Amerika yodgorligi uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar - Women in Military Service for America Memorial

"Ayollar urushiga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Londondagi yodgorlik uchun qarang Ikkinchi jahon urushi ayollariga yodgorlik.
Amerika uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar yodgorligi
Qizil granit bilan ishlangan, markaziy apsisli neoklassik eksedra
Harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar uchun Amerika yodgorligining joylashishini ko'rsatadigan xarita
Harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar uchun Amerika yodgorligining joylashishini ko'rsatadigan xarita
Vashington xaritasida joylashgan joy
ManzilArlington okrugi, Virjiniya, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Koordinatalar38 ° 52′50 ″ N. 77 ° 4′00 ″ Vt / 38.88056 ° N 77.06667 ° Vt / 38.88056; -77.06667Koordinatalar: 38 ° 52′50 ″ N. 77 ° 4′00 ″ Vt / 38.88056 ° N 77.06667 ° Vt / 38.88056; -77.06667
Maydon4,2 gektar (1,7 ga)
O'rnatilgan1997 yil 17 oktyabr
Mehmonlar200,000[1] (2016 yilda)
Boshqaruv organiMilliy park xizmati
Veb-saytwww.womensmemorial.org
Me'morVayss / Manfredi
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q95000605[2]
NRHP-ga qo'shildi1982 yil 13-noyabr

The Amerika uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar yodgorligi, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Harbiy ayollar yodgorligi, AQSh federal hukumati tomonidan tashkil etilgan yodgorlik bo'lib, unda xizmat qilgan ayollarni sharaflaydi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlari. Yodgorlik g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Xotira xiyoboni kiraverishda Arlington milliy qabristoni yilda Arlington okrugi, Virjiniya, Qo'shma Shtatlarda. Yodgorlik joylashgan inshoot dastlab "Yarim velosiped" nomi bilan tanilgan va 1932 yilda qabristonga tantanali kirish uchun qurilgan. U hech qachon bu maqsadga xizmat qilmagan va 1986 yilga qadar yaroqsiz holatga kelgan. Kongress ushbu yodgorlikni 1985 yilda, Yarim velosiped esa 1988 yilda yodgorlik joyi sifatida tasdiqlagan. Ochiq dizayn tanlovida g'olib chiqqan Nyu-York shahri me'morlar Marion Vayss va Maykl Manfredi. Ularning asl dizayni jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'ldi va juda ko'p tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. Ikki yillik mablag 'yig'ish va dizaynni qayta ko'rib chiqish. Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan dastlabki dizayn 1992 yil iyulda, yakuniy dizayn esa 1995 yil martda tasdiqlangan. 1995 yil iyun oyida yodgorlik uchun zamin buzilgan va 1997 yil 18 oktyabrda qurilgan.

Yodgorlik muvaffaqiyatli aralashgani bilan ajralib turadi Neoklassik va Zamonaviy arxitektura. Yodgorlik asosan Yarim velosipedni saqlab qoldi, ammo Yarim velosiped terrasasida nafaqat xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollarga yodgorliklarni o'z ichiga olgan, balki quyidagi yodgorlikka o'tish vazifasini ham o'z ichiga olgan keng yoritilgan osmon yoritgichini qo'shdi. Yodgorlik qurilishi, ammo yaqin atrofdagi ustun (qabristonga kirish eshigining bir qismi) shikastlanganda sud jarayonini boshlagan. Memorial qurilishi qarzini to'lash uchun mablag 'yig'ish bir necha yil davom etdi.

Yarim velosiped

Loyihalash va qurish

1929 yildagi yarim velosiped uchun yakuniy dizayn

Yodgorlik Arlington milliy qabristoniga tantanali kirish yo'lida, yarim velosipedda joylashgan.[3] Dastlab, qabriston uchta eshikka ega edi: Porter avenyu va Patton-Drive (hozirgi Eisenhower Drive) chorrahasidagi Xazina darvozasi; The McClellan Gate McClellan Drive va Patton Drive chorrahasida; va Sheridan darvozasi, bu erda Custis Walk Sherman prospektini hozirgi L'Enfant Drive-dan janubga kesib o'tdi. Makklelan va Sheridan eshiklari ustunlari ustunlar bilan o'ralgan bo'lsa-da, ammo ular biron bir katta qabristonda topilgan eshikdan unchalik farq qilmasdi.

Yarim velosiped tantanali eshik yaratish va tug'ilgan kunining 200 yilligini nishonlash uchun qurilgan Jorj Vashington (birinchi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti va Amerika inqilobiy urushi qahramon). Vashington tug'ilgan kunining ikki yuz yilligini nishonlash uchun poytaxt Vashingtonda bir qator obodonlashtirish va yodgorliklarni qurish rejalashtirilgan edi.[4] Ular orasida edi Arlington yodgorlik ko'prigi va Vernon tog'ining yodgorlik bog'i (hozirgi Jorj Vashington Memorial Parkway ).[5] Ko'prikning Virjiniyaga tushishini Arlington milliy qabristoni bilan bog'lash uchun keng xiyobon sifatida tanilgan Xotira xiyoboni qurildi va qabristonga yangi kirish joyi McClellan darvozasi va Sheridan darvozasidagi eski kirish joylarini almashtirishni rejalashtirdi.[6] (1971 yilda Potomak daryosi tomon qabristonning kengayishi Arlington ichkarisida McClellan darvozasini tark etdi va endi bu marosim eshigi sifatida ishlamay qoldi.[7] Sheridan darvozasi demontaj qilindi va tashqi omborxonaga joylashtirildi.[8])

1924 yilda Kongress Memorial xiyoboni va yarim velosipedni qurish uchun 1 million dollar ajratdi.[9] Ning me'moriy firmasi McKim, Mead & White Arlington yodgorlik ko'prigini qurish hamda Arlington milliy qabristoniga yangi tantanali kirish yo'lini qurish bo'yicha tanlovda g'olib bo'ldi. Firmaning sherigi Uilyam Mitchell Kendall Yarim velosipedni ishlab chiqdi.[10] 1927 yil may oyida Kendall Arlington yodgorlik ko'prigining g'arbiy uchini Arlingtonning asosiy darvozasi bilan bog'laydigan Yarim velosiped va "Qahramonlar xiyoboni" loyihalarini taqdim etdi.[11] U quyidagilarni taklif qildi:

Baholarning keskin o'zgarishi bu erda Arlington milliy qabristoniga bosh yodgorlik eshigini yaratishni taklif qiladi. Bu erda qisman tepalikdan qazilgan plazma namoyish etildi, u erdan shimolga va janubiy yo'llarga Mansionga va undan qaytib keladi. Plazmaning g'arbiy uchi balandligi 30 fut va diametri 225 fut bo'lgan yarim doira shaklidagi devor bilan o'ralgan. Ushbu devor devorlari yozuvlari bo'lgan nişler, pilasterlar va planshetlar bilan bezatilgan. Qo'llab-quvvatlash devoridan ko'tarilgan terasta kirish imkoniyati mavjud, bu erda parkovkaning barcha ko'rinishini olish mumkin.[12]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Tasviriy San'at Komissiyasi D.C. metro hududidagi federal mulk ob'ektlari loyihalarini tasdiqlash bo'yicha qonuniy vakolatga ega bo'lgan (CFA), 1928 yil may oyida Hemicycle dizaynini tasdiqladi.[13]

Yarim velosipedni Arlington yodgorlik ko'prigiga ulash uchun yangi tantanali xiyobon ham tasdiqlandi. Dastlab "Qahramonlar xiyoboni" deb nomlangan, ammo keyinchalik va rasmiy ravishda "Xotira xiyoboni" deb nomlangan.[14] avtomobil yo'li Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi a'zosi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Ferruccio Vitale va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi.[15] Memorial xiyobonida ish 1930 yil yanvar oyining boshlarida boshlangan.[16]

CFA 1930 yil sentyabr oyida yarim velosiped rejalarini ko'rib chiqdi va tasdiqladi.[17] Gemicycle granitiga takliflar 1931 yil fevralda e'lon qilingan,[18] va 4 mart kuni mukofotlandi. Shimoliy Karolina Granit Co. granitni qoplama uchun etkazib berdi Yangi Angliya Granit ishlari uchun granit bilan ta'minlangan korkuluklar va ustunlar va darvoza uylari uchun granit John Swenson Granite Co.dan olingan. New England Granite Co. plazada va beton zinapoyalarda to'siqlar qurgan. Yarim velosipedda ishlash 1931 yil 1-iyulda boshlangan.[19] 1932 yil aprelga kelib Memorial xiyoboni asosan qurib bitkazildi, ammo uni asfaltlashda kechikishlar bo'ldi. Tugatishni kechiktirishlar ham bo'lgan Chegara kanali Ko'prik, bu Potomak daryosining tor kanalini ko'prik bilan bog'laydigan qisqa qurilish Kolumbiya oroli va Virjiniya qirg'oqlari. Ning izlari Rosslin filiali ning Pensilvaniya temir yo'li ko'chirilishi va 20 metrlik (6,1 m) xandaqqa tushmasligi kerak edi sinf o'tish joyi Memorial xiyoboni bilan.[20] Ammo bu loyiha ham kechiktirildi.[21]

Adolph A. Vaynmen tomonidan haykaltarosh yalang'och yosh jangchining haykali Yarim velosipedning asosiy apsisiga taklif qilingan.

Arlingtonga yangi tantanali kirish cho'qqisi tepalikdan o'yilgan Arlington uyi.[22] Yarim velosiped qurilgan Temir-beton,[23] va toshli granit bilan to'qnashgan Mount Airy, Shimoliy Karolina.[24][25]

Yarim velosiped Prezident tomonidan norasmiy ravishda bag'ishlangan Gerbert Guver 1932 yil 16-yanvarda.[26][27] Uning umumiy qiymati 900 ming dollarni tashkil etdi,[19] 500 ming dollar granit sotib olishga sarflandi.[18] Rasmiy bag'ishlanish 9-aprel kuni bo'lib o'tdi. Polkovnik Uliss S. Grant III, Arlington Memorial Bridge komissiyasining ijrochi direktori va muhandislar korpusining xodimi, Memorial Avenue va Chegaraviy kanal ko'prigini rasmiy ravishda ochdi. (Xotira xiyoboni atigi 30 fut (9,1 m) keng va asfaltlanmagan edi, ammo Korpus uni 18 metrgacha kengaytirish va 1 iyulga qadar asfaltlash uchun ish olib borgan.)[28]

Yarim velosiped deyarli tugamadi. Bilan Katta depressiya yomonlashishi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi loyiha uchun 1933 moliya yilidagi barcha mablag'larni o'chirib tashladi. Bu yarim velosipedning qurilishi va Xotira xiyobonining asfaltlanishini to'xtatdi.[29] O'n oy o'tgach, CFA yarim pulli bilan nima qilish kerakligini muhokama qilish uchun yig'ildi, bundan keyin mablag 'kelmasligi kerak.[30]

Franklin D. Ruzvelt 1933 yil mart oyida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti lavozimiga kirishdi. Jamoat ishlariga sarflanadigan katta federal xarajatlar nafaqat iqtisodiyotning "nasosini ishlab chiqarish" uchun, balki ishsizlikni kamaytirish uchun ham muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligiga ishongan Ruzvelt Milliy sanoatni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun. Ushbu aktda 6 milliard dollarlik jamoat ishlariga sarflangan mablag 'bor edi. Ushbu akt 1933 yil 13-iyunda qabul qilingan va Ruzvelt 16-iyunda uni imzolagan Jamoat ishlarini boshqarish (PWA) zudlik bilan dalolatnoma bilan o'zlashtirilgan mablag'larni berish uchun tashkil etilgan. Kolumbiya okrugi yo'l va ko'prik qurilishi uchun 3 million dollar miqdorida grant oldi va shahar 14 iyul kuni ushbu mablag'larning bir qismini Gemicycle va Memorial Avenue-ni tugatish uchun ishlatishini aytdi.[31]

Yarim velosiped tugallangandan keyin ham ish davom etdi. 1934 yil noyabrda, 178 yil oq emanlar Memorial xiyoboni bo'ylab norasmiy yo'nalishda ekilgan.[32] Faqat 1936 yil sentyabrga qadar Vashington Post federal rasmiylar Gemicycle-ni "tugatilgan" deb hisoblashganligi haqida xabar berishdi. Tuzilmaning favvorasi joyida edi va endi yarim tunda velosiped tunda yonib turardi. Yodgorlik Memorial xiyoboni bo'ylab ham o'rnatildi va Xolli daraxtlar va qo'shimcha eman daraxtlari yo'l bo'ylab ekilgan edi.[33]

