Sharqiy xona - East Room

1995 yilda gilamchalar joylashtirilgandan keyin East Room
Sharqiy xonaning joylashgan joyini ko'rsatadigan Oq uyning davlat qavatida

The Sharqiy xona tadbir va qabul xonasi oq uy, uyi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti. Sharqiy xona - bu Ijroiya uyidagi eng katta xona; u raqslar, ziyofatlar, matbuot anjumanlari, marosimlar, kontsertlar va ziyofatlar uchun ishlatiladi. Sharqiy xona bezatilgan va bezatilgan so'nggi xonalardan biri bo'lib, so'nggi ikki asr davomida u katta darajada qayta ishlangan. 1964 yildan beri Oq uyni saqlash qo'mitasi ijro buyrug'i bilan AQSh prezidentiga va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi Oq uydagi Sharqiy xonani va boshqa jamoat xonalarini bezatish, saqlash va saqlash to'g'risida.

Qurilish va erta bezatish

Oq uy me'mor tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Jeyms Xoban. Leinster uyi yilda Irlandiya Oq uy uchun asosiy ilhom manbai bo'lib, Xobanning Sharqiy xonasini ilhomlantirgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan katta sharqiy xonani o'z ichiga oladi. Ammo yangi qo'shilgan Katta ovqat xonasi Vernon tog'i shuningdek, Sharqiy Xona dizayni uchun manba bo'lishi mumkin.[1] Uning ikkinchi va uchinchi qavatdagi rasmlari mavjud emasligi sababli, Xoban xonani qanday ishlatishi kerakligi noma'lum.[2] Ehtimol, Xoban uni oila uchun maxsus galereya sifatida ishlatishni maqsad qilgan.[3] Bu Oq uydagi eng katta xona edi, ammo uning balandligi 22 fut balandlikdagi (6,7 m) shiftga ega taxminan 80 x 37 fut (24 x 11 m).[4] Shimoliy devorning o'rta oynasi terasta (hech qachon qurilmagan) kirishni ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[5]

Sharqiy xonaga birinchi navbatda 1807 yilda tayinlangan. Me'mor Benjamin Genri Latrob tomonidan poytaxtga olib kelingan edi Tomas Jefferson, kim uni jamoat binolarining komissari qildi. Latrob 1803 yilda Oq uyni o'rganib chiqdi va binoning me'moriy rasmlari (1807 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan) hozirgacha ma'lum bo'lgan dastlabki rejalardir. Latrobe o'zining eskizlarida "Jamoatchilik auditoriyasi to'liq tugallanmagan, shift yo'l berdi" deb izoh berdi.[6] Latrob xonaning sharqiy tomonidagi derazalarni tabiiy yorug'lik haqidagi me'moriy nazariya asosida muhrlashni ham taklif qildi. Ammo bu o'zgartirish amalga oshirilmadi.[7]

Dastlabki jihozlar

Sharqiy xona xonadagi so'nggi xonalardan biri edi Davlat qavat to'ldirilishi va ishlatilishi kerak. Prezident bo'lganida Oq uy tugatilmagan edi Jon Adams uni 1800-1801 yillarda egallagan. Uning rafiqasi, Abigayl Adams, quritish uchun yalang'och Sharqiy xonada kirlarni osib qo'ydi.[8] Garchi Adams ma'muriyati davrida Oq uyning katta qismi tugatilgan va bezatilgan bo'lsa-da, Sharq xonasi tugamagan. Xonaning yolg'iz rasmlari nusxasi edi Lansdowne portreti tasvirlash Jorj Vashington tomonidan bo'yalgan Gilbert Styuart 1797 yilda. 1800 yilda Oq uy tomonidan sotib olingan va Sharqiy xonada osilgan. (1814 yong'inidan qutqarilgan, u hali ham o'sha erda osilgan va uning hamrohi portreti bilan Marta Vashington tomonidan bo'yalgan Eliphalet Frazer Endryus 1878 yilda.)[9] Kongressda Adams monarxiya tuzoqlarini juda ko'p qabul qilganligi haqida keng fikr bor edi va Kongress xonani tugatish uchun mablag 'ajratishdan bosh tortdi, chunki u juda o'xshaydi. taxt xonasi.[10] Davomida Jefferson ma'muriyati, 38 ta oltin va qora rangga bo'yalgan stullar sotib olib xonaga joylashtirildi,[3] ammo 1814 yilgacha bo'lgan xonaning jihozlari haqida boshqa hech narsa ma'lum emas.[11] Jefferson shuningdek, Sharqiy xonani bo'linib (devorlar uchun tuval va yelkandan foydalangan holda) va janubiy uchini yotoqxona va ofis uchun ishlatgan Meriwether Lyuis va Lyuis Harvi (ikkalasi ham) Prezidentning shaxsiy kotibi ).[3][12]

Jeffersonning vorisi, Jeyms Medison, bo'linmalar doimiyligini ta'minlashga harakat qildi va Latrobe xonasidan xonaning janubiy qismida yotoq xonalari va ofis maydonlarini loyihalashtirishni so'radi. Ammo bu o'zgarishlar ham amalga oshirilmadi.[13] Biroq, Medison Sharqiy xonaning bir qismini ishlatgan Kabinet uchrashuvlar.[14]

Yong'indan keyingi tiklash va jihozlar

Sharqiy Xona, Oq Uyning qolgan qismi bilan birga 1814 yilda yoqib yuborilgan Vashingtonning yonishi ichida 1812 yilgi urush. Ichki qismi gut edi va tashqi qumtosh devorlarining aksariyati tik turardi. Oq uyning shimoliy jabhasi eng ko'p zarar ko'rgan. Ammo Sharqiy xonada juda oz miqdordagi mebel bo'lganligi sababli, shimoliy jabhaning Sharqiy xonaga qaragan qismi eng kam zarar ko'rgan.[15] Latrob Oq uyni rekonstruksiya qilishga yordam berdi. 1814 va 1815 yillarda qayta tiklangan Sharq xonasi yangi eshik ramkalarini va bugungi kunda xonada qolgan mahogan eshiklarini oldi. Oltin rangli korniş chizig'i frizi ko'rinishidagi yangi gips ishlari madhiya (guldek, an'anaviy yunoncha dekorativ naqsh) o'rnatildi,[4][16] va devorlari ham shuvalgan (va bo'yashsiz qolgan).[17]

Federal uslub tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan mebel Jorjtaun hunarmand Uilyam King kichik, Prezident tomonidan Sharqiy xonaga qo'shildi Jeyms Monro 1818 yilda.[18] (Birinchi xonim Elizabeth Monro ishtiroki xona uchun pardoz mato tanlash bilan cheklangan).[19] King 24 ta kreslo va to'rtta divan ishlab chiqardi, ularning hammasi mahobadan qilingan. Umumiy qiymati 1408 dollarni tashkil etdi. Uy jihozlari yumshoq bo'lmagan va devorlar bo'ylab deyarli foydalanilmay o'tirgan.[20] 1829 yilda, birinchi yil Jekson ma'muriyati,[18] King mebellari nihoyat ko'k rangli damask ipak bilan ishlangan.[21] Monro, shuningdek, (80 dollarga) a sotib oldi Jorj Vashingtonning marmar byusti italiyalik haykaltarosh tomonidan Juzeppe Cerakchi, ehtimol 1962 yilda Kennedi qayta tiklanguniga qadar Sharqiy xonada qoldi (u ko'chirilganida) Moviy xona ).[22][23][24][25] Monro, shuningdek, 1817 yilda frantsuz bronza ishlab chiqaruvchisi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan to'rtta zarhal bronza kandelabina uchun kamin kamonlari uchun sotib olgan. Per-Filipp Tommir.[26]

