Niall Fergyuson - Niall Ferguson

The betaraflik ushbu maqolaning bahsli. Tegishli munozarani munozara sahifasi. Iltimos, ushbu xabarni o'chirmang buning uchun shartlar bajariladi. (2020 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Niall Fergyuson
Tug'ilgan	Niall Kempbell Fergyuson (1964-04-18) 1964 yil 18 aprel (56 yosh) Glazgo, Lanarkshir, Shotlandiya
Fuqarolik	Inglizlar Amerika
Ta'lim	Glasgow akademiyasi
Olma mater	Magdalen kolleji, Oksford (BA, DP )
Ma'lum	Imperiya: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi, Sivilizatsiya: G'arb va qolganlar
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Syu Duglas ​ ​ (m. 1994; div 2011)​ Ayan Xirsi Ali ​ (m. 2011)​
Bolalar	5
Ilmiy martaba
Maydonlar	Xalqaro tarix, iqtisodiy va moliyaviy tarix, BIZ va Britaniya imperiyasining tarixi
Institutlar	Garvard universiteti Hoover instituti Stenford universiteti Xristos kolleji, Kembrij Piterxaus, Kembrij Xesus kolleji, Oksford London iqtisodiyot maktabi Nyu-York universiteti Pol H. Nitze ilg'or xalqaro tadqiqotlar maktabi Tsinghua universiteti
Doktor doktori	Norman Stone
Doktorantlar	Tayler Gudspid
Niall Fergyusonning ovozi 2012 yil iyun oyida qayd etilgan BBC Radio 4 dasturidan Reith ma'ruzalari
Veb-sayt	www.niallferguson.com

Niall Kempbell Fergyuson (/ˈniːl/; 1964 yil 18-aprelda tug'ilgan)^[1] a Shotlandiya -Amerika tarixchi va Milbank oilasining katta ilmiy xodimi Hoover instituti da Stenford universiteti.^[2] Ilgari u professor bo'lgan Garvard universiteti va Nyu-York universiteti, tashrif buyurgan professor Yangi gumanitar kollej va katta ilmiy xodim Xesus kolleji, Oksford.

Fergyuson yozadi va ma'ruzalar qiladi xalqaro tarix, iqtisodiy va moliyaviy tarixi va Inglizlar va Amerika imperializmi.^[3] Bilan bog'liq ijobiy qarashlari bilan tanilgan Britaniya imperiyasi.^[4] U bir vaqtlar istehzo bilan o'zini "to'liq to'langan a'zo" deb atagan neoimperialistik to'da "ga rioya qilgan holda 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish.^[5]

Ferguson muharriri bo'lib kelgan Bloomberg televideniesi^[6] va uchun sharhlovchi Newsweek. U oyiga ikki marta ustun yozishni boshladi Bloomberg fikri 2020 yil iyun oyida.^[7]

Fergyuson ko'plab televizion hujjatli seriallarni yozgan va taqdim etgan, shu jumladan Pulning ko'tarilishi 2009 yilda eng yaxshi hujjatli film uchun Xalqaro Emmi mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[8] 2004 yilda u biri sifatida tanilgan TIME jurnalning dunyodagi eng nufuzli 100 kishisi.^[9]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Fergyuson yilda tug'ilgan Glazgo, Shotlandiya, 1964 yil 18 aprelda shifokor Jeyms Kempbell Fergyuson va fizika o'qituvchisi Molli Arxibald Xemiltonga.^[10][11] U ishtirok etdi Glasgow akademiyasi.^[12] U an kabi tarbiyalangan va qolmoqda ateist Garchi u bolalarini dinni o'rganishga undagan bo'lsa va vaqti-vaqti bilan cherkovga boradigan bo'lsa.^[13]

Fergyuson otasida uning o'zini tuta bilish va mehnatning axloqiy qadr-qimmatini kuchaytirayotganini aytadi, onasi esa uning ijodiy tomonlarini rag'batlantirdi.^[14] Jurnalist onalik bobosi uni yozishga undagan.^[14] Fergyuson ingliz adabiyoti o'rniga Tarixni Universitetda o'qish haqidagi qarorini ikkita asosiy omil bilan izohlaydi: Leo Tolstoy oxirida Tarix haqidagi mulohazalar Urush va tinchlik (u o'n besh yoshida o'qigan) va uning tarixchi tomonidan juda hayratlanganligi A. J. P. Teylor.

Oksford universiteti

Fergyuson a demyship (eng yuqori stipendiya) dan Magdalen kolleji, Oksford.^[15] U erda talaba bo'lganida, u 90 daqiqalik talabalar filmini yozgan Gerkules Sprote mehnatlari, "Tunisdagi tun" jaz-guruhida kontrabas ijro etgan, talabalar jurnalini tahrir qilgan Irmoqva do'stlashdi Endryu Sallivan, kim qiziqish bildirgan bo'lsa o'ng siyosat va pank-musiqa.^[16] U a Tetcherit 1982 yilga kelib birinchi darajali mukofotlar daraja tarix 1985 yilda.^[15]

Fergyuson 1987 va 1988 yillarda Gamburg va Berlinda gansatik olim sifatida o'qigan Falsafa fanlari doktori daraja Oksford universiteti 1989 yilda: uning dissertatsiya "Germaniya inflyatsiyasidagi biznes va siyosat: Gamburg 1914–1924" deb nomlangan.^[17]

Karyera

Ilmiy martaba

1989 yilda Fergyuson ilmiy xodim sifatida ishlagan Xristos kolleji, Kembrij. 1990 yildan 1992 yilgacha u rasmiy hamkasb va o'qituvchi bo'lgan Piterxaus, Kembrij. Keyin u zamonaviy tarix bo'yicha hamkasbi va o'qituvchisi bo'ldi Xesus kolleji, Oksford 2000 yilda u siyosiy va moliyaviy tarix professori deb nomlangan. 2002 yilda Ferguson moliya tarixi bo'yicha Jon Gertsog professori bo'ldi Nyu-York universiteti Stern biznes maktabi va 2004 yilda u Laurence A. Tisch ning tarix professori bo'ldi Garvard universiteti va Uilyam Zigler biznes boshqaruvi professori Garvard biznes maktabi. 2010 yildan 2011 yilgacha Ferguson tarixda va xalqaro aloqalarda Filipp Rim kafedrasini egallab kelgan London iqtisodiyot maktabi.^[18] 2016 yilda Fergyuson Garvardni tark etdi^[19] da katta ilmiy xodim bo'lish Hoover instituti, u erda u 2005 yildan beri qo'shimcha yordamchi bo'lgan.

Fergyuson faxriy darajalarga ega bo'ldi Bukingem universiteti, Macquarie universiteti (Avstraliya) va Universidad Adolfo Ibanes (Chili). 2010 yil may oyida, Maykl Gove, ta'lim kotibi, Fergyusondan Angliya va Uels maktablari uchun "tarix bog'langan rivoyat sifatida" nomli yangi tarixiy o'quv dasturini ishlab chiqishda maslahat berishni so'radi.^[20][21] 2011 yil iyun oyida u boshqa akademiklar bilan birgalikda tashkil etilgan Yangi gumanitar kollej, Londondagi xususiy kollej.^[22]

2018 yilda hamkasb tarixchilar uni faqat taklif qilgani uchun tanqid qilganlaridan keyin Fergyuson kechirim so'radi oq tanlilar kuni Stenford konferentsiyasining ma'ruzachisi sifatida amaliy tarix.^[23]

Shuningdek, 2018 yilda Fergusonning Stenford universitetidagi ilg'or faol talabani obro'sizlantirishga qaratilgan harakatlarini hujjatlashtirilgan elektron pochta xabarlari, "Kardinal suhbatlar" da so'z erkinligi tashabbusiga taklif qilingan ma'ruzachilar Fergusonning tanloviga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan.^[24] U a Respublika talabani obro'sizlantirishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni topish uchun talabalar guruhi. Universitet ma'murlari uning xatti-harakatlaridan xabardor bo'lgach, Fergyuson dastur rahbarligidan iste'foga chiqdi.^[24][25] Fergyuson o'z ustunida javob qaytardi^[26] "Hozir elektron pochtamni qayta o'qing, ularning voyaga etmagan va kulgili ohanglari meni hayratga soladi." Mashhur g'alaba, - deb yozdim men Murrey voqeasidan keyin ertalab. "Endi biz ularni mayda-chuyda o'yini o'yiniga murojaat qilamiz. Erkinlikning narxi abadiy hushyorlikdir. " Keyin men qo'shib qo'ydim: "Janob O haqida muxolifat tomonidan olib borilgan ba'zi izlanishlar ham foydali bo'lishi mumkin" - bu norozilik namoyishi etakchisiga ishora, bularning hech biri sodir bo'lmadi. Talabalar qo'mitasining yig'ilishlari bir necha marta qoldirilgan edi. Hech kim hech qachon "Mr. O ". Bahorgi ta'til keldi. Elektron pochta xabarlaridan faqat ularning tarqalishi mening ishdan ketishimga sabab bo'lganligi keldi."

Biznes martaba

2000 yilda Fergyuson Boxmind asoschisi direktori bo'lgan,^[27] Oksfordda joylashgan ta'lim texnologiyalari kompaniyasi.

2006 yilda u Chimerica Media Ltd.^[28] Londonda joylashgan televizion prodyuserlik kompaniyasi.

