Shayen - Cheyenne

Ushbu maqola tub amerikaliklar haqida. Vayoming poytaxti uchun qarang Shayen, Vayoming. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Shayen (ajralish).
Shayen
Jami aholi
22,970
(Shimoliy: 10,840;[1] Janubiy: 12,130[2])
Aholisi sezilarli bo'lgan hududlar
Qo'shma Shtatlar (Montana, Oklaxoma )
Tillar
Shayen, Ingliz tili, Plains Sign Talk
Din
an'anaviy qabila dini, Mahalliy Amerika cherkovi va Nasroniylik
Qarindosh etnik guruhlar
Arapaxo, Qora oyoq, Suhtai va boshqalar Algonquian xalqlari

The Shayen (/ʃaɪˈæn/ uyatchanAN ) biri Buyuk tekislikning mahalliy aholisi kimning tili Algonquianlar oilasi. Shaynen ikkitadan iborat Tug'ma amerikalik qabilalar, So'taeo'o yoki Sótaetaneo'o (ko'proq yozilgan) Suhtai yoki Sutaio) va Tsétsêhéstâhese (shuningdek yozilgan Tsitsistalar, [t͡sɪt͡shɪsthɑs][3]). Ushbu qabilalar 19-asrning boshlarida birlashdilar. Bugungi kunda shayenlar ikkiga bo'lingan federal tan olingan Millatlar: the Janubiy shayen, ro'yxatdan o'tganlar Cheynene va Arapaho qabilalari yilda Oklaxoma, va Shimoliy shayen, ro'yxatdan o'tganlar Shimoliy shyenne hind qo'riqxonasining shimoliy shayen qabilasi yilda Montana.

Evropaliklar bilan birinchi aloqada bo'lgan paytda, shayenlar hozirgi hududda yashaydilar Minnesota. Ba'zida ular bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lganlar Lakota va Arapaxo va boshqa paytlarda Lakota dushmanlari.

18-asrning boshlarida ular g'arbiy tomonga ko'chib o'tishdi Missuri daryosi va ichiga Shimoliy va Janubiy Dakota,[3] qaerda ular qabul qilingan ot madaniyati. Joylashtirgandan so'ng Qora tepaliklar Janubiy Dakota va Powder River Country hozirgi Montanada, ular ot madaniyatini Lakota guruhlariga taxminan 1730 yilda tanishtirdilar. Arapaxo bilan ittifoqchi shayenlar Kiova janubiy tekisliklarga. O'z navbatida, ularni ko'proq sonli Lakota g'arbga surib qo'ydi.[4]

Cheyne Nation yoki Tsêhéstáno bir paytlar janubdan Buyuk tekisliklar bo'ylab tarqalgan o'nta banddan iborat edi Kolorado Janubiy Dakotadagi Qora tepaliklarga. Ular o'zlarining an'anaviy dushmanlariga qarshi kurashdilar Qarg'a va keyinchalik (1856-79) the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi kuchlar. 19-asrning o'rtalarida guruhlar bo'linishni boshladilar, ba'zi guruhlar Black Hills yaqinida qolishni tanladilar, boshqalari esa Platte Rivers Kolorado shtatining markazi.

Shimoliy shayen, shayenda ham shunday tanilgan Notameohmésêhese, "Shimoliy yeyuvchilar" degan ma'noni anglatadi yoki shunchaki Ohmésêhese "Yeyuvchilar" ma'nosini anglatadi, Montananing janubi-sharqida yashaydi Hind shimolidagi shyenne qo'riqxonasi. Tribalalarni ro'yxatga olish ko'rsatkichlari, 2014 yil oxiriga kelib, taxminan 10.840 a'zolari borligini ko'rsatadi, shundan taxminan 4.939 qismi rezervasyonda istiqomat qiladi. Aholining taxminan 91% amerikaliklar (to'liq yoki qisman irqiy), ularning 72,8% o'zlarini shaynen deb bilishadi. Besh va undan katta yoshdagi aholining to'rtdan bir qismidan bir oz ko'proq qismi ingliz tilidan boshqa tilda gaplashishgan.[5]

The Janubiy shayen, Cheyne sifatida tanilgan Heévâhetaneo'o "Arqonli odamlar" ma'nosini anglatadi, Janubiy Arapaxo bilan birgalikda Cheynene va Arapaho qabilalari, g'arbiy Oklaxomada. Ularning umumiy soni 2008 yilga kelib 12130 kishini tashkil qiladi.[2] 2003 yilda ularning taxminan 8000 nafari o'zlarini shayen deb atashdi, ammo davom etayotgan o'zaro nikoh bilan qabilalarni ajratish tobora qiyinlashmoqda.[3]

Sheyne yashirish kiyimi, taxminan. 1920 yil, Gilcrease muzeyi
Sheyne munchoqli teridan tikilgan ko'ylak, Woolaroc
Cheynene modeli tipi, buffalo terisi, 1860 yil

Ism

Cheynene Millati ikkitadan iborat qabilalar, So'taeo'o yoki Sótaetaneo'o (odatda ko'proq Suhtai yoki Sutaio; birlik: Sótaetane) va Tsétsêhéstâhese (odatda Tsitsistalar; birlik: Tsétsêhéstaestse), bu "bu kabi bo'lganlar" deb tarjima qilingan.[6] Bu ikki qabilalar har doim birga sayohat qilishgan va 1831 yildan keyin birlashib, o'zlarining alohida lagerlariga ega bo'lishgan. Suhtaylarning dastlab nutqlari va urf-odatlari sayohatdagi sheriklaridan bir oz farq qilar edi.[7]

"Cheynene" nomi kelib chiqishi mumkin Lakota Sio eksonim ular uchun, Shaxyena ("kichik" ma'nosini anglatadi Shaxiya"). Garchi Shaxiya ma'lum emas, ko'pchilik Buyuk tekisliklar qabilalar buni anglatadi Kri yoki boshqa biron bir kishi gapirgan Algonquian tili Kri va shayen bilan bog'liq.[8] Ojibve uchun shayen so'zi Sahe'eo'o, ga o'xshash bo'lgan so'z Lakota so'z Shaxiya.

Uchun keng tarqalgan etimologiyalardan yana biri Shayen "bir oz begona odamlarga o'xshaydi" (so'zma-so'z "qizil so'zlovchi").[9] Ga binoan Jorj Bird Grinnell, Lakota o'zlariga va o'zgalarga murojaat qilgan Siuan - "oq gaplashuvchilar" sifatida tillar guruhlari, va boshqa til oilalari, masalan Algonquian Cheynene, "qizil suhbatdoshlar" sifatida (Shaxyena).[7]

Cheynelar o'zlarini chaqiradigan Tsitsistas (texnik jihatdan Tsétsėhéstȧhese) ismining etimologiyasi noaniq. Tomonidan taqdim etilgan shayen lug'atiga ko'ra Bosh zerikarli pichoq kolleji, aniq bir kelishuv mavjud emas va kelib chiqishi va so'zning tarjimasi bo'yicha turli xil tadqiqotlar taklif qilingan. Grinnellning yozuvi odatiy; u "ular o'zlarini Tsististalar deb atashadi [sic, Tsitsistas - bu to'g'ri talaffuz], bu kitoblar odatda" odamlar "ma'nosini beradi. Bu, ehtimol, biz kabi, bizning xalqimiz yoki biz kabi bir-biri bilan bog'liq bo'lgan degan ma'noni anglatadi.[10] Sheynene vatani uchun atama Tsixistano. "

Til

Asosiy maqola: Shayen tili

Montana va Oklaxoma shayenlari gapirishadi Shayen tili sifatida tanilgan Tsêhésenêstsestôtse (umumiy imlo: Tsisinstsistots). Oklaxomada taxminan 800 kishi shaynen tilida so'zlashadi.[3] Ikkala joy o'rtasida so'z birikmalarining ozgina farqlari bor. Shayen alifbosi 14 ta harfdan iborat. Cheynene tili eng katta tillardan biridir Algonquian tili guruh. Ilgari Janubiy va Shimoliy shayenning S'taeo'o (Sótaetaneo'o) yoki Suhtai (Sutaio) guruhlari so'zlashar edi. Sótaeka'ęškóne yoki Soótaenęstsestôtse, juda yaqin til Tsêhésenêstsestôtse (Shayen tili), ba'zan uni sheyen shevasi deb atashadi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Tarix

Cheyne ayol fotosurati Edvard S. Kertis, 1930

Cheynene haqida eng qadimgi yozma tarixiy yozuvlar 17-asr o'rtalarida, bir guruh shayenlarning Frantsuzcha Fort Crevecoeur, hozirgi kunga yaqin Peoria, Illinoys. Bu vaqtda shayenlar o'rtasida yashagan Missisipi daryosi va Mille Laks ko'li. Ularning iqtisodiyoti kollektsiyaga asoslangan edi yovvoyi guruch va ov qilish, ayniqsa bizon, shayenne qishloqlaridan 70-80 mil g'arbdagi yaylovlarda yashagan.[11]

