Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi - Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial

Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi
Vashington markazida qurilayotgan kelajakdagi Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligining sayti 09.jpg
Yodgorlik 2019 yilda qurilmoqda
Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan xarita
Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan xarita
Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan xarita
Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi joylashgan joyni ko'rsatadigan xarita
ManzilKolumbiya okrugi, BIZ.
Eng yaqin shaharVashington, Kolumbiya
Koordinatalar38 ° 53′14 ″ N. 77 ° 01′08 ″ V / 38.887182 ° 77.018771 ° Vt / 38.887182; -77.018771Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′14 ″ N. 77 ° 01′08 ″ V / 38.887182 ° 77.018771 ° Vt / 38.887182; -77.018771
O'rnatilgan2020 yil 17 sentyabr
Boshqaruv organiMilliy park xizmati
Veb-saytDuayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi

The Duayt D. Eyzenxauer yodgorligi a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidentining yodgorligi sharaflash Duayt D. Eyzenxauer, Evropadagi ittifoqchi kuchlarning oliy qo'mondoni Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va 34-yillarda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti.

Janubida joylashgan Milliy savdo markazi, yodgorlik bog'ga o'xshash maydonchada joylashgan bo'lib, uning ustunlari gobelenni ramkalashgan katta ustunlar bilan Normandiya qo'nish bog'da haykallar va barelyeflar o'rnatilgan. Me'mor Frank Geri yodgorlikni loyihalashtirgan va Sergey Eylanbekov Eyzenxauerning bronzadan yasalgan haykallarini turli xil sharoitlarda haykaltaroshlik qilgan. Yodgorlikning gobelen rassomi Tomas Osinski va yozuvlar rassomi, Nikolas Vayt Benson.

1999 yil 25 oktyabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi Duayt Eyzenxauerning yodgorlik komissiyasini tuzdi va unga "... Duayt Eyzenxauerga tegishli doimiy yodgorlik ... uning xotirasini va Qo'shma Shtatlardagi hissalarini abadiylashtirish uchun" yaratish vazifasini yukladi. Dastlabki loyiha ziddiyatli bo'ldi. Gehry tomonidan bir necha yillik eshituvlar va bir nechta dizayn o'zgarishlaridan so'ng, 2017 yilda Vashington shtatidagi to'rt gektar maydonda obro'li shaxslar poydevor qo'yish marosimini o'tkazganlarida, yakuniy dizayni tasdiqlandi.[1][2] Bag'ishlash marosimi dastlab 2020 yil 8-mayda, 75-yilligiga bag'ishlangan edi Evropadagi g'alaba kuni,[3] lekin tufayli 2020 yil 17 sentyabrga qoldirildi Covid-19 pandemiyasi.[4][5]

Yodgorlikka ruxsat berish va yodgorlik komissiyasini tuzish

AQSh prezidenti Duayt Eyzenxauer ilgari Ikkinchi Jahon urushida Ittifoq kuchlariga qo'mondonlik qilgan.

Prezident Duayt Eyzenxauerga yodgorlik o'rnatish bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatli sa'y-harakatlarning orqasida uchta shaxs turgan: Rokko Sitsiliano, Senator Daniel Inouye (D. -Gavayi ) va senator Ted Stivens (R -Alyaska ). Sitsiliano, a Rim katolik, Italiyalik amerikalik yilda tug'ilgan Yuta sifatida faol vazifaga chaqirilgan Xususiy 1943 yilda a ROTC talaba. Tezda ko'tarildi birinchi leytenant ichida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, u a bilan taqdirlandi Bronza yulduzi tarkibidagi harakatlari uchun jasorat uchun 87-tog'li piyoda polk davomida Italiya aksiyasi. Bitiruvchi Jorjtaun yuridik fakulteti, u ishlagan Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi 1948 yildan 1950 yilgacha va 1953 yilda Eyzenxauer tomonidan mehnat kotibining ish bilan ta'minlash va ishchi kuchi bo'yicha yordamchisi etib tayinlangan. 1957 yilda Eyzenxauer Sitsilianoni Prezidentning xodimlarni boshqarish bo'yicha maxsus yordamchisiga aylantirdi. 1958 yilda u Eyzenxauer bilan uchrashuvni o'tkazdi Afroamerikalik rahbarlari fuqarolik huquqlari harakati: "Lester Granger", Martin Lyuter King kichik, A. Filipp Randolf va Roy Uilkins.[6][7] Bir necha o'n yillik jamoat xizmatidan so'ng Sitsiliano boshliq bo'ldi Eyzenxauer instituti 1990-yillarda. Ning 50 yilligi Normandiya qo'nish va Eyzenxauerning prezident etib saylanishining 50 yilligiga yaqinlashishi 34-prezidentga qiziqishni kuchaytirdi. 1999 yilda, institut raisi bo'lgan so'nggi yili Sitsiliano Eyzenxauerga yodgorlik qurishga qaror qildi. Sitsilianoning Ikkinchi Jahon urushi juda bezatilgan senator Stivens bilan aloqasi bor edi Armiya havo kuchlari yilda ishlagan uchuvchi Ichki ishlar boshqarmasi Eyzenxauer ma'muriyati davrida va Alyaskada davlatchilikni qo'lga kiritishda juda muhim bo'lgan. 1999 yilda Eyzenxauer instituti Stivensni Eyzenxauerning etakchilik mukofoti bilan taqdirlagan edi. Sitsiliano Stiven bilan yodgorlik g'oyasini ilgari surdi. Stivens ikki tomonlama harakatni taklif qildi va senator Inouyeni bu harakatga jalb qildi. Inouye Italiyada xizmat qilgan 442-piyoda jangovar polki, jangda o'ng bilagini yo'qotib, keyinchalik mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi "Shuhrat" medali.[8] Sitsiliano Stivens va Inouye bilan birgalikda yodgorlik uchun ruxsat beradigan va yodgorlik komissiyasini tuzadigan qonunchilikni yozishda ishlagan.[9]

Hech qachon qonun loyihasi kiritilmagan 106-Kongress, va yodgorlik sa'y-harakatlari haqida deyarli hech qanday bahs-munozaralar bo'lmagan. Memorialga ruxsat beruvchi qonunchilik tili Mudofaa vazirligiga ajratmalar to'g'risidagi qonunga kiritilgan. HR 2561 (qonun loyihasining palatadagi versiyasi) ham, S. 1122 da (senat versiyasi) ham yodgorlik tilini o'z ichiga olmagan. Ammo senatorlar Stivens va Inouye ikkalasi ham tayinlandi konferentsiya qo'mitasi palata va senat qonun loyihalarini yarashtirish uchun. Konferentsiya hisobotida sudlovchilar yodgorlikni avtorizatsiya qilish va Duayt Eyzenxauerning yodgorlik komissiyasini tuzish uchun tilni (8162-bo'lim) kiritdilar.[10] Uy 13-oktabr kuni 372 dan 55 gacha bo'lgan mablag'larni ajratdi va Senat 14 oktyabrda 87 dan 11 gacha ovoz berdi. Bill Klinton qonun loyihasini 1999 yil 25 oktyabrda imzolagan (P.L. 106-79).