2007 yilda Fergyuson tomonidan investitsiyalarni boshqarish bo'yicha maslahatchi etib tayinlandi GLG Hamkorlari, geosiyosiy tavakkalchilik, shuningdek investitsiya qarorlari bilan bog'liq iqtisodiy xatti-harakatlarning dolzarb tarkibiy muammolari to'g'risida maslahat berish.^[29] GLG Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan to'siq fondi boshchiligidagi boshqaruv firmasi Noam Gottesman.^[30] Fergyuson, shuningdek, Morgan Stanley investitsiya banki maslahatchisi bo'lgan.

2011 yilda u makroiqtisodiyot va geosiyosatga ixtisoslashgan "Greenmantle" mas'uliyati cheklangan jamiyatini tashkil etdi.

Shuningdek, u Affiliated Managers Group kengashida ijro etilmaydigan direktor bo'lib ishlaydi.

Siyosiy ishtirok

Fergyuson uning maslahatchisi edi Jon Makkeyn "s AQSh prezidentining 2008 yilgi kampaniyasi, qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Mitt Romni uning ichida 2012 yilgi aksiya va ashaddiy tanqidchi bo'lgan Barak Obama.^[31][32]

Notijorat tashkilot

Fergyuson Nyu-York tarixiy jamiyati va Londonda joylashgan Siyosatni o'rganish markazining ishonchli vakili.

Sharhlovchi, hujjatshunos va jamoat intellektuali kabi martaba

Fergyuson 1980 yillarning o'rtalaridan beri Britaniyaning gazeta va jurnallari uchun muntazam ravishda yozib boradi. O'sha paytda u bosh yozuvchi edi Daily Telegraph, va uchun muntazam kitob sharhlovchi Daily Mail.

1989 yil yozida, Berlinda sayohat qilayotganda, u ingliz gazetasiga vaqtinchalik "Berlin devori qulab tushmoqda" sarlavhali maqola yozgan, ammo u nashr etilmagan.^[33]

2000-yillarning boshlarida u haftalik ustun yozdi Sunday Telegraph va Los Angeles Times,^[34] 2007 yilda tark etib, a hissa qo'shadigan muharrir uchun Financial Times.^[35][36] 2008 va 2012 o'rtasida u muntazam ravishda yozgan Newsweek.^[20] 2015 yildan beri u Sunday Times va The Boston Globe uchun haftalik rukn yozdi, u dunyoning ko'plab maqolalarida chop etildi.

Fergyusonning "Pul ko'tarilishi" teleseriali^[37] 2009 yildagi Xalqaro Emmi mukofotini "Eng yaxshi hujjatli film" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[8] 2011 yilda uning "Chimerica Media" kinokompaniyasi o'zining birinchi metrajli hujjatli filmini chiqardi. KissincerNyu-York kinofestivali "Eng yaxshi hujjatli film" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.

Televizion hujjatli filmlar

• Imperiya: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi (2003)
• Amerika kolossusi (2004)
• Jahon urushi (2006)
• Pulning ko'tarilishi (2008)
• Sivilizatsiya: G'arbiy tarixmi? (2011)
• Kissincer (2011)
• Xitoy: Tantana va g'alayon (2012)
• Urushga achinish (2014)
• Networld (2020)

BBC Reith ma'ruzalari

Niall Fergyuson 2012 yilgi uchinchisini yozmoqda BBC Reith ma'ruzasi da Gresham kolleji.

2012 yil may oyida Bi-bi-si Niall Fergyuson o'zining yillik taqdimotini o'tkazishini e'lon qildi Reith ma'ruzalari - 1948 yilda birinchi marta efirga uzatilgan nufuzli radio-ma'ruzalar seriyasi. Ushbu to'rtta ma'ruza Qonun ustuvorligi va uning dushmanlari, texnogen institutlarning iqtisodiy va siyosiy sohalarda tutgan rolini ko'rib chiqing.^[38]

London Iqtisodiyot maktabida bo'lib o'tgan birinchi ma'ruzada Inson uyasi, Ferguson hukumat tomonidan ko'proq ochiqlikni talab qilib, ular barcha aktivlar va majburiyatlarni aniq ko'rsatadigan hisobvaraqlarni nashr etishlari kerakligini aytdi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hukumatlar, shuningdek, biznesning etakchisiga ergashishi va o'zlashtirishi kerak Umuman qabul qilingan buxgalteriya tamoyillari va, avvalambor, avlodlararo hisob-kitoblarni muntazam ravishda muntazam ravishda moliyaviy-moliya siyosatining avlodlararo ta'sirini aniq ko'rsatib turish kerak. Ma'ruzada Fergusonning aytishicha, yosh saylovchilar agar hukumatning tejamkorlik choralarini ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatlashi kerak, agar ular ushbu partiyaning savodxonligi darajasidan pastga tushishni istamasalar. bolalar boomeri avlod.^[39]

Ikkinchi ma'ruzada Darvin iqtisodiyoti, Ferguson global moliyaviy inqirozning sabablari va ko'plab odamlar undan tartibga solishning o'rni to'g'risida xulosa chiqargan xato xulosalarini aks ettiradi va tartibga solish aslida "davolanishni maqsad qilgan kasallik" bo'ladimi deb so'raydi.

Qonun manzarasi uchinchi ma'ruza bo'lib o'tdi Gresham kolleji. Bu tekshiradi qonun ustuvorligi qiyosiy ma'noda, qancha masofani so'rab umumiy Qonun Boshqa tizimlardan ustunlikka da'volari ishonchli va biz ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan dunyoda "sudralib yuruvchi degeneratsiya" davrida yashayapmizmi.

To'rtinchi va oxirgi ma'ruza, Fuqarolik va Fuqarolik Jamiyatlari, ma'lum bilim va qadriyatlarni saqlash va uzatish uchun mo'ljallangan (siyosiy, iqtisodiy va huquqiy sohalardan tashqari) institutlarga e'tibor qaratadi. Fergyuson zamonaviy davlat jimgina o'ldirayaptimi, deb so'raydi fuqarolik jamiyati G'arb dunyosida va g'arbiy bo'lmagan jamiyatlar jonli fuqarolik jamiyatini qurish uchun nima qilishi mumkin.

Birinchi ma'ruza efirga uzatildi BBC radiosi 4 va BBC Jahon xizmati seshanba, 2012 yil 19-iyun.^[40] Serialni BBC podkasti sifatida ko'rish mumkin.^[41]

Kitoblar

Naqd pul Nexus

Uning 2001 yilgi kitobida, Naqd pul Nexus, u bir yil o'tib Xublon-Norman do'sti sifatida yozgan Angliya banki,^[36] Fergyuson mashhur "pul dunyoni aylantiradi" degan so'zning noto'g'ri ekanligini ta'kidlaydi. Buning o'rniga u tarixdagi odamlarning xatti-harakatlari uchun faqatgina iqtisodiy muammolardan tashqari ko'proq sabab bo'lgan ishni taqdim etdi.

Imperiya: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi

Uning 2003 yilgi kitobida, Empire: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi, Fergyuson Britaniya imperiyasini provokatsion ravishda qayta talqin qilib, uni dunyoning eng buyuk zamonaviylashtiruvchi kuchlaridan biri sifatida ko'rsatmoqda. Imperiya steampower, telegraflar va muhandislar bilan mustahkam o'zgarishlarni va globallashuvni amalga oshirdi.^[42][43]

Bernard Porter, davomida o'z fikrlarini ifoda etgani bilan mashhur Porter - Makkenzi munozarasi Britaniya imperiyasiga hujum qildi Imperiya yilda London kitoblari sharhi "ingliz mustamlakachiligiga panegrik" sifatida.^[44] Ferguson bunga javoban Porterning e'tiborini kitobning xulosasiga qaratdi va u quyidagicha yozgan: "Hech kim Britaniya imperiyasining yozuvlari beg'ubor edi deb da'vo qilmaydi. Aksincha, men buni qanchalik tez-tez bajarolmaganligini ko'rsatishga harakat qildim. shaxsiy erkinlik idealiga, ayniqsa qullik, transport va mahalliy xalqlarning "etnik tozalanishi" ning dastlabki davrida yashaydi. " Ammo Fergyuson ta'kidlashicha, Britaniya imperiyasi alternativalardan afzalroq edi:

19-asr imperiyasi shubhasiz erkin savdo-sotiq, erkin kapital harakatlari va qullikni bekor qilish bilan erkin mehnatni boshlab berdi. U zamonaviy kommunikatsiyalarning global tarmog'ini rivojlantirishga ulkan mablag 'kiritdi. U keng hududlarda qonun ustuvorligini yoydi va amalga oshirdi. Garchi u ko'plab kichik urushlarga duch kelgan bo'lsa ham, imperiya oldin yoki undan keyin tengsiz global tinchlikni saqlab qoldi. 20-asrda ham imperiya nafaqat o'z mavjudligini oqladi. Tomonidan vakili bo'lgan Britaniya boshqaruviga muqobil variantlar uchun Nemis va Yapon imperiyalar aniq edi - va ular buni o'zlari ham tan oldilar - bundan ham yomoni. Va uning imperiyasi bo'lmagan holda, Angliya ularga qarshi turishi mumkinligi aqlga sig'maydi.^[44]

