Tirik qolish, qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish - Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape

Chet elliklar: G'arbiy va Sharqiy qirg'oqlarda pichoq tikanli simlarni kesib o'tmoqda AQSh dengiz kuchlari va AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari SERE nishonlari

AQSh Havo Kuchlari tomonidan "Survival Instructors" tomonidan tayyorlangan maxsus yamoq

USAF qarshilik ko'rsatish bo'yicha mutaxassisning yamog'i

USAF Survival School Instructor Training dasturi logotipida tasvirlangan "uchib ketadigan yuk" logotipi.

1944 yildan beri USAAFning omon qolish bo'yicha qo'llanmasi.

1960 yilda USAFning omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlari paytida Merkuriyning ettita kosmonavti.

Omon qolish, qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish (XIZMAT) bu eng yaxshi tanilgan o'quv dasturi harbiy qisqartma bu tayyorlaydi AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari, AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi tinch aholi va xususiy harbiy pudratchilar omon qolish va turli xil omon qolish stsenariylarida "sharaf bilan qaytish". O'quv dasturiga quyidagilar kiradi omon qolish qobiliyatlari, qo'lga olishdan qochish, dasturni qo'llash harbiy axloq qoidalari va asirlikdan qochish usullari va usullari. Tomonidan rasmiy ravishda tashkil etilgan AQSh havo kuchlari oxirida Ikkinchi jahon urushi va "Sovuq urush" ning boshlanishi, u kengaytirildi Dengiz kuchlari va Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi va davomida havo kuchlari ichida birlashtirildi Koreya urushi "qarshilik mashqlari" ga ko'proq e'tibor qaratgan holda.

Davomida Vetnam urushi (1959-1975) "Jungle" hayotini saqlab qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlarga va amerikaliklarga ko'proq jamoatchilik e'tiborini qaratishga aniq ehtiyoj bor edi Asirlar. Natijada, AQSh harbiylari SERE dasturlari va o'quv maydonlarini kengaytirdilar. 1980-yillarning oxirlarida AQSh armiyasi Maxsus kuchlar va "Spec Ops" o'sishi bilan SERE bilan ko'proq aloqada bo'ldi. Bugungi kunda SERE uch xil toifadagi turli xil xodimlarga o'qitilib, ularni qo'lga olish va ekspluatatsiya qilish xavfiga asoslangan bo'lib, ularga katta e'tibor berishadi. ekipaj, maxsus operatsiyalar va xorijiy diplomatik va razvedka xodimlari.

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Hozir SERE deb ataladigan narsaning kelib chiqishi Buyuk Britaniyaning rahbariyatida joylashgan MI9 Boshlanishida shakllangan qochish va qochish ("E&E") tashkiloti Ikkinchi jahon urushi (1939-1945). Birinchi jahon urushi faxriysi polkovnik (keyinchalik brigadir) Norman Krokatt boshchiligida,^[1] MI9 aviatsiya ekipajini tayyorlash uchun tashkil qilingan va Maxsus kuchlar garov, majburiy qo'nish yoki dushman safidan chiqib ketish ortidan dushman qo'shinlaridan qochishda. Londonda o'quv maktabi tashkil etildi va MI9 ofitserlari va o'qituvchilari ham operatsion aviabazalarga tashrif buyurishni boshladilar, rasmiy kurslarda qatnashish uchun o'z vazifalaridan ajrala olmaydigan ekipajlarga mahalliy mashg'ulotlar o'tkazdilar. MI9 ko'plab qochish va qochish vositalarini ishlab chiqishga kirishdi: garovga qo'yilgandan so'ng darhol qochishga yordam beradigan ochiq narsalar va kiyim-kechak va shaxsiy narsalarda (yashirin kompaslar, ipak va to'qima xaritalari va hk) yashiringan qochib qutulish uchun foydalanish uchun yashirin narsalar. .).

1941 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar urushga kirgandan so'ng, MI9 xodimlari Vashingtonga borib, hozirgi kunda etuk E&E mashg'ulotlari, qurilmalari va tasdiqlangan natijalarini muhokama qilish uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari ("USAAF"). Natijada, Qo'shma Shtatlar o'zlarining qochish va qochish tashkilotlarini boshladilar MIS-X, asoslangan Fort Hunt, Virjiniya.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida urush paytida nemislardan qochib qutulishga va do'stona saflarga qaytishga muvaffaq bo'lgan ingliz va amerikalik uchuvchilar tomonidan yaratilgan bir nechta norasmiy xususiy "klublar" ham bor edi. Shunday klublardan biri "Kech kelganlar klubi" edi. Harbiy bo'lmagan ushbu klub o'ziga xos belgi sifatida "uchar botinka" ga ega edi.

USAAF Bosh Kertis LeMay samolyot ekipajlarini omon qolish, qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish usullariga o'rgatish ularni Arktikada (yoki okeanda) yo'qotish yoki dushman qo'liga tushib qolish (yoki yo'qotish) dan ko'ra ancha arzon va samaraliroq ekanligini anglab etdi. Shunday qilib, u bir nechta bazalarda / joylarda (1942 yil iyuldan 1944 yil maygacha) rasmiy SERE mashg'ulotlarini tashkil etishni qo'llab-quvvatladi (1942 yil iyulidan 1944 yil mayigacha), 336-bombardimon guruhini (hozirgi 336-o'quv guruhi) qabul qiladi, shu jumladan Namao shahridagi RCAF stantsiyasida sovuq ob-havoni saqlab qolish uchun kichik dastur. Edmonton, Alberta, bu erda amerikalik, ingliz va kanadalik B29 ekipajlari omon qolish uchun asosiy ta'lim olishgan. 1945 yilda konsolidatsiyalangan omon qolish bo'yicha o'quv markazi boshlandi Fort-Karson, Kolorado shtatida 3904-o'quv otryadining tarkibida va 1947 yilda Arktika induktratsiyasini saqlab qolish maktabi (og'zaki ravishda "Cool School" nomi bilan tanilgan) Marklar nomidagi aviatsiya bazasi Nomda, Alyaskada.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida AQSh dengiz kuchlari o'qqa tutilgan yoki majburan yiqilgan uchuvchilarning 75% tiriklayin tushganligini aniqladilar, ammo ularning deyarli 5% suvda yoki uzoq orollarda suzish yoki rizq topa olmaganliklari sababli tirik qolishdi. Suzish qobiliyati dengiz uchuvchilari uchun tirik qolish qobiliyati bo'lganligi sababli, uchuvchi stajerlarning suzishini ta'minlash uchun o'quv dasturlari ishlab chiqilgan (kursantlardan o'qlardan qochish va cho'kayotgan samolyotdan so'rish uchun bir milya suzish va 50 fut suv ostida sho'ng'ish kerak). Ko'p o'tmay, mashg'ulotlar suv osti samolyotlaridan qochishni o'z ichiga olgan holda kengaytirildi.^[2]

Davomida Koreya urushi (1950-1953) Havo kuchlari o'zlarining yashash maktablarini Stead AFBga ko'chirishdi, Reno Stead aeroporti 3635-jangovar ekipajni tayyorlash qanoti sifatida. 1952 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar Mudofaa vazirligi (DoD) Qo'shma Shtatlar Havo Kuchlarini (USAF) birgalikda qochish va qochish uchun ijro etuvchi agent (EA, quyida ko'rsatilgan) sifatida tayinladi.