Yarim velosiped tavsifi

1931 yilda qurilayotgan yarim velosiped

Yarim velosiped a Neoklassik[34] balandligi 9 fut (9,1 m) va diametri 226 fut (69 m) bo'lgan yarim doira.[25][26] Rejalashtirilganidek, u orqadagi tepalik uchun devor bo'lib xizmat qildi.[35] Markazda apsis bo'ylab 20 fut (6,1 m) va 30 fut (9,1 m) balandlikda joylashgan.[3][26] Umuman olganda, Hemicycle 4,2 gektar maydonni (1,7 ga) egallaydi.[36] Devorlari poydevoridagi qalinligi 1,07 m dan 3 futgacha, tepasida esa 2 fut 6 dyuym (0,76 m) gacha bo'lgan.[37] Apsisdagi aksent panellari va xazinalari qizil granit bilan ishlangan Texas.[37] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Buyuk muhri apse arkasining markazida granit bilan o'yilgan, ikkala tomonida esa muhrlar bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi departamenti (janubiy) va Qo'shma Shtatlar Dengiz kuchlari vazirligi (shimoliy).[25][38] Yarim velosipedning old tomonida haykallar, yodgorlik releflari va boshqa san'at asarlarini (ular yodgorlik vazifasini bajaradigan) joylashtirish uchun mo'ljallangan 10 ta soxta eshik yoki uyalar bor edi.[12] Ikkala tomonning tashqi, o'rta va ichki joylari dumaloq va 3 fut 6 dyuym (1,07 m) chuqurlikda bo'lgan, qolgan ikkala teshiklar esa 0,61 m chuqurlikda, to'rtburchaklar shaklida va eman orqa devorga o'yilgan barg. Barcha joylarning eni 9 fut (2,7 m) va balandligi 19 fut (5,8 m) bo'lgan.[25][39] Apsis dastlab favvora tutgan,[40] garchi 1990-yillarga kelib u ko'p yillar davomida ishlatilmagan.[39] Yarim velosipedning qanotlari quchoqlagan markaziy maydonni yaroqsiz o'tlar doirasi to'ldirdi.[41]

Yarim velosiped tepasida a teras 24 fut (7,3 m) kengligi. Dastlab, terasta kirish faqat yarim pog'onaning narigi tomoniga, piyodalar darvozasi orqali va zinapoyadan yuqoriga ko'tarilish orqali ta'minlangan. Piyodalar zinapoyalarining har bir kemerli kirish qismida granit burgut bor edi. Ammo bu kirish joylari hech qachon ochilmadi va 50 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida qulflangan holda qoldi.[39]

Memorial avenyu shimoldan janubga yarim yarim velosipedda bo'linib, temir eshiklardan Arlington milliy qabristoniga o'tib ketdi.[3][25] Shimoliy darvoza Admiral nomi bilan Shley darvozasi deb nomlandi Uinfild Skott Shli,[42] o'g'li Amerika fuqarolar urushi Bosh qo'mondonlik Uinfild Skott va qahramoni Santyago ko'rfazidagi jang davomida Ispaniya-Amerika urushi.[43] Janubiy darvoza Prezident uchun Ruzvelt darvozasi deb nomlandi Teodor Ruzvelt.[42] Har bir darvozaning markazida, old va orqa tomonda, diametri 30 dyuym (76 sm) bo'lgan oltin gulchambar bor. Har bir gulchambar 1932 yilda mavjud bo'lgan qurolli xizmatlardan birining qalqonini beshikka soladi: The Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi Ruzvelt darvozasida va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi Shley darvozasida.[42] (The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari 1947 yilgacha mavjud bo'lmagan.)[44] Har bir darvozaning temir qismi 13 qismga bo'lingan temir faslar va oltitadan yuqorisida oltin yulduzlar tepasida temir pog'onalar bor edi.[39] Har bir darvoza og'irligi 4 toshdan (0,025 t).[25]

50 fut (15 m)[45] Yarim velosipedning har ikki uchida va har bir darvozaning sharqiy qismida joylashgan baland bo'yli granit ustunlar tepasida dekorativ granit dafn marosimlari bor edi. Har bir ustun ham oltin zarhal chiroq bilan bezatilgan edi.[39] Ustunlar chuqur poydevorga ega emas edi, lekin ular tuproqqa 0,91 m balandlikda o'rnatildi. Ular hech qanday tarzda tuproqqa bog'lanmagan, ammo barqarorlik uchun o'z vaznlaridan foydalanganlar.[45]

Yarim velosiped tarixi

1931 yil oxirlarida deyarli qurilgan yarim velosiped

Yarim velosiped hech qachon tugamagan. Rejalarda markaziy apseda katta haykalchani qo'yish kerak edi. 1935 yil 20-dekabrda CFA haykaltarosh tomonidan taqdim etilgan dastlabki dizaynni ma'qulladi Adolf Aleksandr Vaynman jangchi yosh, boshini egib, oyoqlari ostidagi bulutlar qo'llab-quvvatladi. Uning chap qo'lida g'ilofli qilich bor edi (bajarilgan burch ramzi) va o'ng qo'li salom bilan ko'tarilgan bo'lar edi. Uning orqasida uchib yurgan karvon xuddi dubulg'asini xuddi o'lmaslikka olib borayotgandek ushlab turardi.[46] Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan model 1936 yil 2-mayda tasdiqlangan.[47] Ammo apsis va nişalar rejalashtirilganidek yodgorliklar bilan to'ldirilmagan.[48] Uning kirish joyi yaqinida avtoturargoh mavjud emas edi va piyodalar Arlington yodgorlik ko'prigidan o'tib, Memorial prospektidan pastga o'tishga yoki tramvay saytga kirish uchun. Saytga kam odam tashrif buyurgan.[49] 1938 yilda Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi Gemotsikl nuqtai nazarini to'sib qo'ygan degan xulosaga keldi Linkoln yodgorligi Arlington uyidan. Ivy Gemicycle atrofida ekilgan va keyingi bir necha yil ichida bog'bonlar uni tuzilish ustida o'sishga undashgan.[50]

1980-yillarga kelib, yarim velosiped jiddiy nosozlikda edi. U hech qachon tantanali maqsadda ishlatilmagan va Arlington milliy qabristoni rasmiylari buni deyarli e'tiborsiz qoldirishgan, chunki u texnik jihatdan qabriston maydoniga kirmagan.[35] Yarim velosiped ustidan yurisdiksiyaga ega bo'lgan Milliy bog'ning xizmati hech qachon tuzilishga katta texnik xizmat ko'rsatmagan, chunki u Arlington milliy qabristoniga juda bog'liq edi.[51] 1986 yilga kelib, yodgorlikni o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab tosh bloklar va beton urnalar buzilgan, obodonlashtirish ishlari haddan tashqari ko'paygan va oymalarda mox o'sgan.[49][52] Yarim o't velosiped bo'ylab begona o'tlar o'sib chiqdi va piyodalar yo'lagi yorilib, ko'p joylarda singan edi.[53] Yarim velosiped ham oqib chiqdi va toshlarning ko'pi suvdan rangsizlandi. Toshlar orasidagi ohak kaltsiylangan tuzlarning ta'sirida ham ko'p joylarga zarar etkazgan.[49]

Amerika uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollarning yodgorliklarini yaratish

Yodgorlikni tasdiqlash

Memorialga aylanishidan oldin 1993 yilda yarim velosipedning havodan ko'rinishi

80-yillarning boshlarida faxriy ayollar AQSh qurolli xizmatlarida ayollar xotirasiga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik uchun bosim o'tkazishni boshladilar. Ular rasmiy qo'llab-quvvatlashni qo'lga kiritdilar Amerika faxriylar qo'mitasi (AVC), a liberal faxriylar 'guruhi, 1982 yilda.[54] Vakil Meri Rouz Okar, kutubxona va yodgorliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita raisi Uy ma'muriyati qo'mitasi, yodgorlikni o'rnatish uchun qonunchilikni joriy qildi (H.R. 4378). Biroq, Ichki ishlar kotibi Donald P. Xodel va Milliy park xizmati ikkalasi ham mavjudligini ta'kidlab, qonunchilikka qarshi chiqishdi Vetnam ayollar yodgorligi va rejalashtirilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz flotining yodgorligi allaqachon kiritilgan va sharaflangan ayollar. Ushbu qarama-qarshilikka qaramay, qonunchilik qabul qildi Vakillar palatasi 1985 yil noyabrda.[55] 1986 yil mart oyida Jamoat erlari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita Senatning Energetika va tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi tomonidan kiritilgan bir xil qonun hujjatlari Senator Frank Murkovskiy. Qo'mita raisi Malkolm Uollop yodgorliklari va yodgorliklari juda ko'p sonda joylashtirilayotganidan xavotirda edi Milliy savdo markazi va birinchi bo'lib tasdiqlangan mezonlarni o'z ichiga olgan qonuniy sxemani xohladi.[56] Ammo Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari Brigada generali Wilma Vaught haykal yoki yodgorlik etarli emasligini ta'kidladi; Qurolli kuchlarda ayollarning hissasi haqidagi eksponatlar bilan yodgorlik kerak edi.[57] Keyinchalik, 1985 yil oxirida AVC mablag 'yig'ish va yodgorlik uchun Kongressni qabul qilish uchun "Amerika harbiy xizmatida ayollar" yodgorlik jamg'armasini tashkil etdi.[50][58]

Jamg'arma yodgorlik qonunchiligi uchun Kongressdan tashqarida qo'llab-quvvatlashni boshladi. Jamg'arma birinchi navbatda faxriylarning katta guruhlariga murojaat qildi va ular tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Amerika legioni va Xorijiy urushlar faxriylari. Keyin roziligini so'radi Mudofaa vazirligi. Vashingtonda yodgorliklarni tasdiqlash yoki joylashtirish uchun biron bir federal qonun hali belgilanmagan bo'lsa-da, Kongress buni ko'rib chiqmoqda 1986 yilgi yodgorlik ishlari to'g'risidagi qonun bu harbiy yodgorliklarni ayollar yodgorligini to'sib qo'yadigan tarzda cheklaydi. DOD hech qanday e'tirozi yo'qligini aytganda, bu 4378-yilgi HRga qarshi chiqish uchun ko'p asoslarni olib tashladi. Ushbu qo'llab-quvvatlash (va qarama-qarshilikning yo'qligi) ularni ishontirdi Milliy poytaxt xotirasi bo'yicha maslahat komissiyasi yodgorlikni tasdiqlash. Milliy bog'ning xizmati (Ichki ishlar vazirligining bo'limi) komissiyada o'tirganligi sababli, ovoz bir ovozdan qabul qilindi,[58] Hodel ham o'z e'tirozlarini tashladi.[59]

1986 yil oktyabr oyining o'rtalarida qonunlarni qabul qilish Koreya urushi faxriylari yodgorligi xotin-qizlar xotirasi to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini tezlashtirdi.[60] 16 oktyabrda Senat orqali qabul qilindi bir ovozdan rozilik shartnomasi Uy Qo'shma qaror HR 4378 qoidalarini o'zida mujassam etgan 36 ("Qurolli Kuchlarda yoki xizmatda xizmat qilgan ayollarni sharaflash yodgorligi").[61] Uy H.J. 36 tomonidan ovozli ovoz berish 17 oktyabrda.[62] Prezident Ronald Reygan qonun loyihasini 1986 yil 6-noyabrda imzoladi.[63] Qonun loyihasida Memorial yodgorligi uchun barcha mablag 'yig'ish va qurilish uchun poydevor qo'yish 1991 yil noyabrgacha amalga oshirilishi kerak edi.[64]

Yodgorlik joylashgan joy

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Buyuk muhri, apsisning markazida yarim velosipedda o'yilgan

1985 yilda nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng, Brigada generali Vaught WMSAMFning asosiy vakili bo'ldi.[59] Vontning so'zlariga ko'ra, u xotira fondi prezidenti etib saylangan, chunki u birinchi uchrashuvni o'tkazib yuborgan va sharafni rad etish uchun u erda bo'lmagan.[65]

Joyni tanlash yodgorlik dizaynidan oldin bo'lishi kerak edi. Vaught yodgorlik mavjud bo'lgan harbiy ob'ekt yoki yodgorlik bilan birlashishi kerakligiga amin edi. Saytlarni qidirish 1988 yil bahorida boshlandi. Dastlab saytlarni ko'rib chiqish Milliy savdo markaziga qaratilgan edi, ammo WMSAMF tezda poydevor o'ylagan binoga mos darajada katta bo'lmaganligini aniqladi. Etarli darajada katta bo'lgan saytlar mavjud yodgorliklardan va diqqatga sazovor joylardan juda uzoq edi.[66] Saytni qidirish jarayoni oxiriga kelib Vaught va uning Milliy bog'da xizmat ko'rsatuvchi yo'lovchisi Hemicyle yonidan o'tib ketishdi. Yarim velosipedning hech qanday aniq maqsadi yo'qligi va yaroqsiz holatga kelganini bilib, Vont yodgorlik joyi uchun yarim velosiped izladi.[67] Vaught, yodgorlik uchun Yarim velosiped joyini tasdiqlashni Milliy Mall makoniga qaraganda osonroq deb to'g'ri taxmin qildi. Federal qonunga binoan, yodgorlik uchun mablag 'yig'ish va uni qurish uchun atigi besh yilga ruxsat berish bilan, Vaught yodgorlikni umuman savdo markazida kurashish uchun emas, balki mukammal bo'lmagan joy bilan davom ettirishni xohladi.[68]

Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi (CFA) yodgorlik joyini tasdiqlash uchun qonuniy vakolatlarga ega edi. Milliy bog 'xizmatining vakillari guvohlik berishlaricha, yodgorlik Yarim velosipedni tiklash va rivojlantirishga yordam beradi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi xodimlarning ta'kidlashicha, bu urushga qarshi harakatlarga faqat erkaklar hissa qo'shgan degan taassurotni to'g'rilashga yordam beradi. Vaught, fond tomonidan kompyuter xonasi, eksponatlar va teatrni o'z ichiga olgan o'quv yodgorligini qurish niyatida bo'lganligini tasdiqladi. U Arlington milliy qabristonining qadr-qimmatini pasaytiradigan hech qanday yodgorlik barpo etilmasligini va'da qildi. CFA kafedrasi J. Karter Braun eshitish paytida yodgorlik qanday qilib eskirgan belgini saqlab qolish va qayta tiklashini va bu joy juda apropos ekanligini ta'kidlab, juda ijobiy javob berdi.[52] Shu bilan birga, Braun va CFAning boshqa a'zolari har qanday yodgorlik dizayni Yarim velosiped arxitekturasini yoki qabristonga mavjud bo'lgan eshikni tubdan buzmaslik uchun nozik bo'lishi kerakligini ta'kidladilar.[52][69] Vaught yodgorliklarni loyihalashtirish bo'yicha jamoatchilik uchun ochiq tanlov o'tkazishni taklif qilgan edi (Vetnam faxriylari yodgorligini yaratgan tanlovga o'xshash), ammo Braun ochiq musobaqalar Yarim velosiped uchun mos bo'lmagan ulkan sxemalarni ishlab chiqarishga moyilligini ogohlantirdi.[52] Vaught Braunning tashvishlariga qo'shildi.[70]

1988 yil 28-iyunda CFA bir ovozdan Amerikaning harbiy xizmatida bo'lgan ayollarni yodgorlik marosimini o'tkazadigan joy sifatida Yarim velosipedni tasdiqladi. Biroq, komissiya ma'qullash bilan yana bir bor WMSAMF-ni Gemicycle va Arlington shlyuzining dizayni va ko'rinishini tubdan o'zgartirmasligi kerakligi haqida ogohlantirdi.[71]

Dizayn tanlovi

Yodgorlikni loyihalashtirishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun WMSAMF 1988 yil avgust oyida saytni muhandislik tekshiruviga topshirdi.[72]

Vaught loyihalash jarayoni 1988 yil oxiridan oldin boshlanishini taxmin qildi. Ammo Chicago Tribune WMSAMF allaqachon yer osti tashrif buyuruvchilar markazini va haykallar uchun Yarim velosipeddagi joylardan foydalanishni taklif qilgani haqida xabar berdi.[72][73] Memorialning barcha qiymati 5 million dollarga baholandi.[72] (Keyinchalik haykallar yaratish g'oyasi yodgorlik direktorlar kengashi tomonidan tashlab yuborilgan. Vaughtning so'zlariga ko'ra, "tashqi ko'rinishini saqlab qolish uchun avval boshlagan tanlovimizga qaytamiz. Shunday qilib, haykalning yo'qligi ham odamlarni anglatadi Arlington milliy qabristonini faqat ayollar uchun qabriston deb talqin qilmas edi.)[74]

Dizayn tanlovi 1988 yil 7 dekabrda e'lon qilingan. 18 yoshdan katta bo'lgan har kim dizaynini taqdim etish huquqiga ega edi. Faqatgina talablar dizayni mavjud bo'lgan yarim velosipedni o'z ichiga olishi va u mehmonlar markazi, auditoriya va jamoat foydalanishi uchun kompyuterlar xonasini o'z ichiga olishi edi.[34][75] Garchi abituriyentlarga "Yarim velosiped" borligini aytishgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri, ular uni o'zgartirishi, yodgorlikni saytning istalgan joyida yoki tagida (orqasida, ostiga, oldida, tepasida, ikki tomonida) qurishda erkin edilar.[41] Hakamlar hay'ati (Jaan Xolt boshchiligidagi arxitektura professori Virginia Tech ) uchta dizaynni tanlab, qisqa ro'yxatdagi dizaynerlarning har biriga keyingi rivojlanish uchun 10 000 AQSh dollaridan ajratadi. Yodgorlik dizayni sifatida qayta ishlangan dizaynlardan biri tanlanadi. Endi 15 milliondan 20 million dollargacha baholanayotgan yodgorlikning oxirgi muddati 1989 yil 15 mayda tugagan.[34][75] 1990 yil oxirida poydevor qo'yish uchun sana kutilgan edi.[34]

Hakamlik jarayoni

Hakamlik jarayoni kutilganidan ko'ra murakkabroq bo'ldi. Hakamlar hay'ati quyidagi shaxslardan iborat edi:[76]

Vayss / Manfredi dizayni kirish zinalarini yaratish uchun yarim velosipedda teshiklarni taklif qildi.

Kempbell hakamlar hay'ati raisi etib saylandi. Hakamlar hay'ati boshlanishidan oldin, Yarim velosipedga tashrif buyurishdi va uning tuzilishini tomosha qilishdi Jon F. Kennedining abadiy olovi himoyalangan vista haqida tushuncha olish uchun sayt. Tanlovga 139 ta ariza kelib tushdi, ular anonim ravishda shaxsiy hakamlik uchun namoyish etildi Milliy qurilish muzeyi 1989 yil iyun oyining boshlarida. Har bir yozuv 30 dan 40 dyuymgacha (76 dan 102 sm gacha) ikki yoki uchtadan iborat edi. karton panellar. Birinchi kuni sudyalardan har bir dizaynni kiritish yoki chiqarib tashlash talab qilindi. Ushbu turdan so'ng taxminan yarmi yozuvlar chiqarib tashlandi. Muhokamadan so'ng sudyalar yana qo'shish yoki chiqarib tashlash uchun ovoz berishdi - garchi ikkinchi bosqichda ishtirok etish huquqini saqlab qolish uchun ikkita "kiritilgan" ovoz kerak edi. Ushbu tur yakunida atigi 30 ta dizayn qoldi. Kechki munozaralar davomida hakamlar hay'ati haqiqatan to'rt yoki beshta asosiy dizaynlar mavjudligini ta'kidladilar. Bundan tashqari, harbiy hakamlar ma'lum dizaynlarga, me'morlar va rassomlar esa turli xil dizaynlarga ovoz berishga moyil edilar. Ushbu sud tartiblari ham muhokama qilindi (garchi farqlar nima uchun yuzaga kelganligi noma'lum bo'lsa ham). Ikkinchi kuni hakamlar qolgan ishlarni ko'rib chiqdilar va faqat uchtasi haqiqatan ham ajoyib yodgorlik yaratganligini aniqladilar. Ikkinchi kuni tushga qadar finalchilar tanlab olindi. So'ngra finalchilar o'zlarining dizaynlarini qayta ishlashda foydalanishi uchun hakamlar hay'ati hisoboti tuzildi.[41] Shuningdek, hakamlar hay'ati uchta finalchidan bittasi tushib qolgan taqdirda alternativani aniqladilar.[64][77]

Qisqa ro'yxat e'lon qilinishidan oldin, WMSAMF mutasaddilari ta'kidlashicha, hakamlar hay'ati muqobil tanlovni amalga oshirishga juda yaqin bo'lgan.[41] Jamg'arma alternativni finalistga aylantirdi, chunki u yodgorlikni Gemicycle orqasida joylashgan yagona dizayn edi. Jamg'arma ushbu taqdimotni to'rtinchi nomzod sifatida ko'rib chiqishga rozilik berdi, garchi jamoa $ 10,000 mukofotlaridan birini olmaydi.[64][77] Uchta eng yaxshi ishtirokchilar va ularning dizaynlari quyidagilar edi:

  • Teresa Norton va boshq., Hemicycle plazasida to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi 49 ta bronza daraxtlar klasteri va plazma ostidagi mehmonlar markazining dizayni uchun.[64][78]
  • Gregori Galford va Mariya Antonis Hemicycle velosipedining tepasida joylashgan mehmonlar markazi, uning orqasida tomosha qilish platformasi va Hemicycle plazasida 7 metrlik (2,1 m) depressiyani uzluksiz spiral dizayni bilan bezatganligi uchun.[64][78]
  • Maykl A. Manfredi, Marion G. Vayss va mavjud bo'lgan joylarni teshib o'tuvchi zinapoyadan o'tib, yarim g'ildirakning orqasida joylashgan 18 metrli (5,5 m) baland shisha tirgakli 10 velosiped uchun sheriklar.[64][78][79]

To'rtinchi kirish Stiven D. Sigl va Chikagodan Margaret Dervent tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Beaux-Art uslubi[80] va tashrif buyuruvchilar markazini Yarim velosiped orqasiga qo'ying.[77][78] To'qqiz jamoa "faxriy yorliq" bilan taqdirlandi.[64][77] To'rtta finalchi va to'qqizta faxriy yorliq yozda Milliy qurilish muzeyida ommaviy namoyish etildi.[78]

Qayta ko'rib chiqish bosqichida WMSAMF finalistlardan kompyuterlashtirilgan tashrif buyuruvchilar markazi, auditoriya va yarim velosipedni tiklashga e'tibor qaratishni so'radi. Jamg'armaning ta'kidlashicha, finalistlarning hech biri ushbu uchta masalani muvaffaqiyatli hal qilmagan.[78] WMSAMF finalistlardan mehmonlar markazini yarim velosiped orqasida joylashtirish masalasini ko'rib chiqishni so'radi.[64][77] Qayta ko'rib chiqish davri boshlanganda, WMSAMF yodgorlikni qurish uchun 25 million dollar sarflashini taxmin qildi. Biroq, uning qurilishi uchun atigi 500000 dollar mavjud edi.[78]

Qayta ko'rib chiqish davri va yakuniy dizaynni tanlash

Yakuniy dizaynni tanlash 1989 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tdi. Kempbell va iste'fodagi generallardan biri tanlov panelidan iborat edi.[41] Manfredi va Vayss tomonidan g'olib chiqqan dizayn 1989 yil 8-noyabrda namoyish etilgan.[81] G'olibona dizaynda Yarim velosiped tepasida 39 metr (12 m) balandlikdagi 10 ta uchburchak nurli shisha piramidalar mavjud edi. Ushbu dizayn ayollarning harbiy kareralarida o'tishi kerak bo'lgan to'siqlarni ifodalashga qaratilgan edi. Bu yoritilgan, chunki baland yoki baland yodgorliklar (Arlington uyi, Linkoln yodgorligi, Vashington yodgorligi ) tunda ham yoritilgan edi. Gemicycle ortida, er osti, kompyuter xonasi va mehmonlar markazi joylashgan.[81] Unda 225 o'rinli auditoriya, kompyuter terminallari banki va displeylar uchun joylar bo'lgan. Mehmonlar markaziga to'rtta joyda velosipedni teshib, ichkariga kiradigan zinapoyalarni yaratish orqali kirish mumkin edi. Shaffof ko'priklar mehmonlar markazining ichki qismini kesib o'tdi, bu esa homiylarga yodgorlikka past nazar bilan qarashga imkon berdi. Yarim velosipedning o'zi yangi o't maydonini ekish va har ikki tomonga kichik daraxtlar daraxtlarini qo'shish orqali yangilanadi.[80] Hakamlar hay'ati raisi Robert Kempbellning ta'kidlashicha, bu dizayn "juda boy va provokatsion".[81] Norton va boshq. Bronza daraxtlari maydonchasi dizayni g'olib bo'ldi.[80]

Jamg'arma rasmiylarining ta'kidlashicha, yodgorlik qurilishi 1991 yil noyabr oyida boshlanadi. Faqatgina yodgorlikning qiymati (yarim velosipedni qayta tiklamasdan) atigi 15 million dollarga baholangan, yana 10 million dollar qonunga binoan yodgorlikni saqlash va ekspluatatsiya mablag'lari bilan ta'minlashi kerak edi. Afsuski, jamg'arma atigi 700000 dan 750000 dollargacha pul yig'di.[80][81]

Dizayn bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar

Loyihalash uchun Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi, Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi, Milliy poytaxt yodgorlik bo'yicha maslahat komissiyasi, Milliy park xizmati va Virjiniya tarixiy saqlash komissiyasi tomonidan tasdiqlash kerak edi.[82]

Afsuski, yakuniy dizayni Vashington Post, uni CFA-ga taqdim etishdan oldin bosib chiqargan Milliy kapital rejalashtirish komissiyasi (NCPC) yoki tasdiqlash uchun boshqa agentliklar. J. Karter Braun g'azablandi va u Milliy poytaxt yodgorlik maslahat komissiyasidan dizaynni tasdiqlash jarayonini darhol to'xtatishni so'radi. CFA, NCPC, National Park Service, Tarixiy saqlash bo'yicha Virjiniya komissiyasi va boshqa agentliklar loyihani ma'qullagan holda Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollar uchun Memorial Foundation fondiga Vays / Manfredi dizayni qabul qilinishi mumkin emasligini norasmiy ravishda ma'lum qilishdi.[83] Senator Jon Uorner, J. Karter Braun va Arlington milliy qabristonining boshlig'i hammalari dizaynga qarshi ekanligini bildirdilar. Qarama-qarshilik shisha prizmalarga asoslangan edi. Ularning balandligi va Arlington uyi bilan Kennedi qabrlari orasidagi Linkoln yodgorligi tomon yo'l tutishiga xalaqit berishi va ularning yorug'ligi mavjud yodgorliklarni susaytirishi sezilardi.[84] The Uyushma rahbari gazetasi tasdiqlash agentligidagi ismini oshkor qilmagan bir mulozimning so'zlarini keltiradi: "Bu prizmalarni echib tashlashning iloji yo'q, ular juda ko'p".[84] Marion Vayss Arlington uyidan tashrif saqlanib qolgani va yorug'lik juda yumshoq bo'lishini ta'kidlab, yodgorlikni himoya qildi.[84] Shuningdek, Robert Kempbell ushbu dizaynni himoya qilib, ayollarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik uzoq vaqtdan beri tugatilganligini, yoritilgan prizmalar buzilmasligini va Yarim velosiped u holda buzilish va ahamiyatsizlikka mahkum bo'lganini ta'kidladi.[82]

Vaught bu hodisadan qattiq xafa bo'lgan va keyinchalik dizayn hech qachon adolatli sud muhokamasiga ega emasligiga ishonganini aytgan.[49]

Birinchi mablag 'yig'ish va Kongressni kengaytirish

Brig. General (ret.) Vilma Vaught, yodgorlik fondi prezidenti, dizayndagi tortishuvlardan so'ng fondni mablag 'yig'ishga qaratdi.