Qabilalar tarixiga ko'ra, 17-asrda shayenlar tomonidan boshqarilgan Assiniboin (Hóheeheo'o - "o'ralgan yoki o'ralgan", Lakota / Dakota so'zidan moslashuvchan) Ha, "isyonchilar" ma'nosini anglatadi) dan Buyuk ko'llar hozirgi kungacha mintaqa Minnesota va Shimoliy Dakota, ular qishloqlarni tashkil qilgan joyda. Qadimgi shayen qishloqlarining eng ko'zga ko'ringanlari Biesterfeldt qishlog'i, Shimoliy Dakotaning sharqiy qismida Sheenne daryosi. Qabilalar tarixi, shuningdek, ular birinchi marta erishganliklari bilan bog'liq Missuri daryosi 1676 yilda.[12] Dastlabki yozuvlarning so'nggi tahlillari shayenlarning hech bo'lmaganda bir qismi Minnesota shtatining Mille Lak mintaqasida taxminan 1765 yilgacha bo'lganligini ko'rsatdi. Ojibve Lakotani o'qotar qurol bilan mag'lub etdi - shayenni o'z navbatida Minnesota daryosiga itarib yubordi, ular haqida 1766 yilda xabar berilgan edi.[13]

Missuri daryosida shayenlar qo'shni bilan aloqa qilishdi Mandan, Hidatsa (Tsé-heše'émâheónese, "bor odamlar tuproqli uylar ") va Arikara odamlar (onnoneo'o) va ular ko'plab madaniy xususiyatlarini qabul qildilar. Ular keyinchalik tekislik qabilalaridan birinchi bo'lib Qora tepaliklar va Powder River Country. Taxminan 1730 yilda ular otni Lakota guruhlari bilan tanishtirishdi (Ho'óhomo'eo'o - "taklif etilganlar (shayenlar o'lkalariga, ya'ni Qora tepaliklarga)"). Ko'chib yuruvchi Lakota va Ojibve aholisi bilan to'qnashuv shayenlarni g'arbiy tomonga majbur qildi va ular, o'z navbatida, Kiova janubga[14]

1776 yilga kelib, Lakota shayenlarni mag'lub etdi va ularning atrofidagi hududlarning katta qismini egallab oldi Qora tepaliklar. 1804 yilda, Lyuis va Klark hozirgi Shimoliy Dakota hududida omon qolgan Cheynene qishlog'iga tashrif buyurdi. Bunday evropalik kashfiyotchilar shayen uchun juda ko'p turli xil nomlarni bilib oldilar va turli bo'limlar qanday qilib birlashgan qabilani shakllantirishayotganini anglamadilar.[14]

Cheyne Nation ikki qarindosh qabilalardan kelib chiqqan Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas (Shayen to'g'ri) va S'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o (Suhtai yoki Sutaio nomi bilan mashhur), ikkinchisi XVIII asrning boshlarida Tsétsêhéstâhesega qo'shilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ularning og'zaki tarix har ikkala qabila xalqiga xos bo'lgan va ikkitadan vakili bo'lgan estafetalar madaniy qahramonlar yoki payg'ambarlar xudolaridan ilohiy maqolalarni olganlar Ma'heo'o (″ Sacred Being, God ″), odatda ingliz tilida Maheo, Mahiu, bu post-missionerlik atamasi, ilgari ko'plik Ma'heono So'taeo'o deb atagan) ishlatilgan Xemo (″ Ma'buda, ayol muqaddas mavjudot, Xudo ″, unga teng Ma'heo'o Tsétsêhéstâhese shevasida).

Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas payg'ambar Motsé'eóeve (Shirin Tibbiyot tik turgan, Shirin ildiz turadigan, odatda chaqiriladi Shirin tibbiyot) olgan edi Maaxotse (sifatida tanilgan ingliz tilida Mahutlar, (Muqaddas) strelkalar to'plami yoki (Muqaddas) Oklar to'plami ) da Nóvóse (″ Dori (muqaddas) -tepalik ″, nomi Bear Butte, Rapid Siti shimoli-g'arbiy qismida, Janubiy Dakota),[15] ular qabila darajasida urush olib borganlarida olib borgan[14][16][17] va saqlangan maahéome (Arrow Lodge yoki Arrow Tepee). U shayenlar jamiyatining tuzilishini, ularning harbiy yoki urush jamiyatlari taniqli jangchilar boshchiligida, ularning huquqiy adolat tizimi va Qirq to'rt kishining kengashi tinchlik sardorlari, ikkinchisi to'rt kishidan tashkil topgan véhoo'o o'nta direktorning (boshliqlari yoki rahbarlari) manaxo (guruhlar ) va atrofdagi qabila yig'ilishlarida qasddan o'tkaziladigan qo'shimcha to'rtta "Qariya" uchrashuvi Quyosh raqsi.[3]

Shirin tibbiyot - shayenlarga ot, sigir, oqsoch va boshqalarning kelishini bashorat qilgan shayen payg'ambari. U nomlangan motsé'eonȯtse (shirin o't ), ko'pchilik tomonidan ishlatiladigan muqaddas o'simlik dorilardan biri Oddiy xalqlar marosimlarda Maaxotse (Muqaddas o'qlar) ning belgilaridir erkak kuchi va kuchi Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e (Muqaddas Buffalo shapkasi) ayol. Muqaddas Buffalo shapkasi va Muqaddas o'qlar birgalikda shayen millatining ikkita buyuk ahdini tashkil qiladi. Ma'heo'o ushbu ikkita to'plam orqali odamlar uchun doimiy hayot va barakalarni kafolatlaydi.

So'taeo'o payg'ambar Tomȯsévėséhe ("Dik shoxlar") ni olgan edi Ésevone (aka Isiwun – "Muqaddas (Buffalo) shapka to'plami ") da Tohnihvoos Yaqinida (″ Tosh Hammer Mountain) Buyuk ko'llar hozirgi Minnesota shtatida. The Ésevone / Hohkėha'e (Muqaddas Buffalo shapkasi) ichida saqlanadi vonȧhéome (eski muddat) yoki hóhkėha'éome (yangi atama) ("Sacred Hat Lodge, Sacred Hat Tepee"). Erect Horns ularga hamrohlik marosimlarini va Quyosh raqsi. Uning qarashlari qabilani avvalgi o'troq qishloq xo'jaligi an'analarini qabul qilishdan voz kechishga ishontirdi ko'chmanchi Tekisliklar ot madaniyati. Ular o'zlarining uylarini ko'chma bilan almashtirdilar tipis va o'zlarining parhezlarini baliq va qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlaridan, asosan bizon va yovvoyi meva va sabzavotlar. Ularning erlari yuqori qismdan tortib turardi Missuri daryosi hozirgi narsaga Vayoming, Montana, Kolorado va Janubiy Dakota.[iqtibos kerak ]

The Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e ("Muqaddas Buffalo shapkasi") Shimoliy Cheynene va Shimoliy So'taeo'o orasida saqlanadi. The Tséá'enōvȧhtse (″ Muqaddas (Buffalo) shapka saqlovchi ″ yoki ″ Muqaddas (Buffalo) shlyapa saqlovchi ″) S''taeo'o (Shimoliy yoki Janubiy) ga tegishli bo'lishi kerak. 1870-yillarda qabila rahbarlari to'plamni qo'riqchisidan norozi bo'lib, darvozabondan qutulishni so'rashdi; u rozi bo'ldi, lekin uning xotini Muqaddas Shlyapa va uning tarkibidagi narsalarga xiyonat qilmadi; tantanali truba va buffalo shoxi yo'qolgan. 1908 yilda "Uch barmoq" ismli shayenne shoxni shapkaga qaytarib berdi; truba Burnt All Over ismli shayenni egallab oldi va uni Xetti Goitga berdi Poteau, Oklaxoma kim 1911 yilda quvurni Oklaxoma tarixiy jamiyatiga berdi. 1997 yilda Oklaxoma Tarixiy Jamiyati Shimoliy Cheynene bilan Muqaddas Tibbiyot Shlyapa to'plamining qabila qo'riqchisiga quvurni qaytarish uchun muzokaralar olib bordi Jeyms Qora bo'ri.[18]


Tarixiy shayen guruhlari

Shimoliy shayen (shayenda ham shunday tanilgan Notameohmésêhese yoki Notameohmésėhétaneo'o "Shimoliy yeyuvchilar" degan ma'noni anglatadi yoki shunchaki Ohmésêhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o "Yeyuvchilar" ma'nosini anglatadi)