The Koreya urushi Urush paytida asirga tushganlar haqidagi an'anaviy tushunchalar endi kuchga ega emasligini ko'rsatdi - Shimoliy Koreyaliklar (Xitoyning qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan) asirga olinganlarni davolash to'g'risidagi Jeneva konventsiyalarini shunchaki e'tiborsiz qoldirdilar va asirga olingan amerikalik askarlar duch keladigan narsalarga tayyor emasliklarini ko'rsatdilar. Bu, ayniqsa, nafratli bombardimonlari va askarlar orasida "obro'si" tufayli yomon muomalaning og'ir yukini olgan amerikalik aviachilarga tegishli edi. Shimoliy koreyaliklar amerikalik asirlarning tashviqot qiymati va ularning (xitoyliklarnikiga) mos kelish, iqror bo'lish va ma'lumot to'plash uchun yangi usullariga amerikalik askarlarga qarshi g'ayrioddiy tarzda isbotlanganligi bilan juda qiziqishgan.^[3][4]

Fokusning o'zgarishi

Shunday qilib, Koreya urushi tugaganidan so'ng, DoD harbiy asirlarning mudofaa bo'yicha maslahat qo'mitasini tashabbusi bilan Koreya urushi asirlari fiyaskosiga oid muammolarni, muammolarni va mumkin bo'lgan echimlarni o'rganish va hisobot berish uchun boshladi. Qo'mita nizomi bizning qurolli kuchlarimizni jangovar va asir muhiti bilan shug'ullanishga tayyorlash uchun munosib yondashuvni topish edi.^[3]

Qo'mitaning asosiy tavsiyasi jangovar va asir paytida askarlarning axloqiy majburiyatlari sifatida an'anaviy Amerika qadriyatlarini o'zida mujassam etgan harbiy "Xulq-atvor qoidalarini" amalga oshirish edi. Ushbu kod asosida asirlarni jang maydonining kengayishi deb hisoblash kerak edi - bu askarlar o'limni mumkin bo'lgan burch sifatida qabul qilishi kerak bo'lgan joy.^[5] Shundan so'ng Prezident Eyzenxauer 10631-sonli Ijroiya buyrug'ini chiqardi: "Qo'shma Shtatlar Qurolli Kuchlarining har bir a'zosi jang paytida yoki asirlikda bo'lganida Xulq-atvor kodeksida belgilangan me'yorlarni bajarishi kerak". Keyin AQSh harbiy kuchlari ushbu yo'riqnomani o'qitish va amalga oshirish jarayonini boshladilar.

Odob-axloq qoidalari barcha AQSh askarlariga harbiy mashg'ulotlarning dastlabki bosqichida o'tkazilishi qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, Havo kuchlari bundan ham ko'proq narsa zarurligini bilar edi. USAF "Survival School" (Stead AFB) da qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish tushunchalari kengaytirildi va "Odob-axloq qoidalarini o'qitish qoidalari" sifatida yangi o'quv dasturlari ishlab chiqildi. Ushbu o'quv dasturlari AQSh armiyasi bo'ylab zamonaviy SERE mashg'ulotlarining asosi bo'lib qoldi.

Dengiz kuchlari yangi va turli xil o'quv mashg'ulotlariga ehtiyoj borligini angladilar va 1950-yillarning oxiriga kelib SERE rasmiy mashg'ulotlari "Ayrilish SERE" da boshlandi Brunswick dengiz havo stantsiyasi Men shtatida harbiy-dengiz floti uchuvchilariga va ekipajlariga omon qolish va asirlikdan qochish uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'nikmalarni berish uchun mo'ljallangan 12 kunlik odob-axloq qoidalari kursi, agar qo'lga olinsa, so'roqqa va qochishga qarshi turing. Keyinchalik ushbu kurs SEALs, SWCC, EOD, RECON / MARSOC va Navy Combat Medics kabi boshqa Dengiz kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari qo'shinlari qatnashishi uchun kengaytirildi. Keyinchalik, ikkinchi maktab ochildi Shimoliy orolda dengiz havo stantsiyasi.^[6] Dengiz kuchlari korpusi Pikel Meadow lagerini ochdi (dastlab tashkil etilgan Dengiz kuchlari bazasi lageri Pendlton 1951 yilda dengiz piyoda askarlari ochiq havoda omon qolish bo'yicha o'qitiladi va keyinroq Tog 'urushlarini o'rgatish markazi (MCMWTC) Bridgeport, Kaliforniya, A SERE darajasida (quyida ko'rsatilganidek). Askarlar uchun "omon qolish uchun tayyorgarlik" qadimiy kelib chiqishga ega, chunki omon qolish jangning aniq maqsadi hisoblanadi.^[7] Dengizchilar suzishni o'rgatish zarurligini anglamaguncha, omon qolish uchun tayyorgarlik "jangovar tayyorgarlik" dan farq qilmas edi. Bunday mashg'ulotlar jangovar mashg'ulotlar bilan bog'liq emas edi va faqatgina dengizchilarning omon qolishlariga yordam berish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Shunga o'xshab, yong'inga qarshi kurash mashg'ulotlari uzoq vaqt davomida dengiz kuchlarining diqqat markazida bo'lib kelgan va bugungi kunda ham shunday bo'lib qolmoqda (garchi kemani omon qolish asosiy maqsad bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa ham). Suvda omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri dengiz flotining asosiy mashg'ulotlarining o'ziga xos va rasmiy qismi bo'lib kelgan, ammo uning ahamiyati dengiz aviatsiyasi paydo bo'lishi va kengayishi bilan sezilarli darajada oshgan.^[8]

1953 yilda armiya "Jungle Operations Training Center" ni tashkil etdi Fort Sherman Panamada ("Yashil do'zax" nomi bilan tanilgan). U erda operatsiyalar 1960-yillarda Vetnamda o'rmonda o'qitilgan askarlarga bo'lgan talabni qondirish uchun kuchaygan.^[9] 1958 yilda dengiz piyoda korpusi ochildi Gonsalves lageri shimoliy Okinava, Yaponiya Vetnam tomon yo'l olgan askarlarga o'rmon urushi va omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar o'tkazildi. Vetnam urushi davom etar ekan, Havo kuchlari "Jungle Survival School" ni ham ochdilar Klark aviabazasi Filippinda.