Loyihalash jarayoni to'xtab qolganligi sababli, Vaught 1990 va 1991 yillarda mablag 'yig'ishga e'tibor qaratdi, yangi dizayn tugallanishi mumkin edi.[83]

Dizayn bo'yicha tortishuvlar olti oy o'tgach, "Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollar" yodgorlik jamg'armasi atigi 1 million dollar yig'di.[85] Foundatin shtat qonun chiqaruvchilardan xayriya qilishni so'ragan dasturni e'lon qildi dollar ularning davlatidagi har bir faxriysi ayol uchun. Florida buni amalga oshirgan birinchi shtat bo'ldi va 20 ming dollar xayriya qildi. 1990 yil iyul oyida WMSAMF 25 million dollarlik yodgorlik uchun 1 million dollar yig'ish maqsadida 1 million dollarlik uyni sotib olish to'g'risida e'lon qildi.[86] Landmark Communities ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi 660 kvadrat metr (560 m) qurishga rozi bo'ldi2) hashamatli uy Sentervil, Virjiniya, va lotereyadan tushgan foyda ulushi evaziga yodgorlik fondi nomini topshirish. Jamg'arma har biri 25 dollardan 250 mingta chipta sotishga umid qilgan. Ammo 1990 yil noyabrga qadar atigi 24000 ta chipta sotilgan edi, bu esa fondni chiptalarni sotish muddatini 1991 yil fevraliga qadar uzaytirishga majbur qildi.[87] WMSAMF chiptalar savdosining sekinlashuvini boshqa yangiliklar uchun raqobat bilan bog'ladi (maxfiy kadrlar Shahar hokimi Marion Barri chekish crack кокаин jamoatchilikka e'lon qilindi), bu lotereya haqida jamoatchilikka xabar berishni qiyinlashtirdi. Yanvar oyining o'rtalariga kelib, atigi 27000 ta chipta sotildi va WMSA yodgorlik narxiga 2 million dollar yig'di.[88] Bundan tashqari, lotereyaning qonuniyligi har bir davlatda turlicha bo'lib turar edi, ayrim davlatlarda qonuniy lotereyalarga cheklovlar qo'yilgan, boshqalari esa yo'q. Jamg'armaning ta'kidlashicha, to'siq qo'yilgan lotereya harakatlari. O'tkazilish marosimidan o'n kun oldin atigi 28 mingta chipta sotilgan edi. Endi tashkilotchilar fevral oyining o'rtalariga qadar atigi 100 mingta chipta sotishga umid qilishlarini aytishdi.[89] Jamg'armaning ta'kidlashicha, uchinchi muammo - bu ko'chmas mulk bozoridagi pasayish. Chunki ozgina odamlar yuqori pul to'lashni xohlashadi mol-mulk solig'i uyda, fond g'olib uni sotishni xohlaydi deb taxmin qildi. Ammo uy-joy savdosi sust bo'lganligi sababli, chiptalar savdosi ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Oxir-oqibat, jamg'arma atigi 50 mingta chipta sotdi va ularning xarajatlarini arang qopladi.[90]

1991 yil noyabrga qadar mablag 'yig'ish va poydevor qo'yish uchun besh yillik muddat - "Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollar" yodgorlik jamg'armasi 4 million dollar yig'di, ammo 3 million dollar sarfladi va yodgorlikni qurish uchun atigi 1 million dollar qoldi.[91][92] Kongressning yodgorlik uchun bergan avtorizatsiyasi amalda tugagan va yodgorlikni kutilmaganda qoldirgan. Ammo yodgorlik himoyachilari Kongressni mablag 'yig'ish yo'lida ekanligiga ishontirgandan so'ng, Kongress mablag'larni yig'ish ishlarini yakunlash va qurilishni boshlash uchun poydevorni ikki yilga uzaytirishga ovoz berdi.[91][93]

Amerika uchun harbiy xizmatdagi ayollarni qurish yodgorligi

Dizaynni tasdiqlash

Vaughtning 1989 yil noyabrdan 1992 yil boshigacha bo'lgan vaqtining ko'p qismi yodgorlik dizaynini o'zgartirish uchun Vays / Manfredi bilan ishlashga sarflangan.[83] Arxitektorlar, ko'ra, edi Washington Post, ularning dizayniga bo'lgan munosabatidan "bezovta". Vaught ularni g'oyalarini muqobil ravishda amalga oshirishga undadi.[10]

1992 yil mart oyida Memorial o'zining dizaynini CFA, NCPC va boshqa tasdiqlash agentliklariga taqdim etishga tayyorligini e'lon qildi. Yangi konstruktsiya markaziy maydonga past suvli xususiyatni tiklash va maysazorni olib tashlash, uni dumaloq aks etuvchi hovuz va asfaltlangan plazma bilan almashtirish orqali yarim velosipedni o'zgartirdi. Plazaning markazi biroz pastga tushirilgan va juda past teraslar hovuz chetidan plazaning chetiga olib borgan. Terasga chiqadigan zinapoyalarni yaratish uchun to'rtta teshik teshilgan edi, ammo endi yodgorlikni nogiron qilish uchun lift ham qo'shildi. Uzun bo'yli yoritilgan ustunlar olib tashlandi va ularning o'rnida 108 gorizontal qalin shisha panellar bor edi, ular Yarim velosiped terasining orqa qismida kamon hosil qildilar. These panels formed the skylight for the memorial below, and Weiss and Manfredi said they would contain quotations from women who served in the military. A thin stream of water was intended to flow over the panels, as if "carrying" women's voices to the water feature and reflecting pool.[93][94] Trees still framed the reflecting pool, but underground, behind the Hemicycle, the architects added a curved gallery and placed the rooms — the 250-seat auditorium, the computer room, the exhibition hall, the offices — in sequence.[49] The redesign won high praise from Washington Post architecture critic Benjamin Forgey. He called it "a significant addition" to the city's memorials, and said it was "a perfect gesture in a proper place at a fitting moment". He also found the design sensitive, consistent, and poetic. The revisions, he said, had not harmed the memorial as they had so many other structures in the city. "...[S]omething definitely was gained. ... The second design is safer than the first, in some particulars more unified, and, in all respects save one, as evocative."[49]

The National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission approved the revised plan on May 30, 1992. At that time, only $4.5 million of the $25 million needed for construction had been raised, even though groundbreaking was not anticipated for November 1993.[95] Passing this first step in the approval process helped with fund-raising. Ning hukumatlari Saudiya Arabistoni va Quvayt both donated $850,000 toward the memorials' construction.[94]

The CFA received the memorial redesign in July 1992.[69] Both the CFA and NCPC were much more in favor of this design. The National Capital Planning Commission gave its approval on July 22, and the Commission of Fine Arts on July 23.[49][94]

Second fund-raising round

In the first revised design, the glowing tall pylons were replaced with softly illuminated, horizontal glass panels.

By August 1992, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation still had only $1 million with which to build the memorial.[96] To boost the memorial's visibility, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi Hillari Klinton and former First Lady Barbara Bush both agreed to be honorary chairs of the foundation.[97][98]

In June 1993, the Foundation began a second fund-raising campaign, this one involving the sale of esdalik tangalari. 1982 yildan beri Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari zarbxonasi had been authorized to manufacture these coins, but congressional authorization was needed first. Senator Arlen Spectre va senator Xarris Voford va vakil Patrik J. Kennedi introduced legislation to authorize the coin in June.[97][99] The legislation authorized a $1 silver and $5 gold coin, with the Mint to be repaid for the cost of producing the coins.[100] This legislation (Public Law 103-186) was signed into law by President Bill Klinton in mid-December 1993.[101] The coins sold for $31 each, of which $10 went to the Memorial Foundation.[102] More than half the 500,000 coins were sold by March 1995.[103] Although the Mint had agreed to stop selling the coins on April 30, 1995, the agency agreed to allow sales to continue until July 15, since sales for all 1994 commemorative coins were the lowest since the program began in 1982.[104] By June 1996, coin sales raised $2.7 million for the Memorial.[99]

The Memorial's authorization ran out again on November 6, 1993.[105] The Memorial Foundation asked Congress to give it a three-year extension. By now, the Memorial had raised $1.5 million for construction, but spent $2 million on building its computerized database of the names of women who served in the U.S. military, on site work, and memorial design.[98][100] The National Park Service supported the extension, arguing that the women veterans' memorial made an important contribution to the nation and that the turg'unlik made fund-raising difficult.[105] The extension legislation was passed, and signed into law.[106]

To boost the Memorial's chances, Vaught split the project in two. Vaught realized that rehabilitation of the Hemicycle was a different project from memorial construction. Fund-raising for the preservation project might be avoided, she argued, if preservation grants were sought from federal agencies. So in November 1993, grant-seeking by WMSAMF began.[100] By February 1994, the Foundation had secured a $9.5 million grant from the U.S. Air Force to repair and restore the Hemicycle.[98][106][107]

In July 1994, the Foundation established a goal of raising $2 million by April 1995. This would give the Memorial $4 million, so that groundbreaking could occur even if the total amount of funds needed for the Memorial had not yet been collected. Another half million dollars had been raised since February, including $10,000 to $20,000 donations from the states of Alyaska, Arkanzas, Montana va Tennessi.[102]

With reauthorization of the Memorial complete and fundraising moving again, the Foundation, Arlington National Cemetery, and the Department of the Army signed a memorandum of understanding setting out procedures and rules for the Memorial Foundation and its contractors to follow as construction moved forward. This agreement was finalized in late 1994.[106]

The rill between the fountain and pool was criticized by the Commission of Fine Arts as "too Middle Eastern"; the 200-jet fountain was one of the last design elements added.