  • Notameohmésêhese / Notameohmésėhétaneo'o to'g'ri ("Shimoliy yutuvchilar", shuningdek oddiygina nomi bilan tanilgan Mhmésėhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o yoki Omis - "Ovutchilar" bu nom bilan atashgan, chunki ular buyuk ovchi sifatida tanilgan va shu sababli o'z xalqini boqish uchun etarlicha go'sht zahirasiga ega bo'lgan, eng gavjum shayen guruhi, shimoliy va g'arbiy tomondan yashaydigan erlar. Qora tepaliklar (Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva - ″ black-rock-Location ″) tomon Powder River Country (Páeo'hé'e - porox daryosi ″ yoki ″ ko'mir daryosi ″), ko'pincha ular o'zlarining Totoemanaho va Shimoliy So'taeo'o qarindoshlari bilan birga edilar, nikohlar orqali Lakota bilan yaqin aloqada edilar, bugun ular Shimoliy Só bilan birga 'taeo'o - Shimoliy shayenlar orasida eng nufuzli)
  • Shimoliy Oévemanaho / Oivimána (Shimoliy Ovemana - "Shimoliy Scabby", "Shimoliy Scalpers", hozirda va atrofida yashaydi Birni, Montana (Oévemanâhéno - ″ scabby-band-joy ″) Shimoliy Cheynene Indian Reservation-ning janubi-sharqiy qismida Tongue daryosi va Hanging Woman Creek quyilish joyi yaqinida)
  • Shimoliy S'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o (Suhtai yoki Sutaio, faqat boshqa So'taeo'o (Shimoliy yoki Janubiy) bilan turmush qurgan va har doim boshqa shayen lagerlaridan ajralib turar, Notameohmésêhese guruhi bilan eng yaqin aloqalarini saqlab, shimoliy va g'arbiy qismida yashagan. Qora tepaliklar (Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva - ″ black-rock-Location ″) va Notameohmésêhese va Totoemanaho qarindoshlari bilan birgalikda Powder River Country (Páeo'hé'e), Platte daryosining shimolida qoldi, u erda shimoliy ovlari va o'tlari yaxshiroq bo'lganligi sababli janubiy qarindoshlariga qaraganda ko'proq guruhlar sonini ko'paytirdilar, hozirda Montana shtatining Birney shahrida va atrofida yashaydilar (Oévemanâhéno - ″ scabby band-place) ″), Bugungi kunda ular - Notameohmésêhese bilan birgalikda - Shimoliy shayen orasida eng nufuzli)
    • birinchi guruh
    • ikkinchi guruh

Kichik shimoliy guruhlar (Qirq to'rtta Kengashda vakili yo'q):

  • Anskówînîs / Anskowinis ("Tor burun", "tor burunli ko'prik", ularning birinchi boshlig'i nomi bilan atalgan, ular singan idish deb nomlangan, ammo laqabli Anskówǐn, ular janjal tufayli Ôhmésêheseo'o-dan ajralib chiqishdi)
  • Moktavhetaneo / Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o (Mo'ôhtávêhetane - "Qora teridan tozalangan Erkaklar ","Ute - erkaklar singari ", chunki ular boshqa shaynenlarga qaraganda qoraygan edi, ular shayen qarindoshlariga ko'proq Utesga o'xshar edilar, shuningdek," tog 'odamlari "degan ma'noni anglatadi, ehtimol Ute (Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o) asirlaridan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, bugungi kunda Cho'loq Deer, Montana (Mo'ȯhtávȯheomenéno - ″ qora uy-joy ″) Shimoliy Cheynene Indian Reservation to'g'risidagi tuman; chunki oqsoq kiyik qabila va hukumat idoralari shtab-kvartirasi sifatida ratsion beriladigan joy bo'lgan, chunki u Meavehohoeno - - beradigan joy ″ yoki ″ beruvchi-oqlovchi-joy ″) deb ham tanilgan.
  • Ononeo'o / Ononeo (""Arikara Odamlar "yoki" Ree Band ", chunki ular aralash Cheynene-Arikara va Mandan meroslarini o'zaro nikohlari orqali, ilgari aralash Cheynene-Lakota Masikota guruhi bilan bog'langan, ba'zan Masikota subbandi sifatida qidirib topganlar, bugun ular norasmiy Rosebudda yashaydilar / Rebi tumani (onnoneo'o), Muddi Krik tumanining siyosiy qismi, Basbi va Muddi Krik o'rtasida, ba'zilari Lame Deer tumanida ham mavjud)
  • Totoemanaho / Totoimana (Totoemana, Tutimanax - "Orqaga qaytgan klan", "Uyatchan klan" yoki "Bashful klan", shuningdek, ″ Reticent Band ″ va ″ Istamaydigan guruh as deb tarjima qilingan, chunki ular o'zlari lager qilishni afzal ko'rishgan, shimoliy va g'arbiy qismida yashaganlar. Qora tepaliklar (Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva - ″ black-rock-Location ″) va bo'ylab Til daryosi (Vétanovéo'hé'e - ″ Til daryosi ″) o'zlarining Notameohmésêhese va Shimoliy S'taeo'o qarindoshlari bilan birgalikda Powder River Country (Páeo'hé'e), nikohlar orqali Lakota bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan, hozirda uning atrofida va atrofida joylashgan Ashland, Montana (Vóhkoohémâhoéve'ho'éno, avvalgi nomi Totoemanáheno) darhol chegaradan sharqqa Hind shimolidagi shyenne qo'riqxonasi )
  • Vóhpoométaneo'o / Woxpometaneo (Voxpometaneo - "Oq daryo odamlari", ″ Oq daryo Cheyne, Janubiy Dakotadagi Pine Ridge yaqinidagi Oq daryo (Voppoom) uchun nomlangan, shuningdek katta oilaning nomi bilan atalgan. Wóopotsît yoki Wóhkpotsit - "Oq bo'ri", "Oq hunarmand odamlar", aksariyati shaynen qarindoshlariga qo'shilib, 1891 yil janubida joylashdilar. Kirbi, Montana Rosebud Kriki boshiga yaqin joylashgan va hozirda uning atrofida va atrofida joylashgan Basbi, Montana (Vóhpoométanéno) Shimoliy Cheyne hind qo'riqxonasida, ba'zilari qolgan Pine Ridge hindistonlik rezervatsiyasi ular bilan Oglala Lakota qarindoshlar va Tsėhésė-ho'óhomo'eo'o - ″ Cheynene-ux) nomi bilan tanilgan

Janubiy shayen (Cheynene nomi bilan tanilgan Heévâhetaneo'o "Roped People" ma'nosini anglatadi - eng ko'p band bo'lgan guruhdan keyin, shuningdek, odatda ma'lum Sovonia - "janubiy odamlar")