P.L. 106-79 komissiyaning dastlabki faoliyatini moliyalashtirish uchun 300 000 AQSh dollarini ajratdi.[11] Qonunda 12 kishilik komissiya tuzildi, ulardan to'rttasini Prezident, to'rttasini Senat (ikkala siyosiy partiyalar o'rtasida teng bo'linish) va to'rttasini palata (ikkala siyosiy partiyalar o'rtasida teng ravishda bo'linish) tayinlashi kerak edi. Qonunda kafedra raisi va uning o'rinbosari (ular bir xil siyosiy partiyaning a'zosi bo'lishi mumkin emas), bo'shashgan taqdirda yangi a'zolarni tayinlash va dastlabki yig'ilish sanasini (shuningdek, barcha tayinlovlar o'tkazilgandan keyin 45 kundan ortiq vaqtni) nazarda tutgan. qilingan). Komissiya a'zolari kompensatsiya olmaydilar. Komissiya unga ajratilgan yoki xayriya qilingan pulni sarflash, xayriya mablag'larini qabul qilish, tinglovlarni o'tkazish va shartnomalar tuzish huquqiga ega edi. Prezident va Kongressga yillik hisobotlarni taqdim etish va yodgorlik rejalari to'g'risida iloji boricha tezroq hisobot berish talab qilindi.

2008 yilda Kongress komissiyaning vazifalari va vakolatlarini oshirdi. 2008 yildagi Tabiiy resurslar to'g'risidagi qonunning 332-moddasida (P.L. 110-229; 2008 yil 8-may) komissiyaning xayriya mablag'lari va ixtisoslashgan xizmatlar uchun shartnoma tuzish qobiliyati aniqroq aniqlangan va bunga amaldagi federal qonunlardan tashqarida ruxsat berilgan. Shuningdek, komissiya har qanday federal idoradan yordam so'rab (shu yordam uchun pul to'lagan taqdirda), shu bilan kooperativ shartnomalar tuzish va ma'muriy va yordam xizmatlarini sotib olish huquqiga ega edi. Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish (GSA). Shuningdek, komissiya shtati tashkil etildi. Ijrochi direktorni ishga qabul qilish talab qilindi va komissiya xodimlarni (shu jumladan me'morni va uch nafardan ortiq katta xodimlarni) yollash va ko'ngillilarni qabul qilishga vakolat berdi. Komissarlarga (va xodimlarga va ko'ngillilarga) endi ularning oqilona sayohat xarajatlari qoplandi. Eng muhimi, komissiyaning vazifalarini bajarish va yodgorlikni loyihalashtirish va qurish uchun cheksiz miqdordagi pulga vakolat berilgan (lekin aslida o'zlashtirilmagan).

"Tirik" va jonsiz yodgorlik

Syuzan Eyzenxauer yodgorlik o'rniga "tirik yodgorlik" ni targ'ib qildi.

Eyzenxauer yodgorligining asosiy mavzusi 2000 yil iyun oyida Eyzenxauer Memorial Komissiyasining birinchi yig'ilishida bayon qilingan edi. Senator Stivens "qutidan tashqarida" dizaynni xohlashini aytdi va senator Inouye dizayn shunchalik ajoyib bo'lishi kerakki, Eisenxauerda Yodgorlik ushbu marosimdan oshib ketadi Linkoln yodgorligi va Jefferson yodgorligi mamlakat poytaxtida eng ko'p tashrif buyurilgan yodgorlik sifatida. Ga binoan Vashingtonlik jurnali, komissiya raisi Sitsiliano erta me'mor Frank Geri nomini potentsial dizayner sifatida ko'targan. Sitsiliano Geri bilan allaqachon do'st bo'lgan: ular ikkalasi ham yashagan Santa-Monika, Kaliforniya va Sitsilianoning marhum rafiqasi ularni tanishtirgan edi. Sitsiliano shuningdek direktorlar kengashida o'tirdi Los-Anjeles filarmoniyasi 1991 yilda Gehry-ni loyihalashtirishga buyurtma bergan Uolt Disneyning konsert zali. (Auditoriya 2003 yilda tanqidlarga sazovor bo'lgan) ochildi.[9]

Biroq, Eyzenxauerning bir necha oilasi a'zolari "tirik yodgorlik" ga bo'lgan istaklarini bildirishdi. Syuzan Eyzenxauer, Eyzenxauer institutining sobiq prezidenti va raisi, kontseptsiyaning o'ziga xos tarafdori edi. "Tirik yodgorlik" yodgorlik bo'lmaydi, aksincha dastur yoki fikr markazi yoki Prezident Eyzenxauer merosi va qadriyatlarini davom ettirishga yordam beradigan boshqa bir tashkilot. The Woodrow Wilson xalqaro olimlar markazi potentsial model sifatida ko'tarildi. Sitsiliano "tirik yodgorlik" ni yaratish va ishlash uchun juda qimmatga tushadi degan fikrni bildirdi, ammo senatorlar Stivens va Inouye bu g'oyani munosib deb bildilar. Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi Eyzenxauer institutiga yoki 200 ming dollarlik shartnoma berdi[9] yoki 400 ming dollarlik shartnoma[12] (manbalar miqdori bo'yicha farq qiladi) masalani o'rganish uchun.[a][12] Eyzenxauer instituti bu masalani o'rganar ekan, Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasi jismoniy yodgorlikni ham o'rganishga rozi bo'ldi, bu yodgorlik uchun tasavvurni rivojlantirish va Vashingtonda potentsial joylarni aniqlashni anglatadi.[12]

"Tirik yodgorlik" tadqiqotining natijasi aniq emas. Vashingtonlik jurnalining xabar berishicha, 2007 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan yodgorlik komissiyasi yig'ilishida Sitsiliano Eyzenxauer instituti "tirik yodgorlik" institut va boshqa "meros tashkilotlari" (merosni davom ettirishga bag'ishlangan xususiy fondlar va notijorat tashkilotlar) ishini takrorlaydi degan xulosaga kelganini aytdi. Prezident Eyzenxauerning ishi).[9] Ammo Eyzenxauer Memorial Komissiyasining 2013 yil mart oyida Kongressga bergan byudjet hisobotida aytilishicha, "merosxo'r tashkilotlar" "tirik yodgorlik" qanday shaklda bo'lishiga kelisha olmagan.[12] Qanday sabablarga ko'ra bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi "tirik yodgorlik" ni rad etdi. Xotira komissiyasining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Syuzan Eyzenxauer va boshqa "meros tashkilotlari" vakillari mavjud bo'lgan meros guruhlari allaqachon "tirik yodgorlik" ni tashkil qilganliklari to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdilar.[12]

Saytni tanlash

Vashingtonda (D.C.) taklif qilingan Eyzenxauer yodgorligi (qizil chegara) joylashgan joy.

Jismoniy yodgorlikni ta'qib qilish uchun Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasi jamoat joylarida yodgorlik o'rnatish vakolatiga muhtoj edi. Kongress zudlik bilan Mudofaa vazirligining 8120-bo'limida ushbu ruxsatni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Qonuniga qarshi terroristik hujumlardan qutqarish va ularga javob qaytarish uchun 2002 yildagi ruxsatnomani berdi (P.L. 107–117; 2001 yil 20-dekabr). 2001 yilgi akt komissiyaga davlat tasarrufidagi jamoat erlarida yodgorlik o'rnatish huquqini berdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ichki ishlar vazirligi Kolumbiya okrugining yoki uning atrofidagi har qanday joyda. Ushbu hujjat yodgorlikni ham vakolatiga topshirgan Xotira asarlari to'g'risidagi qonun (keyinchalik o'zgartirilgan). Bu komissiya bilan ishlashni talab qildi Milliy poytaxt xotirasi bo'yicha maslahat komissiyasi sayt tanlashda, mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha muayyan talablarga javob berish va belgilangan muddatlarni bajarish.[13]

Yigirma olti joyni Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasi ko'rib chiqdi. Sayt tanlash mezonlariga quyidagilar kiritilgan:[12]

  • "Mashhurlik, ommaviy foydalanish va mavjudlik";
  • "Eyzenxauer xotirasiga tematik muvofiqlik";
  • "Foydalanish maqsadga muvofiqligi va ortiqcha tortishuvlarga yo'l qo'ymaslik".