1966 yilda Stead AFB yopilganda, USAF "omon qolish maktabi" ga ko'chirildi Fairchild aviatsiya bazasi Vashington shtatida (u bugun markazda joylashgan). Shuningdek, havo kuchlarida boshqa tirik qolish maktablari, shu jumladan Panama kanali zonasidagi Xovard aviabazasidagi "Tropik omon qolish maktabi", Alyaskaning Eyelson aviabazasidagi "Arktik omon qolish maktabi" va Homestead havo kuchlaridagi "Suvni saqlab qolish maktabi" mavjud edi. Base, Florida alohida buyruqlar ostida ishlagan. 1971 yil aprelda ushbu maktablar bir xil guruhga bo'ysundirildi va Klark, Feyrchild va Xomesteydda o'quv mashg'ulotlarini o'tkazish uchun otryadlar tashkil qilindi, shu bilan birga boshqa mahalliy yashashga tayyorgarlik uchun otryadlardan foydalanildi ("SERE" qisqartmasi havo kuchlarida keng ishlatilmadi keyinchalik 70-yillarda).

1976 yilda Navy SERE mashg'ulotlari paytida ayblovlar va suiiste'mol qilish to'g'risidagi xabarlardan so'ng, DoD odob-axloq qoidalariga o'zgartirishlar kiritish zarurligini o'rganish uchun qo'mita (ya'ni "Mudofaani ko'rib chiqish qo'mitasi") tuzdi va mutaxassislar va sobiq harbiylarning so'zlarini eshitgandan so'ng, ular harbiy xizmatning barcha tarmoqlari o'rtasida SERE mashg'ulotlarini standartlashtirish va SERE-ni "AQShning sobiq harbiy asirlari tajribasidan olingan saboqlarni" o'z ichiga olgan holda kengaytirish (mashg'ulotni yanada "realistik va foydali" qilishni maqsad qilgan holda).^[10]

1984 yil oxirida Pentagon 1300.7-sonli DoD yo'riqnomasini chiqardi, unda "S darajasida" kiritilgan "qarshilik qismi" bilan SERE o'qitishning uchta darajasi tashkil etildi. Ushbu tayyorgarlik darajasi "topshiriqni qo'lga olish xavfi yuqori bo'lgan va mavqei, lavozimi yoki ish staji ularni asirning o'rtacha ekspluatatsiya harakatlaridan himoyasiz qiladigan" askarlar uchun belgilangan.^[11]

Dastlab faqat to'rtta harbiy baza (Fairchild AFB, SERE), Portsmut dengiz kemasozligi, Shimoliy orolda dengiz havo stantsiyasi va Kamp Makkol (da Bragg Fort ) S darajali treningni o'tkazish uchun rasmiy ravishda vakolat berilgan, boshqa bazalar qo'shilgan (masalan Fort-Ruker ). Shaxsiy bazalar C darajasidagi elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan SERE kurslarini o'tkazishlari mumkin (quyida "Maktablar" ga qarang). Kerakli (har 3 yilda) C darajadagi malaka oshirish kursini odatda bazada joylashgan USAF "otryadlari" (ko'pincha bitta SERE mutaxassisi / o'qituvchisi) yoki talab qilingan joyga sayohat qiluvchi sayohat bo'yicha mutaxassis o'qitadi.

AQSh harbiy SERE o'quv mashg'ulotlari uchun belgilangan ijro etuvchi agentlik sifatida, USAF 336-o'quv guruhi AQSh harbiy xizmatidagi yagona SERE mutaxassislari va o'qituvchilarini Harbiy-havo kuchlari Maxsus Urush Amaliyotlari tarkibiga kiruvchi va Havo Kuchlari va DoDda turli rollarda foydalanishni davom ettirmoqda.^[12][13][14] Quyida USAF "Survival Instructors" ga qarang.

Ijro etuvchi agentlikni tanlash

DoD Ijroiya Agentligi yoki "EA" ni "Mudofaa kotibi (SECDEF) yoki Mudofaa vazirining o'rinbosari (DEPSECDEF) aniq qo'llab-quvvatlash darajasini ta'minlash uchun aniq vazifalar, funktsiyalar va vakolatlarni tayinlagan DOD komponentining rahbari" deb ta'riflaydi. ikki yoki undan ko'p DOD komponentlarini o'z ichiga olgan operatsion topshiriqlar yoki ma'muriy yoki boshqa belgilangan tadbirlar uchun. "^[15] 1952 yilda DoD AQSh Havo Kuchlarini birgalikda qochish va qochish uchun Ijroiya Agentligi ("EA") sifatida tanladi va shuning uchun 1979 yilda SERE va CoC treninglari uchun EA sifatida tanlangan mantiqiy nomzod edi.^[16] Havo kuchlari 1995 yilgacha hayotni saqlab qolish, qochish, qochish va qutqarish bilan bog'liq masalalarda EA bo'lib qoldi. Ammo tobora ortib borayotgan ahamiyati bilan kadrlarni tiklash (PR), the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi ("DoD") 1991 yilda Qo'shma xizmatlarni saqlab qolish, qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish (SERE) agentligini (JSSA) tashkil qildi va DoD EA Asirlari / Yo'qolib qolish (POW / MIA) masalalari uchun DoD EA deb nomladi. 1994 yilda JSSA PR va USAF Qo'shma jangovar qidiruv va qutqarish bo'yicha EA (JCSAR) uchun markaziy tashkilotchi va amalga oshiruvchi sifatida tayinlandi. Jangovar qidiruv va qutqaruv. 1999 yilda JPRA Kadrlarni tiklash bo'yicha qo'shma agentlik AQSh Qo'shma kuchlari qo'mondonligi (USJFCOM) Bosh qo'mondoni huzurida agentlik sifatida tashkil etilgan va DoD miqyosidagi PR masalalari bo'yicha asosiy javobgarlik idorasi (OPR) deb nomlangan. JPRA 2011 yildan beri Raisning boshqariladigan faoliyati sifatida tayinlangan.^[17]

JPRA ning bosh qarorgohi Belvoir Fort va barcha DoD "qarshilik" mashg'ulotlarini tashkil etuvchi agentlik ("OA") sifatida u 336-o'quv guruhi bilan yaqin aloqalarga ega (unga Kadrlar Qutqarish Akademiyasini yoki PRAni tashkil etish va boshqarish vazifasi berilgan).^[18] JPRA va PRA endi PR faoliyatini muvofiqlashtiradi va PR / SERE-ni global miqyosda USAF SERE mutaxassislaridan keng foydalanadigan amerikalik ittifoqchilar bilan o'qitadi.^[19]