1825 yilga kelib, xonada 24 ta tugallanmagan narsalar mavjud edi maun kreslolar, qurib bitkazilmagan to'rtta katta maun divanlar, qarag'aydan yasalgan sakkizta stol, eshik ekrani, qog'oz bo'lak, uchta javonli kitob javoni, maun xaritasi uchun stend, yuvinish xonasi (suv havzasi va ewer bilan) va kiyim-kechak pressi.[27] Ammo aksariyat hollarda, 1818 yildan 1829 yilgacha Sharq xonasi foydalanilmadi. Ba'zan u tozalab, raqslar uchun ishlatilgan, lekin odatda eshiklari qulflangan va u omborxona vazifasini bajargan.[28][16] Keng tarqalgan xabarda aytilishicha, 1825 yil yozida ikki oy davomida Sharqiy xonada kamida bitta jonli uy bor edi timsoh tashrifga tegishli bo'lgan Markiz de Lafayet.[29][a] ammo zamonaviy dalillarning etishmasligi, voqea apokrifal bo'lishi mumkinligini ko'rsatadi.[31][32] Kongress xonani 1826 yilda tugatish uchun 6000 dollar ajratdi, ammo mablag '1825 yilgacha berilmagan edi. Prezident Jon Kvinsi Adams pulni xonani tugatish o'rniga Oq uyni ta'mirlash uchun ishlatgan.[33]

Jekson boshchiligida 1829 yil yakunlandi

Sharqiy xona nihoyat 1829 yilda Endryu Jekson tomonidan qurib bitkazilgan. Korniş chiziqli friz shaklida yangi gipsli ish madhiya (guldek, an'anaviy yunoncha dekorativ naqsh) o'rnatildi,[4] uchta Neoklassik shiftga yopishtirilgan gipsli medallar,[34] sharqiy devorning Venetsiya oynasi ustidagi demi-lune olib tashlandi va devorga aylandi.[4] Shiftga dekorativ yog'och nurlar qo'shildi,[35] va sharqqa qaragan ikkita deraza yopilib, ularning o'rniga qora italiyalik marmar kamarlar o'rnatilgan kaminlar o'rnatilgan.[4] Jekson ma'muriyati Frantsiyada tug'ilgan amerikalik importyorga murojaat qildi Lui Veron ijro etuvchi qasrni jihozlashda yordam uchun Filadelfiya. Véron bu buyumlarni o'zi ishlab chiqarishni emas, balki ko'rgazma zalida ko'plab etkazib beruvchilarning mahsulotlarini namoyish etgan birinchi savdogarlardan biri edi. Sharqiy xona uchun deyarli 1829 ta mebel Véron tomonidan ta'minlangan.[33] Veron shuningdek, g'arbiy eshik ustiga zarhal nurlari va yulduzlarni qo'shib qo'ydi (prezident odatda xonaga kirishda foydalangan).[36]

Yalang'och devorlar matoga bo'yalgan sariq rangli devor qog'ozi bilan qoplangan, derazalarga och-ko'k rangli mo'rt pardalar qo'shilgan,[33][b] derazalarga esa burgutlar bilan bezatilgan gipsli kornişlar o'rnatildi.[16] Veron polni qizil chegarali ko'k bilan qoplagan, qirg'iy va sariq[33] 500 kvadrat metr (46 m.)2) to'qilgan gilam Bryussel,[38][16] 1818 yilgi Monro mebellari yumshoq edi,[18] marmar bilan qoplangan uchta katta maun stollari va to'rtta oq marmar tepalari iskala stollari xonaga joylashtirilgan.[39][38][36][c][d] Yoritish uchun Véron bir nechta astral va mantel lampalarini taqdim etdi.[33][e] Devorlarga lampalar va shamlarni osib qo'yish uchun zarhal bronza devor qavslari va kamin kamonlari ustiga zarhal ramkalarda oynalar o'rnatildi.[33]

Jekson shuningdek xonani yoritish uchun uchta kesilgan shisha qandil sotib oldi.[42][38] 18 dona bo'lgan har bir qandil kit yog'i shiftdagi medalyonlarga osib qo'yilgan lampalar, kit yog'li devorlari va stol chiroqlari bilan to'ldirildi.[34][f] Shuningdek, 20 kishi bor edi tupurish.[35] Uning xarajatlari 9 358,27 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi,[36] Oq uyni millatning yanada oqlangan ramziga aylantirishni istagan do'stona Kongress tomonidan taqdim etilgan.[38][g]

Sharqiy xonaning asl 18 chiroqli qandillari 1834 yilda Jekson tomonidan olib tashlangan va joylashtirilgan Shtat va Oilaviy ovqatlanish xonalari. Veron Sharqiy xonani yanada hashamatli to'plam bilan ta'minladi.[33]

19-asrning o'rtalaridan to oxirigacha bo'lgan ta'mirlash ishlari

Sharqiy xona stereograf Prezident ma'muriyati davrida qilingan Endryu Jonson, Linkolnning qayta tiklanishlarini namoyish qilmoqda

Och ko'k, och ko'k pardalar bilan ishlangan mebellar,[43] va Sharqiy xonaga oltin chegarasi bilan import qilingan frantsuz kumush rangli devor qog'ozi qo'shildi Martin Van Buren 1839 yilda ma'muriyat.[44] Prezidentning inauguratsiyasidan oldin biron bir vaqtda Uilyam Genri Xarrison 1841 yil mart oyida Sharqiy Xona keng va og'ir o'ymakor ramkalar bilan poldan shiftgacha sakkizta nometall sotib oldi.[45] Prezident Jeyms K. Polk Oq uyga tushish kerak edi gaz 1848 yilda isitish va yoritish. Filadelfiyadagi Kornelius va Kompaniya 1834 ta qandilni gaz bilan jihozlashdi va Polkning o'zi ularning birinchi yoritilishini kuzatdi.[46] 1849 yil yanvar oyida Polk ma'muriyatining oxiriga kelib, Sharqiy Xona uchta qandil, uchta "prier stakan" (nometall), qizil damask derazasi pardalari, oq muslinli deraza pardalari, to'rtta yangi divanlar, 24 ta yangi stullar, uchta katta stol bilan bezatilgan (xonaning markaziga qo'yilgan), marmar tepaliklar bilan to'rtta iskala stollari, katta gilamcha, to'rtta yangi yurak otashlari, to'rtta olovli panjaralar, to'rtta katta kandelabra, sakkizta kichik kandelabra, sakkizta mantiya bezaklari va Jorj Vashington.[47][h]

Yangi pardalar, to'r pardalari va gilam qo'shildi Jeyn Pirs, Prezidentning rafiqasi Franklin Pirs, 1853 yilda.[49] Pirsda shuningdek, mantel ustidagi nometall va iskala oynalari L. R. Menger tomonidan qayta ishlangan Nyu York.[50]

1861 yil Linkolnni yangilash

Ushbu qayta ishlashga qaramay, Sharqiy Xona 1861 yilga kelib biroz eskirgan edi.[51][52] 1861 yil 18 aprelda 60 ga yaqin militsioner Kanzas shaharda ular uchun kazarma qurishni kutayotgan Sharqiy xonada vaqtincha yashashni oldi.[53] Ular gilamga jiddiy zarar etkazishgan, ba'zan esa devorlarga o'q otishgan.[54] Meri Todd Linkoln bilan xonani ta'mirladi damask parda, dantelli pardalar, devor qog'ozi va shu yilning oxirida $ 2,500 gilam.[54][42] Fon rasmi Parijdan to'q qizil, granat va oltindan og'ir naqshli baxmal mato qog'ozi edi,[42][55] va Uilyam X.Karril va Nyu-Yorkdagi birodar tomonidan ta'minlanadi.[56] Pol qoplamasi an Axminster gilamchasi to'qilgan Glazgo, Shotlandiya. Butun polni qoplagan gilamchani to'qish uchun dunyodagi eng katta to'quv dastgohi zarur edi. Ro'mollar qip-qizil rangda, og'ir oltin chekkalari va ko'plab oltin taqinchoqlar bilan bezatilgan, ortidagi dantel pardalari esa chetdan keltirilgan. Shveytsariya.[42]