WMSAMF presented the memorial design to the CFA and NCPC again in October 1994. In response to previous CFA concerns, the steps in the niches were slightly recessed to help retain the appearance that the niches still existed.[108] Although the lighting for the illuminated skylights had been softened as well, J. Carter Brown still claimed they would overwhelm the Hemicycle and upstage Arlington House and the Lincoln Memorial (both of which were also illuminated at night). With the CFA apparently convinced that the lighting was out of the question, Weiss and Manfredi introduced lighting expert Howard Brandston, a fellow of the Shimoliy Amerikaning yorituvchi muhandislik jamiyati. Brandston testified that no lighting was intended for the skylights themselves; lighting would only come from below, in the illuminated memorial galleries. Furthermore, he said, only a "soft glow" would be visible through the korkuluk at the front of the Hemicycle. This convinced the CFA, which withdrew its objections.[109] CFA members also expressed concern about the visibility of the glass doors on the north and south sides of the memorial, so Weiss and Manfredi agreed to recess these even further.[110] But most of the CFA's discussion regarded the Hemicycle itself and how much disruption there could be to its existing architecture. Weiss and Manfredi continued to retain two rows of American linden trees on either side of the plaza. These had been moved back from the centerline but continued to screen the cemetery main gates. The CFA wanted these moved back even more, and the yolvorish removed so that almost nothing was screened.[108][111] The trees were intended to form a sort of entrance to the memorial, but the CFA did not like that approach.[111] Weiss and Manfredi also had given more detail to the water feature. Now they planned for the water feature in the central niche to flow outward into the reflecting pool.[108] Almost none of the commissioners liked the rill from the water feature to the pool, calling it a "Middle Eastern" design that did not fit with the Neoclassical Hemicycle.[111][112] Brown commented that he had no aesthetic problems with the rill, and that it added a "memorial" quality to the design.[113] At the end of the meeting, the CFA approved the memorial design, but asked that their concerns about the plaza be addressed further.[112]

The revised plaza design was brought before the CFA in March 1995.[112] There were fewer trees and they were no longer pleached or formally pruned, and more grass was added to the edges of the plaza. Minor changes were also made to the edges of the rill and pool.[112] The low water feature in the central niche was now gone, replaced with a ring of jets which would send water about 4 feet (1.2 m) into the air.[114] The CFA was now satisfied with the Hemicycle, although it still had reservations about the trees in front of the cemetery gates. Weiss and Manfredi agreed to create a full-scale mock-up of the gates and show them to the CFA so that the issue could be resolved.[112]

With these revisions, the CFA gave its final approval to the Women in Military Service for America Memorial on March 16, 1995. The National Capital Planning Commission gave its final on April 6.[104]

In fact, no additional meetings with the CFA were held. The mock-ups were not created, the CFA never asked again for them, and Weiss and Manfredi quietly dropped the linden trees in favor of the existing trees in front of the gates.[114]

Ground-breaking for the memorial

With the April 6 approval for the memorial, General Vaught and her staff of 15 were ready to break ground on the memorial.[115]

Ground-breaking for the Women in Military Service for America Memorial occurred on June 22, 1995. In order for ground-breaking to occur, the $15 million required for construction of the memorial had to be deposited with the U.S. Treasury.[104] Major donations from the American Legion women's auxiliary, Veterans of Foreign Wars women's auxiliary, and Amerikaning falaj kasallari qabul qilindi.[116] A half million dollars came in from the Umumiy ayollar klublari federatsiyasi.[117] However, only $6.5 million was on hand.[118] Because not all the funds were raised, the memorial foundation asked for and received a kredit liniyasi dan Millatlar banki to make up the difference. AT & T 's Business Communications unit donated $1 million as a partial underwriter for the ground-breaking ceremony,[116] and provided assistance to the memorial foundation in developing advertising and temporary exhibits for the memorial. General Motors donated $300,000,[117] and Government Markets (a division of Dutko Grayling ) also provided financial assistance for the ceremony.[104] President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, Mudofaa vaziri Uilyam Perri, Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Umumiy Jon Shalikashvili, retired general Kolin Pauell, and other dignitaries attended the noon event,[99][115][119] as did an estimated 6,000 women veterans and their families.[117][120]

Even though $6 million remained to be raised, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation planned on an October 1997 dedication for the memorial.[116]

Yodgorlik qurilishi

Construction of the interior of the memorial

Clark Construction of Bethesda, Merilend, was hired to be the general contractor for the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. The New York firm Lehrer, McGovern Bovis oversaw construction management.[121] Clark subcontracted excavation work to Kalos Construction Co.[122] Clark had recently renovated Arlington National Cemetery's Memorial amfiteatr, and had experience working under the restrictions required by the cemetery. A construction manager was required because the site was small, there was little room for construction equipment or offices, and access to the site was highly limited. Chunki ikkalasi ham qoziq haydash and excavation would be conducted, extreme care was needed to avoid disturbing any of the graves near the memorial site.[121]

Construction began in January 1996. Almost 3,500 truckloads of soil were removed,[120][123] and piles driven in the earth for the foundation.[121] Workers then constructed the walls, and placed more than 25 stone (0.16 t) of Yule marmar on the 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) of interior walls.[120][123] (This was the same type of marble used for the Noma'lumlarning qabri memorial and Linkoln yodgorligi.)[25] Nine hundred slabs of marble from Vermont were used to line the rear wall.[124] The terrace was then reconstructed. By February 1997, construction of the memorial reached the halfway point. The terrace was almost complete, and frames to hold the glass panels in place were being mounted.[123]

The last element in the construction process was the restoration of the Hemicycle. Bunga kiritilgan abraziv portlash devor. Installation of the fountain, rill, reflecting pool, and landscaping elements came last.[123] The construction project lasted nearly two years, and cost $21.5 million.[124]

By October 1, the glass panels in the skylight were in place. However, the auditorium seats and the sod in the plaza remained uninstalled.[125]

Nearly all of the construction managers were women. These included the on-site project manager, Margaret Van Voast; the assistant on-site project manager, Michelle Stuckey; the project manager, Joan Gerner; and historic preservationist Beth Leahy.[124]

Yodgorlikni bag'ishlash

A crowd of about 30,000 watched the dedication of the WIMSA memorial in 1997.

As the October 17, 1997, dedication date drew near, the memorial was short $1.2 million for exhibits and auditorium equipment for its theater, and $3 million to pay for the dedication ceremonies themselves. The foundation decided to borrow the money to pay for these critical needs. Money woes also meant the memorial also had yet to produce the two films which it planned to show in the auditorium, and had not yet brought its database of veterans online.[126] The lack of funds meant that, on dedication day, only three exhibits (focusing almost exclusively on women in World War II) were ready.[120] Four other exhibits showcased the memorial design process, including those finalists which were not chosen.[127] John D. Carr, director of the memorial's architectural and construction program, told the press that permanent exhibits would take another six months to install. Exhibits about servicewomen in World War I, "Cho'l bo'roni" operatsiyasi va Cho'l qalqoni operatsiyasi would open in late 1998.[127]

On October 11, 1997, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta xizmati announced it was releasing a esdalik muhri in honor of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. The stamp, to be released on October 17, featured five women representing the Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, and Navy.[128] Vaught contacted Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisi Entoni M. Frank in 1991 and won his approval for a stamp. Vaught requested that the stamp feature profiles of five servicewomen rather than the memorial itself because the entire project was about veterans and not the building. Dennis Lyall painted the image, and graphic designer Derry Noyes added the legend. The stamp was not initially part of the Postal Service's 1997 release schedule due to the uncertain date of the memorial dedication.[129][130] Vaught encountered Postmaster General Marvin T. Runyon and reminded him that the stamp was needed by October 17. Runyon quickly had the stamp manufactured and added to the release schedule. The 37 million run of the stamp was printed by Banknote Corp. of America.[129][130] Release of the stamp on-site at the Women in Military Service for America Memorial on October 17 was marred after the National Park Service, citing rules against vending on park service property, barred sales of the stamps. Memorial organizers quickly obtained two vans, parked them in a nearby government parking lot, and sold the stamps out of the back of the vans. Stamps were also sold in the memorial gift shop.[131]

The dedication ceremonies began at 6:30 p.m. on October 16 with a candlelight march across Arlington Memorial Bridge from the Lincoln Memorial to the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. Dedication ceremonies continued on October 17 at 9:00 a.m. with a wreath laying at the Tomb of the Unknowns. This was followed by a dedication ceremony for 5,000 people in Memorial Amphitheater, at which Bob Dole, the former senator and partially disabled World War II veteran, spoke.[120][132] The ceremonies then moved the memorial, where the plaza and much of Memorial Avenue had been blocked off for seating. The memorial ceremonies began with a uchib ketish of military aircraft, all of which were piloted by women — the first time an all-female fly-over had occurred in U.S. history. Speakers at the event included Secretary of Defense Uilyam Koen, Vitse prezident Al Gor va Damperli Gore, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi sudyasi Sandra Day O'Konnor, retired general John Shalikashvili, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Xyu Shelton.[133][134] President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton addressed the audience via taped message, as they were on a state visit to South Africa.[135] Xonandalar Kenni Rojers va Patti Ostin serenaded the crowd.[136]

The highlight of the dedication ceremony was 101-year-old Frieda Mae Greene Hardin, a veteran of World War I.[136] She was escorted to the speaker's podium by her 73-year-old son, and wore her World War I Navy yeoman's uniform.[137]

An estimated 30,000 people attended the ceremony.[137][138]

Tanqidiy qabul

The upper terrace with its glass panel skylight was named by critics as a highlight of the memorial.

The vast majority of critics highly lauded the Women in Military Service for America Memorial. The Atlanta jurnali-konstitutsiyasi said it "breaks new conceptual ground in paying tribute to U.S. military personnel, much like the Vietnam Veterans Memorial did in 1982".[139] Gail Russell Chaddock, writing for the Christian Science Monitor, said it was nothing like any other memorial or monument in the city, and singled out the computerized database of women veterans as its greatest strength.[140] Benjamin Forgey of Washington Post called it a "resounding success" that "enhances an already splendid setting in a number of ways". Its greatest strength, he said, was the way in which it was "insistently respectful" of the Hemicycle and Arlington National Cemetery. He also singled out the "serious", "uncomplicated and unostentatious" interiors. His lengthy review concluded that the memorial was "a brilliant, sensitive design" and "a memorable public place".[10] Merilend universiteti architecture professor Roger K. Lewis was equally fulsome in his praise. he called the memorial a "definite success", "memorable", and "an artful, sensitive work of architecture woven skillfully and poetically into a sacred landscape". He particularly applauded the way the design met the needs of the memorial foundation and the design competition jury, and singled out the terrace with its glass panels as one of the best elements of the design. He also strongly praised the way Weiss and Manfredi rejected Neoclassicism for the interior, and instead used contemporary materials, lines, and design elements. There was no clash of style, he concluded, because the interior was hidden from the Neoclassical facade.[141]

There were, however, some criticisms. The Los Anjeles Tayms called the memorial's name "ungainly".[142] Chicago Tribune reporter Michael Kilian felt that some veterans might be disappointed because the Hemicycle and its plaza contained no statues, symbols, or inscriptions that make the memorial identifiable as one for military women.[74] Forgey, too, had some criticisms. He identified two flaws: First, the combination of memorial with museum, and second the lack of "distinctive imprint from afar" forced on the memorial by the Commission of Fine Arts.[10] Mary Dejevsky, writing for Mustaqil ichida Birlashgan Qirollik, was distinctly critical of the memorial. She called it a "sprawling hacienda, something...of a huge mosque", and dated. Her strongest criticism was that the memorial commemorated only the service of women in the past, who were segregated into non-combatant jobs. Wars of the future, she said, would not see such segregation, and women would be included alongside men in any war memorial.[143]

The computer database of the names of women veterans was quickly embraced by the public. On opening day, lines extended throughout the memorial for people to have only a few moments at a terminal.[144] In the first two weeks after its opening, Arlington National Cemetery officials said the Women in Military Service for America Memorial had substantially boosted attendance at the cemetery.[127]

Overall, however, WMSAMF was only able to raise $2 million of the $3 million the dedication ceremonies cost. Income from the gift shop and other revenues allowed the memorial foundation to pay off all $30,000 of these costs by July 1998.[145][146]

Description of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial

The memorial's ability to honor the dignity of and merge seamlessly with Arlington National Cemetery is a critical element of its design, critics say.

The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is located on a 4.2 acres (17,000 m2)[147] site at the entrance of Arlington National Cemetery (although it is technically on National Park Service land). The main approach to the memorial is from Memorial Avenue. The visitor first encounters the Hemicycle, a ceremonial gateway to Arlington National Cemetery constructed in 1932. The Hemicycle is 30 feet (9.1 m) high and 226 feet (69 m) in diameter. In the center of the Hemicycle is an apse 20 feet (6.1 m) across and 30 feet (9.1 m) high. The Great Seal of the United States is carved in granite in the center of the apse arch, while to the south is seal of the AQSh armiyasi departamenti and to the north is the seal of the AQSh dengiz floti departamenti. Six circular niches (three to the south and three to the north) 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) deep are distributed along the facade. These niches, and the apse, are inlaid with red granite from Texas. The rear wall of these niches is carved with either oak leaves or laurel leaves, symbols of bravery and victory.

Between these niches are rectangular doorways which pierce the wall of the Hemicycle and provide access to the stairways leading into the interior.

A fountain with 200 jets of water is placed in the center of the apse.[74] The fountain empties down a stone-lined channel into a circular reflecting pool.[120] The pool is either 78 feet (24 m)[148] or 80 feet (24 m)[147] in diameter (sources vary), and can hold 60,000 US gallons (230 kl) of water.[25][149] The fountain is lined with black granite cobblestones quarried in Kalpeper, Virjiniya.[120] A plaza of light grey granite surrounds the fountain and extends toward Memorial Avenue. Wide panels of close-cut grass are distributed along the wall of the Hemicycle. Sidewalks of black granite flagstone run through these panels, giving access to the light grey granite sidewalk immediately next to the Hemicycle wall.

The stairs in the Hemicycle wall lead up into the interior of the memorial. Halfway up the stairs, the patron may pause and look down into the main gallery of the memorial. Continuing up the stairs leads the individual to the Hemicycle's terrace.

Map of the interior of the memorial as of 2013.