USAF "Survival Instructors" / SERE mutaxassislari

Bilan SERE mutaxassisi 22-o'quv otryad

Birinchi USAF "omon qolish bo'yicha instruktorlari" tajribali fuqarolik cho'llari ko'ngillilari va avvalgi o'qituvchi tajribasiga ega USAF xodimlari bo'lgan (va ular tarkibiga "USAF qutqaruvchilari" ning kichik bir qismi kiritilgan) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Havo Kuchlarini Pararescue ). 1946 yilda Armiya Havo Kuchlari Havo Qutqaruv Xizmatini (ARS) tashkil qilganida, 5-Qutqaruv Eskadrilyasi Florida shtatidagi MacDill aviabazasida birinchi Pararescue and Survival maktabini o'tkazdi. MacDill havo kuchlari bazasi. Stead AFB-ga ko'chish va doimiy yashash uchun maktab ochilishi bilan, USAF harbiylarning yagona to'liq kunlik, martabada omon qolish bo'yicha o'qituvchisi dasturini boshladi ("921" havo kuchlari mutaxassisligi kodi bilan). Harbiy-havo kuchlari Fairchild AFB-da omon qolish maktabini ochgan paytga qadar (1966), shuningdek, 3636-jangovar ekipajni tayyorlash otryadining tarkibida alohida "Instruktorlar tayyorlash bo'limi" ("ITB") ochildi (u erda barcha havo kuchlari omon qolish bo'yicha o'qituvchilar maxsus tayyorgarlikdan o'tdilar ( olti oylik sinf va dala mashg'ulotlari) va dastlabki malaka reytingi ("Global Survival Instructor"). Keyin ular SERE (aka "ga o'qitish huquqiga ega bo'lishidan oldin ish joyida o'qitish (" OJT ") olti oylik o'qishini o'tashlari kerak edi. Urushni saqlab qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar "yoki" CST "). Qo'shilgan mutaxassisliklar (masalan, arktika, o'rmon, tropik va suvda omon qolish," qarshilik ko'rsatishga tayyorgarlik "va" akademik ko'rsatma ") bo'yicha qo'shimcha mashg'ulotlar yillar davomida eng yaxshi o'qitilgan askarlarga xizmat qiladi. AQSh harbiylari.^[20]

SERE Instructor Red Flag Patch

Hozirda USAF SERE mutaxassisi / o'qituvchisi treningi Fairchild AFBdagi 66-o'quv otryadida olib borilmoqda. Tanlov va malaka oshirilgandan so'ng Laklend havo kuchlari bazasi, Texas (SERE mutaxassislarini yo'naltirish kursi), kelajakda mumkin bo'lgan SERE o'qituvchilari har qanday sharoitda SERE-ga qanday ko'rsatma berishni o'rganish uchun 66-o'quv otryadiga tayinlangan: Fairchilddagi "maydon" omon qolish kursi,^[13] Fairchild AFB (parashyut bilan jihozlanmagan samolyotlarning ekipaj a'zolarini o'qitadigan) chiqarmaydigan suvda omon qolish kursi va qarshilikni o'rgatish kursi (S darajasidagi odob-axloq qoidalarini bajarish uchun zarur bo'lgan nazariya va printsiplarni o'z ichiga olgan qarshilik laboratoriyasini o'qitish) . USAF SERE mutaxassislari o'zlarining mashg'ulotlarida ma'lum vaqtlarda sakrash qanotlarini olishadi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo-desant maktabi.^[21] SERE Fairchild-da suvdan omon qolish kursining "dunker" qismida ishlaydigan mutaxassislar Navy Salvage Dive Course tomonidan sertifikatlangan.^[22] SERE o'quv o'qituvchisi "7-darajali" takomillashtirish kursi - bu SERE o'qituvchilariga Arktikaning quruq, cho'l, o'rmon va ochiq okean muhitida malakasini oshirish bo'yicha 19 kunlik kurs.

Havo kuchlarining SERE o'qituvchilari butun dunyo bo'ylab mashg'ulotlarda va boshqa SERE o'quv dasturlarini amalga oshirishda muhim rol o'ynaydi (dengiz kuchlari ham, armiya ham SERE o'qituvchilarini 22 kun o'qitadigan asosiy 9 kunlik SERE kursiga (SV-80-A) o'qishga yuborishadi) TS (boshqa filiallarda SERE uchun mansab tanlovi mavjud emas) .Harbiy havo kuchlari eng katta va eng yaxshi o'qitilgan SERE xodimlariga ega bo'lganligi sababli, u turli xil DoD rollarini bajaradi, masalan, Qizil Bayroq mashqlari uchun SERE mashg'ulotlarini jihozlash.^[23]

O'quv dasturi

SERE o'quv dasturi asosan "tashqarida yashashni o'rgatish" ga yo'naltirilgan bo'lib, tobora ko'proq "qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish" ga e'tiborni kuchaytirdi. Harbiy omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar odatdagi fuqarolik dasturlaridan bir necha muhim yo'nalishlarda farq qiladi:

1. Kutilayotgan harbiy omon qolish holati deyarli har doim transport vositasidan - samolyotdan yoki kemadan chiqishdan boshlanadi. Shunday qilib, stsenariy chiqish strategiyasi, amaliyoti va vositalari bilan boshlanadi (chiqish, parashyut bilan sakrash, suv ostidan qochish va hk).
2. Harbiy omon qolish mashg'ulotlari maxsus harbiy omon qolish uskunalari, omon qolish to'plamlari, signalizatsiya, qutqarish texnikasi va tiklash usullariga ko'proq e'tibor beradi.
3. Harbiy xizmatchilar deyarli har doim omon qolish holatlariga yaxshiroq tayyorlanadilar, chunki ularning faoliyatida (va ularning mashg'ulotlarida va jihozlarida) aniq xavf mavjud. Aksincha, harbiy xizmatchilar turli xil taxminiy stsenariylarga bo'ysunadilar, chunki har qanday topshiriq ularni har xil xavf-xatar, muhit va jarohatlarga duchor qilishi mumkin.
4. Deyarli barcha harbiy omon qolish holatlarida kimdir sizning yo'qolganingizni biladi va sizni zamonaviy uskunalar va oldindan tuzilgan protokollar bilan qidiradi.
5. Harbiy omon qolish ko'pincha dushmanga ta'sir qilishni o'z ichiga oladi.

SERE dasturlarida o'qitiladigan asosiy omon qolish ko'nikmalariga havoda otashin qurollar, boshpana vositalari, birinchi yordam, suvni sotib olish va tozalash, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotib olish (tuzoqlar, tuzoqlar va yovvoyi yirtqichlar), qo'lbola jihozlar, o'z-o'zini himoya qilish (tabiiy xatarlar) kabi ochiq havoda / cho'lda yashash qobiliyatlari kiradi. ) va navigatsiya (xarita va kompas va boshqalar). Omon qolish bo'yicha yanada rivojlangan treninglar tirik qolish irodasi, munosabat va "tirik qolish tafakkuri" (vaziyatni anglash, baholash, ustuvorlik) kabi aqliy elementlarga e'tiborni qaratadi. Harbiy omon qolish maktablari, shuningdek, parashyutga qo'nish, asosiy va maxsus signalizatsiya, vertolyotni vektor bilan boshqarish, qutqaruv vositalaridan foydalanish (o'rmon daraxtlari penetratorlari, jabduqlar va boshqalar), qo'pol er sayohatlari va mahalliy aholi bilan o'zaro aloqalar kabi noyob qobiliyatlarni o'rgatadi.