Linkolnlar ostidagi Sharqiy xona, ziyofat zaliga yaroqli bo'lib, juda kam jihozlangan bo'lib qoldi. Jekson ma'muriyati tomonidan yaratilgan uchta qandil tozalanib, qayta o'rnatildi. Ular shu qadar yorqin edilarki, matbuot ularni yangi deb taxmin qildi. Lincoln xonim har bir qandil ostida, xonani uzoq vaqt egallab turgan qora va oltin marmar mozaikali uchta katta maun stollarini har bir qandil ostida qoldirdi.[42]

Linkoln oilasi a'zolari uchun ikkita dafn marosimi 1860-yillarda Sharqiy xonada o'tkazilgan. Birinchisi, 11 yoshli bola edi Villi Linkoln, Prezident Avraam Linkoln vafot etgan o'g'li tifo isitmasi 1862 yil 21 fevralda.[57] Uch yildan ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, Linkolnning jasadi davlatda yotish Sharqiy xonada ham va uning dafn marosimi u erda 19 aprel kuni bo'lib o'tdi.[58]

Sharqiy xonada Linkolnning dafn marosimi (Harper haftaligi, 1865 yil 6-may)

Linkoln vafot etganida, 1865 yilda Sharqiy xonada 24 stul, to'rtta divan, to'rtta stol, sakkizta parda, sakkizta to'r pardalari, sakkizta nometall va bitta gilam bor edi.[59] Barcha mebellar yomon ahvolda edi.[60] Uning ma'muriyati davrida xonadagi haftalik ziyofatlarga tashrif buyurgan jamoat a'zolari xonani esdalik sovg'alarini izlash, devor qog'ozi qismlarini yirtib tashlash va pardalardagi iplar va iplarni o'g'irlashda qattiq buzishgan. Hatto kimdir damask pardalaridan birining kvadrat maydonini kesib tashlagan.[61] Boshqalar qaychi va pichoqlarni gilamchaga olib, ostidagi eman polini silab,[62] va zarhal zargarlik buyumlari javonlardan o'g'irlangan.[60]

Prezident Endryu Jonson 1866 yilda davlat qavatidagi jamoat xonalari ta'mirlangan. Uning rafiqasi, Eliza Makkardl Jonson, sog'lig'i zaif bo'lgan va Oq uyni ko'ngil ochish yoki nazorat qilishda kam ish qilgan. Jonson buning o'rniga qizi Marta Pattersonga (uning rafiqasi) ishongan Senator Devid T. Patterson ).[63] May oyida Sharqiy Xona jihozlardan tozalandi. Patterson xonim qora va tilla chegara, dantel pardalari va yumshoq mebellarning yangi sariq fon rasmi tanlovini nazorat qildi. Shiftni qayta bo'yashdi va freskalarni qo'shishdi, shiftning markaziy qismlari va kornişlari qayta ishlangan. Jonson xonim bir marta aralashdi va bu shiftga bo'yalgan bo'yoq eng yuqori sifatli bo'lishini talab qilish edi.[64] Patterson shuningdek, marmar bilan ishlangan uchta katta stolni Sharqiy xonadan olib chiqib, oilaviy xonalarga joylashtirdi va to'rtta stol usti stollaridan ikkitasi oilaviy ovqatlanish xonasiga qo'shildi.[36] Sharqiy xona 1867 yil boshida qurib bitkazilgan.[65]

1873 yil grantni yangilash

Sharqiy xonaning stereokopi

Sharqiy Xona 1873 yilda ma'muriyat davrida tubdan yangilangan Uliss S. Grant. Me'morlar Orvill Babkok (Jamoat binolari va erlarning komissari), Richard Ezdorf, Uilyam J. Makferson va Alfred Mullett oldida ham bezak, ham qurilish vazifasi turardi. Sharqiy Xona ustidagi og'ir devorlar va etarli darajada tizimli qo'llab-quvvatlanmaganligi shiftni sezilarli darajada pasayishiga olib keldi. Bundan tashqari, Grantlar Sharqiy xonani O'rta G'arbiy didini aks ettiradigan ancha zamonaviy makonga aylantirmoqchi edilar. Me'morlar shiftga yangi yuk ko'taruvchi nurlarni qo'shdilar, bu esa xonaning balandligi ancha pastroq ko'rinardi. Korinf Ushbu nurlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ustunlar qo'shildi. Nurlarni xonaga birlashtirish uchun ular 1815 yilgi frizni nurlar bo'ylab dekorativ ravishda uzaytirdilar.[66] Nurlar bilan uch qismga bo'lingan shift ham yangilandi.[67] Oq va oltinga bo'yalgan o'yilgan yangi kaminlar oddiyroq 1829 ta kamin o'rnini egalladi.[66] Yuk ko'taruvchi ustunlarni xonaga birlashtirishga yordam berish uchun oq va oltin rangga bo'yalgan pilasters xonaga qo'shildi.[68][67] Bilan oq rangga bo'yalgan o'yma paneli Yunoniston tiklanishi dizaynlar;[68][67] katta, past osilgan, shishadan yasalgan qandillar (1834 yildan beri osilganlarni almashtirish);[69] inju kulrang va zarhal fon rasmi,[67] va guldastali gilam bilan bezatilgan devor bilan bezash ishlari bezatishni yakunladi.[70] Xonadagi mebellarning katta qismi ommaviy kim oshdi savdosida sotildi (20-asrgacha keng tarqalgan va e'tiborga loyiq bo'lmagan amaliyot).[71][men][j] Mimarlar uslubni "sof yunoncha" deb atashgan,[66] va arxitektura tarixchisi Patrik Fillips-Shrok buni "dabdabali" deb atadi,[73] ammo u keng tarqalgan bo'lib "Steamboat Gothic" deb nomlandi.[70] Nelli Grant Dabdabali to'y 1874 yil 21 mayda Sharqiy xonada bo'lib o'tdi.[74]

19-asr oxiri

Prezident Chester A. Artur 1881 yilda Oq uyning ko'p qismini, shu jumladan Sharqiy xonani qayta qurish uchun Vashington, D.B.Mozes va Son firmasini yolladi.[75] Musa va O'g'il yangi deraza pardalari va pardalari va to'plamini qo'shdi qora daraxt yapon uslubida o'yilgan mebellar. Ushbu to'plamda divanlar, qo'ltiq stullari, yon stullar va burchak stullar mavjud edi.[76] Keyin Artur 1882 yil aprel oyida Oq uyning juda katta miqdordagi buyumlarini, shu jumladan Sharqiy xonadan tasvirlanmagan ba'zi eski mebellarini kim oshdi savdosiga qo'ydi.[75] Artur jamoat xonalariga yanada kattaroq yondashishni istab, yolladi Tiffany & Co. 1882 yilda yana Sharqiy xonani qayta tiklash uchun. Biroq, bu ishlarning aksariyati rasm va regilding bilan bog'liq edi. Yangi mebellarga buyurtma berilmadi, ustki eshik va iskala oynalari qayta ishlangan yoki qayta ishlangan.[77]

Prezident Grover Klivlend Sharqiy xonaga hech qanday o'zgartirish kiritmadi, garchi a divan Oltin bilan qoplangan asosiy qandil ostiga qo'shilgan. U Vashington shahridagi W. H. Houghton & Co tomonidan etkazib berildi.[78]

Klivlendning vorisi, Benjamin Xarrison, 1891 yilda Oq uy elektr energiyasiga ulanganidan so'ng, davlat qavatining aksariyat xonalari qayta ta'mirlandi. Konnektikut shtatidagi Xartford shahridagi W. H. Post & Co. Shift qayta bo'yaldi, devor qog'ozi almashtirildi va yangi ipak damask pardalari o'rnatildi. Sharqiy xonadagi mebellar, shuningdek, oltin brokatelda (a.) Qayta ishlangan brokar dizayni yuqori relyefda). Yangi Axminster gilamchasi, 515 kvadrat metr (431 m.)2) hajmda, shuningdek yotqizilgan.[79] Qachon Kerolin Xarrison 1892 yil 25 oktyabrda vafot etdi (prezident saylovidan ikki hafta oldin), uning dafn marosimi Sharqiy xonada bo'lib o'tdi.[80]

Ikki Sevr vazalar (marmar poydevorlarda) 1897 yilda Sharqiy xonaga qo'shilgan. Ular o'sha yili Frantsiya-Amerika transatlantik telegraf kabelining o'tkazilishini nishonlash uchun Frantsiya hukumatining sovg'asi edi.[81]

1902 yil Ruzveltni qayta tiklash

1904 yilda namoyish etilgan Sharqiy xonani McKim, Mead va White-ning ta'mirlanishi. Viktoriya davridagi interyerlarning mustahkam Beaux Arts uslubi o'rnini bosdi.