Koloss: Amerika imperiyasining ko'tarilishi va qulashi

2005 yilgi kitobida, Koloss: Amerika imperiyasining ko'tarilishi va qulashi, Fergyuson Qo'shma Shtatlarning erkin bozorlarni, qonun ustuvorligini va vakillik hukumatini globallashtirishga intilishini, ammo ajralmas ishchi kuchi va pulning uzoq muddatli majburiyatlaridan qochishini, kelib chiqadigan nizolarni hal qilishda faolroq rol o'ynashni taklif qiladi. davlatlarning muvaffaqiyatsizligi. ^[45] AQSh global mas'uliyat ko'lamini tan olmasdan, inkor etayotgan imperiya. ^[46] Amerikalik yozuvchi Maykl Lind Fergusonning chaqiruv yo'li bilan kengaytirilgan amerikalik harbiy xizmatni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga javoban, Fergusonni dunyodagi hukmron hokimiyat sifatida dunyoni yaratish va inson hayoti qiymatiga beparvo munosabatda bo'lish to'g'risida apokaliptik signalizatsiya qilishda aybladi.^[47]

Jahon urushi

Yilda Jahon urushi2006 yilda nashr etilgan Ferguson iqtisodiy beqarorlik, yemirilib borayotgan imperiyalar, psixopatik diktatorlar, irqiy / etnik motivlarga ega va institutsional zo'ravonlik natijada u "Tarixning nafrat davri" deb atagan urushlar va qirg'inlarga olib keldi. The New York Times Book Review nomlangan Jahon urushi 2006 yilda 100 Yilning eng taniqli kitoblaridan biri, shu bilan birga International Herald Tribune buni "tarixchining tushuntirishga qaratilgan eng qiziq urinishlaridan biri" deb atadi insonning insonga nisbatan g'ayriinsoniyligi ".^[48] Ferguson paradoksga murojaat qilib, 20-asr "juda qonli" bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, bu "mislsiz [iqtisodiy] taraqqiyot davri" edi. Uning oldingi ishlarida bo'lgani kabi Imperiya, Jahon urushi bilan birga edi 4-kanal Fergyuson tomonidan taqdim etilgan teleserial.^[49]

Pulning ko'tarilishi

2008 yilda nashr etilgan, Pulning ko'tarilishi pul, kredit va bank tarixini o'rganib chiqadi. Unda Fergyuson jahon iqtisodiyoti va xususan moliyaviy oqibatlarga olib keladigan moliyaviy inqirozni bashorat qilmoqda Qo'shma Shtatlar juda ko'p kreditdan foydalanish. U keltiradi Xitoy - AQSh dinamik u nimani nazarda tutadi Ximerika qaerda osiyolik "pul tejash "yaratishga yordam berdi ipoteka inqirozi oson pul oqimi bilan.^[50] 2007 yil boshida ushbu kitobni tadqiq qilish paytida Fergyuson Las-Vegasda bo'lib o'tgan konferentsiyada qatnashdi, unda to'siq fondi menejeri hech qachon boshqa tanazzul bo'lmaydi deb aytdi. Fergyuson bunga qarshi chiqdi va keyinchalik ikkalasi besh yil ichida turg'unlik bo'lishiga 14000 dollar, 7 dan 1 gacha pul tikish to'g'risida kelishib oldilar. Fergyuson 98 ming dollar yig'di.^[51]

Sivilizatsiya

2011 yilda nashr etilgan, Sivilizatsiya: G'arb va qolganlar Fergyuson bugungi kunning eng "qiziq savoli" deb ataydigan narsani ko'rib chiqadi: "Nima uchun, 1500 atrofida boshlanadi, Evroosiyo quruqligining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan bir nechta kichik siyosat dunyoning qolgan qismida hukmronlik qildimi? " ^[52]

The Iqtisodchi sharhda shunday yozilgan:

1500 yilda Evropaning kelajakdagi imperatorlik kuchlari dunyo hududlarining 10 foizini nazorat qilib, uning boyligining 40 foizidan sal ko'proqrog'iga ega bo'lishdi. 1913 yilga kelib, imperiya avjiga chiqqan paytda G'arb hududlarning deyarli 60 foizini egallab olgan, ular birgalikda boylikning deyarli 80 foizini ishlab chiqargan. Bu ajablanarli haqiqat, "barcha tsivilizatsiyalarni qandaydir bir xil darajada tenglashtiradigan" zaif ruhiy relyativizm bilan tarixni qamrab olgan avlodni afsuslantiradi.^[53]

Fergyuson bu xilma-xillikni G'arbning oltitaning rivojlanishi bilan bog'laydi "qotil dasturlari "u 1500 yilda dunyoning boshqa joylarida yo'qolgan deb topdi."musobaqa, ilmiy uslub, qonun ustuvorligi, zamonaviy tibbiyot, iste'molchilik va ish axloqi ".^[20]

Fergyuson G'arbning "qotil dasturlari" G'arbga "Qolganlar" ustidan g'alaba qozonishiga qanday yo'l qo'yganini taqqoslab, taqqosladi.^[53] Fergyuson Evropa savdogarlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatli va vahshiyona raqobat Tsin Xitoyning statik va tartibli jamiyatiga qaraganda ancha ko'proq boylik yaratganini ta'kidladi. Ser kabi mutafakkirlarga bag'rikenglik berildi Isaak Nyuton Styuartda Angliyaning Usmonli imperiyasida tengdoshi yo'q edi Takiyuddin Islom diniga zid bo'lganligi uchun "kufr" rasadxonasi buzib tashlandi. Bu G'arb tsivilizatsiyasi Islom tsivilizatsiyasi hech qachon erisha olmaydigan ilmiy yutuqlarni amalga oshirishga qodirligini ta'minladi. Hurmat xususiy mulk Lotin Amerikasi qashshoqlik botqog'ida qolgan va qolaversa, Buyuk Britaniyada Ispaniyada bo'lgani kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Kanadaning farovon jamiyatlarga aylanishiga olib keldi.^[53]

Fergyuson, shuningdek, zamonaviy G'arb o'zining chekkasini yo'qotganligini va kelajak Osiyo xalqlariga tegishli ekanligini ta'kidladi Xitoy, G'arbning "qotil dasturlari" ni qabul qilgan.^[53] Fergyusonning ta'kidlashicha, yaqin yillarda G'arb va Xitoyning barqaror pasayishi kuzatiladi va qolgan Osiyo davlatlari ko'tarilayotgan kuchlar bo'ladi.^[53]

Tegishli hujjatli film Sivilizatsiya: G'arbiy tarixmi? olti qismli serial sifatida namoyish etildi 4-kanal 2011 yil mart va aprel oylarida.^[54]

Kissincer: 1923-1968: idealist

Kissincer idealist, 2015 yil sentyabr oyida nashr etilgan I jild, rejalashtirilgan ikki qismli biografiyasining birinchi qismidir Genri Kissincer uning shaxsiy hujjatlari asosida. Kitob Kissincerning 1972 yilda yozgan xatidan iqtibos bilan boshlanadi. Kitobda Kissincerning 1938 yilda qochqin bo'lganidan va Germaniyadan qochib ketganidan, AQSh armiyasida Ikkinchi jahon urushida "erkin odam" sifatida xizmat qilishgacha, Garvard. Shuningdek, kitobda Kissincerning Kennedi ma'muriyatiga qo'shilish tarixi va keyinchalik uning tashqi siyosatiga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lish tarixi Nelson Rokfeller Prezidentning uchta muvaffaqiyatsiz taklifida, nihoyat unga qo'shilish Nikson ma'muriyat. Kitobga Kissingerning erta bahosi ham kiritilgan Vetnam urushi va uning Parijda Shimoliy Vetnam bilan muzokara olib borishga bo'lgan sa'y-harakatlari. Iqtisodchi haqida sharhda yozgan Idealist"" Garvardda ham ingliz tarixchisi bo'lgan janob Fergyuson ilgari ba'zan shoshilinch va notekis ishlarni ishlab chiqargan. Bu erda emas. Janob Kissincer singari yoki undan nafratlaning, bu juda zo'r ilmiy ishdir. "^[55] Ning salbiy sharhida Idealist, amerikalik jurnalist Maykl O'Donnell Fergusonning Kissincerning Niksonning Prezident etib saylanishiga qadar qilgan harakatlarini talqin qilishiga shubha bildirdi.^[56] Endryu Roberts The New York Times-da kitobni yuqori baholadi,^[57] Xulosa: "Niall Fergyusonda allaqachon juda ko'p muhim, ilmiy va munozarali kitoblar bor. Ammo agar" Kissincer "ning ikkinchi jildi ham birinchisiga o'xshash keng qamrovli, yaxshi yozilgan va perchinlangan bo'lsa, bu uning asaridir."