Uchta sayt komissiya tomonidan qisqa ro'yxatga kiritilgan. Birinchisi pastki qavatida edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Tinchlik instituti 2301 Konstitutsiya prospektidagi bino NW. Tashqi ko'rinishga ega bo'lgan strukturaning ulkan atriumi Konstitutsiya xiyoboni, 2004 yil iyunida muhokama qilingan. Ammo Eyzenxauerning xotira komissiyasining hisobotiga ko'ra, Eyzenxauer oilasining a'zosi yodgorlikni u erda birga joylashtirishga qarshi edi. Komissiya ham ko'rib chiqdi Freedom Plaza kuni Pensilvaniya Avenue NW va Merilend prospektidagi SW. Eyzenxauerning oila a'zosi 2004 yil sentyabr oyida komissiyani ham ko'rib chiqishni so'ragan Auditorlar binosi 14-ko'chada SW va Mustaqillik xiyoboni SW. Komissiya yollandi M. Artur Gensler kichik va Associates, ushbu uch joyni baholashda unga yordam berish uchun dizayn va arxitektura firmasi. Saytlar to'g'risidagi hisobot komissiyaning 2005 yil mart oyidagi yig'ilishida ko'rib chiqildi. Komissar Devid Eyzenxauer muvaffaqiyatli ravishda komissiyaning diqqat markazini Freedom Plaza va Merilend prospektidagi maydon bilan cheklashini aytdi.[14] Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi bir ovozdan[15] Merilend Avenue SW, 4th Street SW va 6th Street SW bilan chegaralangan noma'lum plazani afzal joy sifatida tanladi.[14]

Plazma ajratilgan Mustaqillik xiyoboni SW va Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi Seaton Section Park tomonidan va shimoliy tomonga qo'shni Lyndon Bains Jonson Ta'lim binosi bo'limi. Plazma Eyzenxauer merosi bilan bog'langan muassasalar bilan o'ralgan, shu jumladan Ta'lim vazirligi, Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi, Federal aviatsiya ma'muriyati, Amerika Ovozi, va Milliy havo va kosmik muzeyi. Joylashuv joylashgan joydan faqat uch blok narida joylashgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy. Komissiya yodgorlik qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, maydonni "Eyzenxauer maydoni" deb nomlashni iltimos qildi.[15]

Ushbu saytni tanlash darhol ziddiyatlarga sabab bo'ldi. Merilend prospektidagi SWni maydon bo'ylab asl holatiga keltirishni istagan ba'zi shaharsozlik advokatlari g'azablandilar, chunki yodgorlik buni oldini oladi.[15] Shunga qaramay, 2005 yil 8-noyabrda Milliy poytaxt yodgorlik maslahat komissiyasi Eisenxauer Memorial komissiyasining Eyzenxauer yodgorligini Merilend avenyusida joylashtirish to'g'risida so'rovini ma'qulladi.[16]

Merilend avenyusi saytini tanlash kongressning qo'shimcha harakatlarini o'z ichiga olgan. Xotira ishlari to'g'risidagi qonunda "1-maydon" hududidagi har qanday yodgorliklarni o'rnatishga taqiq qo'yilgan Milliy savdo markazi va uning yaqin atroflari. 1-maydonda barpo etilgan har qanday yodgorlik Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlanishi kerak edi. Kongress 1-maydon doirasida yodgorlik qurilishiga ruxsat bergan "Kolumbiya okrugida sobiq prezident Duayt D. Eyzenxauerga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik ishlarining o'tkazilishini tasdiqlash to'g'risida" (P.L. 109-220; 2006 yil 5-may) tasdiqladi.[13]

Dizayn tanlovi

Frank Geri 2007 yilda, yodgorlik dizayni tanlovida g'olib bo'lgan vaqt haqida.

Loyihalash jarayoni 2006 yilda boshlangan. 2006 yil mart oyida dizayn tamoyillarini ko'rib chiqish bo'yicha komissiya yig'ilishida Sitsiliano yodgorlik dizayneri sifatida Gehrining ismini ikkinchi marta eslatib o'tdi. Tomoshabinlar a'zosi sifatida qatnashgan Syuzen Eyzenxauer "dizayndagi so'z boyligi zamonaviy yoki an'anaviy bo'ladimi" deb so'radi.[9] Komissiya xodimi uning savoli "erta" ekanligini aytdi.[9] Sitsiliano Eyzenxauerga yakuniy yodgorlik "yuqori sifatli" bo'ladi deb javob berdi va keyin Geri yodgorlikni loyihalashtirishga qiziqishini yana bir bor eslatib o'tdi.[9]

Komissiya 2007 yilda dizayn tanlovini oldindan rejalashtirish bilan shug'ullangan. U me'morchilik firmasini yollagan Skidmore, Owings va Merrill "Maqsadlar, talablar, cheklovlar va imkoniyatlarni o'z ichiga olgan Milliy Eyzenxauer yodgorligi qanday bo'lishi kerakligi" haqida hujjat yaratish. Keyingi yili komissiya Umumiy xizmatlarni boshqarish Dizayn mukammalligi dasturi.[b] Dastlab FOIA tomonidan yuborilgan so'rovni rad etgandan so'ng Milliy fuqarolik san'ati jamiyati, Umumiy xizmatlar ma'muriyati 50 dan kam firmalardan dizayn yozuvlarini so'raganligi va olganligini aniqladi. Firmalarning hech biri ozchiliklarga qarashli firmalar emas edi, oltita firmalar ayollarga tegishli edi, 11 ta firmalar kichik biznes edi.[17]

O'zining tanlangan "qisqa ro'yxati" dan ko'proq tafsilotlarni olganidan so'ng, Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasi 2009 yil 31 martda Gehry Partners kompaniyasidan Frank Geri tomonidan taqdim etilgan taklifni tanladi.[14] Ga binoan Vashingtonlik Jurnal, Geri komissar Devid Eyzenxauerning ikkinchi tanlovi edi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, Devid Eyzenxauer Geri tanlovidan juda mamnun bo'lgan.[9] 2009 yil mart oyida Devid Eyzenxauer "tanlov jarayonining yaxlitligi va mukammalligi uchun kafolat berishi" mumkinligini aytdi.[18]