1902 yilda Prezident Teodor Ruzvelt ning me'moriy firmasi bilan shug'ullangan McKim, Meade & White Oq uyni ta'mirlash va kengaytirish uchun. Ularning maqsadi uch marotaba edi: Oq uyni modernizatsiya qilish, hech qachon o'zgartirilishi shart bo'lmagan bezak motifini yaratish va Oq uyning dastlabki Amerika interyerlarini tiklash. Ushbu so'nggi ko'rsatma aksariyat xonalarda kuzatilgan bo'lsa-da, u Sharqiy xonada bo'lmagan. McKim, Meade & White 1790-yillarning ingliz va frantsuz manor uylarining ichki qismidan Sharqiy Xona uchun ilhom olgan. Shunga qaramay, Mustamlaka tiklanishi uslubi tarixiy jihatdan aniq estetikadan ko'ra ko'proq idealizatsiya qilingan edi va McKim, Mead & White interyerlari yorug'lik bilan to'ldirilgan bo'shliqlarga moyillikni va naqshlardan va "band" yoki tartibsiz joylardan uzoqlashishini aks ettirdi.[82]

Sharqiy xona 1829 yilgacha bezatilmaganligi sababli, me'morlar ba'zi erkinliklarga ega bo'lib, 1780 yilga asoslangan xonani ishlab chiqdilar. Lyudovik XVI uslubi salon de famille ichida Shateau de Compiène.[83] Devorlar uchun dizaynerlar tanladilar pilasters tomonidan o'yilgan Birodarlar Herter ning Nyu-York shahri,[84] Neoclassical-ni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan paydo bo'ldi entablatures.[85] Ularning har biri marmardan yasalgan va ulardan olingan manzaralarni aks ettiruvchi 12 ta soxta uylar mavjud edi Ezopning ertaklari.[84] Ular Nyu-Yorkdan L. Marcotte & Co.dan Leon Marcotte tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan,[86] va tomonidan o'yilgan Birodarlar Piccirilli Nyu-York shahridan.[84] Qolgan devorlari oq rangga bo'yalgan,[87] va zarhal shamlar bilan bezatilgan (ning yoritish firmasi tomonidan ta'minlangan Edward F. Caldwell & Co. ) va oltin devorga osilgan buyumlar.[85][88] McKim, Meade & White Sharqiy xonaning to'rtta kaminini qattiq yoqtirmas edi, ular maydonni uchta bo'shliqqa bo'lishgan. Taxminan 2,5 fut (0,76 m) prognoz qilingan kaminlar va kaminlar chuqurligi atigi 0,5 futgacha (0,15 m) qisqartirildi.[89] Yostiqlar 6 fut (1,8 m) bilan almashtirildi[90] yangilari Gruzin uslubi.[91] Har bir taxta uchun marmar har xil holatdan kelgan va har biri har xil rangda bo'lgan.[85]

Marcotte & Co., shuningdek, zarhal shiftga bezaklarni ishlab chiqardi, ishlab chiqardi va o'rnatdi.[86] Shiftning markaziy qismi murakkab gipsli paneli bilan bezatilgan medalyon yonboshlar bilan o'ralgan, akantus, eskutonlar va scrollwork. Acanthus, scrollwork va tuxum va dart moldinglar qism bilan chegaradosh. Xonaning tor uchlarida xuddi shunday bezatilgan kichikroq bo'limlar bor edi.[85][88]

Shiftdan osilgan uchta yirik Bohemiya kristalli qandillari bor edi.[90][92] Ular 1873 yilda Grant ma'muriyati davrida u erda joylashtirilgan kattaroq, zamonaviy bo'lmagan qandillarni almashtirdilar.[86][k] Chodir va piyola qandillari, shuningdek, Caldwell & Co.[94] lekin Parchenning Christoph Palme & Co. kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan, Bohemiya, Avstriya-Vengriya.[95][96] Ularning dizayni 18-asr ingliz va frantsuz qandillaridan ko'chirilgan.[97] Har bir qandilning vazni 1200 funt (540 kg) dan ortiq, balandligi 11 fut (3,4 m) va 7000 stakan bo'laklarga ega edi.[96][90][98][l] Caldwell & Co. shuningdek, to'rtta zarhal bronza ishlab chiqardi pol lampalari ichida Louis XVI uslubi va to'rtta 6 metrli (1,8 m) qandil Imperiya uslubi bilan Misrning tiklanishi elementlar (masalan, qanotli sherlar).[97]

Sharqiy xonaning poli eman parketiga almashtirildi va Shimoliy Afrikadan qizil Numidian marmar bilan ishlangan.[90][92] (Eski parket polidan yasalgan quti davomida Oq uyga sovg'a qilindi Jimmi Karter ma'muriyat.)[102]

Devorga osilgan buyumlardan tashqari, McKim, Meade & White, Louis XVI uslubiga mos ravishda boshqa ko'plab jihozlarni foydalanishga topshirdi. salon de famille uslubi. Marcotte and Co. og'ir baxmal tilla pardalar etkazib berar edi va har bir derazaning ustiga kompaniyaning o'z dizaynidagi o'yilgan va zarhal kornişlar bilan to'ldirilgan edi.[86] Mavjud iskala stollari olib tashlandi va to'rtburchaklar orasida zarb qilingan va zarhal qilingan Louis XVI Revival uslubidagi konsol stollari, shuningdek Marcotte & Co.[86] Mavjud o'rindiqlar ham olib tashlandi,[m] va Marcotte & Co. uning o'rnini 13 Louis XVI Revival zarhal banketlari (yumshoq skameykalar) bilan almashtirdi.[88][86] Marcotte & Co., shuningdek, har bir ustuni oynasi uchun yangi naqshli zarhallangan ramkalar etkazib berdi.[86][84] Xonadagi bir nechta buyumlar qayta ishlatilgan. Ular orasida Russell & LaFarge tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va 1817 yilda Monro ma'muriyatida sotib olingan mantel kandelabra ham bor edi.[88]

Tomonidan shaxsiy tekshiruv Charlz Follen Makkim shuningdek, Sharqiy Xona aniq cho'kayotganini aniqladi.[104] 1952 yilgacha tuzatilmagan muammo shundaki, ichki devorlar er osti qavatidagi g'isht ustunlariga suyanib turar edi, ular o'zlari yumshoq tuproq tepasida bo'shashgan toshlar tagida o'tirar edilar. Ustunlar qasrning og'irligi ostida tuproqqa singib ketayotgan edi. Ammo Ruzvelt tomonidan tiklashni iloji boricha tezroq tugatishga majbur bo'lgan Makkim, muammoni hal qilish uchun hech qanday tarkibiy o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirolmadi.[105]

1902 yildan keyingi 20-asr boshlari

East Room qandillari 1903 yilda o'zgartirilib, diametrini 6 metrga (1,8 m) qisqartirib, ularga atigi 6000 dona shisha parcha qo'ydi.[96][90][106] Yangilangan qandilning vazni 1200 funtga (540 kg) tushdi.[96] Xuddi shu yili Steinway & Sons pianino kompaniyasi zeb-ziynat bilan bezatilgan fortepiano Oq uyga. Ushbu pianino (seriya raqami 100,000) East Room-da joylashtirilgan.[107] Ruzvelt davrida Frantsiya hukumati xayriya qildi Limoges chinni Jorj Vashington, Tomas Jefferson, Avraam Linkoln va Benjamin Franklin Oq uyga. Ular Sharqiy xonaga ham joylashtirilgan.[108][n]