Maydon va minora

Ferguson ning o'zgartirilgan versiyasini taklif qildi guruh tanlovi tarixni inson tarmoqlari evolyutsiyasi bilan izohlash mumkin. U shunday yozgan edi: "Inson o'zining tengsiz asab tarmog'i bilan dunyoga keldi ga tarmoq. "^[58] Sarlavha, ierarxik, "minorali" tarmoqlardan shaxslar orasidagi xushomadli, "kvadrat" tarmoq ulanishlariga o'tishni anglatadi. Jon Grey kitobni ko'rib chiqishda ishonch hosil qilinmadi. U shunday yozgan: "U metafora aralashmasini taklif qiladi va yangi ilm nimani anglatadi".^[59] "Niall Fergyuson yana ajoyib kitob yozdi", deb yozgan Deyl Makkloski "The Wall Street Journal" da,^[60] "bu safar yovvoyi bozorni boshqarishning an'anaviy yuqoridan pastga tamoyillari va xalqaro tartibni himoya qilish uchun. Maydon va minora itoatsiz dunyoni qancha va kim tomonidan boshqarilishi kerakligi haqida savol tug'diradi. Hamma ham rozi bo'lmaydi, lekin hamma maftunkor va o'qimishli bo'ladi. … "Kvadrat va minora" har doim o'qish mumkin, aqlli va o'ziga xosdir. Siz uxlashdan bir kecha oldin bir bobni yutishingiz mumkin va sizning orzularingiz Stendalning "Qizil va qora", Napoleon, Kissincer sahnalari bilan to'lib toshadi. 400 sahifada siz o'zingizning fikringizni qayta tiklagan bo'lasiz. Buni qiling. "

Fikrlar va tadqiqotlar

Fergyuson tadqiqotlari va xulosalari, xususan, ish yuritadigan odamlarning tortishuvlariga olib keldi chap qanot siyosati.^[20]

Birinchi jahon urushi

1998 yilda Fergyuson nashr etdi Urushga achinish: Birinchi jahon urushini tushuntirishyordami bilan ilmiy yordamchilar u faqat besh oy ichida yozishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[15][16] Bu Fergyuson o'nta buyuk afsona deb hisoblagan narsa haqida analitik hisobot Buyuk urush. Kitob juda ko'p tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi, xususan, Fergusonning Angliya ushbu kitobdan chetda qolganda, Evropa uchun foydaliroq bo'lishi mumkin degan taklifi. Birinchi jahon urushi 1914 yilda Germaniya g'alaba qozonishiga imkon berdi.^[61] Fergyusonning ta'kidlashicha, Britaniyaning aralashish haqidagi qarori 1914–15 yillarda nemislarning g'alabasini to'xtatgan. Bundan tashqari, Fergyuson bu bilan rozi emasligini bildirdi Sonderweg kabi ba'zi nemis tarixchilari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Germaniya tarixining talqini Fritz Fischer, Xans-Ulrix Veyler, Xans Mommsen va Volfgang Mommsen, deb ta'kidlagan Germaniya imperiyasi 1914 yilda qasddan tajovuzkor urushni boshlagan. Xuddi shunday Fergyuson ham tez-tez nemis tarixchisi asariga hujum qilgan. Maykl Shturmer, bu Germaniyaning geografik holati deb ta'kidlagan Markaziy Evropa bu Germaniya tarixining yo'nalishini belgilab berdi.

Aksincha, Fergyuson Germaniya a profilaktik urush 1914 yilda, asosan, beparvo va mas'uliyatsiz ingliz diplomatiyasi tomonidan nemislarga majbur qilingan urush. Xususan, Fergyuson ayblanuvchini aybladi Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Ser Edvard Grey Buyuk Britaniyaning urushga kirishadimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga noaniq munosabatni saqlab qolish va shu bilan urushga aralashish masalasida inglizlarning munosabati qanday bo'lganligi sababli Berlinni chalkashtirib yuborish.^[62] Fergyuson Londonni Evropada mintaqaviy urushni jahon urushiga aylanib ketishiga asossiz yo'l qo'yganlikda aybladi. Bundan tashqari, Fergyuson kelib chiqishini rad etdi Milliy sotsializm Imperator Germaniyasida kuzatilishi mumkin edi; o'rniga Ferguson buni tasdiqladi natsizmning kelib chiqishi faqat Birinchi Jahon urushi va undan keyingi davrda kuzatilishi mumkin edi.

Fergyuson kitobda "afsonalar" deb nomlagan bir qator g'oyalarga hujum qildi. Ular bu erda (uning qarama-qarshi argumentlari bilan qavs ichida) berilgan:

• Germaniya 1914 yilgacha juda militaristik mamlakat bo'lganligi (Fergyuson Germaniya Evropaning eng antitaritaristik mamlakati bo'lgan).^[63]
• Germaniya tomonidan o'rnatilgan ushbu dengiz muammolari Buyuk Britaniyani 1914 yilgacha Frantsiya va Rossiya bilan norasmiy ittifoqlarga undadi (Fergyusonning ta'kidlashicha, inglizlar o'sha xalqlarning kuchi tufayli tinchlik shakli sifatida Frantsiya va Rossiya bilan ittifoqlarni tanladilar va Angliya-Germaniya ittifoqi amalga oshmadi. nemislarning zaifligi tufayli).^[64]
• Buyuk Britaniyaning tashqi siyosati Germaniyadan qonuniy qo'rquvga asoslangan edi (Fergyuson 1914 yilgacha Germaniya Buyuk Britaniyaga hech qanday xavf tug'dirmaganligini va Germaniyaning barcha ingliz qo'rquvlari mantiqsiz anti-Germaniya xurofotidan kelib chiqqan).^[65]
• 1914 yilgacha bo'lgan qurollanish poygasi barqaror bo'lmagan tezlikda milliy byudjetlarning har doimgidan ko'proq qismini iste'mol qilayotgani (Fergyuson 1914 yilgacha ko'proq harbiy xarajatlarni cheklash iqtisodiy emas, siyosiy bo'lgan deb ta'kidlaydi).^[66]
• Birinchi jahon urushi xuddi shunday edi Fritz Fischer Germaniyaning Evropani zabt etishini to'xtatish uchun Buyuk Britaniyaning ishtirokini talab qiladigan Germaniya tomonidan qilingan bosqinchilik urushi (Fergyusonning ta'kidlashicha, agar Germaniya g'alaba qozonganida, 1914 yilda Evropa Ittifoqi kabi bir narsa yaratilgan bo'lar edi va bu shunday bo'lar edi agar Buyuk Britaniya 1914 yilda urushdan voz kechishni tanlagan bo'lsa, eng yaxshisi).^[67]
• Aksariyat odamlar 1914 yilda urush boshlanganidan xursand bo'lishgan (Fergyuson aksariyat evropaliklar urush kelayotganidan g'amgin edilar).^[67]
• Ushbu targ'ibot erkaklar bilan jang qilishni xohlashda muvaffaqiyat qozondi (Fergyuson buning teskarisini ta'kidlaydi).^[68]
• Ittifoqchilarning iqtisodiy resurslaridan eng yaxshi foydalanganligi (Fergyuson ittifoqchilar o'zlarining iqtisodiy resurslarini "talon-taroj qilgan" deb ta'kidlaydilar).^[67]
• Inglizlar va frantsuzlarning qo'shinlari yaxshiroq ekanligi (Fergyuson Germaniya armiyasi ustunligini da'vo qilmoqda).^[69]
• Ittifoqchilar nemislarni o'ldirishda samaraliroq ekanligi (Fergyuson nemislar ittifoqchilarni o'ldirishda samaraliroq deb ta'kidlaydi).^[70]
• Aksariyat askarlar urushda jang qilishdan nafratlanishgan (Fergyuson ko'pchilik askarlar ozmi-ko'pmi xohish bilan jang qilgan).^[71]
• Inglizlarning nemis harbiy asirlariga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganligi (Fergyuson inglizlar muntazam ravishda nemis harbiylarini o'ldirgan deb ta'kidlaydi).^[72]
• Germaniya duch kelgan narsa kompensatsiyalar 1921 yildan keyin uni to'lashning iloji yo'q edi, chunki bu iqtisodiy zararga olib keldi (Fergyuson Germaniya siyosiy iroda bo'lganida, tovonlarni osongina to'lashi mumkin edi).^[73]

Yana bir tortishuvli tomoni Urushga achinish Ferguson tomonidan ishlatilgan qarama-qarshi tarix "spekulyativ" yoki "faraziy" tarix nomi bilan ham tanilgan. Kitobda Fergyuson Evropaning imperatorlik Germaniyasi hukmronligi ostida tinch, farovon, demokratik qit'ada, kabi mafkuralarga ega bo'lmaganligi haqidagi faraziy versiyasini taqdim etadi. kommunizm yoki Italiya fashizmi.^[74] Fergyusonning fikriga ko'ra, Germaniya Birinchi Jahon urushida g'alaba qozonganida, millionlab odamlar hayotini saqlab qolishgan bo'lar edi Yevropa Ittifoqi 1914 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lar edi va Angliya imperiya hamda dunyodagi hukmron moliyaviy qudrat bo'lib qolaverdi.^[74]

Frantsuz tarixchilari Stefan Audino-Ruzo va Annett Beker Fergyusonning ko'pgina metodologiyasi va xulosalarida shubhali edilar. Urushga achinish, ammo uni Ferguson urushning shu paytgacha e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan qorong'i tomonini fosh qilganini ta'kidlab, asirlarni qatl etish bilan bog'liq bob uchun maqtagan.^[75] Amerikalik yozuvchi Maykl Lind haqida yozgan Urushga achinish:

Tarixchi kabi Jon Charmli Ikkinchi Jahon urushi misolida xuddi shu istakni bildirgan Ferguson ingliz konservatizmining chekka elementiga mansub bo'lib, 20-asrning birinchi yarmida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va qudratini chetga surib qo'ygan nemis-ingliz kelishuvining yo'qligidan afsuslanadi. Britaniya imperiyasiga shu kungacha omon qolish imkoniyatini bergan. Fergyusonning fikriga ko'ra Angliya Birinchi Jahon urushidan chetda qolishi va Imperator Germaniyaga Frantsiya va Rossiyani parchalashiga va Atlantika dan Yaqin Sharqgacha qit'a imperiyasini yaratishiga yo'l qo'yishi kerak edi. Bu hazil Fergyusonning amerikalik konservativ muxlislariga tegishli, chunki u Kayzer Germaniyasining mag'lubiyatidan afsusda, chunki u Britaniya imperiyasini Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bilan almashtirishni va London shahrining tutilishini Uoll-Stritga tezlashtirdi.^[47]