Dizayn tanlovi qattiq tanqid qilindi. Tanlovning dastlabki tanqidchisi edi Jastin Shubov, Milliy Fuqarolik San'ati Jamiyati (NCAS) rahbari. Shubov dizayn jarayonini Gehri foydasiga tuzilgan deb ta'rifladi va Gehry dizayniga hujum qilish uchun EisenhowerMemorial.net veb-saytini yaratdi.[9][19] Edvard A. Fayner, GSA ning sobiq bosh me'mori va Design Excellence dasturining yaratuvchisi. yopiq musobaqa bo'lganligi uchun ham yodgorlik tanloviga e'tiroz bildirdi.[20] Tanqidchilar qatoriga arxitektor, professional maslahatchi Pol D. Spreiregen ham kiritilgan Vetnam faxriylari yodgorligi raqobat va sobiq raisi Amerika me'morlari instituti 'Raqobatlar qo'mitasi, 2011 yilda jamoatchilik uchun ochiq dizayn tanlovini o'tkazishga chaqirgan.[21] 2012 yil 29 fevralda Vakil Darrell Issa, kafedra Uylarni nazorat qilish va hukumatni isloh qilish qo'mitasi, raqobat bo'yicha tergovni boshladi. Issa birinchi navbatda yodgorlik dizayni bilan shug'ullangan bo'lsa-da, Issa Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasining raisi Rokko Sitsilianodan qo'mitaga dizayn tanlovi davomida taqdim etilgan barcha taklif qilingan dizaynlarning nusxalarini, tanlov jarayonining batafsil tavsifini, komissiya vositalarining batafsil tavsifini taqdim etishni so'radi. Gehry taqdimoti va dizayn tanlovi bo'yicha komissiya tomonidan qabul qilingan barcha ovozlar to'g'risidagi hujjatlarni tanladi (a'zo tomonidan ajratilgan). Issa, uning nomidan ex officio Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasining a'zosi, shuningdek, Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasiga dizayn tanlovi va Geri dizayni bilan bog'liq barcha hujjatlarni saqlashga rahbarlik qildi.[22] Issa tergovi 2012 yildagiga qaraganda davom etmagan. Ammo, 2012 yil 20 mart kuni Milliy bog'lar, o'rmonlar va jamoat erlari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita ning Uy tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi dizayn tanlovi bo'yicha eshitish o'tkazdi. Kichik qo'mita raisi vakili Rob Bishop (R-Utah) ikkinchi dizayn tanlovini o'tkazish qancha pul sarflashini so'radi,[19] va siyosiy ishlar gazetasi Qo'ng'iroq Bishop "dizayn tanlovini qayta boshlashga urindi" dedi.[23][c] Garchi kichik qo'mita asosan Gehry dizayniga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan guvohlarni tanlagan bo'lsa-da, bir nechtasi dizayn tanlovi jarayonini adolatli deb himoya qildi. GSA da qurilish idorasi komissari yordamchisi Uilyam J. Gyerinning aytishicha, tanqidchilar takliflar chaqirig'ini yopiq tanlov sifatida noto'g'ri talqin qilishgan.[19] Ned Kramer, muharriri ARXITECT: Amerika me'morlari institutining jurnali, eshitishdan to'qqiz kun o'tgach, dizayn tanlovi yopiq tanlov emas, balki "malaka uchun cheklangan so'rov" sifatida yozgan.[25] San'at va me'morchilik tanqidchisi Aaron Betskiy eshitishning umumiy ohangini "bema'ni bema'nilik va giperpuserlik ayblovlari" deb rad etdi,[26] va Kramer rozi bo'ldi.[25] Lidiya DePillis Vashington shahar qog'ozi munozarani "tarixiy mutanosiblikka" yetib kelayotgan tanqidiy uyushmagan parad deb ta'rifladi.[27]

Dizaynni ishlab chiqish

Yodgorlik dizaynini qattiq tanqid qilgan Vakillar palatasining Nazorat va hukumat islohotlari qo'mitasi raisi Darrell Issa.

2010 yil 25 martda Eyzenxauer Memorial Komissiyasi bir ovozdan Frank O. Geri tomonidan yaratilgan tanlangan dizayn kontseptsiyasini tanladi va komissiya va dizaynerlar guruhi federal tekshiruv agentliklari bilan birinchi uchrashuvlarini yakunladilar.

Merilend avenyusi AQSh Kapitoliy binosiga qaratilgan vista bilan sayt bo'ylab harakat qiladi.

To'rt gektarlik yodgorlikni o'rnatish uchun balandligi 80 fut balandlikdagi va eni 10 fut bo'lgan ustunlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan ulkan payvandlangan po'latdan yasalgan gobelenlar o'rnatiladi. Eng yirik gobelenlar Ta'lim binosining deyarli butun shahar-blok uzunligini qamrab oladi. Gobelenlar hozirgi kunda Normandiya plyajining havodan ko'rinishini tasvirlaydi. Eyzenxauer uyining elementlari Abilen, Kanzas komissiya ma'lumotlariga ko'ra kiritiladi.

Kanzas landshafti tasvirlangan Gehryning dastlabki gobelen dizayni 2011 yil 15 sentyabrda Qo'shma Shtatlar Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasining (CFA) konsepsiyasini bir ovozdan ma'qulladi, shu jumladan o'lchov va badiiylik mosligini tasdiqladi.[28] Ta'lim bo'limi dastlab gobelenlarni shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Biroq, tahrir va yig'ilishlardan so'ng, shu jumladan gobelen maketlarini ko'rib chiqish, Ta'lim bo'yicha kotib Arne Dunkan AQSh Ta'lim vazirligi yodgorlikning hozirgi dizaynini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini yozdi. The Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) shuningdek, dizaynni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi, ammo hali oldindan tasdiqlanmagan. The Kapitoliy me'mori Gehrining dizaynini qayta ko'rib chiqishni ma'qulladi va dizayn guruhi 106-bo'lim konsultatsiya yig'ilishi jarayonida bergan "qarorni, jasoratni va vaqtga sodiqligini olqishladi",[29] AQSh kapitoliyining ko'rinishi va manzarasiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmasligini ta'kidlab.

Komissiyaning 2010 yil mart oyida tasdiqlangan loyihalashtirish konsepsiyasi, unga Komissar kiritilgan Devid Eyzenxauer tasdiqlash (Duayt Eyzenxauerning nabirasi), Eyzenxauerni prezident va general sifatida katta tosh plyonkalari va matnlari orqali namoyish etadi. Yakuniy rasmlar va iqtiboslar hali ko'rib chiqilayotgan bo'lsa-da, generalni ifodalovchi etakchi muqobil tasvir General Eyzenxauer 101-havo-desant qo'shinlari bilan 1944 yil iyun oyida D-Day bosqindan oldin.

Vashingtondagi yodgorliklar tarixan ziddiyatli bo'lib kelgan.[30] Dizayn prezidentning o'g'li tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilindi Jon Eyzenxauer va nabirasi Syuzan Eyzenxauer, uning butun oilasi qarshi ekanligini aytgan.[31][32] Robert Kempbell, Boston Globe's arxitektura tanqidchisi dizayn haqida shunday dedi: "Bu juda katta. Bu juda karikaturadir. Kimdir dizaynni tozalab, boshidan boshlashi kerak."[33] Rojer L. Lyuis, me'mor va professor zaxm Merilend Universitetida, dizaynni tanqid qildi va qarshi chiqdi Vashington Post: "Yarim to'siqli uchastkaning qurilishi hech qanday ma'noga ega emas. Eyzenxauerning bolaligiga oid, hozirgi dizaynda vizual ravishda ustun bo'lgan hikoya mavzusi ham hech qanday ma'noga ega emas. Geri buning o'rniga unchalik katta bo'lmagan, ammo ingl. Qudratli yodgorlik kompozitsiyasini yaratishi mumkin edi ..."[34] Kolumnist Richard Koen Yodgorlik Eyzenxauerning hayotini aniq tasvirlamaganligini yozdi.[35] Jorj F. Uill ham dizaynga qarshi chiqdi Vashington Post.[36] Dizayn tanqid qilingan Yangi respublika,[37] Milliy sharh,[38] Tashqi siyosat,[39] Metropolis jurnali,[40] Amerikalik tomoshabin,[41] va Vashington imtihonchisi.[42]