  • Heévâhetaneo'o / Hevhaitaneo to'g'ri (Xevxaytanio - "Tukli arqonli erkaklar", "Tukli odamlar", shuningdek, ″ Mo'ynali erkaklar ″ Arapaxoga yaqin bo'lganlar, ular buyuk jangchi sifatida tanilgan va shayenlar orasida atrofdagi qabilalarning eng yaxshi ot tamerlari va ot bosqinchilari sifatida tanilgan, ayniqsa otdan - boy Kiova (Vétapâhaetó'eo'o - ″ yog'li-o'tin - ″) va Komanchi (Šé'šenovotsétaneo'o - ″ ilon odamlari ″) janubda, ular 1826 yilda boshliqlari boshchiligida Sariq bo'ri (Ho'néoxheóvaestse) - ba'zi Arapaxo bilan birgalikda - ba'zi shayen guruhlarining janubdan ko'chishi. Platte daryosi (Meneo'hé'e - ″ Moon Shell daryosi ″, Shimoliy Platte daryosi shu nom bilan mashhur bo'lgan) Arkanzas daryosi (Mótsėsóoneo'hé'e - int Flint daryosi ″) va tashkil etilgan Bents Fort, ularning qabila erlari g'arbda Janubiy Ovemanaxo, sharqda Votapio va shimolda it askarlari va Hesé'omeétaneo'o o'rtasida bo'lgan, 1849 yilda vabo kasalligi juda ko'p bo'lgan, ehtimol tirik qolganlarning yarmi Sand Creekda yo'qolgan. shu jumladan boshliqlar Sariq bo'ri va katta odam; ular bugungi kunda janubiy shayenlar orasida ustunlik qilishadi)
  • Hesé'omeétaneo'o / Hisiometaneo (Hisíometanio yoki Issiometaniu Dastlab Heévâhetaneoo'ning bir qismi bo'lgan "Pipestem (River) People" deb berilgan "Ridge People / Men" yoki "Hill Band ″", shuningdek, birinchi janubda yashovchi Oglala va Sichháhu (Brulé) Lakota bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan. bo'ylab Masikota Niobrara daryosi Nebraskadagi Shimoliy Platte daryosining shimolida, keyinchalik ular janubiy tomonga tog'li mamlakatga ko'chib o'tishdi Yuqori Smoky Hill daryosi va shimoliy Yuqori Arkanzas daryosi Koloradoda - asosan bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan Janubiy Soetao va It Soldiers guruhining g'arbiy qismida, Janubiy Ovemanaxo va Xevavetaneooning shimoliy qismida, ba'zan Comancening janubidan janubgacha Staked tekisliklar, Sand Creekdagi White White Antelope boshchiligida ular katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi)
  • Heviksnipahis / Iviststsinihpah ("Aorta People" yoki "Burnt Aorta People"; Muqaddas o'qlar uchun g'amxo'r sifatida ular ham Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas tegishli yoki boshqa guruhlarga "Arrow People" nomi bilan tanilgan, aslida vilkalar bo'ylab yashagan Chaynen daryosi Vayominning g'arbiy qismidagi sharqiy Qora tepaliklarda ular 1815 yildan 1825 yilgacha janubdagi vilkalar tomon harakatlanishdi Shimoliy va Janubiy Platte daryosi (Vétaneo'hé'e - ″ Yog'li daryo ″ yoki ″ Tallov daryosi ″), bu ularning hududlari barcha guruhlar uchun markaziy joy va yillik marosimlarni o'tkazish uchun qulay bo'lganligi sababli geografik jihatdan mantiqiy edi; keyinroq ular janubga qarab harakat qilishdi va shimolda Dog Soldiers guruhi, janubi-sharqda Oo'ko'ta'ona, janubda Xonova va Votapio o'rtasida)
  • Hónowa / Háovȯhnóvȧhese / Nėstamenóoheo'o (Háovôhnova, Xownova, Hotnova - "Kambag'al odamlar", shuningdek, ″ Red Lodges People as nomi bilan tanilgan, Oo'khta'onaning janubida va Votapioning sharqida yashagan)
  • Janubiy Oévemanaho / Oivimána (Janubiy Ovemana Dastlab Heevavhetaneo'oning bir qismi bo'lgan "Janubiy Skabbi", "Janubiy Skalpers" ham Arapaxoga yaqin bo'lgan, 1826 yilda Platte daryosidan janubda Arkanzas daryosigacha Sarv bo'ron boshchiligida Heevathetano bilan birga harakatlangan. Urush Bonneti boshchiligidagi Xes'omeetaneooning janubida va Xevavatanoning g'arbiy qismida ular Sand Creek-da yo'qotdilar, hozirda ularning yonida yashaydilar. Vatonga (Tséh-ma'ėho'a'ē'ta - ″ bu erda qizil (tepaliklar) joylashgan bo'lib, ular Oévemanahhno - ″ scabby-band-joy called deb nomlangan) va Kanton, Bleyn okrugi, avvalgi erlarda Cheynene va Arapaho hindistonlik rezervatsiyasi Oklaxomada)
  • Masikota ("Kriketlar", "Grasshoppers", ″ Kulrang sochlar (tahrirlangan) guruh ″, ″ Oyoqlarning bantlari band yoki ″ Ajinib ketgan guruhlar ″, ehtimol Lakotiyapi so'z mazikute - "temir (miltiq) otuvchilar", dan mazi - "temir" va kute - "otish", Cheyne-Lakota guruhi, ikkinchisi tomonidan "Sheo ', Qora tepaliklarning janubi-sharqida Oq daryo bo'yida (Vópoom) yashagan, uylangan Oglala Lakota va Sičháŋǧu Oyáte (Brule Lakota), tekislikdagi qabila birligining birinchi guruhi, shu sababli ularning nomi Birinchi ism, 1849 yilgi vabo epidemiyasi bilan deyarli yo'q qilindi, keyinchalik qo'shildi harbiy jamiyat It askarlari (Hotamétaneo'o), ular 1864 yilda Sand Creek-da bo'lmagan, shayenlar qabila davrasida guruh sifatida o'rnini egallagan. 1869 yilgi Summit Springs jangi )
  • Oo'kóhta'oná / Ohktounna (Oktogona, Oqtogana, Oqtoguna yoki Oktoguna - "Yalang'och oyoqli", "Jag'ning old tomoni", ular kiyinlar raqsini urushga borishdan oldin raqsga tushirish san'atiga ishora qiladilar, ilgari aralash Cheynene-Lakota Masikota guruhi bilan kuchli bog'langan, ba'zan Masikota subbandi sifatida qidirib, shimoldan yashagan. Xonova va Xeviksnipaxilar janubi, 1849 yilda vabo epidemiyasi bilan deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan, ehtimol it askarlari safiga qo'shilgan)
  • Wotapio / Wutapai (dan Lakotiyapi so'z Vutapiu: - "Lakota-Syuux bilan birga ovqatlaning", "Half-Cheynene", "Cheyne-Sioux", dastlab Lakota Sioux guruhi bo'lib, ular Janubiy Cheynene-ga qo'shildilar, 1820 yilga kelib ular janubda o'zlari yashagan Kolorado shtatidagi Arkanzas daryosiga ko'chib ketishdi. va o'zlarining Kiova ittifoqchilari bilan birgalikda lager qurdilar, o'zaro nikoh orqali cheenne tilida so'zlashuvchi va Lakota kelib chiqadigan gibrid Cheynene-Kiowa guruhini aniqladilar, ularning ov joylari sharqda Xonova, g'arbda Heevahetaneoo va Xeviksnipaxilar o'rtasida edi. shimolga eng katta zarba bergan Sand Creek qirg'ini 1864 y.)
  • Janubiy S'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o (Suhtai yoki Sutaio, faqat boshqa So'taeo'o (Shimoliy yoki Janubiy) bilan turmush qurgan va har doim boshqa shyenne lagerlaridan alohida lager qilgan, Hesé'omeétaneo'o guruhi bilan eng yaqin aloqalarni saqlab kelgan va paydo bo'lgan Dog Soldiers guruhining erlari bilan birga qo'shilgan. Smoky Hill daryosi (Mano'éo'hé'e - ″ yig'iladigan (yog'och) daryo ″), Tuzli (Šéstotó'eo'hé'e - "Sidar daryosi") va Sulaymon daryolari (Ma'xêhe'néo'hé'e - "kurka daryosi"), shimoliy-markaziy Kanzasda, ularning sevimli ov joylari it askarlari shimolida, yuqori pastki suv havzalari bo'ylab joylashgan. Respublika daryosi (Ma'êhóóhévahtseo'hé'e - ″ Qizil Qalqon daryosi ″), chunki u erda jangchilar to'plangan. Ma'hohoohēvȧhtse (Red Shield Warriors Society) ), ayniqsa, ma'naviy joy bo'lgan Beaver Creek bo'ylab, Hesé'omeétaneo'o asosan ularning g'arbiy va shimoli-g'arbida joylashgan)[19]
    • birinchi guruh
    • ikkinchi guruh

kamroq janubiy guruhlar (qirq to'rtta kengashda vakili bo'lmagan):

  • Moiseo / Moiseyu (Monsoni - "Flint-Men", deb nomlangan Flintmenlar jamiyati (Motsêsóonetaneo'o), shuningdek, chaqirilgan Otata-voha - "Moviy otlar", Moviy Otdan keyin, birinchi etakchi Coyote Warriors Society (O'ôhoménotâxeo'o), ikkalasi ham filiallarning filiallari edi Fox Warriors Society (Vóhkêséhetaneo'o yoki Monêsóonetaneo'o), to'rtta asl nusxadan biri Shayenlar harbiy jamiyatlari, shuningdek, Minnesota Flies as nomi bilan ham tanilgan, dastlab Minnesota shtatidan Syu guruhi bo'lgan, katta qismi shayenlardan 1815 yilda Minnesota shtatidagi Sioux guruhlariga qo'shilishgan, qolganlari Wotapio bilan kuchli bog'langan yoki ularga qo'shilgan)
  • Nakkuimana / Nakoimana (Nakoimanah - "Bear People")

The Xeviksnipaxilar (Iviststsinihpah, shuningdek Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas tegishli), Heévâhetaneo'o (Xevaytaneo), Masikota (Lakotiyapida: Sheo), Omis (Ôhmésêheseo'o, tegishli Notameohmésêhese), S'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o (Suhtai yoki Sutaio, Shimoliy va Janubiy), Wotapio (Vutapay), Oévemanaho (Oivimána yoki Oévemana, Shimoliy va Janubiy), Hesé'omeétaneo'o (Hisiometaneo yoki Issiometaniu), Oo'kóhta'ona (Ohktounna yoki Oqtoguna) va Xonova (Hávȯhnóvȧhese yoki Nastamenóoheo'o) o'nta asosiy guruh bo'lib, ular tarkibida to'rtta bosh delegatlarni yuborish huquqiga ega edilar. Qirq to'rt kishining kengashi.

Keyin Masikota va Oo'kóhta'ona a orqali deyarli yo'q qilingan edi vabo epidemiya 1849 yilda, qolgan Masikota qo'shildi It askarlari jangchi jamiyat (Hotametaneo'o). Ular samarali ravishda alohida guruhga aylandilar va 1850 yilda Masikota tomonidan ilgari egallab olingan lager doirasidagi pozitsiyani egalladilar. A'zolar ko'pincha tinchlik sardorlarining siyosatiga qarshi chiqdilar Qora choynak. Vaqt o'tishi bilan itlar askarlari oqlarga qarshi urushlarda taniqli etakchilik rolini o'ynashdi. 1867 yilda guruhning katta qismi Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi tomonidan o'ldirilgan Summit Springs jangi.

Oqlarga nisbatan siyosatga nisbatan it askarlari va kengash rahbarlari o'rtasida bo'linish tobora ko'payib borayotganligi sababli, it askarlari boshqa shayen guruhlaridan ajralib qolishdi. Ular samarali ravishda a uchinchi divizion shimoldan shimolga cho'zilgan shimoliy shayenlar orasida shayenlar Platte daryosi va shimoliy hududni egallagan Janubiy Cheyne Arkanzas daryosi.

Tekislikdagi kengayish

Sheynene of the Wolf-on-the-Hill portreti Jorj Katlin, 1832. Cheyne guruhi tashrif buyurdi Fort-Per, Janubiy Dakota 1832 yilda ba'zi birlari g'arbiy ekspeditsiya paytida Katlin tomonidan bo'yalgan.