Germaniyada tug'ilgan amerikalik tarixchi Gerxard Vaynberg sharhida Urushga achinish Fergusonni Britaniya uchun go'yo hech qanday xavf tug'dirmaydigan Germaniyaga qarshi kurashish ahmoqlik degan tezisni ilgari surgani uchun qattiq tanqid qildi.^[76] Vaynberg Fergyusonni 1897 yildan boshlab Vilgelm II ning tashqi siyosatdagi asosiy maqsadlarini umuman e'tiborsiz qoldirishda aybladi. Weltpolitik ("Jahon siyosati") va Fergyusonning Germaniyaga Frantsiya va Rossiyani mag'lub etishiga imkon berish Buyuk Britaniya uchun hech qanday xavf tug'dirmasligini da'vo qilish bema'nilik edi.^[76] Vaynberg Fergyuson Germaniyaning manfaatlari faqat Evropa bilan cheklangan deb da'vo qilgani noto'g'ri deb yozgan va agar shunday bo'lsa, shunday deb ta'kidlagan Reyx 1914 yilda Frantsiyani mag'lubiyatga uchratdi, shunda Germaniya Osiyo va Afrikadagi frantsuz mustamlakalarini o'z zimmasiga olgan bo'lar edi, bu nafaqat Evropada, balki butun dunyo bo'ylab kuchlar muvozanatiga ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin edi.^[76] Va nihoyat, Vaynberg Fergusonga da'vo qilgani uchun hujum qildi Tirpitz rejasi Angliya uchun bu xavfli emas edi va Britaniyaning Germaniyaning dengiz ambitsiyalaridan qo'rqish uchun hech qanday asoslari yo'q edi, kinoya bilan shunday deb so'radi: agar bu haqiqatan ham shunday bo'lsa, unda nega inglizlar o'zlarining parklarining ko'p qismini dunyo bo'ylab Shimoliy dengizga qayta joylashtirdilar va shuncha pul sarfladilar? ichida harbiy kemalarni qurish uchun pul Angliya-Germaniya dengiz qurollanish poygasi ?^[76] Vaynberg Fergyusonni Germaniya va Buyuk Britaniya tarixini buzib ko'rsatishda aybladi va uning Angliya hech qachon Germaniya bilan jang qilmasligi kerak degan tezisiga to'g'ri kelmaydigan dalillarni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. Urushga achinish tarixiy provokatsiya sifatida qiziqarli bo'lgan, ammo tarix kabi ishonarli bo'lmagan.^[77]

Rotshildlar

Fergyuson taniqli shaxs haqida ikki jild yozgan Rotshildlar oilasi: Rotshild uyi: 1-jild: Pulning payg'ambarlari: 1798–1848 va Rotshild uyi: 2-jild: Jahon banki: 1849-1999. Ushbu kitoblar asl arxiv tadqiqotlari natijasi edi.^[78] Kitoblar biznes tarixi bo'yicha Wadsworth mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi va shuningdek, qisqa ro'yxatga kiritilgan Yahudiylarning choraklik qanotli adabiy mukofoti va Amerika milliy yahudiylar kitobi mukofoti.^[36]

Kitoblar ba'zi tarixchilar tomonidan keng e'tirof etilgan,^[78] garchi ular ba'zi tanqidlarga duch kelishgan bo'lsa ham. Jon Lyuis Gaddis, a Sovuq urush - tarixchi tarixchi Fergyusonning "beqiyos diapazoni, mahsuldorligi va ko'rinishini" yuqori baholadi, shu bilan birga kitobni ishontirmaydigan va qarama-qarshi da'volarni o'z ichiga olgan deb tanqid qildi.^[79] Marksist tarixchi Erik Xobsbom Fergyusonni ajoyib tarixchi sifatida maqtagan, ammo uni "imperiya nostalgisti" sifatida tanqid qilgan.^[80][81] Fergyusonning keyinchalik yozilgan kitobini aralash sharhida, Jahon urushi: Tarixning nafrat davri, sharhlovchi Iqtisodchi Fergyusonning Rotshildlar haqidagi ikkita kitobini "bu turdagi eng yaxshi tadqiqotlardan biri sifatida" qanchalik qadrlashini tasvirlab berdi.^[82]

Robert Skidelskiy Nyu-Yorkdagi Kitoblar kitobida yozganida Fergyusonni maqtagan:^[83] "Birgalikda Fergyusonning ikki jildi ajoyib yutuq, tarixiy izlanishlar va tasavvurlarning g'alabasi. Hech bir jiddiy tarixchi XIX asr siyosati, diplomatiyasi va iqtisodiyoti o'rtasidagi aloqani yana bir xil tarzda yozolmaydi. Va har qanday kishi kabi tarixning yaxshi ishi bajarilishi kerak, bu bizni doimo o'z yoshimizga oid savollar berishga undaydi, biz yana bir bor dunyo hukumatisiz jahon iqtisodiyotining ulkan tajribasini boshladik. "

Qarama-qarshi tarix

Fergyuson ba'zan chempion bo'ladi qarama-qarshi tarix, shuningdek, "spekulyativ" yoki "gipotetik" tarix sifatida tanilgan va esselar to'plamini tahrir qilgan. Virtual tarix: muqobil va kontraktual narsalar (1997), mavzuni o'rganish. Fergyuson muqobil natijalarni tarixning kutilmagan tomonlarini ta'kidlash usuli sifatida tasavvur qilishni yaxshi ko'radi. Fergyuson uchun buyuk kuchlar tarixga kirmaydi; shaxslar qiladi, va hech narsa oldindan belgilanmagan. Shunday qilib, Fergyuson uchun tarixda ishlar qanday ketishini aniqlaydigan yo'llar yo'q. Dunyo na rivojlanmoqda va na orqaga qaytmoqda; yaxshiroq yoki yomon dunyoda yashashimizni faqat shaxslarning harakatlari belgilaydi. Uning uslub bo'yicha chempioni maydon ichida bahsli bo'lib kelgan.^[84] 2011 yilda Fergyusonning kitobini ko'rib chiqishda Sivilizatsiya: G'arb va qolganlar, Noel Malkolm (Tarix bo'yicha katta ilmiy xodim Barcha qalblar kolleji da Oksford universiteti ) quyidagilarni ta'kidlagan: "Talabalar buni insoniyat tarixining keng doirasi uchun qiziq bir kirishishi mumkin; ammo ular ushbu kitobdan bilib olsalar, qanday qilib tarixiy dalillarni o'tkazish kerakligi haqida g'alati tasavvurga ega bo'lishadi."^[85]

Genri Kissincer

2003 yilda, avvalgi AQSh davlat kotibi Genri Kissincer Fergyusonga unga kirish imkoniyatini taqdim etdi oq uy Ferguson Kissincerning "siğillar va umuman tarjimai holi" deb ataganiga oid kundaliklar, xatlar va arxivlar.^[86] 2015 yilda u birinchi jildni ikki qismli tarjimai holida nashr qildi Kissincer: 1923-1968: idealist Penguin Press-dan.

Ushbu birinchi jildning tezisi shuni anglatadiki, Kissincer o'zining ilmiy va siyosiy rivojlanishida faylasuf tomonidan juda ta'sirlangan Immanuil Kant va ayniqsa Kantning talqinida u ustozidan o'rgangan Garvard universiteti, Uilyam Yandell Elliott.

Britaniya imperiyasi

Ferguson buni maqtadi Britaniya imperiyasi, "" Menimcha, chap tomonning aybi bilan bu ishni qilish qiyin, agar evropaliklar uyda qolsalar, dunyo qandaydir tarzda yaxshi bo'lar edi. " ^[20] Ferguson zamonaviy Evropa tafakkuriga xos ekanligini ta'kidlagan "o'zini tanqid qilish" deb atagan narsaga tanqidiy munosabatda.^[20]

Axloqiy soddalashtirish g'ayrati juda kuchli, ayniqsa, bu mamlakatda imperator aybdorligi o'z-o'zini tanqid qilishga olib kelishi mumkin ", dedi u muxbirga." Va bu juda sodda hukmlarga olib keladi. Evropa imperiyalariga qadar g'arbiy Afrikaning hukmdorlari biron bir skaut lageri ishlamagan. Ular qul savdosi bilan shug'ullanishgan. Ular mamlakat iqtisodiy resurslarini rivojlantirishning nol belgisini ko'rsatdilar. Senegal oxir-oqibat frantsuz hukmronligidan foyda ko'rdimi? Ha, aniq. Va mahalliy hokimlar qandaydir tarzda iqtisodiy rivojlanishda ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishgan bo'lar edi degan qarama-qarshi fikr umuman ishonchga ega emas.