Jangda omon qolish

Harbiylar "Amerika xalqi oldida o'z askarlarini muvaffaqiyat va omon qolish kafolati bilan jangga kirishini ta'minlash majburiyatini oladi. Bu faqat qat'iy va realistik mashg'ulotlar bajarilishi mumkin bo'lgan majburiyatdir".^[24] AQSh armiyasi uzoq vaqtdan beri omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlarni jangovar tayyorgarlikning ajralmas qismi sifatida qabul qildi (FM 7-21.13 "Soldier Guide" va FM 5-103 "Survivability" ga muvofiq) va jangovar tayyorgarlik asosan dushmannikidan farqli o'laroq individual askarning omon qolishi bilan bog'liq. omon qolmaslik. "Survival" zamonaviy harbiy tayyorgarlikning alohida qismi sifatida asosan maxsus atrof-muhit operatsiyalarida paydo bo'ladi ("Tog 'operatsiyalari", FM 3-97.6, "Jungle School" da ko'rsatilgandek,^[25][26] dengiz piyodalari korpusining tog'dagi urushlarini o'rganish markazi,^[27] havo kuchlarining cho'l va Arktikada omon qolish maktablari (yuqoridagi kabi) va dengiz floti Dengiz maxsus urushi Sovuq ob-havo bo'limi Kodiak.

Har bir askarning omon qolish imkoniyatini oshiradigan ma'lum qobiliyatlar aniqlandi (ular jang maydonida bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi):

1. Qurollardan to'g'ri va samarali foydalaning
2. Har xil releflar orqali xavfsiz va samarali harakatlaning
3. Erdagi berilgan bir nuqtadan boshqasiga o'tish
4. Zarur bo'lganda muloqot qiling
5. Birinchi yordamni ko'rsatish (baholash, barqarorlashtirish va tashish)
6. Xavflarni aniqlang va ularga to'g'ri munosabatda bo'ling
7. Hujumkor va mudofaa pozitsiyalarini tanlang va ulardan foydalaning
8. Shaxsiy salomatlik va tayyorlikni saqlang
9. Qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish (aka "odam o'g'irlash va garovga olinganlarni saqlab qolish")
10. Favqulodda vaziyatlar tartibini, omon qolish uchun uskunalar va tiklash tizimlarini bilish va ulardan foydalanish

Umumiy omon qolish

AQShning barcha harbiy shoxobchalari "maxsus kuchlar" va ekipaj xodimlari uchun kuchaytirilgan xatarlarni tan olishadi. Shunday qilib, bu jangchilar asosiy jangovar ko'nikmalardan va ularning maxsus qobiliyatlaridan tashqari, tirik qolish va qutqarishni osonlashtirish uchun omon qolish qobiliyatlari to'g'risida amaliy bilimga ega bo'lishlari kerak. Odatda, ular quyidagilar bo'yicha o'qitilishi kerak:

1. Ularning yashashga yaroqliligini oshirishga mo'ljallangan maxsus uskunalar va protseduralar (chiqarib yuboriladigan o'rindiqlar, parashyutlar, aloqa va navigatsiya moslamalari, qutqarish moslamalari va protseduralari va boshqalar).
2. Tirik qolish uchun tayyorgarlik
3. Vaziyatni anglash va baholash
4. Atrof muhitni tushunish: xavf va imkoniyatlar
5. Shaxsiy himoya, tirik qolish va tiklanish bo'yicha ehtiyojlarni rejalashtirish va rejalashtirish harakatlariga ustuvor ahamiyat berish (tirik qolish to'g'risida qarorlar)
6. Agar dushman aralashsa - qochish (kamuflyaj, sayohat qilish texnikasi va boshqalar).
7. Boshpana
8. Yong'in^[28]
9. Suv
10. Signal (radiolar, nometall, yong'in / tutun, mash'alalar, markerlar)
11. Qutqaruvchi bilan aloqa qilish va tiklash protseduralari
12. Navigatsiya
13. Improvizatsiya - hayotni saqlab qolish uchun zarur bo'lgan qobiliyat^[29]
14. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini sotib olish va tayyorlash

Qochish, qarshilik ko'rsatish va qochish

Dushmandan qochish ma'lum mahoratga ega, ammo harbiylar o'z amaliyotlarini ochiq muhokama qilishni istamaydilar, chunki bu dushmanga yordam berishi mumkin.^[30] Shuni aytish kifoya: katta harbiylar qochishga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun katta vaqt va kuch sarflaydilar (rejalashtirish yo'llari, amaliyotlar, yig'ish punktlari, usullar, "o'rtoqlik uchrashuvlari", "chits", qurol-yarog 'va boshqalar). Dushmanlik bilan yashashga tayyorgarlik va ta'lim berishning ba'zi elementlari tasniflangan. Ayniqsa, bu "qarshilik" mashg'ulotlariga taalluqlidir, u erda asirga olinishi mumkin bo'lganlarni qiyinchilik, stress, suiiste'mol qilish, qiynoqqa solish, so'roq qilish, ta'lim berish va ekspluatatsiya qilishga tayyorlash mumkin.^[31]

Qo'lga olishga tayyor bo'lish uchun asos, agar asirga olingan bo'lsa, o'z burchini va huquqlarini bilishda yotadi.^[32] Amerikalik askarlar uchun bu Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining jangovar kuchlarining kodeksi. Bu:

1. Men amerikalikman, Vatanimni va hayot tarzimizni himoya qiladigan kuchlarda jang qilaman. Men ularni himoya qilish uchun jonimni berishga tayyorman.
2. Men hech qachon o'z xohishim bilan taslim bo'lmayman. Agar buyruq bo'lsa, men o'z buyrug'im a'zolarini qarshilik ko'rsatishga qodir bo'lganlarida, ularni hech qachon taslim qilmayman.
3. Agar meni qo'lga olishsa, men barcha imkoniyatlar bilan qarshilik ko'rsatishda davom etaman. Men qochishga va boshqalarning qochishiga yordam berishga harakat qilaman. Men shartli ravishda ozod qilishni ham, dushmandan maxsus imtiyozlarni ham qabul qilmayman.
4. Agar men harbiy asirga aylansam, boshqa mahbuslarim bilan imonimni saqlayman. Men o'rtoqlarim uchun zararli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan hech qanday ma'lumot bermayman va hech qanday harakatlarda qatnashmayman. Agar men katta bo'lsam, men buyruq beraman. Aks holda, men o'zimga tayinlanganlarning qonuniy buyruqlariga bo'ysunaman va ularni har tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatlayman.
5. Savol berganda, men harbiy asir bo'lishim kerakmi, berishim shart ism, daraja, xizmat raqami va Tug'ilgan sana. Men qo'shimcha savollarga javob berishdan qochaman, o'zimning mamlakatimga va uning ittifoqchilariga xiyonat qiladigan yoki ularning ishiga zararli bo'lgan og'zaki yoki yozma bayonotlar bermayman.
6. Men amerikalik ekanligimni, erkinlik uchun kurashayotganimni, harakatlarim uchun javobgar ekanimni va mamlakatimni ozod qilgan printsiplarga sodiqligimni hech qachon unutmayman. Men Xudoyimga va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga ishonaman.^[33][34]