Lakota tomonidan janubga va g'arbga surilgandan so'ng, birlashgan shayenlar o'zlarining yangi hududlarini yaratishga va kengaytirishga kirishdilar. 1811 yillarga kelib shayenlar rasmiylar bilan ittifoq tuzdilar Arapaxolar (Hetanevo'eo'o - "Osmon odamlari", "Bulutli odamlar", chunki ularning yaqin o'zaro ta'siri tufayli Héstanėheo'o - "odamlar, insoniyat, odamlar qabilasi" nomi bilan ham tanilgan) va bu butun tarix davomida kuchli bo'lib qoladi va zamonaviy davrga. Ittifoq shayenlarga Montananing janubidan Vayominning aksariyat qismi, Koloradoning sharqiy yarmi, uzoq g'arbiy Nebraska va Kanzasning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan hududlarini kengaytirishga yordam berdi. 1820 yildayoq savdogarlar va kashfiyotchilar shayen bilan hozirgi kunda aloqada bo'lganligini xabar qilishdi Denver, Kolorado va Arkanzas daryosida. Ehtimol, ular ilgari o'sha hududda ov qilish va savdo qilishgan. Ular qish uchun janubga ko'chib ketgan bo'lishi mumkin. "Tukli arqon" guruhi janubga qadar yovvoyi otlarni qo'lga olib, janubga harakat qilgan birinchi guruh bo'lgan deb tanilgan Cimarron daryosi Vodiy.[20] Qurilishiga javoban Bent qal'asi tomonidan Charlz Bent, shayenlar uchun mashhur savdo maydonchasini tashkil etgan shayennning do'sti, qabilaning katta qismi janubga qarab harakatlanib, atrofda qolishgan.[21] Qabilaning boshqa qismi Shimoliy Platte va Yellouston daryolari boshlari bo'ylab yashashni davom ettirdilar. Guruhlar Sóvoníă (janubliklar) deb nomlanuvchi Janubiy Cheyne va O'mǐ's (Yeyuvchilar) nomi bilan tanilgan Shimoliy Cheynega aylandilar. Qabilaning ajralishi faqat geografik bo'linish edi va ikkala bo'linma doimiy va yaqin aloqada bo'lgan.

O'z hududlarining janubiy qismida shayen va Arapaxo ittifoqdosh Komanchi, Kiova va tekislik Apache bilan urushgan. Ko'plab janglar, jumladan, 1836 yilda Kashva bilan Vashita daryosi bo'yida muhim jang bo'lib o'tdi, natijada Bowstring jamiyatining 48 shayen jangchisi halok bo'ldi.[22] 1838 yil yozida ko'plab shayenlar va arapaxolar Oklaxomadagi Wolf Creek bo'yida joylashgan Kiowa va Comanche lageriga hujum qilishdi, natijada ikkala tomon ham katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Komanchi, Kiova va tekislik Apache bilan to'qnashuv 1840 yilda qabilalar bir-biri bilan ittifoq tuzganida tugadi. Yangi ittifoq shayenlarga kirishga imkon berdi Llano Estakado Texas va Oklaxomada panjara va Nyu-Meksiko shimoli-sharqida bizonlarni ovlash va savdo qilish. Ularning janubdagi kengayishi va Kiova bilan ittifoqi ularning birinchi reydiga olib keldi Meksika 1853 yilda. Bosqin meksikalik lanserlarning qattiq qarshiligi bilan falokat bilan yakunlandi, natijada urush qatnashchilarining uchtasidan boshqa hammasi o'ldirildi. Shimolda shayenlar Lakota Siu bilan kuchli ittifoq tuzdilar, bu ularga o'z hududlarini Qora tepaliklar atrofidagi avvalgi erlarining bir qismiga kengaytirishga imkon berdi. Ular 1837–39 yillarda Rokki tog'lariga qarab tekislik bo'ylab oq aholi punktlaridan o'tib ketgan chechak epidemiyasidan qutulishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, ammo 1849 yilda vabo epidemiyasi ularga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Evro-amerikaliklar bilan aloqa asosan engil, aksariyati tog 'odamlari, savdogarlar, tadqiqotchilar, shartnoma tuzuvchilar va rassomlar ishtirokidagi aloqa.

Dushmanlar va jangchi madaniyat

Shuningdek qarang: Shayenlar harbiy jamiyatlari
Janubiy shayenlar urushi boshlig'i, jamiyat bosh kiyimini kiyib olgan bosh qotilning rasmlari. Tomonidan bo'yalgan E.A Burbank, 1899.
Xabl Big Horse tomonidan chizilgan rasm shayen jangchilari va meksikalik lanserlar o'rtasidagi jangni aks ettiradi.
Cheyne jangchisi (o'ngda) va Osage yoki Pawnee jangchisi (chapda) o'rtasidagi jangni ko'rsatadigan kitob chizmasi.
O'rnatilgan qarg'a jangchisiga nayza bilan to'ntarishni sanab o'tirgan shayen jangchisining kitobi.
Cheyne jangchisining daftar chizmasi pronghorn shoxli bosh kiyim, telba itlar jamiyatining ramzi.

Hindistonning ko'plab boshqa tekisliklari singari, shayenlar ham ot va jangchi mohir va kuchli jangchi sifatida rivojlangan odamlar. Jangchi odamlarga urushni ishlab chiqaruvchi sifatida emas, balki uni himoya qiluvchi, ta'minlovchi va etakchi sifatida qaragan. Jangchilar shayen jamiyatida turli xil jasorat harakatlarini bajarish va to'plash orqali o'z darajalariga erishdilar to'ntarishlar. Urush boshlig'i unvoniga urush boshlig'i bo'lish uchun zarur bo'lgan aniq to'ntarishlarni etarli darajada bajargan har qanday jangchi erishishi mumkin edi. Maxsus jangchi jamiyatlar boshqa tekislik xalqlari singari shayenlarda ham rivojlangan. Har bir jamiyat etarlicha munosib ko'rganlarini jamiyatga kirish uchun o'z uyiga taklif qiladigan etakchilarni tanlagan. Ko'pincha, jamiyatlar kichik raqobatdosh bo'lishadi; ammo, ular dushman bilan urushganda birlik sifatida birgalikda ishlashlari mumkin. Harbiy jamiyatlar shayen hukumatida muhim rol o'ynagan. Jamiyat rahbarlari tez-tez ov va reydlarni tashkil qilish bilan bir qatorda millat ichida intizomni va qonunlarning bajarilishini ta'minlash bilan shug'ullanishgan.[23] Shaynenning oltita alohida jangchi jamiyatlarining har biri navbat bilan millat ichida etakchilik rolini o'z zimmalariga oladilar.[24] Cheynene-ning to'rtta asl harbiy jamiyatlari - Svift Fox Jamiyati, Elk Horn Scrapper yoki Crooked Lance Society, Shield Society va Bowstring Men Society. Beshinchi jamiyat jinni itlar jamiyati va mashhurlar o'rtasida bo'lingan It askarlari. Oltinchi jamiyat bu qarama-qarshi jangchi jamiyati bo'lib, jasorat belgisi sifatida jangga orqaga qarab chiqish bilan ajralib turadi.[6] Hozirgi vaqtda barcha oltita jamiyat va ularning turli tarmoqlari Janubiy va Shimoliy shyen millatlari orasida mavjud. Jangchilar har xil turdagi an'anaviy qurollarning kombinatsiyasidan foydalanganlar urush klublari, tomahawks, kamon va o'qlar, shuningdek nayzalar, shuningdek reyd va savdo orqali olingan revolver, miltiq va miltiq kabi noan'anaviy qurollar.

Cheynene dushmanlari, shu jumladan edi Qarg'a (Etoetaneo'o - "qarg'a (qush) odamlar"), Shoshone (Sósone'eo'o), Qora oyoq (Mo'ôhtávêhahtátaneo'o, xuddi shu ma'nosi), Flathead (Kȧhkoestséataneo'o - "tekis boshli odamlar"), Nez Perce (Otaesétaneo'o - "burni teshilgan odamlar"), Arikara, Gros Ventre (Hestóetaneo'o - "go'sht uchun tilanchilar", "gubkalar" yoki Môhónooneo'o - lit. "Barchasini qidirmoq"), Assiniboin va Oddiy Kri (Vóhkoohétaneo'o - "quyon odamlar") Cheyne hududining shimoliy va g'arbiy qismida. Tibbiyot o'qlari (maxutlar) yordamida shayen qabilasi 1820 yilda qarg'a lagerini qirg'in qildi.[25] Cheyne Territory-dan sharqda ular Si, Piyon (Ho'néhetaneo'o - "bo'ri odamlari", ehtimol Skiri / Skidi Pawnee yoki Wolf Pawnee dan moslashuvchan), Ponca (Onéhao'o), Kaw (Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o - "sochlarini kesadigan odamlar"), Ayova, Ho-Chunk va Omaha (Onéhao'o). Shayen tibbiyot o'qlarini yo'qotdi 1830 yil atrofida Pawnees ov lageriga hujum paytida.[26] Cheyne hududining janubida ular Kiowa (Vétapâhaetó'eo'o - "yog'li o'tin") bilan jang qildilar, Komanchi (Šé'šenovotsétaneo'o - "ilon odamlar"), Ute (Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o - "qora (teri) odamlar"), Apache tekisliklari (Mȯhtséheonetaneo'o - "ishg'ol qilingan. Komp-odamlar"), Osage (Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o - "sochlarini kesadigan odamlar"), Vichita odamlari, har xil Apache qabilalar va navaxo (Hotamó'keeho - "g'arbdan kelgan hindular"; janubi-g'arbiy va Buyuk havzadagi qabilalarning umumiy nomi). Cheyne bilan kurashgan ko'plab dushmanlarga faqat vaqti-vaqti bilan duch kelishgan, masalan, uzoq masofali reyd yoki ov paytida. Ularning ba'zi dushmanlari, xususan Pawnee va Osage kabi sharqiy buyuk tekisliklarning hindu xalqlari harakat qilishadi Hind skautlari AQSh armiyasi uchun, AQSh askarlariga shayenlarning odatlari va jangovar strategiyalariga oid kuzatuv qobiliyatlari va ma'lumotlarini taqdim etish. Lakota kabi ba'zi dushmanlari keyinchalik o'zlarining kuchli ittifoqchilariga aylanib, shayenlarga AQSh armiyasiga qarshi kurashishda yordam berishadi. Qizil bulut urushi va 1876 ​​yildagi Buyuk Syu urushi. Komanchi, Kiova va tekislik Apache janubiy tekisliklarda hind urushlari tugaguniga qadar shayenlarning ittifoqchilariga aylandi, masalan, to'qnashuvlar paytida birgalikda kurash olib borishdi. Qizil daryo urushi.[27]