On top of the Hemicycle is a teras of light gray granite 24 feet (7.3 m) wide. A granite balustrade, original to the Hemicycle, frames the eastern side of the terrace. In an arc along the west side of the terrace are 108 glass panels,[120][147] each 5 inches (13 cm) thick, which form a skylight for the main memorial gallery below.[147] On most of these panels are etched quotations from various servicewomen throughout American history.[147] Some panels have been left blank, to allow future inscriptions to be made. Four staircases lead down from the terrace to the rear of the memorial, where staircases lead down into the interior and the main gallery. The main gallery and terrace may also be accessed by doors in the north and south sides of the Hemicycle, or via an elevator in the north side of the Hemicycle.[127]

The 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2)[120][124][149] memorial (some sources claim 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2))[25][148] is partly below-grade. The western wall of the gallery is lined with delicately veing marble.[141] The memorial contains a curving main gallery lined with 14 niches,[124][148] which contain permanent and temporary displays about women in the U.S. armed forces. Overhead and on the walls, eleven large glass tablets are inscribed with quotes about and from women veterans.[120][148] Each glass tablet weighs approximately 400 pounds (180 kg).[149] Twelve computer terminals[147][148] provide access to a database of names and some pictures of women who served in the U.S. armed forces from the Amerika inqilobiy urushi orqali Iroq urushi va Afg'onistondagi urush. Search results are displayed on three large screens overhead.[147] The metal canopies and display cases in the main gallery were by Staples & Charles of Iskandariya, Virjiniya.[10]

Through the rear of the main gallery, the visitor may access the Hall of Honor. This room contains a block of Yule marble taken from the same quarry that the Tomb of the Unknowns came from.[120][147] In this room are displays and panels which honor women servicemembers taken as prisoners of war, killed in the line of duty, or who earned high honors for bravery or service.[147][148] Beyond the Hall of Honor is a 196-seat theater[124][147] where patrons may watch one of two films which document the roles women have played and continue to play in the U.S. armed forces. This auditorium is also used for lectures and presentations. Each of the seats in the auditorium has a small brass plaque which honors a U.S. servicewoman.[124] Further back is a gift and book shop,[120] a conference room, and offices for the memorial.[150]

On October 17, 2020, a bronze monument titled "The Pledge", designed to honor "all women of the U.S. military", was unveiled in the center of the memorial's lobby.[151][152]

Post-construction finances of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial

The 15th anniversary of the memorial was celebrated with a night-time ceremony on October 20, 2012.

Vaught later admitted that the memorial foundation had been naive about how difficult it would be to raise the funds needed to construct the Women in Military Service for America Memorial and endow its operation and maintenance fund.[126]

To raise additional funds, the foundation signed a first-of-its-kind agreement with the U.S. Mint in November 1995.[153] About 38,000 of the coins remained unsold.[153][154] Using a line of credit from a major bank, WMSAMF purchased the outstanding 38,000 coins and began selling them for $35 for tangalar and $32 for uncirculated coins — the same price for which the Mint sold them. This would generate $380,000 in revenues. However, WMSAMF added a $6 processing fee, intended to raise another $250,000 for the memorial.[154] By October 15, 1997, total coin sales had generated $3 million for the memorial.[150]

By September 1997, however, the foundation still needed $12 million to complete the memorial and endow its operating and maintenance fund.[124] That included a $2.5 million shortfall in construction funds. Foundation officials blamed a lack of interest from the defense industry, lack of access to military records (which would have enabled it to reach out to the estimated 1.2 million living women veterans), procrastination by donors, a lack of nationwide press attention, and indifference to the contributions of women for the lack of donations. Corporate support was especially lacking: Aside from the $1 million donation from AT&T and the $300,000 donation by General Motors, the next largest corporate donation was $50,000 (and only two companies gave at that level).[126][155] The inability to reach out to female veterans was a major issue. The foundation had hoped that 500,000 veterans would contribute $25 each to the memorial's construction, but lack of outreach meant that only 200,000 had done so.[125] Vaught also blamed lack of interest from the 230,000 women currently serving in the active duty and reserve armed forces.[126] State donations were also low. Eight states (Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah and Wyoming) did not donate to the memorial by dedication day. Contribution levels from the states were relatively low, ranging from $60,000 from New York to just $1,750 from Colorado.[133]

Birinchi xonim Mishel Obama tours the memorial with Brig. Gen. (ret.) Wilma Vaught in March 2009.

To pay the memorial's outstanding debt, WMSAMF relied heavily on gift shop sales and other revenue. Arlington National Cemetery draws an estimated 4.5 million visitors each year.[125] Visitation numbers were not meeting expectations, however. Memorial officials said attendance would be about 250,000 to 300,000 visitors in the first year of operation, rather than the 500,000 projected. Only about 22,000 of the 375,000 people who visit Arlington National Cemetery each month visited the memorial. By July 1998, annual revenues from gift shop sales and other sources reached $5 million, about what was expected.[145] The memorial also began selling biographical data and a photograph of the individuals in the veterans' database, which generated $14,500 in June 1998 from $2,500 in January. The memorial also began charging $4,000 for use of its space.[145]

The memorial was still unable to pay about $2 million in construction costs in January 1998.[145][146] WMSAMF had raised $19 million of the $21.5 million in total costs (construction and operation/maintenance endowment),[145] but by September 1997 could not pay Clark Construction the outstanding construction bill.[146] Clark Construction said it paid its subcontractors out-of-pocket, rather than wait for payment from the memorial foundation.[146] The firm also said it was not yet taking legal action, because it had faith in the memorial and expected to be paid.[156] Memorial president Wilma Vaught said the financial situation was not serious. Nonetheless, fund-raising experts told her that few donors wished to give money to "women's projects"[145] and that so many memorials were asking for funds that corporations simply stopped giving.[146] Vaught said three major donations had been received since the October 1997 dedication. These included a $500,000 donation from Eastman Kodak (payable over four years), a $250,000 donation from Merck Laboratories (payable over five years), and a $250,000 donation from a private foundation (payable immediately).[145]

Memorial finances continued to be unsteady as of 2010. The memorial had so little revenue to pay its $2.7 million annual budget that it nearly closed in 2009. Congress, however, provided a $1.6 million grant to keep it open, and a fund-raising drive brought in $250,000.[157] Although the memorial had about 241,000 women veterans listed in its database in 2010, about 75 percent of all World War II women servicemembers (who might have been counted on to donate) had already died, and many others were ill and on limited incomes. A sharp drop in gift shop sales after the 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, teraktlar va boshlanishi Katta tanazzul in 2007 also significantly hurt the memorial's finances.[158]

On October 17, 2012, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial celebrated its 15th anniversary.[159] Raising funds to cover the memorial's $3 million for operating budget was still a struggle.[160]

In November 2016, the Women in Military Service for America Memorial said its financial situation was so poor, it may have to close.[161]

An online fundraiser begun in 2016 with a goal of $1.5 million raised just $110,000 as of October 2017.[1]

Damaged pylon lawsuit

The pylon accidentally toppled during construction of the memorial.

Construction of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial also generated a precedent-setting lawsuit.

Kalos Construction was digging a trench on the south side of Memorial Avenue. In this trench, utility lines would be laid which would serve the memorial. On July 10, 1996, one of the 50-foot (15 m) tall granite pylons next to the cemetery gate toppled over. The pylon landed on top of a mound of soft earth, which left it largely undamaged. But the granite urn on top of the pylon fell onto the asphalt, and was destroyed. Engineering officials were surprised to discover that the pylon had no foundation, and no anchor in the soil. Although Kalos workers had taken due care to not disturb the pylon, the lack of a foundation (which they assumed was there) caused the accident.[45] Damage was estimated at $1 million.[122]

A dispute broke out over whose insurance company would pay to repair the pylon. Clark Construction was insured by The Hartford Fire Insurance Co. and Kalos Construction by Montgomery Mutual Insurance Co. The Hartford argued that the pylons were not mentioned in the insurance policy and it never agreed to insure them. Montgomery Mutual paid the claim, reserving its right to litigate the issue. It then sued to recover damages from the Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation. The Virjiniya Sharqiy okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudi ruled in favor of The Hartford's argument. The memorial foundation appealed, arguing that the pylons were part of the Hemicycle structure. 2000 yilda To'rtinchi davra bo'yicha AQSh apellyatsiya sudi overturned the district court. The court of appeals concluded that the district court erred in failing to determine whether the pylons were part of the existing structure and failed to address language in The Hartford's policy which offered limited coverage of the pylons. The case was remanded back to the district court for further proceedings.[122][162]