Davomida Sharqiy Xona ozgina o'zgarishlar qilindi Vudro Uilson ma'muriyat. Ellen Axson Uilson, prezidentning birinchi rafiqasi xonada deyarli o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirmadi.[111] U 1914 yilda vafot etdi, Uilsonning birinchi muddatidan atigi ikki yil o'tgach. Uilson bir yildan so'ng qayta turmushga chiqdi va yangi birinchi xonim, Edit Bolling Galt Uilson, 1902 yilda pardalar almashtirildi.[112]

30-yillarning boshlarida birinchi xonim Lou Genri Xover ga yaqinlashib kelayotgan bir nechta zarhal yumshoq ovqat xonasi stullarini sotib oldi Art Deco Sharq xonasida foydalanish uchun uslub.[113]

Prezident Franklin D. Ruzvelt G'ayrioddiy uzoq vaqt davomida Oq uyni ta'mirlash yoki saqlash uchun juda oz narsa qilmadi. Ruzvelt Oq uy davomida "o'z vazifasini bajarishi" kerak deb hisoblagan Katta depressiya va Ikkinchi jahon urushi va xarajatlarni minimallashtirish orqali iqtisod qiling. Birinchi xonim Eleanor Ruzvelt qayta bezashga unchalik qiziqmagan va urush paytida sodir bo'lgan ijtimoiy aloqalar juda kam bo'lgan.[114] Bir nechta revizyonlardan biri Sharqiy xonada bo'lib o'tdi, u erda Vollmer mebellari Moviy xonadan ko'chirildi.[115][o] Steinway & Sons 1938 yilda Oq uyga ikkinchi katta fortepianoni sovg'a qildi. Shteynuey tarixchilari Miles Chapin va Rodica Prato uni dunyodagi "eng taniqli art-case Steinway" deb atashdi. Me'mor Erik Gugler 10,5 metr uzunlikdagi (3,2 m) mahobatli pianino (seriya raqami 300,000) ni yaratdi. Kassa har biri oltin yaproqda zarhal qilingan Amerika musiqasi va raqsi tasvirlangan sahnalar bilan bezatilgan. Rassom Dunbar Bek tomonidan ishlangan stol stolida raqsga tushayotgan odamlar tasvirlangan Virjiniya g'altak, tomonidan kuylanmoqda Mahalliy amerikaliklar, kovboylar paytida kuylash mol haydash, a omborcha raqsi va afroamerikalik qullar dalada qo'shiq kuylamoqda. Pianino oyoqlarida zarhal burgutlar tasvirlangan va o'yilgan Albert Styuart. (Steinway & Sons pianinoni 1992 yilda to'liq ta'mirlagan.)[107] Eleanor Ruzvelt Sharqiy xonadagi pardozlarni oltindan qirmizi rangga o'zgartirdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1952 yil Trumanning tiklanishi

1949–1952 yillarda qayta tiklanganidan so'ng Sharqiy Xona to'liq qurildi

1940-yillarning oxiriga kelib, Sharqiy Xona - Oq Uyning qolgan qismi bilan birga juda yomon ahvolda edi, chunki uning tarkibiy yaxlitligi xavf ostida edi. Prezident Garri S. Truman 1947 yil 11-fevralda Sharqiy xonadagi kontsertda qatnashayotganda, xonaning shiftini qandillar og'irligidan tushirilayotgani to'g'risida xabar olgan. Ertasi kuni qandillar tushirildi.[117] 1948 yil 26 oktyabrda Sharqiy xonaning shiftidan gips tushib, shiftdagi 12 metr uzunlikdagi (3,7 m) yoriqni ochdi. Muhandislar shiftning 0,15 metrga (0,15 metr) ham tushganligini aniqladilar. Sharqiy Xona barcha mebellardan tozalandi va uni barqarorlashtirish uchun xonada poldan shiftgacha X shaklidagi yog'och qavslar o'rnatildi. Keyin xona muhrlangan. Jamoat qurilishi ma'muriyati va Oq uy xodimlari muhandislari butun bino qulab tushishidan qo'rqishdi.[118] Prezident va Truman xonim 1948 yil 27 sentyabrda Oq uydan 45 kunlik umummilliy siyosiy barnstorming safari uchun jo'nab ketishdi.[119] 5-noyabr kuni ular Oq uyga qaytib kelganlarida,[120] ularga Oq uyni evakuatsiya qilish kerakligi to'g'risida darhol xabar berishdi.[121] 7 noyabr kuni Oq uy jamoatchilik uchun yopiq edi,[122] va ikki haftalik ta'tildan keyin Key West, Florida, trumanlar ko'chib o'tishdi Bler Xaus 1948 yil 21-noyabrda.[123]

Davomida Truman Oq uyni qayta qurish 1949 yilda boshlangan Sharqiy Xona juda yomon ahvolda deb topildi. Avvalgi ta'mirlash ishlari ichki devorlarga jiddiy zarar etkazgan. 24 metr uzunlikdagi (7,3 m) devorning bitta qismida, devorni beshdan kam bo'lmagan eshiklar kesib o'tib, uni juda zaiflashtirgan.[124] Panel, deraza va jihozlar demontaj qilindi, raqamlandi va saqlandi. Shiva ishlarini olib tashlashga katta e'tibor berilgan bo'lsa-da, olib tashlash paytida uni yorib yubormaslik uchun hech qanday yo'l yo'q edi. Qoldiqlar asl nusxalaridan tayyorlanib, yangi gips ishlari o'rnatildi.[125] Shunga qaramay, me'mor Lorenzo Vinslou ko'pgina dizaynlarni "Uyg'onish Uyg'onishi" va "amerikaliklar" ko'rinishiga keltirish uchun ularni suratga olishdan oldin soddalashtirgan.[126] Yog'ochdan yasalgan buyumlarni olib tashlashga ozgina e'tibor berildi, ularning ba'zilari bo'shashmasdan buzilganda. Boshqa qismlarni qayta ishlatish uchun juda mo'rt edi va qayta ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalarni tiklash kerak edi (ko'pincha bo'yoqlarning ko'p qatlamlarini olib tashlash orqali). Ammo 1951 yil oxiriga kelib, Oq uyni qayta tiklash ishlari bir necha oy o'tgach, xarajatlar oshib ketdi va Prezident Truman bu ishni tezlashtirishni talab qildi, ishchilar eski yog'ochni qayta tiklashdan ko'ra, yangi qismlarga ishlov berish osonroq bo'lishdi. Sharqiy xonaning barcha panellari aslida foydalanishga yaroqsiz yoki yo'qligidan qat'i nazar, qayta ishlatishga yaroqsiz deb topilib, o'rniga yangi o'tin bilan almashtirildi.[127] (Sharqiy xonadagi ba'zi yog'och buyumlar esdalik sovg'alari uchun maydalangan bo'lsa-da, ularning aksariyati poligon sifatida ishlatilgan Myer Fort yilda Arlington okrugi, Virjiniya.)[128] Yangi panel ham sodda va juda kam ishtirok etdi,[129] va 1902 yilgi bo'yoqqa qaraganda bir oz engilroq rang bilan qoplangan.[130] Bundan ham oddiy toj shakllantiruvchi va shiftli medalonlar o'rnatildi.[129] Gerter pilasterlari va Piccirilli marmar panellari yo'qolgan yoki juda shikastlangan, ularni olib tashlash paytida qayta ishlatish mumkin emas va ularning taqdiri noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda.[84] Xarajatlarni qisqartirish uchun o'rnini bosuvchi kompozitsion elim va talaş aralashmasi yog'ochdan o'yilgan emas, balki shakllarga bosilgan.[131] Tuyg'u o'xshash bo'lsa-da, mustahkam me'moriy effekt kamayadi.[129] Qizil marmar mantiyalar o'rnatildi va xonada qolgan Venetsiyalik deraza toraytirilib, "amerikaliklar" tuyg'usini yaratishga yordam berdi.[129] (1902 yildagi sovg'alar berildi.)[132] Sharqiy xonaning qandillari qayta o'tkazilib, tozalandi.[133] Katta qandillarning o'lchamlari bir necha dyuymga qisqartirildi,[129] ularning to'g'ri o'lchamlarini hisobga olgan holda (kengligi 170 santimetr va balandligi 330 santimetr).[134] Ular, shuningdek, yumshoq ichki yoritish bilan jihozlangan,[129] va qandillarni ushlab turgan zanjirlar qisqartirildi.[96] Sharqiy xonada, shuningdek, dizayndagi uslubda yangi parket polga ega bo'lgan Fonteyn saroyi va derazalar ustidagi ipak pardalar.[135]