Relationship with the Arapaho

Shuningdek qarang: Arapaxolar

The Cheyenne and Arapaxolar formed an alliance around 1811 that helped them expand their territories and strengthen their presence on the plains. Like the Cheyenne, the Arapaho language is part of the Algonquian group, although the two languages are not mutually intelligible. The Arapaho remained strong allies with the Cheyenne and helped them fight alongside the Sioux during Red Cloud's War and the Great Sioux War of 1876, also known commonly as the Black Hills War. On the southern plains, the Arapaho and Cheyenne allied with the Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache to fight invading settlers and US soldiers. The Arapaho were present with the Cheyenne at the Sand Creek qirg'ini when a peaceful encampment of mostly women, children, and the elderly were attacked and massacred by US soldiers. Both major divisions of the Cheyenne, the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne were allies to the Arapaho who like the Cheyenne are split into northern and southern divisions. The Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho were assigned to the same reservation in Oklahoma Hindiston hududi and remained together as the federally recognized Cheynene va Arapaho qabilalari after the reservation was opened to American settlement and into modern times.[28] The Northern Arapaho were to be assigned a reservation of their own or share one with the Cheyenne however the government failed to provide them with either and placed them on the already established Shamol daryosidagi hindlarni bron qilish in Wyoming with their former enemies the Shoshone.

Treaty of 1825

In the summer of 1825, the tribe was visited on the upper Missouri by a US treaty commission consisting of General Henry Atkinson va Hindiston agenti Benjamin O'Fallon, accompanied by a military escort of 476 men. General Atkinson and his fellow commissioner left Fort Atkinson on May 16, 1825. Ascending the Missouri, they negotiated shartnomalar yuqori Missuri qabilalari bilan do'stlik va savdo, shu jumladan Arikara, the Cheyenne, the Qarg'a, Mandan, Ponca va bir nechta bantlar Si. At that time, the US had competition on the upper Missouri from Inglizlar traders, who came south from Kanada.

The treaties acknowledged that the tribes lived within the United States, vowed perpetual friendship between the US and the tribes, and, recognizing the right of the United States to regulate trade, the tribes promised to deal only with licensed traders. The tribes agreed to forswear private retaliation for injuries, and to return stolen horses or other goods or compensate the owner. The commission's efforts to contact the Qora oyoq va Assiniboin muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. During their return to Fort Atkinson at the Council Bluff in Nebraska, the commission had successful negotiations with the Ota, Piyon va Omaha.[29]

Effects of the Emigrant Trail

Increased traffic of emigrants along the related Oregon, Mormon va Kaliforniya trails, beginning in the early 1840s, heightened competition with Native Americans for scarce resources of water and game in arid areas. With resource depletion along the trails, the Cheyenne became increasingly divided into the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne, where they could have adequate territory for sustenance.

Davomida Kaliforniya Gold Rush, emigrants brought in vabo. It spread in mining camps and waterways due to poor sanitation. The disease was generally a major cause of death for emigrants, about one-tenth of whom died during their journeys.

Perhaps from traders, the cholera epidemic reached the Plains Indians in 1849, resulting in severe loss of life during the summer of that year. Historians estimate about 2,000 Cheyenne died, one-half to two-thirds of their population. There were significant losses among other tribes as well, which weakened their social structures. Perhaps because of severe loss of trade during the 1849 season, Bent's Fort was abandoned and burned.[30]

1851 yildagi Fort Laramie shartnomasi

Arapaho and Cheyenne 1851 treaty territory. (Area 426 and 477). Area 477 is the reserve established by treaty of Fort Wise, February 18, 1861.
Cheyenne warrior Alights on the Cloud in his armor. He was neutralized during an attack on a Pawnee hunting camp in 1852

1846 yilda Tomas Fitspatrik was appointed US Hindiston agenti for the upper Arkansas and Platte daryosi. His efforts to negotiate with the Northern Cheyenne, the Arapaho and other tribes led to a great council at Larami Fort in 1851. Treaties were negotiated by a commission consisting of Fitzpatrick and David Dawson Mitchell, US Superintendent of Indian Affairs, bilan Indians of the northern plains.

To reduce intertribal warfare on the Plains, the government officials "assigned" territories to each tribe and had them pledge mutual peace. In addition, the government secured permission to build and maintain roads for European-American travelers and traders through Indian country on the Plains, such as the Emigrantlar izi va Santa Fe Trail, and to maintain qal'alar to guard them. The tribes were compensated with annuities of cash and supplies for such encroachment on their territories. The 1851 yildagi Fort Laramie shartnomasi affirmed the Cheyenne and Arapaho territory on the Buyuk tekisliklar o'rtasida Shimoliy Platte daryosi and the Arkansas. This territory included what is now Colorado, east of the Front Range of the Rokki and north of the Arkansas River; Wyoming and Nebraska, south of the North Platte River; and extreme western Kanzas.[31]

Punitive US expedition of 1857

In April 1856, an incident at the Platte River Bridge (near present-day Kasper, Vayoming ), resulted in the wounding of a Cheyenne warrior. He returned to the Cheyenne on the plains. During the summer of 1856, Indians attacked travelers along the Emigrant Trail near Fort Kearny. In retaliation, the US Cavalry attacked a Cheyenne camp on Grand Island in Nebraska. They killed ten Cheyenne warriors and wounded eight or more.

Cheyenne parties attacked at least three emigrant settler parties before returning to the Respublika daryosi. The Indian agent at Larami Fort negotiated with the Cheyenne to reduce hostilities, but the Urush kotibi buyurdi 1st Cavalry Regiment (1855) to carry out a punitive expedition under the command of Colonel Edwin V. Sumner. He went against the Cheyenne in the spring of 1857. Major John Sedgwick led part of the expedition up the Arkanzas daryosi, and via Fountain Creek to the Janubiy Platte daryosi. Sumner's command went west along the North Platte to Fort Laramie, then down along the Front Range to the South Platte. The combined force of 400 troops went east through the plains searching for Cheyenne.[32][33][34]

Ta'siri ostida dori odam White Bull (also called Ice) and Grey Beard (also called Dark), the Cheyenne went into battle believing that strong spiritual Dori would prevent the soldiers' guns from firing. They were told that if they dipped their hands in a nearby spring, they had only to raise their hands to repel army bullets. Hands raised, the Cheyenne surrounded the advancing troops as they advanced near the Solomon River. Sumner ordered a cavalry charge and the troops charged with drawn sabers; the Cheyenne fled. With tired horses after long marches, the cavalry could not engage more than a few Cheyenne, as their horses were fresh.

This was the first battle which the Cheyenne fought against the US Army. Casualties were few on each side; J.E.B. Styuart, then a young lieutenant, was shot in the breast while attacking a Cheyenne warrior with a sabre. The troops continued on and two days later burned a hastily abandoned Cheyenne camp; they destroyed lodges and the winter supply of buffalo meat.[33][34][35][36]

Sumner continued to Bent qal'asi. To punish the Cheyenne, he distributed their annuities to the Arapaho. He intended further punitive actions, but the Army ordered him to Utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the Mormons (this would be known as the Yuta urushi ). The Cheyenne moved below the Arkansas into Kiova va Komanchi mamlakat. In the fall, the Northern Cheyenne returned to their country north of the Platte.[33][35][37]

Paykning eng yuqori cho'qqisi

Zerikarli pichoq (Shayen: Vóhéhéve yoki Lakota: Tamilapeshni), Chief of Northern Cheyenne at Kichik Bighorn jangi
Boshliq Qora choynak of the Southern Cheyenne, an advocate of peace among his people.