On remand, the district court ruled in favor of Montgomery Mutual. Again The Hartford appealed, arguing that Montgomery Mutual's payment constituted "other insurance" which The Hartford was not obligated to pay. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected The Hartford's claim, noting that Montgomery Mutual had only paid because The Hartford had refused. Under either Maryland or Virginia law, the court said, Montgomery Mutual would prevail. The court of appeals upheld the district court.[163]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Barakat, Michael (October 20, 2017). "Women served too: Va. memorial to female vets marks 20th anniversary". Associated Press. Olingan 23 oktyabr, 2017.
  2. ^ "Milliy reyestr ma'lumot tizimi". Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri. Milliy park xizmati. 2010 yil 9-iyul.
  3. ^ a b v Zal, p. 160.
  4. ^ Bruggeman, p. 64.
  5. ^ Good, p. 12.
  6. ^ Milliy park xizmati, p. 4.
  7. ^ Bigler, p. 33.
  8. ^ Historic American Buildings Survey, Arlington National Cemetery, Sheridan Gate, p. 19 Arxivlandi 2014-01-07 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, accessed 2012-07-15.
  9. ^ "Bridge to Arlington to Cost $14,750,000 Asked As Memorial." Washington Post. April 10, 1924.
  10. ^ a b v d e Forgey, Benjamin. "A Memorial Passes Muster." Washington Post. October 18, 1997.
  11. ^ Kohler, p. 18.
  12. ^ a b National Commission of Fine Arts, p. 57.
  13. ^ "Big Plaza For End of Arlington Span Planned By Board." Washington Post. 1928 yil 25-may.
  14. ^ Tarixiy Amerika muhandislik yozuvlari. George Washington Memorial Parkway. Arxivlandi 2014-01-07 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi HAER No. VA-69. AQSh Ichki ishlar vazirligi. 1998, p. 184. Accessed 2013-05-05.
  15. ^ "Meridian Hill Park loyihasi ma'qullandi." Washington Post. 1929 yil 22 mart.
  16. ^ "Improvements Provided in Arlington Cemetery." Washington Post. 1930 yil 7-yanvar.
  17. ^ "Badiiy guruh davlat qurilishidagi o'zgarishlar rejasini ko'rib chiqadi." Washington Post. 1930 yil 17 sentyabr.
  18. ^ a b "Bridge Approach Plans Tentatively Approved." Washington Post. February 10, 1931.
  19. ^ a b "Ko'prikka kirish takliflari ochildi." Washington Post. 1931 yil 5 mart.
  20. ^ Milliy poytaxtning jamoat binolari va jamoat bog'lari idorasi, 1927, p. 20-21.
  21. ^ "Arlington ko'prigidagi yana bir bog'lanish ertaga ochiladi." Washington Post. 1932 yil 8-aprel.
  22. ^ Burgess, p. 170.
  23. ^ Albrecht, Donald. "Remembering Women." Architecture: The AIA Journal. 87:2 (February 1998), p. 90-97.
  24. ^ "Women in Military Service for America Memorial." History Spotlight. InsideAF.mil. Sana yo'q. Accessed 2013-03-31.
  25. ^ a b v d e f g h men Dorsey, Mike. "Women's Memorial Structure Takes Shape." Air Force News Service. 1997 yil 7 mart.
  26. ^ a b v Piters, p. 282.
  27. ^ "Xotira ko'prigi norasmiy ravishda ochildi." Washington Post. 1932 yil 17-yanvar.
  28. ^ "Xotira ko'prigiga yondashuv ochildi." Washington Post. 1932 yil 10-aprel.
  29. ^ Federal hukumatning moliya yili 1932 yil 1-iyuldan 1933 yil 30-iyungacha davom etdi. Qarang: "Xotira ko'prigi fondidan mahrum bo'ldi." Washington Post. 1932 yil 8-aprel.
  30. ^ "Ko'prikni yo'q qilishni ko'rib chiqadigan badiiy kengash." Washington Post. 1933 yil 22-fevral.
  31. ^ "Kapital uchun $ 3.000.000 ish fondi." Washington Post. 1933 yil 14-iyul.
  32. ^ "178 ta eman daraxtiga takliflar ochiladi." Washington Post. 1934 yil 1-noyabr.
  33. ^ "Arlingtonda 15 000 000 dollarlik ko'prik loyihasi deyarli qurib bitkazildi." Washington Post. 1936 yil 25 sentyabr.
  34. ^ a b v d Swisher, Kara. "Ayollar uchun yodgorlik kuni". Washington Post. 1988 yil 12-dekabr.
  35. ^ a b Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 26.
  36. ^ Piters, p. 281.
  37. ^ a b "Tarix. Xotira to'g'risida". Amerika yodgorligi uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar. Sana yo'q. Kirish 2013-04-01.
  38. ^ Piters, p. 284; Dunxem-Jons va LeBlank, p. 41.
  39. ^ a b v d e "Memorial kirish". Arlington milliy qabristoni. Sana yo'q. Kirish 2013-04-01.
  40. ^ Rodrigez, Alisiya. "Eski devor uchun yangi ma'no". Landshaft me'morchiligi. 90: 1 (2000 yil yanvar), 24, 25 bet.
  41. ^ a b v d e Kempbell, Robert. "Asosiy dizayn tanlovi pardalari ortidagi ko'rinish". Boston Globe. 1989 yil 25 iyun.
  42. ^ a b v Piters, p. 248.
  43. ^ Langli, p. 69-101.
  44. ^ Ravenshteyn, p. 10.
  45. ^ a b v Uiler, Linda. "Arlington qabristonida tarixiy ustun ag'darildi." Washington Post. 1996 yil 11-iyul.
  46. ^ "Span tomonidan ma'qullangan badiiy komissiya." Washington Post. 1935 yil 21-dekabr.
  47. ^ "Tasviriy san'at kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan talabalar shaharchasiga o'xshash yo'l laboratoriyasi." Washington Post. 1936 yil 2-may.
  48. ^ Vayss va Manfredi, p. 22; Ichki ishlar vazirligi va tegishli agentliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita, p. 978.
  49. ^ a b v d e f g Forgey, Benjamin. "Ayollar yodgorligi: Ajablanadigan ajablanib." Washington Post. 1992 yil 25-iyul.
  50. ^ a b Bellafaire, p. 177.
  51. ^ Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 26-271.
  52. ^ a b v d Xass, p. 108.
  53. ^ DeView, Lucille S. "Arlington qabristonini ta'mirlash harbiy ayollarni sharaflaydi." Orange County Ro'yxatdan o'tish. 1991 yil 10-noyabr.
  54. ^ Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 18.
  55. ^ Clarity, Jeyms F. va Weaver, Jr., Uorren. "Ayollar harbiy xizmatda". The New York Times. 1985 yil 14-noyabr.
  56. ^ Evans, Sandra. "Haykalning mutanosibliklarining monumental vazifasi". Washington Post. 1986 yil 18 mart; Evans, Sandra. "Haykallarni cheklash." Washington Post. 1986 yil 18 aprel.
  57. ^ Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 20.
  58. ^ a b Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 21.
  59. ^ a b Xass, p. 104.
  60. ^ Lourens, Jil. "Uy Koreyalik faxriylarga yodgorlikni ma'qulladi." Associated Press. 1986 yil 14 oktyabr.
  61. ^ "Daily Digest". Kongress yozuvlari. 132 Cong Rec D 1318 (1986 yil 16 oktyabr).
  62. ^ "Uy". Kongress yozuvlari. 132 Cong Rec H 11278 (1986 yil 17 oktyabr).
  63. ^ "Prezident Reygan OKS faxriy ayollarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik." Associated Press. 1986 yil 7-noyabr.
  64. ^ a b v d e f g h Nelson, V. Deyl. "Harbiy ayollarga yodgorlik qurish uchun dizayn finalchilari tanlandi." Associated Press. 1989 yil 12 iyun.
  65. ^ Roberts, Roksanna. "Generalga tez salom". Washington Post. 1997 yil 17 oktyabr.
  66. ^ Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 24.
  67. ^ Ashabranner va Ashabranner, p. 24, 26.
  68. ^ Xass, p. 105.
  69. ^ a b Kohler, p. 211.
  70. ^ Xass, p. 109.
  71. ^ "Ayollar, qora tanli vatanparvarlar, Koreya urushi qatnashchilariga yodgorlik uchun tasdiqlangan saytlar." Associated Press. 1988 yil 28 iyun.
  72. ^ a b v Burli, Nina. "Yodgorlik rejalari oldinga mart." Chicago Tribune. 1988 yil 14-avgust.
  73. ^ "Ayol veterinarlari uchun zamin." Baltimor Sun. 1995 yil 19 iyun.
  74. ^ a b v Kilian, Maykl. "Formadagi ayollar o'zlarining haqlarini olishadi". Chicago Tribune. 1997 yil 17 oktyabr.
  75. ^ a b "Ayollar harbiy yodgorligini loyihalashtirish uchun tanlov ochildi." Associated Press. 1988 yil 8-dekabr.
  76. ^ Burli, Nina. "Xizmatga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik rejalari oldinga siljiydi." Chicago Tribune. 1988 yil 18-dekabr.
  77. ^ a b v d e "Chikagodagi dizaynerlar jamoasi faxriy ayollarning xotira yodgorliklari finalida." Associated Press. 1989 yil 13 iyun.
  78. ^ a b v d e f g Forgey, Benjamin. "Xotira uchun 4 nafar finalchi." Washington Post. 1989 yil 13 iyun.
  79. ^ Maykl Manfredining onasi Ikkinchi Jahon urushida harbiy hamshira bo'lgan. Manfredi xonim yodgorlik haqida eshitib, o'g'lini dizayn tanloviga kirishga undadi. Manfredi va uning rafiqasi Marion Vayss tanlovga kirishdi. Qarang: Neufeld, Matt. "Veteran onam ilhomlanib, yutuqli yodgorlik rejalari." Washington Times. 1993 yil 11-noyabr.
  80. ^ a b v d Forgey, Benjamin. "Xotin-qizlar xotirasi g'olibi." Washington Post. 1989 yil 9-noyabr.
  81. ^ a b v d Sardella, Sendi. "Veteran ayollarga yodgorlik uchun dizayn ochildi." United Press International. 1989 yil 8-noyabr.
  82. ^ a b Kempbell, Robert. "Nega Vashington Ayollar yodgorligiga muhtoj". Boston Globe. 1990 yil 2-yanvar.
  83. ^ a b v Xass, p. 110.
  84. ^ a b v "Tanqidchilar tomonidan namoyish etilgan ayollarning yodgorlik dizayni." "Manchester Yunayted" etakchisi. 1989 yil 14 dekabr.
  85. ^ Kelli, Tom. "Xotin-qizlarni xotirlash uchun 25 million dollarlik yo'l rejalashtirilgan." Washington Times. 1990 yil 28 may.
  86. ^ Mitchell, Maureen L. "1 million dollar mukofot." Washington Post. 1990 yil 26-iyul.
  87. ^ Rowland, Jeffri S. "Xotin-qizlar xotirasini kengaytirish uchun mablag 'yig'uvchi". Washington Post. 1990 yil 13-noyabr.
  88. ^ Xammons, Merri Morris. "Ayollar o'zlarining yodgorliklarini nishonlash uchun oldinga intilishadi." Washington Times. 1991 yil 18 yanvar.
  89. ^ Grimes, Sharlotta. "Harbiy ayollarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik muddati tugadi." Sent-Luisdan keyingi dispetcherlik. 1991 yil 4 fevral.
  90. ^ Griffit, Stefani. "Va. Ayollar lotereyadan keyin uyda bepul." Washington Post. 1991 yil 24 fevral.
  91. ^ a b Griffit, Stefani. "Harbiy xizmatdagi ayollarga esdalik uchun mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha kechikishlar". Washington Post. 1991 yil 25-noyabr.
  92. ^ Levinlar, Garri. "Ayollar uchun urush yodgorligi tartibga solingan." Sent-Luisdan keyingi dispetcherlik. 1992 yil 11 mart.
  93. ^ a b "WIMSA yodgorlik uchun yangi dizaynga ega." Minervaning e'lonlar taxtasi: "Ayollar to'g'risida" xalqaro yangiliklar jurnali. 1992 yil 31 mart.
  94. ^ a b v Mur, Jonatan. "Harbiy ayollarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik dizayni tasdiqlangan." Associated Press. 1992 yil 24-iyul.
  95. ^ Griffit, Stefani. "Yodgorlik oldinga siljiydi." Washington Post. 1992 yil 1 iyun.
  96. ^ Recktenwald, Uilyam. "Umumiy ravishda, ayollarning veterinarlari o'zlarining haqlarini olishlarini ko'rish uchun." Chicago Tribune. 1992 yil 28 avgust; Kaplan, Lois. "Vashingtonda rejalashtirilgan Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollarga bag'ishlangan milliy yodgorlik, qo'llab-quvvatlashga muhtoj". Sankt-Peterburg Times. 1993 yil 28 mart.
  97. ^ a b "Amerika ayollari xotirasiga bag'ishlangan harbiy xizmatdagi ayollar uchun vaqt tugayapti." Minervaning e'lonlar taxtasi: "Ayollar to'g'risida" xalqaro yangiliklar jurnali. 1993 yil 30 iyun.
  98. ^ a b v Vaught, p. 20-26.
  99. ^ a b v Walker, Andrea K. "Ayollar urushidagi roli esga olingan." Boston Globe. 1995 yil 23 iyun.
  100. ^ a b v Rivz, Geyl. "Xotiralarni yig'ish." Dallas ertalabki yangiliklari. 1993 yil 9-noyabr.
  101. ^ "Prezident tomonidan tasdiqlangan aktlar". Prezidentlarning ommaviy hujjatlari. 29 haftalik komp. Pres. Hujjat 2609, 1993 yil 17-dekabr.
  102. ^ a b McCrary, Lacy. "Xalqning jangchi ayollari uchun o'zlarining hurmatlarini yaratishni unutgan faxriylar, yodgorlik". Filadelfiya tergovchisi. 1994 yil 4-iyun.
  103. ^ Averill, Joni. "Vashington shtatidagi xotira marosimiga shtat bo'ylab xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollar taklif etildi." Bangor Daily News. 1995 yil 23 mart.
  104. ^ a b v d "WIMSA tantanali ochilish marosimlarini rejalashtirmoqda." Minervaning e'lonlar taxtasi: "Ayollar to'g'risida" xalqaro yangiliklar jurnali. 1995 yil 31 mart.
  105. ^ a b Stanton, p. 15-19.
  106. ^ a b v Zirschkiy, p. 41-48.
  107. ^ Dola, p. 23-31.
  108. ^ a b v Kohler, p. 212.
  109. ^ Xass, p. 111.
  110. ^ Xass, p. 111-112.
  111. ^ a b v Xass, p. 112.
  112. ^ a b v d e Kohler, p. 213.
  113. ^ Xass, p. 112-113.
  114. ^ a b Xass, p. 113.
  115. ^ a b Griest, Stefani. "E'tirof etish uchun uzoq mart." Washington Post. 1995 yil 22 iyun.
  116. ^ a b v Peterson, Lindsay. "Monumental harakat". Tampa tribunasi. 1995 yil 17 oktyabr.
  117. ^ a b v Koenenn, Konni. "Urush faxriysi ayollarni topish uchun kurash." Los Anjeles Tayms. 1995 yil 15-noyabr.
  118. ^ Jonson, Jef. "Barcha ayollarni faxriylar deb atash." San-Diego Union-Tribune. 1995 yil 1 sentyabr.
  119. ^ Myers, Laura. "Veteran ayollarning aytishicha, rejalashtirilgan yodgorlik ularning hikoyalarini aytib beradi." Associated Press. 1995 yil 22 iyun; Moss, Desda. "Harbiy ayollar uchun mag'rurlik" to'siqni "yiqitdi." USA Today. 1995 yil 23 iyun.
  120. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Tousignant, Merilu. "E'tirof etish vaqti." Washington Post. 1997 yil 12 oktyabr.
  121. ^ a b v "WIMSA Arlington yodgorligi uchun pudratchini tanlaydi." Minervaning e'lonlar taxtasi: "Ayollar to'g'risida" xalqaro yangiliklar jurnali. 1996 yil 31 mart.
  122. ^ a b v "Shartnomadagi noaniqlik buzilgan yodgorlikning yopilishini anglatishi mumkin." O'limni davolash bo'yicha biznes maslahatchisi. 2000 yil 28 iyun.
  123. ^ a b v d Barret, Stiven. "Ayollar yodgorligi yarim nuqtaga etadi." Amerika kuchlari matbuot xizmati. 1997 yil 7 fevral. Kirish 2013-04-03.
  124. ^ a b v d e f g h Tousignant, Merilu. "O'zlarining sharafiga". Washington Post. 1997 yil 26 sentyabr.
  125. ^ a b v Farrager, Tomas. "Arlington qabristoni yaqinida AQSh qurolli kuchlaridagi hayotga kiruvchi ayollarga yodgorlik". Ritsar Ridder. 1997 yil 2 oktyabr.
  126. ^ a b v d Kraysher, Otto. "Ayollar xotirasiga bag'ishlangan narsa sifatida nomlar, pul yo'q." Copley yangiliklar xizmati. 1997 yil 9 oktyabr.
  127. ^ a b v d Kraft, Rendi. "Qabristondan ko'proq". Allentownning tonggi chaqirig'i. 1997 yil 2-noyabr.
  128. ^ Pakard, Jimmi. "Shanba kuni harbiy xizmatdagi ayollar xotirasi". Richmond Times jo'natmasi. 1997 yil 12 oktyabr.
  129. ^ a b Finli, Larri. "AQSh harbiy xizmatida ayollarga salom berish." Chikago Sun-Times. 1997 yil 26 oktyabr.
  130. ^ a b Makallister, Bill. "Harbiy salom". Washington Post. 1997 yil 17 oktyabr.
  131. ^ Makallister, Bill. "Savdo sotishni taqiqlash maxsus markalarni sotishni bekor qiladi." Washington Post. 1997 yil 21 oktyabr.
  132. ^ Tusignant, Marylou va Eggen, Dan. "Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollarga, topshiriq bajarildi." Washington Post. 1997 yil 20 oktyabr.
  133. ^ a b Norduol, Erik. "Qarzga botgan ayollarning harbiy yodgorligi." United Press International. 1997 yil 16 oktyabr.
  134. ^ Loudermilk, Suzanna. "Xizmat uchun yodgorlik." Baltimor Sun. 1997 yil 18 oktyabr.
  135. ^ Abu-Nasr, Donna. "Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollar o'zlarining yodgorliklarini olishadi." Associated Press. 1997 yil 18 oktyabr; "Harbiy xizmatdagi ayollar uchun yodgorlik bag'ishlangan." The New York Times. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr; Rixter, Pol va Grey, Stiven. "Formada bo'lgan AQSh ayollari uchun, faxriy joy." Los Anjeles Tayms. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr.
  136. ^ a b Xansen, Ronald J. "Mag'rurlik va ko'z yoshlari harbiy ayollar yodgorligining ochilishini belgilaydi." Washington Times. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr.
  137. ^ a b Tusignant, Marylou va Glod, Mariya. "" Raxmat ... Qilgan ishingiz uchun "." Washington Post. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr.
  138. ^ Makamura, Devid. "Tantanali marosim o'tmishda g'ururlanishni va kelajakni kutishni qo'zg'atadi." Washington Post. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr.
  139. ^ Xarrison, Bette. "Amerikaning jasoratli ayollarini qadrlash". Atlanta jurnali-konstitutsiyasi. 1997 yil 17 oktyabr.
  140. ^ Chaddok, Geyl Rassel. "Amerikalik urush ayollarini sharaflash". Christian Science Monitor. 1997 yil 20 oktyabr.
  141. ^ a b Lyuis, Rojer K. "Ayollarga yangi yodgorlik - bu badiiy ish". Washington Post. 1997 yil 18 oktyabr.
  142. ^ Yashil, Nik. "Nihoyat oldingi qatorlarda". Los Anjeles Tayms. 1997 yil 13 oktyabr.
  143. ^ Dejevskiy, Meri. "AQSh urush faxriylari ayollari nihoyat o'zlarining kunlarini nishonladilar." Mustaqil. 1997 yil 20 oktyabr.
  144. ^ Devis, Patrisiya. "Tarix kalitlarini tegizish". Washington Post. 1997 yil 21 oktyabr.
  145. ^ a b v d e f g Eskobar, Gabriel. "Ayollar xotirasiga bag'ishlangan pul oqimi sekinlashuvi." Washington Post. 1998 yil 22-iyul.
  146. ^ a b v d e "Harbiy xizmatdagi ayollarga yodgorlik pulga muhtoj". The New York Times. 1998 yil 16-avgust.
  147. ^ a b v d e f g h men j Filding, Maykl. "Faxriylar kuniga bag'ishlangan bayroq". Orange County Ro'yxatdan o'tish. 1996 yil 11-noyabr.
  148. ^ a b v d e f Feldman, Klaudiya. "Harbiy ayollar uchun yodgorlik ochilishi kerak." Xyuston xronikasi. 1997 yil 7 oktyabr.
  149. ^ a b v Moulton, Endryu. "Memorial ayol faxriylarni sharaflaydi." Filadelfiya tergovchisi. 1997 yil 19 oktyabr.
  150. ^ a b Supervil, Darlen. "Xalq poytaxti harbiy ayollarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlikni kutib oladi". Associated Press. 1997 yil 16 oktyabr.
  151. ^ Wentling, Nikki (9 oktyabr 2020). "Arlingtonda barcha harbiy ayollarga bag'ishlangan birinchi yodgorlik ochiladi". Yulduzlar va chiziqlar.
  152. ^ "Arlington qabristonida harbiy xizmatdagi ayollarni ulug'lash haykali ochildi". NBC4 Vashington. Olingan 2020-10-18.
  153. ^ a b Pakard, Jim. "Xotira kumush dollarlarini poydevorga chegirma bilan sotish kerak". Richmond Times jo'natmasi. 1995 yil 31 dekabr.
  154. ^ a b Makallister, Bill. "Jamg'arma tashabbusni qabul qiladi." Washington Post. 1995 yil 15-dekabr.
  155. ^ Xofman, Liza. "Xotin-qizlar xotirasi uchun kechikishlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash." Klivlendning oddiy sotuvchisi. 1997 yil 28 sentyabr.
  156. ^ "Mablag 'yig'ish qisqa muddatli pasayish pudratchining ish haqini ushlab turadi." Engineering News-Record. 1998 yil 24 avgust.
  157. ^ Sek. Mudofaani ajratish to'g'risidagi qonunning 8085-sonli qarori, 2010 y., P.L. 111–118, 111-kongress.
  158. ^ Xefling, Kimberli. "Millat Ayollar harbiy yodgorligi ochiq qoladimi?" Associated Press. 2010 yil 11-may.
  159. ^ "Xotin-qiz xizmatchilar Memorialning yubileyini nishonlaydilar." Associated Press. 2012 yil 21 oktyabr.
  160. ^ Sallivan, Patrisiya. "Harbiy ayollar Memorialning 15 yilligini nishonlamoqda." Washington Post. 2012 yil 21 oktyabr.
  161. ^ Kulver, Devid (2016 yil 15-noyabr). "Arlington milliy qabristonidagi ayollar yodgorligi yopilish xavfi ostida". WRC-TV. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2016; Panzino, Charlsy (2016 yil 11-noyabr). "Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollarni yodgorliklarini saqlab qolish uchun yordam berishga intilmoqda". Military Times. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2016.
  162. ^ Amerika Memorial Foundation Inc uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar va Hartford Fire Insurance Co., № 99-1670, 2000 WL 719691 (4-son. 2000 yil 23-may) (nashr qilinmagan).
  163. ^ Amerika Memorial Foundation Inc uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lgan ayollar va Hartford Fire Insurance Co., № 01-1081 (4-son. 2001 yil 30-oktabr) (nashr qilinmagan). Kirish 2013-04-04.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Bibliografiya