Truman ma'muriyati 1952 yilgi ta'mirlash paytida Oq uy uchun ko'plab mebel ehsonlarini izlamagan va olmagan. Ammo ikkita narsa kelib tushdi, ular Sharqiy xonaga kirdilar. Bular XVII asr o'rtalari edi Odam kambekli divanlar,[136][137][138][p] Jorj va Marta Vashington rasmlari ostiga qo'yilgan.[139]

1952 yildan keyingi yangilanishlar

Kennedini yangilash

Kennedi ma'muriyati davrida Stefan Boudin tomonidan o'zgartirilgan Sharqiy xona

Jaklin Kennedi 1961 va 1962 yillarda Oq Uyda keng ko'lamli ta'mirlarni amalga oshirgan. Uning ta'mirlanishini Amerika antiqa buyumlari nazorat qilgan autodidakt Genri Frensis du Pont va frantsuz interyer dizayneri Stefan Boudin va uning kompaniyasi, Meyson Yansen.[140] Garchi ko'plab xonalar du Pont va Boudin tomonidan keng o'zgartirilgan bo'lsa-da, the Kennedining tiklanishi Sharqiy xonada deyarli hech qanday o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirmadi.[141][142]

Xonadagi eng katta o'zgarish derazalarni davolashda edi.[143] Jaklin Kennedi Sharqiy xona uchun shaffof bo'lmagan ipak pardalari va sariq pardalardan iborat yangi pardalar so'radi.[144] Boudin yangi pardalar dizaynini nazorat qildi,[145] Maison Jansen tomonidan taqdim etilgan ipak bilan.[144] Ro'mol va valanslarning loyihasi 1963 yil o'rtalariga qadar tayyor emas edi. Boudin, ehtimol kaminlar orasidagi markaziy oynaga e'tiborni qaratishni istagan, boshqa barcha pardalarni deraza qutilarining orqasiga qo'ygan holda, markaziy oyna uchun valans ishlab chiqardi. Parda uchun Boudin atlas bilan yopilgan koptokdan yasalgan to'qilgan chegara va bog'lamalarni taklif qildi.[146] Kennedi Boudinning valans va deraza qutilariga oid taklifini ma'qullamadi, chunki u 1902 yilgi tarixiy giltli deraza kornişlaridan foydalanmagan. Ammo u mato va bog'lamalarni ma'qulladi.[147] Maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan oltin va qaymoq ipakdan tayyorlangan lampalar, mato qushlar, kapalaklar, kubiklar, gullar, medalonlar, xo'rozlar va bug'doylarning takrorlanmaydigan dizayni bilan ishlangan va pastki qismida og'ir chekka mavjud.[145][147] Ro'mollar 1902 yilda o'yilgan va zarhal qilingan yog'och kornişlardan tekis panellarga osib qo'yilgan.[148] Valanslarning dizayni 1964 yil aprelga qadar yakunlanmagan. Birinchi xonim Lady Bird Jonson Jaklin Kennedidan dizaynni yakunlashda unga yordam berishni iltimos qildi.[149] Dastlab, ular bo'lishi kerak edi brokatel, a jakkarddan to'qish ga o'xshash mato brokar ammo qalinroq va og'irroq va dizayndagi yuqori relyef. Ammo bu dizayn Boudin tomonidan qarshi olingan.[149][q] Buning o'rniga har bir karnizning orqasidan yassi panellarga to'qilgan va oltindan zarhal bilan ishlangan oltin metall lampalar o'rnatildi.[149] Pardalar va valanslarning dizayni va ishlab chiqarilishi qariyb uch yil davom etdi va shu vaqtgacha xonada osilgan emas edi Jonson 1965 yilda ma'muriyat.[145][143] Perdeler va valanslarning narxi 26149 dollarni tashkil etadi.[150] Ushbu xarajat Jaklin Kennedining Oq uyga bo'lgan qo'llanmasini sotish bilan qoplandi, bu 1965 yilga kelib to'rtinchi nashrida bo'lgan.[149]

Yana bir katta o'zgarish, Boudinning iltimosiga binoan bo'yalgan kamin idishlari bilan bog'liq[151] xonaning ko'rinishini birlashtirgan, oq marmar kabi ko'rinishi.[141][142][r]

Kennedi ma'muriyati birinchi bo'lib davlat qavatidagi xonalarda chekishga ruxsat bergan.[140] Jaklin Kennedi chekishni chekish uchun Sharqiy xona uchun ko'chma kuldonlarni xohlagan. Dastlab u do'stining uyida ko'rilgan kul qutilarining o'zgartirilgan versiyasini ko'rib chiqdi, Bunny Mellon, lekin bu g'oyani noyob dizayn foydasiga rad etdi.[144] Maison Jansen stendlarni ishlab chiqardi, unda bambuk, guruch tutqichlari va boshqalarga o'xshash guruch oyoqlari tasvirlangan Carrara stakan tepalar. Kuldonlar 280 dollar turadi,[144] Maison Jansenning Nyu-York shahridagi ofisida ishlab chiqarilgan,[140] va 1963 yil yanvar oyida etkazib berildi.[144] Juda yuqori narxni topish (va hech qanday xarajatsiz) o'lchov iqtisodiyoti Keyinchalik Kennedi o'zining ko'chma kuldonlarini yaratdi.[140] Yigirma ishlab chiqarildi[143] qorong'i yog'ochdan Oq uy duradgorlari tomonidan, garchi Kennedi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kuldonlar uchun kulrang granit ustki qismlar Jansen tomonidan 310 dollar narxida qilingan.[144]

Sharqiy xonadagi mebellarning katta qismi Boudin tomonidan olib tashlangan[151] xonani bitta tarixiy davrga o'xshatib ko'rsatish.[141] 1902 yildagi konsol stollari derazalar orasidagi tirgaklardan olib tashlandi va 1902 yildagi Louis XVI uslubidagi pol lampalar burchaklar va tirgaklar oldidan chiqib ketdi.[151] 1952 yildagi Odam uslubidagi tuyachilik divanlar du Pontning tashabbusi bilan olib tashlandi va o'rniga zarhal skameykalar o'rnatildi.[138] Tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar Oq uy kuratori Lorraine Waxman Pearce va Jacqueline Kennedy Monro davridagi to'rtta kandelabrani aniqladilar (ular ko'chirilgan) va ularni xonaning janubiy devoridagi katakchalarga tikladilar. XIX asrning boshlarida xonaning shimoliy devoridagi shkaflarga kristall kandelrabalar (noaniq ishlab chiqarilgan) qo'yilgan.[26] Jorj va Marta Vashington rasmlarini to'ldirish uchun Jaklin Kennediga yosh yigitning portretlari berildi Bushrod Vashington (George Washington's nephew and an Associate Supreme Court Justice) and his wife, Julia Ann Blackburn Washington. These portraits by Chester Harding were hung on the east wall.[143] Kennedy's friend, Jeyn Raytman, donated two early 19th-century wall sconces, which were wired for electricity by White House staff and hung on either side of the center window.[143]

Jacqueline Kennedy also conceived the idea of constructing a portable stage for use in the East Room.[152] Designed by ballet impresario Lincoln Kirstein[152][153] and constructed by White House carpenters,[152] the stage was clad in red velvet,[152][153] small, and easily portable. It was stored off-site in a government warehouse, and took three men eight hours to retrieve, set up, clean, and prepare for performances.[152]