Ba'zilar tanqid qilishgan bo'lsa, boshqalari dizaynni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini aytishdi. Filipp Kennikott Vashington Post madaniyat tanqidchisi dizaynni yuqori baholadi: "Geri klassik yodgorlikning bir qancha muqaddas iyerarxiyalarini teskari yo'naltiradigan dizayni ishlab chiqardi, unda erkaklar kuchi va tashqi ko'rinishga emas, balki maishiy va ichki g'oyalarga urg'u berdi. U memorializatsiya lug'atini" qayta tikladi ". unga yangi hayot va tiriklik baxsh etadi. "[43] AQSh tasviriy san'at komissiyasining sobiq a'zosi, yodgorlikni tanqid qilgan Vitold Ribchinski The New York Times, tomsiz bino kontseptsiyasini yuqori baholadi va gobelenlarning hajmini himoya qildi: "Janob Geri va uning hamkasblari qo'lda to'qish usullarini ishlab chiqdilar, shunda ekranlar chindan ham gobelenlarga o'xshaydi. Ekranlarning to'liq o'lchamdagi maketlarini ko'rgan holda sayt, ularning o'lchamlari atrof-muhit bilan taqqoslanmasligiga aminman. "[44] Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi va AQSh Tasviriy san'at komissiyasining sobiq raisi Devid Childs Kongressga dizaynni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun xat yozdi.[45]

Landshaft arxitektorlari Lori Olin va Uilyam Pedersen ushbu dizaynni "Vashington xarakteriga hamdard" bo'lgan buyuk milliy liderga munosib hurmat deb atashdi.[46] Washington Post tahririyat kengashi ham loyihani ma'qulladi va "janob Gehrining taklifi Valloning baxtiga muyassar bo'lgan savdo markazi oldida ajoyib ko'rinish bo'lishini va'da qilmoqda. Oldinga qarab, Kongress ushbu rejalarga imkon qadar tezroq avtorizatsiya qilishi kerak, chunki yodgorlik. Ushbu janjallar qanchalik qiziqarli bo'lsa ham, allaqachon etarli. "[47] Televizion prodyuser Norman Lir Grening Kanzasdan kelgan yigitning jangchi va buyuk xalqning etakchisi sifatida muvaffaqiyat cho'qqisiga chiqadigan yo'lini izlash haqidagi asl kontseptsiyasini "Prezident Eyzenxauerning muhim yutuqlarini tasvirlashning eng yaxshi usuli" deb eslab, Frank Gehini maqtadi. "[48] Pulitser mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan me'morchilik tanqidchisi Pol Goldberger Frank Gehini a Vanity Fair Eyzenxauerni yodga olishga astoydil urinish uchun maqola.[49]

Keyingi o'zgarishlar

2011 yil dekabrda Devid Eyzenxauer Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasidan iste'foga chiqdi.[50] Oila vakili sifatida Komissar Eyzenxauer uch marotaba afzal ko'rilgan dizayn konsepsiyasini yoqlab ovoz berdi, shu jumladan, yaqinda 2011 yil iyul oyida bo'lib o'tgan Komissiya yig'ilishida.[51]

2012 yil yanvar oyida Milliy fuqarolik san'ati jamiyati nashr etildi Eyzenxauer ustidagi Gehri minoralari: Eyzenxauer yodgorligi to'g'risida Milliy Fuqarolik San'at Jamiyati hisoboti,[52] tashkilot prezidenti Jastin Shubov tomonidan yozilgan.[53] Birinchi sahifada keltirilgan Nyu-York Tayms hikoya, ma'ruza yodgorlik tanlovi, dizayni va agentlikni tasdiqlash uchun kitob bo'ylab tanqid qilingan.[54] The Vashington Post hisobotga "juda katta e'tibor qaratildi, bu konservatorlar va tanqidchilar uchun gaplashadigan fikrlarni taqdim etdi".[55] Yozish Yaxshisi! Shaharlar va shaharchalar, Filipp Langdon hisobotni "qattiq" deb atadi va unda "halokatli ma'lumotlar" borligini aytdi.[56]

2012 yil may oyida jamoat va kongressning tanqidiga javoban Geri yodgorlikka qo'shimcha o'zgartirishlar kiritishni taklif qildi va Eyzenxauer komissiyasi o'z firmasining yangi maketlarini o'z veb-saytida e'lon qildi.[57]

Dastlab yodgorlik kontseptsiyasini ma'qullagan 2013 yilda Tasviriy san'at komissiyasining a'zolari, keyinchalik dizaynga nisbatan tanqidiy fikrlarni bildirdilar.

2013 yil 18 iyulda AQSh Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi 3-1 ovoz bilan yodgorlikning umumiy kontseptsiyasini ma'qulladi.[58]

2013 yil avgust oyida Prezident Barak Obama tayinlandi Bryus Koul Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasiga. Koul ilgari maqolalarida va Kongress guvohliklarida Gehri dizaynini tanqid qilgan edi. Koul Milliy fuqarolik san'ati jamiyati maslahatchilar kengashida ishlaydi.[59]

2013 yil 8 sentyabrda Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi o'zining tashqi ko'rinishini bekor qildi Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) yig'ilishi 12 sentyabrga rejalashtirilgan.[60] Eyzenxauer komissiyasi "Biz kelgusi bir necha oy [NCPC Ijrochi direktorining tavsiyasida] ko'rib chiqilgan muammolarni qondirish uchun sarflashimiz kerak degan fikrda 12 sentyabr kuni NCPC oldida paydo bo'lishni to'xtatishga qaror qildik" deb tushuntirdi.[61] Ga ko'ra Vashington Post, NCPC tavsiyasi "yodgorlik materiallarini sinovdan o'tkazishni etarli emas deb hisoblaydi, ustunlar va gobelenlarning o'lchamlari va joylashuvi bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi va dizayn" shahar bog'i "bo'lish maqsadini bajarmaydimi degan savol tug'diradi."[61]

2013 yil 16-oktabrda Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlangan Davomiy rezolyutsiya barcha qurilish mablag'larini bekor qildi va qurilishni boshlashni taqiqladi. Shuningdek, qurilishni tugallash uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha mablag 'qurilish boshlanishidan oldin mavjud bo'lishini talab qildi.[62][63]

2013 yil 21-noyabrda yodgorlik yana Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasi oldiga bordi, u erda komissiya a'zolari tasdiqlanmagan dizaynni tanqid qildilar. Komissar Aleks Kriger, shaharsozlik amaliyoti professori Garvard dizayn instituti, dizayn "an'anaviy birinchi semestrdagi me'morchilik mashqlari" sifatida muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishini aytdi.[64] Noyabr oyida ham "charchagan" Geri aytgan Financial Times, "[Yodgorlik] barpo etilishini bilmayman."[65] The New York Times "Loyiha taqdiri noaniq" deb xabar berdi.[66]

Kongressning 2014 yilgi moliya yili loyihasi so'ralgan 51 million dollar o'rniga loyihaga atigi 1 million dollar ajratdi, bu esa Eyzenxauer komissiyasining yillik operatsion byudjetini ikki baravar kamaytirdi. Qonun loyihasi mablag 'ajratishning keyingi bosqichiga qadar qurilishni samarali ravishda to'sib qo'ydi. Ga binoan Qo'ng'iroq qonun loyihasi "qurilish uchun federal moliyalashtirishni bekor qiladi va xususiy mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari to'g'risida hisobot so'raydi."[67]