Qo'lga tushgan taqdirda dushmanga qanday qilib omon qolish va unga qarshi turishni o'rgatish odatda asirlarning o'tgan tajribalariga asoslangan harbiy asirlar. Shunday qilib, odamni o'g'irlash kim bo'lishi mumkinligini va ulardan nimani kutish kerakligini bilish muhimdir. Bunday narsalarga nisbatan aql-idrok sezgir, ammo zamonaviy davrda asirlar "harbiy asir" maqomidan unchalik kam foydalanadilar, shunda ular himoya ostida bo'lishadi. Jeneva konvensiyalari shunga tegishli.^[35] Amerikalik askarlarga urushda insonparvarlik munosabati bo'yicha xalqaro huquq me'yorlari hanuzgacha o'rgatilmoqda, ammo ular ularga nisbatan himoya qilish imkoniyatidan ancha past, chunki tafsilotlarni aytib bo'lmaydi, chunki taniqli qarshilik ko'rsatish usullarining bir nechta misollari qarshilik texnikasining tabiatiga:^[36]

1. A dan foydalanish teging kodi asirlar o'rtasida yashirincha muloqot qilish.
2. Qachon AQSh dengiz kuchlari qo'mondoni Eremiyo Denton televizion matbuot anjumanida qatnashishga majbur bo'ldi, u Morse kodi bilan "T-O-R-T-U-R-E" so'zini bir necha bor miltillatdi.
3. "Xanoy Xilton" mahbuslarining "kodi" Hỏa Lò qamoqxonasi: "Ratsionallik qobiliyatingizni yo'qotishga to'g'ri kelguningizcha jismoniy qiynoqqa soling. O'sha paytda yolg'on gapiring, yashang yoki omon qolish uchun nima qilishingiz kerak bo'lsa ayting. Ammo avval siz jismoniy qiynoqqa soling."^[37][38]
4. Qamoqchilar boshqa uchuvchilarning ismini talab qilishganda chiziq romanlari qahramonlari nomini bergan uchuvchi asir.^[39]
5. Ko'p narsa Buyuk qochish (kitob).

"Qarshilik" ni o'rgatish odatda "simulyatsiya laboratoriyasi" sharoitida olib boriladi, u erda "qarshilikka tayyorgarlik" o'qituvchilari dushman asirlari sifatida harakat qilishadi va askar-talabalar asir / asirlarga nisbatan iloji boricha iloji boricha izolyatsiya, og'ir sharoitlar, yaqin qamoq, stress bilan muomala qiladilar. , soxta so'roq va "qiynoqlarni simulyatsiya qilish". Garchi dushmanlik asirlari haqiqatini taqlid qilishning iloji yo'q bo'lsa-da, bunday mashg'ulotlar asirlarni boshdan kechirganlarga bunday sharoitda asirlikdan va o'zlaridan nimani kutish kerakligini bilishda juda samarali ekanligini isbotladi.^[40][41]

Odob-axloq qoidalari bo'yicha o'qitish darajalari

Amaldagi DoD davlat siyosati asosida SERE odob-axloq qoidalari (aka "Qarshilik") o'qitish uch bosqichga ega:^[42]

• A daraja: Kirish darajasidagi trening. Bu odob-axloq qoidalari darslari (hozirda on-layn rejimida o'tkaziladi) barcha harbiy xizmatchilar uchun talab qilinadi - odatda chaqirilishda ("asosiy")^[43] va "OCS" Ofitser nomzodlari maktabi.^[44]
• B darajasi: Faoliyat yuritadigan yoki undan oldin ishlashi kutilayotganlar uchun bo'linish orqa chegara va o'z qo'shinlarining oldinga yo'nalishigacha (FLOT). Odatda cheklangan ekipaj armiya, dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari, dengiz floti va havo kuchlari. B darajasi tirik qolish va qochishga qaratilgan bo'lib, dastlabki tutish nuqtai nazaridan qarshilik ko'rsatadi.
• S daraja: Qo'lga olish xavfi yuqori bo'lgan va egallab turgan lavozimi, mansab darajasi yoki yoshi katta bo'lganligi sababli ularni har qanday bosqinchi tomonidan o'rtacha ekspluatatsiya harakatlaridan himoyasiz qiladi. S darajasidagi mashg'ulotlar ekspluatatsiya va so'roqqa qarshilik ko'rsatishga, izolyatsiya va asir paytida omon qolish va dushmanlardan qochishga (masalan, "qamoq lagerlari") qaratilgan.^[45]

"Qochish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar" qochish va qarshilik ko'rsatishga o'xshash elementlarga ega - agar tafsilotlar aniqlansa, biz dushmanlarga yordam beramiz va askarlarimizga zarar etkazamiz. Ushbu treningning aksariyati kuzatish, rejalashtirish, tayyorgarlik va kutilmagan holatlar bilan bog'liq. Buning aksariyati tarixiy tajribadan kelib chiqadi, shuning uchun ommaviy manbalar (masalan, filmlar) ochib beradi Buyuk qochish (film) va Tongni qutqarish ).

Maxsus omon qolish holatlari

1. Suv (okean, daryo, sohil bo'yida) omon qolish: Harbiy xizmatchilar boshqalarga qaraganda suvda omon qolish holatiga tushib qolish ehtimoli ko'proq. Suvda qanday qilib omon qolish dengiz floti yollovchilarni tayyorlash bo'yicha mashg'ulotlarida, dengiz flotining SUBSCOL dengiz osti kemalaridan qochish mashg'ulotlarida, havo kuchlari suvdan omon qolish kursida va alohida SOFda o'qitiladi. Maxsus kuchlar Kasbiy harbiy ta'lim (PME) kurslari. Bunday kurslarda quyidagi mavzular va mashqlar mavjud:^[46]

1. Kema / transport vositasidan suv osti qochishi (dengiz osti kemalaridan samolyotgacha)
2. Suv parashyuti bilan qo'nish
3. Parashyut ostidan suzish
4. "Qo'pol" suv bilan muomala qilish
5. Bortga chiqish va qutqaruv salosidan chiqish
6. Salda hayot
7. Suvda omon qolish vositalaridan foydalanish
8. Suv muhitining xavfi
9. Suv muhitida birinchi yordam (dengiz kasalligi, suvga cho'mish, hayvonlarning shikastlanishi)
10. Oziq-ovqat va suvni sotib olish va tayyorlash
11. Cho'kish, suzish, suzish
12. Maxsus psixologik tashvishlar
13. Okean ekologiyasi^[47]

2. Arktika (dengiz muzi, tundra Omon qolish: Havo kuchlari ekipajlari arktik mintaqalar bo'ylab uchish uchun ko'p vaqt sarflaydilar Polar marshrutlar va zamonaviy Arktikada omon qolish holatlari kamdan-kam uchraydi, ammo mashg'ulotlar foydali va foydali bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki uning mazmuni har qanday joyda qishda omon qolish bilan bog'liq. AQShning barcha harbiy filiallarida Koreya urushi paytida o'rganilgan saboqlardan kelib chiqqan holda sovuq / qish / tog'larda omon qolish bo'yicha ba'zi bir ta'lim turlari mavjud (yuqoriga va pastga qarang). Sovuq sharoitlar bilan kurashish bir nechta noyob tarkib sohalarini taqdim etadi:

1. Sovuq shikastlanishlar:^[48] muzlash, gipotermiya, chilparchin, suvga botish
2. Qor / muz / sovuq masalalar: qor ko'rligi, qor ko'chkisi / muz tushishi, aysberglar, shamol sovuq
3. Issiq turing
4. Nega Igloo yoki qor g'ori chodirdan ko'ra yaxshiroqdir
5. Qurilma
6. Kaloriyalarni tejash, kaloriyalarni yoqish va kaloriyalarni topish.
7. Arktika / qor sayohati
8. Suv
9. Namlik xavfi / Quruqlikni saqlash

3. Cho'l Omon qolish: Cho'llarda omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar AQSh tashkil topganidan beri AQShning harbiy omon qolish kurslarining bir qismi bo'lgan (Qarang: Havo kuchlari qo'llanmasiga № 21)^[49] omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar 1990 yilda shu yo'nalishga to'g'ri keldi "Cho'l qalqoni" operatsiyasi Ko'rfaz urushi (1990-1991). Yaqin kelajakda cho'lni saqlab qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar asosiy yo'nalish bo'lib qolishi mumkin. Cho'llarni issiq deb hisoblash odatiy xato bo'lsa-da, aksariyati Arktika (va Antarktika ) shuningdek cho'l hisoblanadi qutbli cho'l. Va ta'rifi ostida cho'l iqlimi (iqlim sharoitida yog'ingarchilik miqdori bo'yicha bug'lanish ko'p), ba'zi cho'llar "sovuq ob-havo cho'llari" (masalan, Gobi sahrosi.^[50] Barcha cho'llarni birlashtiruvchi xususiyati suv etishmasligi bo'lgani uchun, bu cho'lni saqlab qolish uchun asosiy e'tibordir:

1. Suvni tejang (lekin ortiqcha qilmang): Agar issiq bo'lsa, terlashdan saqlaning; agar sovuq bo'lsa, nafas olishning suvsizlanishidan saqlaning^[51]
2. Suvsizlanish haqida tushuncha
3. Suv manbalari quruq mintaqalar
4. Issiq cho'l - kunduzi boshpana, kechasi harakat qiling / harakat qiling
5. Sovuq cho'l - nafas namligini ushlang
6. Cho'l boshpanalari (sirt ustida yoki pastda)
7. Cho'l kiyimi
8. Cho'l xavfi va davolash usullari
9. Cho'l signalizatsiyasi
10. Cho'lga sayohat

4. O'rmon /Tropiklar Omon qolish: O'rmonda tirik qolish nisbatan oson, ammo buni bemalol bajarish juda qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Panamada askarlar JWS (Jungle Warfare School) ni "Yashil jahannam" deb hisoblashining yaxshi sabablari bor:^[52]

1. O'rmon muhiti: sharoit (nam, namroq, eng nam)^[53] issiqlik ko'rsatkichi
2. O'rmon xavfi
3. O'rmon kasalliklari: xandaq oyog'i, hasharotlar chaqishi, yomon ovqat, yomon suv, parazitlar, ilon chaqishi
4. Ovqat
5. Suvni tayyorlash / tozalash
6. O'rmonlardan boshpana (lar)
7. Qurilma
8. O'rmonlarni improvizatsiya qilish
9. O'rmonlarni signalizatsiya qilish va qutqarish

5. Izolyatsiyadan omon qolish: Izolyatsiya nafaqat "yolg'iz qolish", balki tanish va tasalli berishdan uzoqlashishdir. Izolyatsiyadan omon qolish uzoq vaqtdan beri SEREning "qarshilik" qismidagi qismi bo'lib kelgan, ammo yaqinda kengroq e'tiborga loyiq deb tan olingan. To'satdan o'zingizni yolg'iz, adashgan yoki "farovonlik zonasi" dan tashqarida topishingizning psixologik ta'siri zaiflashtirishi, jiddiy tushkunlikka solishi va hatto o'limga olib kelishi mumkin (vahima orqali).^[54] Izolyatsiyadan omon qolish, shuningdek, asirni o'g'irlash va jangovar bo'lmagan asirlarni o'z ichiga olgan keng qamrovli ko'rinishga qaratadi. Izolyatsiyadan omon qolish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar ko'proq psixologik tayyorgarlikka va "ko'nikmalar" ga kam e'tibor beradi.

1. Vahima tushunchasini tushunish va oldini olish
2. "O'zingiz haqingizda fikringizni saqlash" ning ahamiyati
3. Fokuslash, kuzatish, rejalashtirish va tasavvur qilish ("FOPE")
4. Stress^[55] "kurash yoki qochish" ga qarshi kurash, "stress tsikli",^[56] va xotirjam bo'lishga yordam beradigan narsalar.^[57]
5. Tutqunlik psixologiyasi^[58]

AQSh harbiy SERE / Survival maktablari va kurslari

Yuqoridagi "tarix" da tilga olingan SERE / Survival maktablarining aksariyati hanuzgacha ishlamoqda. Xususiy sektorda SERE maktablari va o'qitish sohasida o'sish kuzatildi (ular bu erda ahamiyatli emas). Shu bilan birga, bu erda muhim bo'lgan SERE o'qitishning xususiy sektoridan harbiy foydalanishda sezilarli o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Ushbu o'zgarish g'alati natijani keltirib chiqardi - harbiylar daromadli xususiy sektor imkoniyatlari tufayli o'zlarining yaxshi o'qitilgan va yuqori tajribali SERE o'qituvchilarini ushlab turishga qiynaldilar. (2020 yilda Google tomonidan "SERE Instructor Jobs" qidiruvi natijasida 1 milliondan ortiq "xit" topilgan). Ushbu ishlarning aksariyati harbiy SERE ta'limini talab qiladi.

Yaratilgandan beri SERE-ning tarmoqdagi farqlari unchalik aniq emas yoki dolzarb bo'lib qoldi Kadrlarni tiklash bo'yicha qo'shma agentlik (Yuqoridagi kabi JPRA). JPRA "DoD miqyosidagi xodimlarni tiklash masalalari uchun asosiy javobgarlikni" o'z zimmasiga olganligi sababli.^[17] (which specifically includes Level C SERE training), it integrates, coordinates, mandates, and draws from all military branches as needed. It is also worthy to note that much of military SERE is viewed as "joint operations" and cross-branch training is common (or required). SERE training detachments (usually, USAF) often work with different branches, especially where bases have been combined as "Joint Bases" and for update/review training. In that regard, designating schools by branch may be less meaningful.

1. SERE 100.2 (J3TA-US1329) is a joint services Level A SERE education and training course supporting the military-wide "Code of Conduct" training requirement. It is 4 hour course available on-line or as an on-base classroom course.^[59]

It is common practice for joint operation SERE training to be conducted at, through, or in conjunction with individual military bases.^[60]

AQSh armiyasi

US Army aviation SERE students create a Dakota hole to conceal a fire in order to better protect their position from enemy observation.

