixth floor of the office building portion of the Watergate Hotel commemorates the break-in.[171] The sixth floor space, occupied by SAGE nashriyoti since 2015, houses a private exhibit commemorating the break-in and ensuing scandal.[172]

The break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters was not the first break-in at the Watergate. The first break-in, however, shares a remarkable connection with the DNC burglary. The first break-in at the complex was the burglary of a residential unit in 1969.[4][173] The victim was Rozi Meri Vuds, President Nixon's personal secretary.[4][173] The burglars took jewelry and some personal items.[173] Woods would later be accused of erasing 18 and a half minutes from President Nixon's secret Oval ofis audio taping system—specifically, the tape from June 20, 1972, that proved central to the Watergate scandal.[11][113][169]

In 1993, the British coal board pension fund sold the office portion of the building (as well as the land under two of the three Watergate apartment buildings) to The JBG Companies (an American firm) and Buvermo Properties Inc. (a Dutch company).[5] In 1997, JBG Cos. and Buvermo Properties sold the office building to the Blackstone Group's Trizec Properties division.[174] Trizec put the office building up for sale for $100 million in 2005 and sold it to BentleyForbes Acquisitions LLC, a private firm owned by C. Frederick Wehba and members of the Los Angeles-based Webha family.[3][157][175] BentleyForbes put the office tower up for sale on March 12, 2009.[176] In November 2011, after 20 months on the market, the office building sold for $76 million to the Penzance Cos.[177]

In mid-2012, the office building's new owner began a multimillion-dollar upgrade to the Watergate Office Building's lobby, common areas, and Virginia Avenue entrance. The modernization was complete in December 2012, and the building began leasing space again in January 2013.[178] Hitt Contracting designed the renovations, and oversaw the construction.[179]

Penzance sold the office building to a subsidiary of Rockwood Capital for $75 million at the end of 2016. Penzance retained a small ownership stake in the structure, and said it would continue to manage it for Rockwood.[180]

Watergate South

Among the notable people who have lived at the Watergate South is former Davlat kotibi Kondoliza Rays.[181] As with the Watergate East, residents of this building have discussed buying the land beneath their building, but there is no urgency as the lease on the land does not expire until 2070.[17]

Watergate West

Construction problems and leaks at Watergate West led the press to ridicule this building, like others in the complex, as the "Potomac Titanic."[100] On March 2, 1971, residents of the Watergate West filed a lawsuit against SGI in which they claimed their units had defective stoves, faulty air conditioning, leaky windows and balconies, and deficient plumbing.[77] SGI said the problems were similar to those with any new building, and that it had already spent $300,000 on repairs.[77]

Like the Watergate East, residents of this building have discussed buying the land beneath their building but do not need to do so until the land lease expires in 2070.[17]

Watergate 600

Britaniya National Coal Board Pension Fund sold the Watergate Office Building to John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance 1990-yillarning boshlarida.[5] The building underwent a renovation of its office spaces in 1994.[28][175] The building saw extensive renovations in 1997.[182]

Atlantika magazine owner Devid G. Bredli purchased the office building in 2003.[6] The new owner renovated the building again, a project which included expanding its lobby and restaurant space.[182]

In March 2017, the Washington Real Estate Investment Trust (WashREIT) purchased the building from Bradley for $135 million. Under terms of the agreement, Bradley will also become owner of an operating unit[c] within WashREIT. The new building owner said it would continue renovating various spaces in the structure, as well as upgrade and expand the rooftop amenities and build a new fitness center and new conference center.[182]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar
  1. ^ Three circumferential beltways had been proposed for the Washington, D.C., area in 1956. The innermost beltway, which would have formed a flattened oval centered on the Kennedy Center/Watergate complex in the west, running southwest along what is currently Ohio Drive SW until it linked with the Southwest Freeway portion of I-395, north along I-395 to L Street NW, and then west along a tunnel beneath K Street NW to join near the western nexus with the Uaytherst shosse va I-66 —completing the loop. Two decades of protest led to the cancellation of all but the I-395 portion of the plan in 1977.[45][46][47][48][49][50][51]
  2. ^ As of 2005, the hotel was owned by Jorj Vashington universiteti and used as a dormitory for graduate students.[168]
  3. ^ An operating unit is an autonomous subsidiary of a corporation which owns assets, incurs liability, and has its own independent management.
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