2014 yil 3 aprelda Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi 7 dan 3 gacha ovoz berib, yodgorlikni oldindan tasdiqlashni rad etdi. NCPC, yodgorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini aytdi, ammo hozirgi dizaynni rad etdi, chunki u Merilend avenyu SW bo'ylab vistani saqlay olmadi, AQSh Kapitoliy binosining ko'rinishini saqlay olmadi va javob bermadi L'Enfant rejasi"s ochiq maydonni saqlash talablari va "atrofdagi yo'llarning qurilish yo'nalishlariga rioya qilmaslik".[68] Vakilning iltimosiga binoan Darrell Issa, kafedra Uylarni nazorat qilish va hukumatni isloh qilish qo'mitasi, NCPC Eisenhower Memorial Komissiyasidan har ikki oyda uning yodgorliklarini qayta tuzish to'g'risida hisobot berib turishini so'radi.[68]

Dizaynni tasdiqlash

2014 yil sentyabr oyining boshlarida Geri Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasiga yana bir qayta ishlangan dizaynini taqdim etdi. Ushbu dizayn sharqiy va g'arbiy gobelenlarni yo'q qildi, ustunlarni Mustaqillik xiyobonidan orqaga olib chiqdi va yodgorlikka boshqa kichikroq o'zgarishlar kiritdi.[69] Keyingi hafta vakili Darrell Issa gobelen va ustunlarni butunlay yo'q qilgan yodgorlik dizaynini ko'rib chiqishni so'rab, komissiyaga xat yubordi. Gehry Issa so'ragan dizaynning echib tashlangan versiyasi ma'qullansa va NCPCga yuborilsa, uning ismini loyihadan olib tashlash bilan tahdid qildi.[70] Gyzining dizayndagi o'zgarishlarini ko'rib chiqish uchun Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi 2014 yil 17 sentyabrda yig'ilgan. Ammo komissiya a kvorum biznes yuritish uchun, chunki faqat beshta a'zo qatnashgan (prezident tomonidan tayinlangan to'rt a'zoning hammasi va vakil Sanford Bishop).[71] 23-sentabr kuni elektron pochta orqali o'tkazilgan shaxsiy ovoz berish jarayonida Eyzenxauerni xotirlash komissiyasi Gehrining qayta ishlangan dizaynini ma'qulladi. Dizaynni ko'rib chiqishni bir necha haftaga kechiktirish to'g'risidagi taklif mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Komissiya vakili Issa so'ragan ikkita alternativani emas, balki faqat bitta dizaynni (Gehrining afzal ko'rgan tahriri) NCPCga ko'rib chiqish uchun yubordi.[72]

2014 yil 2 oktyabrda NCPC Gehrining qayta ko'rib chiqilgan dastlabki loyihasini tasdiqlash uchun 10 dan 1 gacha ovoz berdi. NCPC tomonidan tasdiqlangan dizayn endi CFA-ga qaytdi.[73] 16 oktyabrda CFA qayta ko'rib chiqilgan dastlabki loyihani ma'qulladi. Ushbu tasdiq memorial dizaynerlariga yodgorlikning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari, masalan, haykal, ishlatilishi kerak bo'lgan aniq takliflar, ushbu kotirovkalarning shriftlari, obodonlashtirish, yo'lak toshlari va boshqalar ustida ishlashni boshlashga imkon berdi. Barcha dizaynga oid elementlar uchun CFA va NCPC tomonidan tasdiqlash zarur edi.[74]

Dizaynni batafsil tasdiqlash

Eyzenxauer yodgorligi me'mori Kreyg Uebb 2015 yil 19 fevralda tasviriy san'at komissiyasi bilan uchrashib, memorialning yoritish dizaynini ma'qullash uchun murojaat qildi, ammo CFA uning taklifini ma'qullamadi va undan aniqroq reja bilan qaytishini so'radi (unda tafsilotlar mavjud) ishlatilishi kerak bo'lgan haqiqiy zamin chiroqlari va yorug'lik ustunlarining joylashishi va balandligi to'g'risida). Uebb memorialda ishlatilishi kerak bo'lgan kotirovkalarga bag'ishlangan taqdimot o'tkazdi, ammo CFA a'zolari chiqarilgan va birlashtirilgan kotirovkalardan foydalanish rejasi mavjud bo'lmagan joyda "haqiqiy matn" taassurotini yaratadimi, degan savolni berishdi.[75] Uebb 2015 yil mart oyida CFA bilan obodonlashtirish va imo-ishora masalalarini muhokama qildi. CFA ko'kalamzorlashtirish loyihasiga ijobiy munosabatda bo'ldi, ammo ba'zi bir o'zgarishlarni taklif qilgan va qo'shimcha o'rganishni so'ragan edi. U tabelga nisbatan ko'proq tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lib, o'zgartirishlarni so'radi.[76] Uebb haykaltaroshlik elementlarini aprel oyida komissiya bilan muhokama qildi va umuman yaxshilanishlarni maqtadi.[77] Gobelenlar, ustunlar va ko'zga tashlanmaydigan devorlar uchun dizayn tushunchalarini ko'rib chiqish 2015 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tdi va ularni qat'iyan ma'qulladi. Ko'pincha sodir bo'lganidek, CFA ushbu elementlar uchun to'liq ko'lamli (kunduzi ham, kechasi ham) maketlarni so'radi.[78]

2015 yil 8 mayda Milliy park xizmati loyihaning yaqin atrofdagi tarixiy obidalarga salbiy ta'sirini qonuniy ravishda baholagan "Effektni aniqlash" ning yakuniy loyihasini chiqardi. Hujjat har qanday ta'sir minimal bo'lishini tasdiqladi. Taniqli mahalliy me'mor Artur Koton Mur ushbu topilmani 22-may kuni Kolumbiya okrugining shtat tarixini saqlab qolish bo'yicha mulozimiga yozgan xatida yodgorlik L'Enfant rejasini sezilarli darajada o'zgartirishi haqida bahs yuritgan.[79][80] NPS Tesisleri bo'limi boshlig'i Shon Kenneali 4 iyun kuni Mur va boshqalar tomonidan ko'tarilgan muammolarga javob berib, Merilend avenyu SW avtoturargohlarni yo'q qilish va yodgorlikning daraxt ekish joylarini birlashtirish orqali yaxshilanadi degan xulosaga keldi.[79]

Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi 2015 yil 17 iyunda yodgorlikning batafsil rejalarini bir ovozdan yakuniy ma'qulladi. Ma'qullash shuni anglatadiki, yodgorlik endi Milliy poytaxt rejalashtirish komissiyasining vakolatiga muhtoj,[81] 9 iyulga yakuniy tasdiqlash uchun ovoz berishni rejalashtirgan.[82]

2015 yil 9 iyulda Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi 9 dan 1 gacha ovoz berib, Eyzenxauer yodgorligi uchun yakuniy loyiha takliflarini tasdiqladi.[83] (Hech bo'lmaganda bitta nufuzli sanoat nashri ushbu loyiha endi Gehry Partners va AECOM texnik va boshqaruvni qo'llab-quvvatlash xizmatlarini taqdim etadi.)[84] NCPC gobelen materiallari va choklarning chidamliligi haqida tashvishlansa ham, yodgorlik komissiyasining taqdimoti ushbu muammolarni tinchitdi.[85]

Qo'shimcha dizayndagi o'zgarishlar

Eyzenxauer oilasi yodgorlik dizaynidan hali ham norozi bo'lganligi sababli, yodgorlikni Kongress tomonidan moliyalashtirish noaniq bo'lib chiqdi. AQShning sobiq davlat kotibi va Eyzenxauer yodgorlik komissiyasining maslahat komissiyasining a'zosi Jeyms Beyker oila a'zolari va dizaynerlar jamoasi bilan uchrashdi va murosaga kelishdi. 2016 yil 14 sentyabrda Syuzen Eyzenxauer maktub chiqarib, unda Gehry Partners kompaniyasi D-Day qo'nish joylari tasvirlarini (bugungi kunda mavjud) metall gobelenga qo'shishga rozi bo'lganligini aytdi. Tosh bloklariga o'yib yozilgan tirnoqlarga yangi iqtibos ("Men da'vo qilishim mumkin bo'lgan eng faxrli narsa - men Abilendanman") qo'shiladi. Ushbu o'zgarishlar bilan Eyzenxauer oilasi ushbu yodgorlikni qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'ldi.[86]