The Kennedys often provided entertainment in the East Room after formal dinners, which necessitated finding seating for these events. The Hoover Art Deco dining room chairs (which by 1961 had been moved to the White House theater) were used for this purpose. Additional seating was provided by cushioned bentwood chairs with canework backs (which had long been owned by the White House but whose provenance was unclear).[113]

Johnson and Carter administration alterations

While the Kennedy stage was fine for the small, intimate performances in the East Room which the Kennedys favored, the President Lyndon B. Johnson and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson favored larger, more elaborate performances. Ballet patron Rivqo Xarkness learned of the Johnsons' desire for a larger stage, and contacted noted ballet and theatrical designer Jo Mielziner to design something. Mielziner crafted a stage which took up a full third of the East Room, and featured cream white-painted pilasters matching the room's architecture.[150] Mileziner originally wanted the stage's curtains to have the same fabric used for the East Room drapes. But when he learned of the cost, he settled for American-made gold silk curtains instead.[154] The larger stage took eight men three days to set up.[150]

In 1964, President Johnson issued an ijro buyrug'i creating a new Committee for the Preservation of the White House. This body was tasked with advising the President and First Lady on the decor, preservation, and conservation of the East Room and other public rooms at the White House.[155] The committee has met continuously since then, except for the period 1981 to 1988.[156]

In 1967, the government of Italy donated a late 18th-century carved wood and terra kotta tug'ilish sahnasi to the White House. This 30-piece creche, manufactured in Neapol and with the figures clad in original hand-sewn fabrics, was placed on view in the East Room during the Rojdestvo season, and it has been erected there every holiday season since.[157] Ten additional antique Italian nativity figures were donated to the East Room creche set during the Carter administration.[102]

The East Room flooring was replaced in 1978 during the Carter administration. Years of wear and tear had nearly worn through the parquet.[158]

Reagan, Clinton, and Bush refurbishments

1981 yilda Reagan administration undertook a private fund-raising campaign to extensively renovate the White House. Hoping to raise $200,000, the project raised $822,641, and Nancy Reagan oversaw a $730,000 project which largely renovated the private living quarters and restored hundreds of antique furniture items throughout the Executive Mansion.[159] The floors, paneling, and plasterwork in the room all were assessed and underwent conservation to ensure their longevity.[102] Mrs. Reagan made only minor improvements to the East Room, however. These included repainting the room (it retained its warm cream color),[159] and adding gold silk swag valances over the draperies.[160] Over-draperies, ordered in the Carter administration, were also replaced in the East Room during the Reagan administration, at a cost of $130,000.[161]

Davomida Klinton administration, the faux white marble finish painted on the mantels and baseboards in the 1960s was removed to reveal the original "rouge antique" (reddish) marble from Vermont installed during the White House's renovation in 1951.[162][163][164] Although the East Room's oak floors had been bare since 1903, three matching $259,330 wool carpets were installed in February 1995. These carpets, ordered in 1990, were designed to reflect the plaster ceiling moldings created during the Jon Kvinsi Adams administration in the late 1820s. Woven by Edward Fields Inc. of New York and paid for with private donations raised by the White House Endowment Fund, the carpets were designed to cover most of the floor to protect it from dirt and the occasional pebble stuck in the tread of a shoe.[164]

Minor refurbishment was made to the East Room in September 2003 during the administration of Jorj V.Bush. The Committee for the Preservation of the White House had become dissatisifed with the golden silk swag valances installed during the Reagan presidency. The Kennedy-era Empire-style gold draperies were replaced with nearly identical ones, but the swags were made 12 inches (30 cm) deeper to make them appear more substantial. The room was repainted in the same warm cream color it had for the last century. The refurbishment cost $200,000, and was paid for by private donations to the White House Endowment Fund.[160]

Notable events in the East Room

The East Room is used for a wide range of events, which include the swearing-in of Kabinet members and justices of the Oliy sud, press conferences, the signing of legislation, receptions for foreign dignitaries, and much more. Some of these events are more notable than others, however.

Presidential funerals and lying in repose

A U.S. armed forces honor guard places the casket bearing the body of President John F. Kennedy on a katafalk in the East Room of the White House at about 4:40 A.M. on November 23, 1963.

Eight presidents have died in office. Bittadan tashqari (Jeyms A. Garfild ) joyida yotish or had a funeral in the East Room.[lar] Presidential funerary events held in the East Room comprise:

  • Uilyam Genri Xarrison – Harrison's body lay in repose for just under three days in the East Room. An Episkopal funeral service was read over Harrison's body on April 7, 1841.[166]
  • Zakari Teylor – Taylor's body lay in repose for slightly more than three days in the East Room. An Episcopal funeral service was read over Taylor's body on July 13, 1850.[167]
  • Avraam Linkoln – Lincoln's body lay in repose for four days in the East Room. A Presviterian funeral service was read over Lincoln's body on April 19, 1865.[168]
  • Uilyam Makkinli – McKinley's body arrived in the East Room about 9:00 p.m. on September 16, 1901. He lay in repose until about 8:00 a.m. on September 17, when his remains were removed to the United States Capitol rotunda dafn marosimi uchun.[169]
  • Uorren G. Xarding – Harding's body lay in repose in the East Room beginning about 11:00 p.m. on August 7, 1923. At 10:00 a.m. on August 8, his remains were removed to the Capitol rotunda for a funeral.[170]
  • Franklin D. Ruzvelt – Roosevelt's body lay in repose in the East Room beginning about 11:00 a.m. on April 14, 1945. An Episcopal funeral service was read over his body at 4:00 p.m. o'sha kuni. The service lasted 25 minutes, and Roosevelt lay in repose from 4:30 p.m. until about 9:00 p.m., when his casket was removed to Birlik stantsiyasi for the train ride to Hyde Park, Nyu-York.[171][172]
  • Jon F. Kennedi – Kennedy's body lay in repose in the East Room beginning about 4:40 a.m. on November 23, 1963. A blessing was said by a Rim katolik priest at 5:00 a.m. on November 23, but the Massa at 10:00 a.m. was held in the Davlat ovqat xonasi rather than East Room. A second Mass (not a dafn marosimi ), for Kennedy family members and close friends, occurred in the East Room at 11:15 a.m. on November 24. Kennedy's casket was removed from the East Room at about 1:00 p.m.[173][174]

First Family funerals

In addition to Presidents, several members of First Families have died while living in the White House. Funerals held in the East Room for family members include:

  • Letitiya Tayler – An Episcopal funeral service for her was held in the East Room on September 12, 1842.[175]
  • Willie Lincoln – Lincoln's body lay in repose in the Yashil xona of the White House until his burial. A Presbyterian funeral service for him was held in the East Room on February 21, 1862. (Pointedly, his family asked that his casket not be moved to the East Room for the service.)[176][177][178][179]
  • Kerolin Xarrison – A Presbyterian funeral service for her was held in the East Room on October 27, 1892.[180][181]
  • Ellen Axson Wilson – A Presbyterian funeral service for her was held in the East Room on August 10, 1914.[182]
  • Calvin Coolidge Jr. – A Jamoatchi funeral service for him was held in the East Room on July 9, 1924.[183]
  • Robert Tramp - A funeral service was held for him in the East Room on August 21, 2020.[184]

To'ylar

Asosiy maqola: List of weddings at the White House

As of 2007, the White House had seen 17 weddings.[185][t] Seven have occurred in the Blue Room, seven in the East Room, two in the Rose Garden, va bitta Sariq tasvirlar xonasi.[189] The East Room weddings include:

Other important East Room events

President Lyndon Johnson addresses the nation from the East Room prior to signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act into law.
Gerald Ford is sworn in as 38th President of the United States in the East Room on August 8, 1974.
Sadat, Carter, and Begin famously shake hands at the same time in the East Room after signing the Camp David Peace Accords. 1978 yilda.
Reagan and Gorbachev shake hands in the East Room after signing the historic INF Treaty.