  • Ashabranner, Brent K. va Ashabranner, Jenifer. Taqdir bilan sana: Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollar yodgorligi. Brukfild, Konn .: Yigirma birinchi asr kitoblari, 2000 yil.
  • Bellafaire, Judit Lourens. "America Memorial Foundation, Inc uchun harbiy xizmatdagi ayollar". Yilda Jinsiy kamuflyaj: Ayollar va AQSh harbiylari. Francine D'Amico, tahrir. Nyu-York: Nyu-York universiteti matbuoti, 1999 y.
  • Bigler, Filip. Faxriy shon-sharafda: Arlington milliy qabristoni, yakuniy post. Arlington, Va.: Vandamere Press, 1999 yil.
  • Bruggeman, Set C. Bu erda Jorj Vashington tug'ilgan: Xotira, moddiy madaniyat va milliy yodgorlikning ommaviy tarixi. Afina, Ga.: Georgia University Press, 2008 yil.
  • Burgess, Lori. "Atirgul bog'ida ko'milgan: Arlington milliy qabristonidagi ma'no darajasi va Robert E. Li yodgorligi." Yilda Miflar, xotira va Amerika manzarasini yaratish. Pol A. Shakel, tahrir. Geynesvill, Fla.: Florida universiteti matbuoti, 2001 yil.
  • Dola, Stiven. Uyni ajratish / Veteranlar bilan ishlash bo'limi, HUD va boshqa mustaqil agentliklarning qabriston xarajatlari. Veteranlar ishlari, uy va shaharsozlik va boshqa mustaqil agentliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. Ajratishlar bo'yicha qo'mita. AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1994 yil 2 mart.
  • Dunxem-Jons, Ellen va LeBlank, Yahudo. "Amerika harbiy xizmatida bo'lgan ayollar xotirasi". Colonnade: Virjiniya universiteti Arxitektura maktabi yangiliklari jurnali. 4: 2 (1989 yil yoz-kuz), 41-42.
  • Gud, Jeyms M. "Kirish". Yilda Vashington tuni. Oltin, Colo.: Fulkrum, 1998.
  • Hall, Loretta. Er osti inshootlari: Ko'z bilan uchrashishdan ko'proq narsa. Sanger, Calif.: Quill Driver Books / Word Dancer Press, 2004 yil.
  • Xass, Kristin Ann. Milliy savdo markazida askarlarni qurbon qilish. Berkli, Kaliforniya: Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti, 2013 y.
  • Tarixiy Amerika binolarini o'rganish. Arlington milliy qabristoni, Sheridan Geyt. VA-1348-B HABS. Milliy park xizmati. AQSh Ichki ishlar vazirligi. 1999 yil. Kirish 2012-07-15.
  • Kohler, Syu A. Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi: qisqacha tarix, 1910-1995 yy. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh Tasviriy san'at komissiyasi, 1996 y.
  • Langli, Garold D. "Uinfild Skott Shli va Santyago: eski tortishuvlarga yangicha qarash." Yilda Imperiya xochi: Ispaniya-Amerika urushi va uning oqibatlari. Jeyms C. Bredford, ed. Annapolis, Med.: Naval Institute Press, 1993.
  • Milliy tasviriy san'at komissiyasi. Milliy tasviriy san'at komissiyasining o'ninchi hisoboti. Vashington, DC: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi, 1926.
  • Milliy park xizmati. Glen Echo Park, Jorj Vashington Memorial Parkway, Menejment B1 bayonoti: Madaniy resurslarni boshqarish rejasi: Atrof muhitga ta'siri to'g'risidagi bayonot. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1982 y.
  • Milliy poytaxtning jamoat binolari va jamoat bog'lari idorasi. Milliy poytaxt jamoat binolari va jamoat bog'lari direktorining yillik hisoboti. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi, 1927.
  • Piters, Jeyms Edvard. Arlington milliy qabristoni, Amerika qahramonlari ziyoratgohi. Bethesda, Med.: Woodbine House, 2000 yil.
  • Ravenshteyn, Charlz A. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlarining tashkiloti va nasabnomasi. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Havo kuchlari tarixi bo'limi / USAF, 1986 y.
  • Stanton, Robert. S. 1552, Qora inqilobiy urush vatanparvarlari jamg'armasiga yodgorlik barpo etish vakolatini qo'shimcha ikki yilga uzaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun; S. 1612, Kolumbiya okrugida yodgorlik tashkil etish uchun Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollarning vakolatlarini kengaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun yodgorligi; S. 1790, "Milliy tinchlik bog'ini qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasi; va XR 2947, Xotira asarlari to'g'risidagi qonunga o'zgartirish kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun va boshqa maqsadlarda. Jamoat erlari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. Energetika va tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi. AQSh Senati. 103-chi Birlashgan Kong., 2-sessiya. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1994 yil 10 fevral.
  • Ichki ishlar vazirligi va tegishli agentliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. Ichki ishlar vazirligi va tegishli idoralar bo'limi tomonidan 1997 yil uchun ajratmalar: Energiya bo'yicha jamoat guvohlarining ko'rsatmalari. Ajratishlar bo'yicha qo'mita. AQSh Vakillar palatasi. 104-Kong., 2-sessiya. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1996 y.
  • Vaught, Wilma L. S. 1552, Qora inqilobiy urush vatanparvarlari jamg'armasiga yodgorlik barpo etish vakolatini qo'shimcha ikki yilga uzaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun; S. 1612, Kolumbiya okrugida yodgorlik tashkil etish uchun Amerika harbiy xizmatidagi ayollarning vakolatlarini kengaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun yodgorligi; S. 1790, "Milliy tinchlik bog'ini qayta avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasi; va XR 2947, Xotira asarlari to'g'risidagi qonunni o'zgartirish to'g'risidagi qonun va boshqa maqsadlarda. Jamoat erlari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. Energetika va tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi. AQSh Senati. 103-chi Birlashgan Kong., 2-sessiya. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1994 yil 10 fevral.
  • Vayss, Marion va Manfredi, Maykl A. Saytga xos: Vayss / Manfredi me'morlarining ishi. Nyu-York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000 yil.
  • Zirschkiy, Jon H. Veteranlar ishlari va uy-joy qurilishi va shaharsozlik bo'limlari va mustaqil agentliklarning 1996 yildagi mablag'lari: Amerika jang yodgorliklari komissiyasi. Veteranlar ishlari, uy va shaharsozlik va boshqa mustaqil agentliklar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita. Ajratishlar bo'yicha qo'mita. AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1995 yil 22 fevral.

Tashqi havolalar