^[20]

Fergyuson va imperiyaning tanqidiy qarashlari

Tarixchilar va sharhlovchilar uning bu boradagi fikrlarini ko'rib chiqdilar va "jasoratli", ammo "noto'g'ri" dan tortib, har xil so'zlar bilan tanqidiy baho berishdi^[87] "ma'lumotli",^[88] "shuhratparast" va "bezovta qiluvchi", "yolg'on va xavfli" kechirim so'rashga qadar.^[89].^[90] Richard Dreyton, Rhodes imperatorlik tarixi professori da London qirollik kolleji, to'g'ri ekanligini ta'kidladi Seumas Milne "Fergyusonni zamonaviy buyuk kuchlar manfaatlari yo'lida" imperiyani qayta tiklash "harakati bilan bog'lash".^[91][92] 2011 yil noyabr oyida Pankaj Mishra ko'rib chiqildi Sivilizatsiya: G'arb va qolganlar nojoiz London kitoblarning sharhi.^[93] Fergyuson kechirim so'ragan va ayblov bilan Mishrani sudga berish bilan tahdid qilgan tuhmat irqchilik ayblovlari tufayli.^[94]

Jon Uilson, tarix fakulteti professori London qirollik kolleji, muallifi Hindiston g'alaba qozondi, 2016 yilda Fergusonning argumentlarini rad etishga qaratilgan kitob Empire: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi, ning salbiy elementlarini kim kataloglaydi Britaniyalik Raj,^[95] va tasvirlaydi Imperiya TV dasturi (2003) "yolg'on va xavfli" ^[89] Uilson Fergusonning ingliz yangiliklari Hindistonga olib kelgan degan fikriga qo'shiladi, davlat xizmatlari, ta'lim va temir yo'llar, foydali edi yon effektlar, lekin ruhida qilinganligi uchun ularni ayblaydi Shaxsiy manfaat dan ko'ra Altruizm.^[95][96]

Fergusonning Angliya demokratiyani, erkin savdo-sotiqni, kapitalizmni, qonun ustuvorligini, protestantizmni va ingliz tilini tarqatish orqali "zamonaviy dunyoni yaratdi" degan da'vosi haqida, Uilson Ferguson buni qanday amalga oshirilganligini hech qachon aniq tushuntirmagan deb aybladi.^[97] Buning sababi Ferguson tomonidan inglizlar tomonidan boshqarilgan xalqlar tarixiga qiziqishning yo'qligi edi, shuning uchun ular mustamlakachilar va mustamlakachilar o'rtasidagi o'zaro aloqalar Hindiston kabi joylarda Britaniya madaniyati jihatlarini o'z ichiga olganligini anglay olmadilar. va jozibador bo'lmagan boshqalarni rad etish paytida ularga yoqadigan qoidalar.^[98] Uilson hukmdorlar va hukmronlar o'rtasidagi bu o'zaro ta'sir yanada murakkabroq degan fikrni ilgari suradi va Fergusonning inglizlarni inglizlarni "faol", hindlarni esa passiv qilib tasvirlaydigan "o'zgartiradigan" Hindiston haqidagi bir tomonlama rasmiga zid keladi.^[99] Uilson Fergyuson imperiyaga britaniyalik bo'lmagan ko'zlar bilan qaray olmadi, deb aytdi, chunki bu uning qadriyatlarini "boshqasiga" yuklash orqali "zamonaviy dunyoni yaratdi" degan da'vosiga qarshi chiqish va imperiya tarixi. Fergyuson taqdim qilmoqchi bo'lgan sodda versiyasidan ancha murakkab edi.^[100]

Islom va "Eurabia"

Metyu Karr yozgan Musobaqa va sinf "Niall Fergyuson, konservativ ingliz tarixchisi va yangi Amerika imperiyasining g'ayratli himoyachisi, shuningdek, Evropa keng tarqalgan "Eurabia?" nomli maqoladagi g'oya,^[101] "Evropani nasroniylashtirishdan" va qit'aning dunyoviyligidan afsuslanib, uni "aqidaparastlik oldida zaif" qilib qo'ygan. "Karr qo'shimcha qiladi" Ferguson yaqinda tashkil etilgan bo'limni ko'rmoqda Islomshunoslik uning (Oksford kollejida) "sudralib yurishning" yana bir alomati sifatida Islomlashtirish dekadent davri Xristian olami ', "va 2004 yilgi ma'ruzada Amerika Enterprise Institute "Evropaning oxiri?" deb nomlangan,^[102]

Fergyuson xuddi shunday zarba berdi Spenglerian Eslatib o'tamiz, "impire" atamasini o'z ichiga olgan holda, "siyosiy birlik, tashqi tomonga qarab kengayish, kuchni eksport qilish o'rniga, energiya tashqi tomondan ushbu ob'ektga kirib kelganda" sodir bo'ladigan jarayonni tasvirlaydi. Fergyusonning fikriga ko'ra, bu jarayon mag'lubiyatga uchragan tsivilizatsiya va Islomning halokatli quchog'iga zulmat tomon siljiydigan, tanazzulga uchragan 'xristianlikdan keyingi' Evropada allaqachon boshlangan edi.^[103]

In 2015, Ferguson deplored the Parij hujumlari tomonidan sodir etilgan Islomiy davlat terrorists, but stated he was not going to "stand" with the French as he argued that France was a lost cause, a declining state faced with an unstoppable Islamic wave that would sweep away everything that tried to oppose it.^[104] Ferguson compared the modern Yevropa Ittifoqi uchun G'arbiy Rim imperiyasi, describing modern Europe as not that different from the world depicted by Edvard Gibbon uning kitobida Rim imperiyasining tanazzuli va qulashi.^[104] Ferguson wrote that:

Uncannily similar processes are destroying the European Union today...Let us be clear about what is happening. Like the Roman Empire in the early fifth century, Europe has allowed its defenses to crumble. As its wealth has grown, so its military prowess has shrunk, along with its self-belief. It has grown decadent in its shopping malls and sports stadiums. At the same time, it has opened its gates to outsiders who have coveted its wealth without renouncing their ancestral faith.^[104]

Ferguson wrote the mass influx of refugees into Europe from Syria was a modern version of the Völkerwanderung qachon Hunlar burst out of Asia and invaded Europe, causing millions of the German xalqlari to flee into the presumed safety of the Roman Empire, smashing their way in as the Romans attempted unsuccessfully to stop the Germans from entering the empire.^[104] Ferguson writes that Gibbon was wrong to claim the Roman Empire collapsed slowly and argues that the view among a growing number of modern scholars is that the collapse of the Roman empire was swift and violent; unforeseeable by Romans of the day, just as the collapse of modern European civilization would likewise be for modern Europeans.^[104]

In 2017, Ferguson opined that the West had insufficiently heeded the rise of militant Islam and its global consequences in the same way it failed to predict that the rise of Lenin would lead to the further spread of communism and conflict around the world^[105]:

Ask yourself how effectively we in the West have responded to the rise of militant Islam since the Iranian Revolution unleashed its Shi’ite variant and since 9/11 revealed the even more aggressive character of Sunni Islamism. I fear we have done no better than our grandfathers did.

Foreign intervention—the millions of dollars that have found their way from the Gulf to radical mosques and Islamic centres in the West.

Incompetent liberals—the proponents of multiculturalism who brand any opponent of jihad an “Islamophobe”. Clueless bankers—the sort who fall over themselves to offer “sharia-compliant” loans and bonds. Fellow travellers—the leftists who line up with the Muslim Brotherhood to castigate Israel at every opportunity. And the faint-hearted—those who were so quick to pull out of Iraq in 2009 that they allowed the rump of al-Qaeda to morph into Isis.

A century ago it was the West’s great blunder to think it would not matter if Lenin and his confederates took over the Russian Empire, despite their stated intention to plot world revolution and overthrow both democracy and capitalism. Incredible as it may seem, I believe we are capable of repeating that catastrophic error. I fear that, one day, we shall wake with a start to discover that the Islamists have repeated the Bolshevik achievement, which was to acquire the resources and capability to threaten our existence.

During a 2018 debate, Ferguson asserted that he is not anti-immigration or opposed to Muslims, but felt that sections of Europe's political and intellectual classes had failed to predict the cultural and political consequences of large scale migration. He furthermore stated that Islam differs from Judaism and Christianity through being "designed differently" as a political ideology that does not recognize the separation of mosque with the secular and temporal, and that the Muslim world had followed an opposite trend to most of Western society by becoming less secularized and more literal in following holy scripture. He concluded that if Europe kept pursuing large scale migration from pious Muslim countries combined with poor structures of economic and cultural integration, it is "highly likely" that networks of fundamentalist davat will grow by drawing in culturally and economically unassimilated Muslim migrants.^[106]

Iroq urushi

Ferguson supported the 2003 Iroq urushi, and he is on record as being not necessarily opposed to future western incursions around the world.

It's all very well for us to sit here in the West with our high incomes and cushy lives, and say it's immoral to violate the suverenitet boshqa davlatning. But if the effect of that is to bring people in that country economic and political freedom, to raise their standard of living, to increase their life expectancy, then don't rule it out.^[20]

2016 yil Amerika saylovlari

On the rise of Respublika partiyasi prezidentlikka nomzod Donald Tramp, Ferguson was quoted in early 2016: "If you bother to read some of the serious analysis of Trump's support, you realize that it's a very fragile thing and highly unlikely to deliver what he needs in the crucial first phase of the primaries ... By the time we get to March–April, it's all over. I think there's going to be a wonderful catharsis, I'm really looking forward to it: Trump's humiliation. Bring it on."^[107] Trump eventually won the nomination.

Uch hafta oldin 2016 yil AQSh prezident saylovi, keyin Access Hollywood tape scandal, Ferguson stated in an interview that it "was over for Donald Trump"; that "Trump had flamed out in all three Presidential debates"; that, "I don't think there can be any last minute surprise to rescue him [Trump]"; that there was no hope of Donald Trump winning Independent voters and that Trump was "gone as a candidate", adding that "it seems to me clear that she [Hillary Clinton] is going to be the first female President of the United States. The only question is how bad does his [Trump's] flaming out affect candidates for the Senate, candidates for the House, further down on the ballot."^[108] However after Brexit, Ferguson stated that Trump could win via the Electoral College if certain demographics turned out to vote in key swing states.^[109] Trump was elected president and the Republican Party retained control of both the Senate and House of Representatives.