Starting in 1859 with the Kolorado Gold Rush, European-American settlers moved into lands reserved for the Cheyenne and other Plains Indians. Travel greatly increased along the Emigrant Trail along the Janubiy Platte daryosi and some emigrants stopped before going on to California. For several years there was peace between settlers and Indians. The only conflicts were related to the endemik urush between the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the plains and the Utes tog'larning

US negotiations with Qora choynak and other Cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the Fort Wise shartnomasi: it established a small reservation for the Cheyenne in southeastern Colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851. Many Cheyenne did not sign the treaty, and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the Smokey Hill and Republican basins, between the Arkansas and the South Platte, where there were plentiful buffalo.[38]

Efforts to make a wider peace continued, but in the spring of 1864, Jon Evans, governor of Colorado Territory, and Jon Chivington, commander of the Colorado Volunteers, a citizens militia, began a series of attacks on Indians camping or hunting on the plains. They killed any Indian on sight and initiated the Kolorado urushi. General warfare broke out and Indians made many raids on the trail along the South Platte, which Denver depended on for supplies. The Army closed the road from August 15 until September 24, 1864.[38]

On November 29, 1864, the Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment under Bosh qora choynak, although it flew a sulh bayrog'i and indicated its allegiance to the US government. The Sand Creek qirg'ini, as it came to be known, resulted in the death of between 150 and 200 Cheyenne, mostly unarmed women and children. The survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican rivers. There warriors smoked the war pipe, passing it from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho.[39]

In January 1865, they planned and carried out an attack with about 1000 warriors on Camp Rankin, a stage station and fort at Jyulburg. The Indians made numerous raids along the South Platte, both east and west of Julesburg, and raided the fort again in early February. They captured much o'lja and killed many European Americans. Most of the Indians moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River.[39] (Qarang Jyulburg jangi, Loy buloqlari jangi, Rush Creek jangi, Pudra daryosi ekspeditsiyasi, Platte ko'prigi jangi )

Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country. He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River, where he intended to seek peace with the US.[40]

Washita daryosi jangi

Four years later, on November 27, 1868, Jorj Armstrong Kuster and his troops attacked Black Kettle's band at the Washita daryosi jangi. Although his band was camped on a defined reservation, complying with the government's orders, some of its members had been linked to raiding into Kanzas by bands operating out of the Hindiston hududi. Custer claimed 103 Cheyenne "warriors" and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different Cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men (mostly 10 Cheyenne, 2 Arapaho, 1 Mexican trader) and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village.[iqtibos kerak ]

There are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly. Historians believe that Chief Black Kettle, head of the band, was not part of the war party but the peace party within the Cheyenne nation. But, he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the European Americans did not understand this. When younger members of the band took part in raiding parties, European Americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties.[iqtibos kerak ]

Kichik Bighorn jangi

The Northern Cheyenne fought in the Kichik Bighorn jangi, which took place on June 25, 1876. The Cheyenne, together with the Lakota, other Sioux warriors and a small band of Arapaxo, killed General Jorj Armstrong Kuster and much of his 7th Cavalry contingent of soldiers. Historians have estimated that the population of the Cheyenne, Lakota and Arapaho encampment along the Kichik Bighorn daryosi was approximately 10,000, making it one of the largest gatherings of Native Americans in North America in pre-reservation times. News of the event traveled across the United States and reached Vashington, Kolumbiya, just as the nation was celebrating its Yuz yillik. Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne.

Shimoliy Cheyne Exodus

Asosiy maqolalar: Shimoliy Cheyne Exodus va Fort Robinson tragedy
Kichik koyot (kichkina bo'ri) va Morning Star (Dull Knife), chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne
Cheyenne prisoners in Kansas involved in escape northward. From left to right: Tangle Hair, Wild Hog, Strong Left Hand, George Reynolds (interpreter), Old Crow, Noisy Walker, Porcupine, and Blacksmith. All prisoners were released free from charges.

Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the US Army increased attempts to capture the Cheyenne. In 1879, after the Zerikarli pichoq bilan kurash, qachon Crazy Horse taslim bo'ldi Robinson Fort, a few Cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well. Ular bo'lgan Zerikarli pichoq, Standing Elk and Wild Hog with around 130 Cheyenne. O'sha yili Ikki oy taslim bo'ldi Fort Keog, with 300 Cheyenne. The Cheyenne wanted and expected to live on the reservation with the Si in accordance to an April 29, 1868 treaty of Larami Fort, which both Dull Knife and Little Wolf had signed.[41]

As part of a US increase in troops following the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Army reassigned Colonel Ranald S. Makkenzi and his Fourth Cavalry to the Department of the Platte. Stationed initially at Kamp Robinson, they formed the core of the Powder River Expedition. It departed in October 1876 to locate the northern Cheyenne villages. On November 25, 1876, his column discovered and defeated a village of Northern Cheyenne in the Dull Knife Fight in Vayoming hududi. After the soldiers destroyed the lodges and supplies, and confiscated the horses, the Northern Cheyenne soon surrendered. They hoped to remain with the Sioux in the north but the US pressured them to locate with the Southern Cheyenne on their reservation in Indian Territory. After a difficult council, the Northern Cheyenne eventually agreed to go South.

When the Northern Cheyenne arrived at Indian Territory, conditions were very difficult: rations were inadequate, there were no buffalo near the reservation and, according to several sources, there was bezgak among the people. On 9 September 1878, a portion of the Northern Cheyenne, led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife started their trek back to shimol. On reaching the northern area, they split into two bands. That led by Dull Knife (mostly women, children and elders) surrendered and were taken to Fort Robinson, where subsequent events became known as the Fort Robinson tragedy. Dull Knife's group was first offered food and firewood and then, after a week and a half, they were told to go back to Hindiston hududi. When they said no, they were then locked in the wooden barracks with no food, water or firewood for heat for four days. Most escaped in an estimated forty degrees below zero on January 9, 1879, but all were recaptured or killed.[41][42]

Eventually the US forced the Northern Cheyenne onto a bron qilish, in southern Montana.[41][42][43]

Hind shimolidagi shyenne qo'riqxonasi

Asosiy maqola: Hind shimolidagi shyenne qo'riqxonasi
Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation bayroq
White Buffalo, a Northern Cheyenne chief who received the rank of sergeant in the United States Army.

The Cheyenne who traveled to Fort Keog (Bugungi kun Maylz Siti, Montana ), including Little Wolf, settled near the fort.[41] Many of the Cheyenne worked with the army as scouts. The Cheyenne scouts were pivotal in helping the Army find Bosh Jozef va uning guruhi Nez Percé in northern Montana. Fort Keogh became a staging and gathering point for the Northern Cheyenne. Many families began to migrate south to the Til daryosi watershed area, where they established homesteads.[44]

Map of Indian Reservations in the state of Montana including the Northern Cheyenne Reservation.

The US established the Tongue River Indian Reservation, now named the Hind shimolidagi shyenne qo'riqxonasi, of 371,200 acres (1,502 km2) by the executive order of President Chester A. Arthur November 16, 1884. It excluded Cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the Tongue River. The western boundary is the Crow hindlarning rezervasyoni. On March 19, 1900, Prezident Uilyam MakKinli extended the reservation to the west bank of the Tongue River, making a total of 444,157 acres (1,797 km2). Those who had homesteaded east of the Tongue River were relocated to the west of the river.[44]

The Northern Cheyenne, who were sharing the Lakota land at Pine Ridge hindistonlik rezervatsiyasi were finally allowed to return to the Tongue River on their own reservation. Along with the Lakota and Apache, the Cheyenne were the last nations to be subdued and placed on reservations. (The Seminole tribe of Florida never made a treaty with the US government.)

The Northern Cheyenne were given the right to remain in the north, near the Qora tepaliklar, land which they consider sacred. The Cheyenne also managed to retain their culture, religion and language. Today, the Northern Cheyenne Nation is one of the few American Indian nations to have control over the majority of its land base, currently 98%.

Madaniyat

Cheyenne courting scenes, by Big Back, before 1882

Over the past 400 years, the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles. In the 16th century, they lived in the regions near the Buyuk ko'llar.[3] They farmed corn, squash, and beans, and harvested yovvoyi guruch boshqalar kabi shimoliy-sharqiy Vudlandning mahalliy aholisi. They migrated west in the 18th century and hunted bison on the Great Plains.[3] By the mid-19th century, the US forced them onto rezervasyonlar.[3]

The traditional Cheyenne government system is a politically unified system. The central traditional government system of the Cheyenne is the Arrow Keeper, followed by the Council of Forty-Four. Early in Cheyenne history, three related tribes, known as the Heviqsnipahis, Só'taeo'o va Masikota, unified themselves to form the Tsé-tsêhéstâhese or the "Like Hearted People" who are known today as the "Cheyenne". The unified tribe then divided themselves into ten principal bands:

  • Heviksnipahis (Iviststsinihpah)
  • Hévhaitanio (Heévâhetaneo'o)
  • Masikota
  • Omísis (Ôhmésêheseo'o, the Notameohmésêhese proper)
  • Só'taeo'o (Suhtai yoki Sutaio, Northern and Southern)
  • Wotápio
  • Oivimána (Oévemana, Northern and Southern)
  • Hisíometanio (Hesé'omeétaneo'o yoki Issiometaniu)
  • Ohktounna (Oqtóguna)
  • Hónowa (Háovôhnóva)

Each of the ten bands had four seated chief delegates; the remaining four chiefs were the principal advisers of the other delegates. Smaller bands or sub-bands had no right to send delegates to the council. This system also regulated the Cheyenne military societies that developed for planning warfare, enforcing rules, and conducting ceremonies.

Anthropologists debate about Cheyenne society organization. On the plains, it appears that they had a bilateral band kinship system. However, some anthropologists reported that the Cheyenne had a matrilineal band system. Studies into whether, and if so, how much the Cheyenne developed a matrilineal klan tizimi are continuing.

A Cheyenne sun dance gathering, c. 1909 yil.