East Room has served as the site of many important ceremonies, legislation and treaty signings, and other events. Ulardan ba'zilari:

Ommaviy madaniyatda

The East Room has appeared in a number of motion pictures about the President of the United States. It is one of the most commonly-depicted spaces in the White House, along with the Kirish zali, Xoch zali va G'arbiy o'tirish zali. Accuracy in its depiction has generally been good. One outstanding example is the 1944 biographical picture Uilson, which was extremely accurate (even down to the style of paneling). Film badiiy rahbar Wiard Ihnen va dekorator Tomas Kichik won an Akademiya mukofoti filmdagi ishlari uchun. Many recent films have used Zuber wallpaper to depict the East Room—the same wallpaper purchased by Jacqueline Kennedy during the East Room's 1963 redecoration. Prezident Bill Klinton gave the producers of the 1995 film Amerika prezidenti extensive access to the White House, which allowed them to create a superb replica of the East Room as well. Far less successful was the 2005 television series Bosh qo'mondon, which depicted the East Room as a kind of shabby hotel lobby.[213]

A life-size copy of the East Room was built at the Richard Nikson nomidagi Prezident kutubxonasi va muzeyi. It is only a casual copy, and not completely accurate in its details.[214]

The East Room made the news on September 29, 2014, after Washington Post revealed that Omar J. Gonzalez had run through the room during his September 19, 2014, intrusion at the White House. Dastlab, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari maxfiy xizmati reported that Gonzalez, who jumped the fence at the Shimoliy maysazor and raced to the mansion, had only gotten a few steps into the Kirish zali. Ammo Xabar revealed that the knife-wielding Gonzalez knocked down a Secret Service agent, ran into the Xoch zali, and ran through the East Room before being tackled by a counter-assault agent at the door leading to the Yashil xona.[215]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ In July 1824, Lafayette embarked on a Qo'shma Shtatlarning katta safari during which he acquired several tons of items gifted to him. These items were stored in the East Room for two months during his final destination of the tour, Washington D.C. Purportedly, one or more alligators were included. E.g: in 1963, the article "The Creation of the President's House" in the journal Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. – After relating Abigail Adam's comments regarding the disarray in the East Room, the author adds: "This room was also used to quarter the pet alligator presented to Lafayette on the latter's triumphal tour of 1824."[30]
  2. ^ Moreen is a heavy wool or wool/cotton blend fabric with a heavy to'quv that creates a ribbed face. Unda moiré naqsh finish, and was commonly used for curtains or drapes.[37]
  3. ^ The pier table is a long, narrow table designed to be placed against a wall. It has four legs, so it may stand upright on its own. Generally, they were finely carved and designed to stand between two windows or two doors. Pier tables often were sold with a "pier glass"—a mirror in a frame which matched the carving of the pier table.[40]
  4. ^ One of the Quervelle pier tables survives, and is known in the 21st century as the Andrew Jackson Table. All three large marble-topped tables also remain.[33][39]
  5. ^ Astral lamps were expensive oil lamps made with a marble base, brass body, and crystal shade. The oil reservoir was in a ring around the lamp, rather than directly beneath it, so that there was little shadow cast by the lamp. Mantel lamps were narrow lamps with a tall glass shade designed to sit on a shelf or mantelpiece. They sometimes had a shade on the rear, to reflect light outward rather than against the wall.[41]
  6. ^ The manufacturer of the 1829 chandeliers is not known.[33]
  7. ^ The carpet cost $1,058.25, and the spittons $12.50 each.[35]
  8. ^ The 1818 Monroe furniture had, likely, been auctioned off. The White House repurchased a single Monroe chair during the Kennedy administration. Two more chairs were donated to the White House during the Reagan administration. The only known surviving sofa from this set was donated to the White House in 1979, and installed in the Blue Room.[48]
  9. ^ The last public sales of White House goods took place in 1905 and 1907, after the Theodore Roosevelt administration's renovations.[72]
  10. ^ Three chairs were later repurchased by the White House. The Smithsonian Institution has one of the sofas, and other chairs are in private collections.[21]
  11. ^ One of the so-called "Grant chandeliers" installed in 1873 was purchased by Denver, Kolorado, ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi Uolter Skott Cheesman for his then-under construction mansion. The state of Colorado obtained title to the mansion in 1959, and uses it as the Kolorado gubernatorining uyi. Both Jacqueline Kennedy and Michelle Obama have asked the state of Colorado to return the chandelier, but the state has declined to do so.[93]
  12. ^ Three of the other 1873 chandeliers were given to the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy and reused there. One was later returned to the White House in 1963 and hung in the upstairs Shartnoma xonasi.[99][100] It was returned to the Capitol in 1978.[99][101]
  13. ^ Some of the pre-1902 furniture in the East Room was relocated either to the basement offices or to the family quarters. Several of the immense mirrors, the pre-1902 mantels, and additional furniture were sold at auction, however—the last time any White House furnishings were sold at auction.[103]
  14. ^ As of the 21st century, the Washington and Franklin busts had been moved to flank the stairs leading from the basement to the main corridor. The Jefferson and Lincoln busts now flank the entrance to the Diplomatik qabul xonasi.[109][110]
  15. ^ The Vollmer suite was ordered by Harriet Lane in 1859 from Gottlieb Vollmer, a cabinet and furniture maker in Philadelphia. It was in the "high Imperial" style of Rokoko tiklanishi, with the upholstery in light blue brocatelle. The suite included four oval-back armchairs, four small side chairs, four small reception chairs, two ottomans, two large sofas, two small sofas, and a circular settee. The suite of furniture was delivered in December 1859.[116]
  16. ^ James Abbott and Elaine Rice claim the sofas were designed by Robert Adam, and manufactured by Tomas Chippendeyl.[138]
  17. ^ James Abbott and Elaine Rice hypothesize that Jacqueline Kennedy herself disapproved the brocatelle valances after initially approving them. Her rationale, they suggest, was that the 1952 Truman drapes already obscured the 1902 cornices.[149]
  18. ^ Boudin originally wanted white marble mantels, but agreed to repaint the existing mantels when the cost of white marble proved too high.[151]
  19. ^ President Garfield died in Long Branch, Nyu-Jersi. His body was transported to Washington, D.C., but taken directly from the train station to the Capitol rotunda for a laying-in-state. His body was then taken directly back to the train station, where his remains were taken to Klivlend, Ogayo shtati, interment uchun.[165]
  20. ^ Washington Post reported in 1891 that Lucy Scott McFarland, niece of First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes, married Lt. Erik Bergland in the East Room on June 5, 1878.[186] The couple were actually married in Leksington, Kentukki.[187] The Xabar may have confused the Bergland-McFarland wedding with that of Brigadier General Russell Hastings to Emily Platt, niece of President Hayes' sister. Their marriage occurred in the White House in June 1878, but was held in the Blue Room.[188]

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Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Abbott, Jeyms A. Camelotdagi frantsuz: Kennedi Oq uyni bezatishi Stefan Boudin tomonidan. Boscobel Restoration Inc.: 1995 yil. ISBN  0-9646659-0-5.
  • Klinton, Xillari Rodxem. Oq uyga taklif: uyda tarix bilan. Simon va Shuster: 2000 yil. ISBN  0-684-85799-5.
  • Seal, Uilyam. Prezident uyi. Oq uy tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi va Milliy geografik jamiyat: 1986 yil. ISBN  0-912308-28-1.
  • Seal, Uilyam, Oq uy: Amerika g'oyasi tarixi. Oq uy tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi: 1992, 2001. ISBN  0-912308-85-0.
  • Oq uy: tarixiy qo'llanma. Oq uy tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi va National Geographic Society: 2001 yil. ISBN  0-912308-79-6.

Tashqi havolalar

Koordinatalar: 38 ° 53′52 ″ N. 77 ° 02′11 ″ V / 38.89778 ° N 77.03639 ° Vt / 38.89778; -77.03639