Trump's "New World Order"

In an article from November 2016 in Boston Globe, Ferguson advised that Trump should support the efforts of Prime Minister Tereza Mey to have Britain leave the Yevropa Ittifoqi as the best way of breaking up the EU, and sign a erkin savdo agreement with the United Kingdom once Brexit to'liq.^[110] Ferguson advised that Trump should give recognition to Rossiya kabi Buyuk kuch, and work with President Vladimir Putin by giving Russia a ta'sir doirasi yilda Evroosiyo.^[110] In the same column, Ferguson advised Trump not to engage in a Xitoy bilan savdo urushi, and work with President Si Tszinpin to create a US-Chinese partnership.^[110] Ferguson argued that Trump and Putin should work for the victory of Dengiz Le Pen (who wants France to leave the EU) and the Old milliy in the 2017 French elections, arguing that Le Pen was the French politician most congenial to the Trump administration.^[110] Ferguson argued that a quintumvirate of Trump, Putin, Xi, May and Le Pen was the world's best hope for peace and prosperity.^[110]

Iqtisodiy siyosat

In its edition of 15 August 2005, Yangi respublika published "The New New Deal", an essay by Ferguson and Lorens J. Kotlikoff, iqtisod professori Boston universiteti. The two scholars called for the following changes to the American government's fiscal and income security policies:^[111]

• Almashtirish shaxsiy daromad solig'i, yuridik shaxslarning daromad solig'i, Federal sug'urta badallari to'g'risidagi qonunga soliq (FICA), mol-mulk solig'i va sovg'a solig'i with a 33% Federal Retail Sales Tax (FRST), plus a monthly rebate, amounting to the amount of FRST that a household with similar demographics would pay if its income were at the qashshoqlik chegarasi. Shuningdek qarang: FairTax
• Replacing the old age benefits paid under Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik with a Personal Security System, consisting of private retirement accounts for all citizens, plus a government benefit payable to those whose savings were insufficient to afford a minimum retirement income
• O'zgartirish Medicare va Medicaid bilan universal Medical Security System that would provide health insurance vouchers to all citizens, the value of which would be determined by one's health
• Cutting federal discretionary spending by 20%

In November 2012, Ferguson stated in a video with CNN that the U.S. has enough energy resources to move towards energy independence and could possibly enter a new economic golden age due to the related socio-economic growth—coming out of the post-world economic recession doldrums.^[112]

Ferguson was an attendee of the 2012 Bilderberg guruhi meeting, where he was a speaker on economic policy.^[113]

Ferguson was highly critical of Britain's Evropa Ittifoqidan chiqish uchun ovoz berish, warning that "the economic consequences will be dire".^[114] Later, after backing the Remain campaign during the referendum, Ferguson changed his mind and came out in support of Britain's exit from the EU.^[115]

Exchanges with Paul Krugman

In May 2009, Ferguson became involved in a high-profile exchange of views with economist Pol Krugman arising out of a panel discussion hosted by Qalam /Nyu-York sharhi on 30 April 2009, regarding the U.S. economy. Ferguson contended that the Obama administration's policies are simultaneously Keynscha va monetarist, in an "incoherent" mix, and specifically claimed that the government's issuance of a multitude of new bonds would cause an increase in interest rates.^[116]

Krugman argued that Ferguson's view is "resurrecting 75-year old fallacies" and full of "basic errors". He also stated that Ferguson is a "poseur" who "hasn't bothered to understand the basics, relying on snide comments and surface cleverness to convey the impression of wisdom. It's all style, no comprehension of substance."^{[117][118][119]}

In 2012, Jonathan Portes, the director of the Milliy iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar instituti, said that subsequent events had shown Ferguson to be wrong: "As we all know, since then both the US and UK have had deficits running at historically extremely high levels, and long-term interest rates at historic lows: as Krugman has repeatedly pointed out, the (IS-LM ) textbook has been spot on."^[120]

Later in 2012, after Ferguson wrote a cover story for Newsweek arguing that Mitt Romney should be elected in the upcoming US presidential election, Krugman wrote that there were multiple errors and misrepresentations in the story, concluding "We're not talking about ideology or even economic analysis here—just a plain misrepresentation of the facts, with an august publication letting itself be used to misinform readers. The Times would require an abject correction if something like that slipped through. Iroda Newsweek?"^[121] Ferguson denied that he had misrepresented the facts in an online rebuttal.^[122] Matthew O'Brien countered that Ferguson was still distorting the meaning of the Kongressning byudjet idorasi report being discussed, and that the entire piece could be read as an effort to deceive.^[123]

In 2013, Ferguson, naming Din Beyker, Josh Barro, Bred DeLong, Metyu O'Brayen, Noah Smith, Metyu Yglesias va Justin Wolfers, attacked "Krugman and his acolytes," in his three-part essay on why he dislikes Paul Krugman.^[124] The essay title ('Krugtron the Invincible') originally comes from a post by Noah Smith.^[125]

Remarks on Keynes' sexual orientation

At a May 2013 investment conference in Karlsbad, Kaliforniya, Ferguson was asked about his views on economist Jon Maynard Keyns ' quotation that "in the long run we are all dead." Ferguson stated that Keynes was indifferent to the future because he was gay and did not have children.^[126] The remarks were widely criticised for being offensive, factually inaccurate, and a distortion of Keynes' ideas.^[127][128]

Ferguson posted an apology for these statements shortly after reports of his words were widely disseminated, saying his comments were "as stupid as they were insensitive".^[129][130] In the apology, Ferguson stated: "My disagreements with Keynes's economic philosophy have never had anything to do with his jinsiy orientatsiya. It is simply false to suggest, as I did, that his approach to economic policy was inspired by any aspect of his personal life."^[131]

Stanford Cardinal Conversations

In Spring of 2018, Professor Ferguson was involved with College Republican leaders at Stanford to oppose a Left-leaning student take over of the Cardinal Conversations initiative. In leaked emails, he was quoted as asking for opposition research on the student involved. He later apologized and resigned from the said initiative when emails were leaked revealing his involvement in the events. "I very much regret the publication of these emails. I also regret having written them," Ferguson wrote in a statement to The Daily.^[132]

Kripto valyutasi

Ferguson was an early skeptic of kripto-valyutalar, famously dismissing his teenage son's recommendation to buy Bitcoin in 2014. By 2017, he had changed his mind on Bitcoin's utility, saying it had established itself as a form of "digital gold: a store of value for wealthy investors, especially those located in countries with weak rule of law and high political risk."^[133] In February 2019, Ferguson became an advisor for digital asset protocol firm Ampleforth Protocol, saying he was attracted by the firm's plan to "reinvent money in a way that protects individual freedom and to create a payments system that treats everyone equally."^[134][135] In March 2019, Ferguson spoke at an Australian Financial Review Business Summit, where he admitted to being "wrong to think there was no … use for a form of currency based on blok zanjiri technology… I don't think this will turn out to be a complete delusion."^[136]

Yevropa Ittifoqi

In 2011, Ferguson predicted that Grexit (tushunchasi Gretsiya leaving the Euro currency) was unlikely to happen, but that Britain would leave the Yevropa Ittifoqi in the near future as it would be easier for Britain to leave the EU owing to the fact it was not part of the Evro hududi and that returning to a national currency would be harder for countries who had signed up to a single currency.^[137] In 2012, he described the Eurozone as a "disaster waiting to happen."^[138]

Davomida 2016 yil Buyuk Britaniya Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zolik bo'yicha referendum, Ferguson was initially critical of the idea of Britain leaving the EU, warning that "the economic consequences will be dire".^[139] However, after backing the Remain campaign, Ferguson changed his stance and came out in support of Brexit, stating that while it would still have economic consequences, the EU had been a "disaster" on its monetary, immigration, national security and radical Islam policies. He also added that the "I think one has to recognise that the European elite's performances over the last decade entirely justified the revolt of provincial England."^[140][141]

In 2020, Ferguson predicted that the EU is destined to become "moribund" in the near future and that the single currency had only benefited Northern Europe and Germany in particular while causing economic havoc in Southern Europe. However, he also argued the "real disintegration of Europe" will happen over the EU's migration policies that have both exacerbated and failed to provide solutions to illegal immigration to the European continent from North Africa and the Middle East. Ferguson stated that high levels of illegal immigration from majority Muslim nations would in turn further the rise of populist and evroseptik movements committed to rolling back or leaving the European Union. Ferguson also predicted that in a decade's time, Britain would question why there had been fuss, outcry or debates over the manner of how to leave the EU over Brexit because "we'll have left something that was essentially disintegrating" and that "it would be a little bit like getting a divorce and then your ex drops dead, and you spent all that money on the divorce courts, if only you'd known how sick the ex was. The European Union is sick, and people don't really want to admit that, least of all in Brussels."^[142]

Shaxsiy hayot

Ferguson married journalist Syu Duglas in 1994 after meeting in 1987 when she was his editor at Sunday Times. They have three children: Felix, Freya, and Lachlan.^[143]

In February 2010, news media reported that Ferguson had separated from Douglas and started dating former Dutch MP Ayan Xirsi Ali.^[144][145] Ferguson and Douglas divorced in 2011. Ferguson married Hirsi Ali on 10 September 2011^[146][147] and Hirsi Ali gave birth to their son Thomas in December 2011.^{[148][149][150]} In an interview in April 2011, Ferguson complained about the media coverage of his relationship with Ali, stating: "No, I never read their shitty coverage of people's private lives. I don't care about the sex lives of celebrities, so I was a little unprepared for having my private life all over the country. So yeah, I was naive, yeah. Because you have to stoop to conquer," – but will never write for Daily Mail yana. "That's because I'm a vendetta person. Yes, absolutely. Implacable."^[151]