Traditional Cheyenne plains culture

While they participated in nomadic Plains horse culture, men hunted and occasionally fought with and raided other tribes.[45] The women tanned and dressed hides for clothing, shelter, and other uses.[46] They also gathered roots, berries, and other useful plants.[47] From the products of ov qilish va yig'ish, the women also made lodges, clothing, and other equipment.[48] Their lives were active and physically demanding.[49] The range of the Cheyenne was first the area in and near the Qora tepaliklar, but later all the Buyuk tekisliklar from Dakota to the Arkansas River.

Rol modellari

A Cheyenne woman has a higher status if she is part of an extended family with distinguished ancestors. Also, if she is friendly and compatible with her female relatives and does not have members in her extended family who are alcoholics or otherwise in disrepute. It is expected of all Cheyenne women to be hardworking, chaste, modest, skilled in traditional crafts, knowledgeable about Cheyenne culture and history and speak Cheyenne fluently. Tribal powwow princesses are expected to have these characteristics.[50]

Etnobotaniya

An infuzion of the pulverized leaves and blossoms of tansi is used for dizziness and weakness.[51] They give dried leaves of Sagittaria cuneata to horses for urinary troubles and for a sore mouth.[52]

Notable Cheyenne

W. Richard West Jr., Founding Director of the Smithsonianniki Amerikalik hindlarning milliy muzeyi.

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ "Northern Cheyenne Tribe website". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 2 fevralda. Olingan 11-noyabr, 2013.
  2. ^ a b Oklahoma Indian Affairs. Oklaxoma hind xalqlarining cho'ntak rasmli ma'lumotnomasi. Arxivlandi 2009-02-11 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi 2008:7
  3. ^ a b v d e f g h "Cheyenne, Southern." Arxivlandi 2009-02-28 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Oklahoma History Center's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Qabul qilingan 3 iyul 2013 yil.
  4. ^ Walker, James R. & DeMallie, Raymond J. "Lakota Society" 1992.
  5. ^ "Northern Cheyenne Tribe website". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-02-02 da. Olingan 2009-02-22.
  6. ^ a b Bosh zerikarli pichoq kolleji "Shayen lug'ati" 2007-09-05. Retrieved June 10, 2013
  7. ^ a b Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  8. ^ "What is the origin of the word "Cheyenne"?". Cheyenne Language Web Site. 2002-03-03. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-08-07 da. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2007.
  9. ^ Yorqin, Uilyam (2004). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining mahalliy amerikalik joy nomlari. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti, bet. 95
  10. ^ Chief Dull Knife College, Cheyenne Dictionary "Tsé-tsėhéstȧhese"
  11. ^ Moore, John H. The Cheyenne. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, pp. 15–16
  12. ^ Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, p. 1-8.
  13. ^ Moore, John H. The Cheyenne. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co., 1999, p. 18
  14. ^ a b v Liberty, Dr. Margot. "Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876". Friends of the Little Bighorn. Olingan 13 yanvar 2008.
  15. ^ Not to be confused with the Bear Butte, near Fort Meade, South Dakota, which was called Náhkȯhévose ("bear hill")
  16. ^ Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. Pp. 24 and 49.
  17. ^ Grinnell, George Bird: "The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne." Amerika antropologi. Yangi seriya, jild 12, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1910): 542–575, p. 556.
  18. ^ Reading Eagle November 26, 1997
  19. ^ William Young Chalfant: Cheyennes at Dark Water Creek: The Last Fight of the Red River War, University of Oklahoma Press, 1997, ISBN  978-0806128757, 7-bet
  20. ^ Berthrong, pp. 13–21
  21. ^ Berthrong, pp. 24–26
  22. ^ "Battle of Wolf Creek". Oklahoma History. Olingan 2013-02-09.
  23. ^ Greene 2004, p. 9.
  24. ^ Hyde 1968, p. 336.
  25. ^ Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. Pp. 25–26.
  26. ^ Dorsey, George A.: "How the Pawnee Captured the Cheyenne Medicine Arrows." Amerika antropologi, New Series. Vol. 5 (Oct. – Dec. 1903), No. 4, pp. 644–658.
  27. ^ "Red River War". Texas Beyond History. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-04-18. Olingan 2013-06-10.
  28. ^ "Arapaho, Southern". Oklaxoma tarixiy jamiyati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013-09-22. Olingan 2013-06-24.
  29. ^ 143-bet, Francis Paul Prucha, Amerikalik hind shartnomalari: siyosiy anomaliya tarixi, University of California Press (March 15, 1997), trade paperback, 562 pages ISBN  0-520-20895-1 ISBN  978-0-520-20895-7
  30. ^ Berthrong, pp. 113–114
  31. ^ Berthrong, pp. 106–123
  32. ^ Berthrong, pp. 133–140
  33. ^ a b v Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, pp. 111–121
  34. ^ a b Hyde, pp. 99–105
  35. ^ a b Berthrong, pp. 133 to 140
  36. ^ Page 97-98, David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich, Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story Of George Bent – Caught Between The Worlds Of The Indian And The White Man, Da Capo Press (March 15, 2005), hardcover, 458 pages, ISBN  0-306-81410-2 ISBN  978-0306814105
  37. ^ Hyde, pp. 99 to 105
  38. ^ a b Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, pp. 124 to 158
  39. ^ a b Hyde, pp. 168 to 195
  40. ^ Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, p. 188
  41. ^ a b v d Brown, pp. 332–349
  42. ^ a b Maddux Albert Glenn, In Dull Knife's Wake: The True Story of the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878, Horse Creek Publications (2003), ISBN  0-9722217-1-9 ISBN  978-0-9722217-1-9
  43. ^ Grinnell, Shayenga qarshi kurash, pp. 398–427
  44. ^ a b "WE, THE NORTHERN CHEYENNE PEOPLE: Our Land, Our History, Our Culture", Chief Dull Knife College. Page 30. Accessed September 20, 2009
  45. ^ Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, Jild 1, pp. 258–311
  46. ^ Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, pp. 1–57
  47. ^ Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, Jild 1, pp. 247–311
  48. ^ Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, Jild 1, 209–246
  49. ^ Grinnell, The Cheyenne Indians, Jild 1, pp. 63–71, 127–129, 247–311
  50. ^ Moore, pp. 154–156
  51. ^ Grinnell, George Bird 1972 The Cheyenne Indians – Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2. Linkoln. University of Nebraska Press (p. 190)
  52. ^ Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1–55, page 6
  53. ^ sifatida qayd etilgan Tah-me-la-pash-men; dan ta (uning) + mila (katta pichoq) + péšni (dull)
  54. ^ Barbara Landis. "police". home.epix.net. Olingan 2020-11-11.
  55. ^ "Men haqimda". Narcissa Lenore. Olingan 2020-11-11.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Ambler, Marjane; Little Bear, Richard E; va boshq. (2008) We, The Northern Cheyenne People. Lame Deer, MT: Chief Dull Knife College
  • Berthrong, Donald J. The Southern Cheyenne. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
  • Jigarrang, Di. Yarador tizzaga yuragimni ko'mib qo'ying. Nyu-York: Xolt, Raynxart va Uinston, 1970 yil. ISBN  0-8050-1730-5.
  • Bourke, John G. Mackenzie's Last Fight with the Cheyenne. New York: Argonaut Press, 1966.
  • Greene, Jerome A. (2004). Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army. Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 9
  • Grinnell, George Bird. Shayenga qarshi kurash. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956. (original copyright 1915, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons). ISBN  0-87928-075-1.
  • Grinnell, George Bird. The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Ways of Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1923.2 jild; savdo qog'ozli qog'oz, qayta nashrlar: Hind shayenlari, jild. 1: Tarix va jamiyat, Bison Books, 1972 yil. ISBN  978-0-8032-5771-9; Hind shayenlari, jild. 2: Urush, tantanalar va din, Bison Books, 1972 yil. ISBN  978-0-8032-5772-6.
  • Xill, Kristina Gish (2016). Qarindoshlik veb-saytlari: Shimoliy Cheenne millatidagi oila. Norman, OK: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti.
  • Xayd, Jorj E. Jorj Bentning hayoti: Uning maktublaridan yozilgan, tahrir. Savoie Lottinvill, Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti nashri, 1968. Qayta nashr etish, savdo qog'ozi, 1983 yil mart. ISBN  978-0-8061-1577-1
  • Kroeber, A L (1900 yil iyul - sentyabr). "Cheyne ertaklari". Amerika folklor jurnali. 13 (50): 161–190. doi:10.2307/533882. JSTOR  533882.
  • Mur, Jon H. (1996). Shayen. Amerika xalqlari. Kembrij, MA: Blackwell nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-55786-484-0. OCLC  34412067.
  • Pritsker, Barri M. [[...] Mahalliy Amerika Entsiklopediyasi: Tarix, Madaniyat va Xalqlar.] Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2000 yil. ISBN  978-0-19-513877-1.
  • Hozirgi bolalarga shaynenlar haqida hikoya qilish (PDF). Shimoliy shaynen ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar bo'linmalari. Montana shtatidagi Xalq ta'limi boshqarmasi Shimoliy shayen o'quv dasturi qo'mitasi. 2006. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011-09-22. Olingan 2012-05-12.
  • Jon Timberda va Margot Ozodligida (2013). Cheynene ovozi: Jonning to'liq Timber intervyularida. Norman, OK: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780806143798. Olingan 2013-07-13.
  • Yog'och oyoq va Tomas B. Markiz (1931). Yog'och oyoq: Klaster bilan kurashgan jangchi. Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  1539063747.

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