Dizaynga qo'shimcha o'zgartirishlar 2016 yil dekabr oyining boshlarida kiritilgan.[87] The metal tapestry was changed to remove all images of Abilene, and now only featured the present-day Normandy coast at Pointe du Hoc. The statue of Eisenhower as a boy was relocated from its central location to a promenade located between the metal tapestry and the Department of Education building,[87][88] and some text from Eisenhower's June 22, 1945, "Homecoming Speech" will be etched on a nearby wall.[87] The architects felt this would better emphasize Eisenhower's attempts to create a Department of Education and in expanding the federal role in funding primary, secondary, and higher education.[89] Four trees near the center of the memorial were also removed to improve views of the tapestry.[87][88] The revisions needed to be approved by the NCPC and CFA.[88]

At its meeting on January 23, 2017, the CFA approved of the tapestry change, but did not support moving the boyhood statue behind the tapestry nor the removal of the four trees. The agency asked for the architects to revisit and resubmit the design for final approval, and asked that a full-size, on-site mock-up of the Normandy tapestry be provided for commissioners' viewing to ensure the tapestry's legibility.[90] In October 2017, the NCPC approved design changes to the tapestry showing the site of the Normandiya qo'nish markazlashtirilgan Pointe du Hoc, and placement of the boyhood statute, with related text.[91]

E-memorial

In August 2012, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission announced plans for an "e-memorial" to accompany the physical one. Eisenhower Memorial Commission officials claimed the Eisenhower Memorial would be the first presidential memorial to be augmented with an e-memorial.[92][93]

The e-memorial will be a free mobil ilova designed by Local Projects, a media design firm which has worked with museums and historic sites to develop similar projects.[92][93] Seven key episodes in Eisenhower's life—including his entry at Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi 1911 yilda, Kun in 1944, Eisenhower's election to the presidency in 1952, the racial desegregation crisis of 1957, and the creation of NASA 1958 yilda[94][95]—will be augmented with still images, video, and audio to both provide greater insight into how these events were not only important to Eisenhower but also helped change national and world affairs.[92] Some visual components will be superimposed onto the physical memorial, to provide interactivity between the physical and virtual worlds.[92][93] The app will also include educational games for children.[93] Some of the materials used by the app will be provided by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Development costs for the app were anticipated to be $2 million, and the National Park Service would be responsible for maintaining and upgrading the e-memorial once the Eisenhower Memorial was dedicated.[93][96] A memorial Web site, distinct from the National Capital Parks-Central Web site, was also planned.[93]

The e-memorial drew criticism from Susan Eisenhower in August 2012, who argued that "storytelling" was better left to museums rather than the monuments.[93] In June 2013, Susan Eisenhower said it was "surprising, even inappropriate" that the Eisenhower Memorial Commission was moving ahead with the e-memorial. She argued that there were "many issues still to be resolved" about the memorial's physical design, and she felt the memorial commission should be focused on design issues "rather than selecting inscriptions and making announcements about the E Memorial."

On June 6, 2013, The Eisenhower Memorial Commission premiered the first of six videos which it said would be part of the e-memorial. The new video focused on D-Day.[94] The film, which put the viewer in the role of Eisenhower as he made critical decisions regarding the Normandy landings, used rarely-seen D-Day footage.[97] The General Services Administration issued a "sources-sought notice" asking scholars and educators to submit their names and availability to help design elementary and secondary school lesson plans for used on the memorial's Web site.[95][d]

Moliyalashtirish

As with most previous presidential memorials, the activities of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission and the design and construction of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial were initially intended to be fully funded by the federal government.[98][e][11] The Eisenhower Memorial Commission assured the Eisenhower family that no private fundraising for the memorial would be needed. This was an important issue for the Eisenhowers, who have established or sit on the board of directors of six "legacy organizations". The family was concerned that fundraising for the memorial would negatively affect their ability to fundraise for these legacy organizations. In 2008, however, Uylarni ajratish bo'yicha qo'mita staff informed the Eisenhower Memorial Commission that Congress was no longer likely to completely fund the design and construction of the memorial due to the economic downturn caused by the Katta tanazzul, and that some private fundraising would be required.[98]

The commission consulted with the fundraising consulting firm Odell, Simms & Lynch (OSL) in February 2011 to develop a fundraising strategy. Representatives of the Eisenhower family met with OSL in March 2012, during which time the Eisenhowers expressed their concern with the fundraising campaign. OSL, however, argued that the legacy organizations would benefit from the successful completion of the memorial.[98] OSL crafted a fundraising plan for the commission, and outreach to 200 major donors (defined as those individuals of high net worth) began in 2013.[99] The commission targeted "individuals with a direct link to President Eisenhower and his legacy; organizations and individuals with an interest in the E-Memorial educational component; and friends and admirers of Frank Gehry and his work" in "key markets" such as Kaliforniya, Gruziya, Kansas, Nyu York, Texas, and Washington, D.C.[100] Working with retired Dengiz kuchlari korpusi Umumiy Pol X. Kelley va avvalgi Respublika milliy qo'mitasi rais Frank Fahrenkopf, both members of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's Advisory Board, OSL also reached out to members of the Giving Back Fund, all of whom are capable of donating more than $10 million. As of March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had already raised $1.7 million in donations and pledges.[100][17][f] Once the memorial design was approved, the commission said it was ready to move forward on fundraising outreach to corporations, foundations, and international organizations and foreign governments.[99]

Congress has appropriated some funds for the memorial's design and construction, however. Congress appropriated $16 million in the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111-88; October 29, 2009), and $30.99 million in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74; December 17, 2011). The 2011 legislation was also important because it allowed the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to meet a critical fundraising challenge. The Commemorative Works Act (CWA; as amended) requires a memorial foundation to raise 75 percent of the construction costs before the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ichki ishlar vazirligi is permitted to issue a construction permit. Additionally, the CWA requires a memorial foundation to raise an additional amount, equal to 10 percent of the memorial's total construction costs, for deposit in a memorial maintenance trust fund (which is administered by the National Park Service). The 2011 legislation declared that the funds provided by Congress thus far shall be deemed to be sufficient to meet both fundraising requirements of the CWA.[11]

By March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had spent $8.721 million of the $46.99 million in existing design and construction funds.[11] However, in October 2013 Congress suspended the commission's exception to the full funding requirement of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) until it had the necessary funds, essentially preventing the commission from building a memorial (even if approved by the Commission of Fine Arts or the National Capital Planning Commission).[102]

The cost of constructing the memorial was estimated to be $65 million to $75 million in October 2014. The memorial commission said it had $22 million in appropriated funds to left to begin construction, which the commission said it would use for site preparation (estimated to cost $22 million). However, the Commemorative Works Act requires that the commission have at least 75 percent of construction funds in hand before work could begin. Although the legislation authorizing the memorial originally waived the CWA's requirements, the 2014 legislation barring the commission from expending its remaining funds also withdrew that waiver. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission said it would ask Congress to restore the waiver so that construction could begin immediately.[74]