Ferguson dedicated his book Sivilizatsiya to "Ayaan". Bilan intervyuda Guardian, Ferguson spoke about his love for Ali, who, he writes in the preface, "understands better than anyone I know what Western civilisation really means – and what it still has to offer the world".^[20]

Ferguson's self-confessed ishchanlik has placed strains on his personal relations in the past. Ferguson has commented that:

...from 2002, the combination of making TV programmes and teaching at Harvard took me away from my children too much. You don't get those years back. You have to ask yourself: "Was it a smart decision to do those things?" I think the success I have enjoyed since then has been bought at a significant price. In hindsight, there would have been a bunch of things that I would have said no to.^[14]

In an interview, Ferguson described his relationship with the left: "No, they love being provoked by me! Honestly, it makes them feel so much better about their lives to think that I'm a reactionary; it's a substitute for thought. 'Imperialist scumbag' and all that. Oh dear, we're back in a 1980s student union debate."^[151]

Ferguson was the inspiration for Alan Bennet o'yin Tarix bolalari (2004), particularly the character of Irwin, a history teacher who urges his pupils to find a counterintuitive angle, and goes on to become a television historian.^[10] Bennett's character "Irwin", writes David Smith of Kuzatuvchi, gives the impression that "an entire career can be built on the trick of contrariness."^[10]

In 2018, Ferguson became naturalised as a AQSh fuqarosi.^[152]

Bibliografiya

• Ferguson, Niall (1995). Paper and iron : Hamburg business and German politics in the era of inflation, 1897–1927. Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.
• — (1999). The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1999. Nyu-York, NY: Viking Press. ISBN  0-670-88794-3.
  • — (1998). Dunyo bankiri: Rotshild uyining tarixi. London: Vaydenfeld va Nikolson. ISBN  0-297-81539-3.
  • — (1998). Rotshild uyi. Nyu-York: Viking. ISBN  0-670-85768-8.
• — (1999) [1998]. Urushga achinish. Nyu-York: asosiy kitoblar. ISBN  0-465-05711-X. OCLC  41124439.
• — (1999) [1997]. Virtual tarix: muqobil va kontraktual narsalar. Nyu-York: asosiy kitoblar. ISBN  0-465-02322-3.
• — (2001). The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000. London: Allen Leyn. ISBN  0-7139-9465-7. OCLC  46459770.
• — (2003). Imperiya: Buyuk Britaniya zamonaviy dunyoni qanday yaratdi. London: Allen Leyn. ISBN  0-7139-9615-3.
  • — (2003). Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. Nyu York: Asosiy kitoblar. ISBN  0-465-02328-2. Amerika nashri.
• — (2004). Koloss: Amerika imperiyasining ko'tarilishi va qulashi. Gardners Books. ISBN  0-7139-9770-2.
• — (2005). 1914. Pocket Penguins 70s S. London, England: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN  0-14-102220-5.
• — (2006). The War of the World: History's Age of Hatred. London: Allen Leyn. ISBN  0-7139-9708-7. Amerika nashri. has the title: The war of the World: Twentieth-century Conflict and the Descent of the West OCLC  70839824 (also a Channel 4 series)^[153]
• — (2008). Pulning ko'tarilishi: Dunyoning moliyaviy tarixi. London: Allen Leyn. ISBN  978-1-84614-106-5.
• — (2010). High Financier: The Lives and Times of Siegmund Warburg. Nyu-York: Pingvin. ISBN  978-1-59420-246-9.
• — (2011). Sivilizatsiya: G'arb va qolganlar. Penguen Press HC. ISBN  978-1-59420-305-3.
• — (2013). The Great Degeneration. Pingvin kitoblari.
• — (2015). Kissinger: 1923–1968: The Idealist. Nyu York: Penguen Press. ISBN  978-1-59420-653-5.
• — (2017). The Square and the Tower: Networks, Hierarchies and the Struggle for Global Power. London: Allen Leyn. ISBN  978-024129-046-0.

Xissador sifatida

• "Let Germany Keep Its Nerve", Tomoshabin, 22 April 1995, pages 21–23^[154]
• "Europa nervosa", in Nader Mousavizadeh (ed.), The Black Book of Bosnia (New Republic/Basic Books, 1996), pp. 127–32
• "The German inter-war economy: Political choice versus economic determinism" in Mary Fulbrook (ed.), German History since 1800 (Arnold, 1997), pp. 258–278
• "The balance of payments question: Versailles and after" in Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser (eds.), Versal shartnomasi: 75 yildan keyin qayta baholash (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 401–440
• "'The Caucasian Royal Family': The Rothschilds in national contexts" in R. Liedtke (ed.), 'Two Nations': The Historical Experience of British and German Jews in Comparison (J.C.B. Mohr, 1999)
• "Academics and the Press", in Stephen Glover (ed.), Matbuot sirlari: jurnalistlar jurnalistika to'g'risida (Penguin, 1999), pp. 206–220
• "Metternich and the Rothschilds: A reappraisal" in Andrea Hamel and Edward Timms (eds.), Progress and Emancipation in the Age of Metternich: Jews and Modernisation in Austria and Germany, 1815–1848 (Edwin Mellen Press, 1999), pp. 295–325
• "The European economy, 1815–1914" in T.C.W. Blanning (ed.), The Short Oxford History of Europe: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 78–125
• "How (not) to pay for the war: Traditional finance and total war" in Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds.), Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 409–34
• "Introduction" in Frederic Manning, Middle Parts of Fortune (Penguin, 2000), pp. vii–xviii
• "Clashing civilizations or mad mullahs: The United States between informal and formal empire" in Strobe Talbott (ed.), Terror davri (Basic Books, 2001), pp. 113–41
• "Public debt as a post-war problem: The German experience after 1918 in comparative perspective" in Mark Roseman (ed.), Three Post-War Eras in Comparison: Western Europe 1918-1945-1989 (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2002), pp. 99–119
• "Das Haus Sachsen-Coburg und die europäische Politik des 19. Jahrhunderts", in Rainer von Hessen (ed.), Victoria Kaiserin Friedrich (1840–1901): Mission und Schicksal einer englischen Prinzessin in Deutschland (Campus Verlag, 2002), pp. 27–39
• "Max Warburg and German politics: The limits of financial power in Wilhelmine Germany", in Geoff Eley and James Retallack (eds.), Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism and the Meaning of Reform, 1890–1930 (Berghahn Books, 2003), pp. 185–201
• "Kirish", O'tmish o'limi by J. H. Plumb (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. xxi–xlii
• "Globalization in historical perspective: The political dimension", in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalisation in Historical Perspective (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (University of Chicago Press, 2003)
• "Introduction to Tzvetan Todorov" in Nicholas Owen (ed.), Human Rights, Human Wrongs: Oxford Amnesty Lectures (Amnesty International, 2003)
• "The City of London and British imperialism: New light on an old question", in Youssef Cassis and Eric Bussière (eds.), London va Parij - yigirmanchi asrdagi xalqaro moliya markazlari sifatida (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 57–77
• "A bolt from the blue? The City of London and the outbreak of the First World War", in Wm. Roger Louis (ed.), Yet More Adventures with Britainnia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain (I.B. Tauris, 2005), pp. 133–145
• "The first 'Eurobonds': The Rothschilds and the financing of the Holy Alliance, 1818–1822", in William N. Goetzmann and K. Geert Rouwenhorst (eds.), Qiymatning kelib chiqishi: zamonaviy kapital bozorlarini yaratgan moliyaviy yangiliklar (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 311–323
• "Prisoner taking and prisoner killing in the age of total war", in George Kassemiris (ed.), The Barbarization of Warfare (New York University Press, 2006), pp. 126–158
• "The Second World War as an economic disaster", in Michael Oliver (ed.), Yigirmanchi asrning iqtisodiy ofatlari (Edward Elgar, 2007), pp. 83–132
• "The Problem of Conjecture: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine", in Melvyn Leffler and Jeff Legro (eds.), To Lead the World: American Strategy After the Bush Doctrine (Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2008 yil)

Shuningdek qarang

• Anglosfera

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Umumiy ma'lumotnomalar

• Snowman, Daniel (2004 yil oktyabr). "Niall Fergyuson". Bugungi tarix. 54 (10): 37–39. Olingan 14 iyul 2008.
• Fergyuson, Niall (1999). Urushga achinish. Nyu-York: asosiy kitoblar. ISBN  978-0-14-027523-0.
• "Pul ko'tarilishi", San'at, ishlab chiqarish va tijoratni rag'batlantirish uchun qirollik jamiyati
• "Audio: Niall Fergyuson suhbatda", Forum, BBC Jahon xizmati
• Xans Koning, "Hali ham u erda emasmi?", Millat, 1999 yil avgust - sharh Urushga achinish
• Martin Rubin, "Bankir qutqarish uchun", WSJ.com, 26 iyun 2010 yil
• Liaquat Aamed, "Kechagi bankir", NYTimes.com, 2010 yil 30-iyul
• "G'arbda quyosh botadi", Oxonian Review, 2011 yil 4 aprel - sharh Sivilizatsiya
• "Niall Fergyuson bilan intervyu", Oxonian Review, 2011 yil 9 aprel
• "Niall Fergyuson va miyada o'lgan Amerika huquqi", 2011 yil 24-may

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Niall Fergyuson da TED
• Niall Fergyuson kuni IMDb  
• Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN
• Niall Fergyuson kuni Charli Rose