Additional funding

On December 16, 2014, President Barack Obama signed Public Law 113–235 (128 Stat. 2443), which set aside $1 million (available until expended) for salaries and expenses of commission members, and the cost of construction design. But all other funding for the memorial was zeroed out, and Congress eliminated the 2011 CWA funding waiver.[103] But despite the preliminary design approval, Anne and Susan Eisenhower spent the first several months of 2015 lobbying Congress for changes in the memorial.[101]

The Eisenhower Memorial Commission asked Congress for a significant budget expenditure in fiscal 2016. In addition to a $2 million operating budget (for salaries and expenses), the commission requested $68.2 million to begin construction.[75] However, the draft appropriations bill approved by the House Appropriations Committee in June 2015 contained no funding for the memorial,[81][104] required the commission to limit its operations to "essential" daily functions only,[101] and ordered the commission to comply with the CWA fundraising requirements before construction could begin.[104] A nonbinding clause in the bill asked the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to consider restarting the design process.[101] "However, the Commission's ongoing indifference to the views of the Eisenhower family, and the resulting lack of consensus on the memorial design, remain an area of significant concern," the bill read. "It is inconceivable and unacceptable to the Committee that a memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower could be designed, approved, and built without the active support of the Eisenhower family."[80] The full House Appropriations Committee approved the draft on June 16.[101] The draft Senate version of the bill funded commission operations at $1 million in fiscal 2016.[81][101] The Senate bill contained nonbinding language, advising the memorial commission that "Construction should not commence until there is broad support among the public, the Eisenhower family and Congress."[105]

By June 2015, the memorial's cost had risen to an estimated $142 million to $150 million.[79] This was the cost still cited in December 2016.[87] On July 13, 2015, the government of Tayvan announced a $1 million donation to the memorial.[106]

The Eisenhower family announced their support the memorial in September 2016.[86] Fundraising had netted about $8 million as of December 1, 2016.[87] In May 2017, a fiscal 2017 spending bill was enacted into law which gave the memorial commission $45 million ($46,900,000 in 2019 dollars) in construction funds.[107] The memorial commission announced it had received a total of $25 million to build the memorial. Major donations (in the $1 million to $5 million range) had been received from FedEx, Honeywell, Pfizer, and an anonymous donor. Commission officials said that if Congress authorized another $41 million in 2018, the commission would have enough money to build the memorial (a total of $111 million).[107]

Eisenhower Memorial Commission members

Rocco Siciliano was the first chairman of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission.

The Eisenhower Memorial Commission consists of 12 appointed commissioners. To'rt a'zosi tomonidan tayinlangan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti. Ular:

To'rt a'zosi tomonidan tayinlangan President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. Ular:

To'rt a'zosi tomonidan tayinlangan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasining spikeri. Ular:

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar
  1. ^ Susan Eisenhower was then chairman of the Eisenhower Institute.
  2. ^ This program is a process for identifying, interviewing, and hiring architects of excellence for federal buildings.
  3. ^ The Davlatning hisobdorligi idorasi said in July 2013 a new design competition would take five years and cost $17 million.[24]
  4. ^ Federal agencies are usually required to hold competitions for federal contracts. But when an agency is unsure whether there are more than two sources expert enough to bid on the contract, it may issue a sources-sought notice to see if there are more experts or companies capable of bidding. If the answer is yes, then a competitive bidding process will be held. If the answer is no, then the agency is permitted to issue a single-source contract and forego the competitive bidding mechanism.
  5. ^ Section 8162 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2000 (P.L. 106–79; October 25, 1999) established the Eisenhower Memorial Commission and appropriated $300,000 for its expenses. Section 8120 of the Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery From and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002 (P.L. 107–117; December 20, 2001) appropriated $2.6 million for the commission's needs. Section 8098 of the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006 (P.L. 109-148; December 21, 2005) appropriated another $1.7 million for the commission. Title II of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, 2008 (P.L. 110-161; December 19, 2007) appropriated another $2 million for the commission's needs. Title III of the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8; March 10, 2009) appropriated another $2 million for the commission's needs. Title III of the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111-88; October 29, 2009) appropriated another $3 million for the commission's needs, and $16 million for construction costs. The construction funds were to remain available until expended. Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; April 14, 2011) zeroed out commission salaries and expenses. Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74; December 17, 2011) restored $2 million for commission salaries and expenses. The legislation appropriated $30.99 million for design and construction costs, provided that "beginning in fiscal year 2012 and thereafter, any procurement for the construction of the permanent memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower...may be issued which includes the full scope of the project". The legislation also declared that the funds provided by Congress thus far shall be deemed to be sufficient to meet the fundraising requirements of the Commemorative Works Act (as amended), so that a construction permit shall issue. Section 1413 of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6; March 21, 2013) lowered the fiscal 2013 appropriation for commission salaries and expenses to $1.05 million and construction funds to zero. It also set the date for expiration of the commission's authority to begin construction at September 30, 2020. Section 138(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-46; October 16, 2013) suspended the $30.99 million construction funding for the memorial until: (1) the enactment into law of an appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this joint resolution; (2) the enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal year 2014 without any provision for such project or activity; or (3) January 15, 2014. Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76; January 16, 2014) appropriated $1 million for commission salaries and expenses, to remain available until expended. It did not address the suspension of construction authority. Section 131(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015 (P.L. 113-164; September 18, 2014) again suspended the $30.99 million construction funding for the memorial.
  6. ^ According to a report by House Appropriations Committee investigators, the memorial commission had received just $447,618 in contributions.[17] $300,000 of these cash donations came from a single donor.[101]
  7. ^ Mr. Siciliano is an original member of the commission. He was appointed a member and chair on July 20, 2000. He resigned as chairman on April 28, 2015, and Senator Pat Roberts was elected chairman.
  8. ^ Ms. Harris is an original member of the commission. She was appointed a member on July 20, 2000. She was named Vice Chair after the death of Senator Inouye in 2012.
  9. ^ Mr. Geduldig is an original member of the commission. He was appointed a member on July 20, 2000.
  10. ^ Senator Roberts is an original member of the commission. He was appointed on January 24, 2000. Roberts was elected chairman of the commission on April 28, 2015.
  11. ^ Senator Daniel Inouye was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on February 23, 2000, and elected Vice Chair by the commission. He died on December 17, 2012, and Susan Banes Harris replaced him as Vice Chair. Senator Manchin was appointed his replacement on December 18, 2013.
  12. ^ Senator Ted Stevens was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on January 24, 2000. His term in the Senate ended on January 3, 2009. Senator Bob Bennet (R-Utah) was appointed as his replacement on March 12, 2009. Senator Bennett's term in office ended on January 3, 2011. Representative Jerry Moran was elected to the United States Senate in November 2010. Senator Moran was appointed to the commission on April 12, 2011. He resigned on September 17, 2014.
  13. ^ Representative Thornberry is an original member of the commission, and was appointed on March 21, 2000.
  14. ^ Representative Jerry Moran was an original member of the commission, and was appointed on March 21, 2000. Moran resigned on January 3, 2011, due to his election to the U.S. Senate. Representative Simpson was appointed his replacement on April 15, 2011.
  15. ^ Vakil Dennis Mur (D-Kansas) was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on March 21, 2000. His term in Congress ended on January 3, 2011. Representative Bishop was appointed his replacement on October 14, 2011.
  16. ^ Vakil Leonard Boswell (D-Iowa) was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on March 21, 2000. His term in Congress ended on January 3, 2013. Representative Thompson was appointed his replacement on July 31, 2013. Thompson was elected vice chairman of the commission on April 28, 2015.
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