The Army position statement on SERE training is clear: "The Army has an obligation to the American people to ensure its soldiers go into battle with the assurance of success and survival. This is an obligation that only rigorous and realistic training, conducted to standard, can fulfill."^[24] Like all military branches, the Army operates under DOD Directive 1300.7^[11] which requires and specifies Code of Conduct training for military personnel. Because the Army views a large portion of its training as "survival" related and since the Army has more soldiers^[61] than the other branches, there are many modes and schools for survival and SERE training (as indicated above and below). Army Airborne School, for example is largely about surviving parachute jumps but is not deemed a "survival school". Army Rangers, Delta Force and other SoF soldiers receive extensive survival training as an inherent part of their overall combat training (as well as specific SERE training).

The mission of the United States Army SERE training is "to ensure each student gains the ability to effectively employ the SERE tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) necessary to return with honor regardless of the circumstances of separation, isolation or capture."^[62]

The major "specialized schools" and courses for Army SERE training include:

1. Jon F. Kennedining maxsus urush markazi va maktabi (SWCS) at Kamp Makkol where Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) personnel complete their Special Forces Qualification Course (SFQC - Phase III "SF Tactical Combat Skills")^[63] with a 19-day SERE course (including the Special Operations Forces' (ARSOF) Resistance Training Laboratory (RTL))^[64] that includes Level C training.^[65]
2. Armiya aviatsiya maktabi da Fort-Ruker where 21 days of SERE training is included in the Army aviators curriculum. The program has a Level C course with both academics and resistance training labs.^[66] The Basic Officer's Leadership Course (BOLC) includes introductory SERE training including Helicopter Over-water Survival Training (HOST). The SERE Level C course exposes students to various captor exploitation efforts including interrogation (eight methods), indoctrination, propaganda, video propaganda, concessions, forced labor, and reprisals. A simulated captivity environment provides experience which includes wartime, peacetime governmental detention, and hostage detention scenarios with content involving resistance postures, techniques and strategies, establishing overt and covert organizations, establishing overt and covert communications, and planning and executing escapes in captivity environments.^[67]
3. Northern Warfare Training Center (NWTC) at Black Rapids, Alaska (administered from Fort Wainwright ) where several courses are intended to maintain the U.S. Army's abilities in cold weather and mountain warfare. The Cold Weather Orientation Course (CWOC),^[68] Cold Weather Indoctrination Course (CWIC),^[69] and Basic Military Mountaineering Course (BMMC)^[70] each have specific "survival" sections.^[71]
4. The Jungle Operations Training Course (JOTC) at Shofild kazarmasi, Hawaii is a 12-day program of instruction with focus on jungle operations and survival. Students learn tactics, techniques, and procedures required to fight, win, and survive within any jungle environment.^[72][25]
5. Desert Warrior Course outside of Fort Bliss, Texas where a 20-day course emphasizes the "individual strain on the body from the heat, sun, high winds and dryness." There is also special focus on desert hazards ("rattlesnakes, cobras, vipers, scorpions, tarantulas, camel spiders, coyotes, camels, big cats and antelope") and related medical skills.^[73][74]

AQSh dengiz kuchlari

The USN Center for Security Forces (CENSECFOR) of the Dengiz ta'limi va o'qitish qo'mondonligi (NETC) at Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek–Fort Story promulgates the Navy's SERE training. The mission of the Command is "to educate and train those who serve, providing the tools and opportunities which enable life-long learning, professional and personal growth and development, ensuring fleet readiness and mission accomplishment; and to perform such other functions and tasks assigned by higher authority".^[75] This includes basic survival training for all Navy sailors and DOD Directive 1300.7 requiring "Code of Conduct" training (as above). The major Navy SERE schools and courses include:

1. The Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School (A-2D-4635 or E-2D-0039) at CENSECFOR Detachment SERE East, Portsmut dengiz kemasozligi, New Hampshire offers several SERE courses including the outdoor/field course at the Navy Remote Training Site, Kitteri, Men, a "Risk of Isolation Brief" course, and the SERE Instructor Under Training course. The school employs approximately 100 military and civilian personnel and trains an average of 1,200 students per year.
2. Cold Weather Environmental Survival Training (CWEST) at Rangeley, Maine - the US Navy's only cold weather survival school.
3. The Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) School (A-2D-4635 or E-2D-0039) at CENSECFOR Detachment SERE West, Shimoliy orolda dengiz havo stantsiyasi, California provides all levels of "Code of Conduct" training for Recon Marines, Marine Corps Scout Snipers, MARSOC Marines, Dengiz muhrlari, enlisted Navy and Marine aircrewmen, Dengiz aviatorlari, Dengiz parvozlari bo'yicha ofitserlar, Naval Flight Surgeons, Navy EOD va Navy SWCC. The school operates the Navy Remote Training Site at Warner Springs where soldiers learn basic skills necessary for worldwide survival, facilitating search and rescue efforts, and evading capture by hostile forces. Additional Level C Code of Conduct training includes a five-day Peacetime Detention and Hostage Survival (PDAHS) course providing skills to survive captivity by a hostile government or terrorist cell during peacetime.
4. Recruit Training Command's Water Survival Division at Dengiz stantsiyasi Buyuk ko'llar (NAVSTA Great Lakes), Illinois offers introductory survival training including: basic sea survival training; lifeboat organization, survival kit contents and usage, abandon ship procedures, and swim qualification (3rd class).
5. Naval Special Warfare (NSW) SERE (K-431-0400), Dengiz maxsus urush markazi, Coronado, California (mostly classified personnel recovery TTPs).
6. Naval Aviation Survival Training Centers: The Navy operates eight water survival training centers for its aviators (Miramar, Jacksonville, Norfolk, Cherry Point, Pensacola, Patuxent River, Lemorre, and Whidbey Island). NASTC "provides and meets the aviation survival and safety requirements of all Naval Aviation and DoD activities. Through didactic classroom or squadron lectures, simulator devices and a curriculum that emphasizes hands-on exposure to survival skills, we offer the best survival training available to the Fleet."^[76]
7. Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command (NSWATC) courses (4) providing advanced training related to SERE and Personnel Recovery (PR) to Naval Special Warfare (NSW) trainees (SEAL/Special Warfare Combatant-craft Crewman pipeline students and Combat Support/Combat Service Support (CS/CSS) personnel) and other select groups at Kodiak, Alaska and Virginia Beach, Virginia.

Havo kuchlari

USAF SERE Instructor explaining how to jump safely with a parachute

The Havo ta'limi va o'qitish qo'mondonligi (AETC) has over 60,000 personnel and is responsible for all Air Force training programs, including SERE training. In the AETC, the 336TH Training Group at Fairchild AFB, Washington has the mission to "provide high risk of isolation personnel with the skills and confidence to "RETURN WITH HONOR" regardless of the circumstances of isolation."^[77] It is also the largest U.S. Military SERE training provider training more than 6,000 SERE students a year."^[78]

As with the other branches, the Air Force offers a wide scope of survival training within other courses, but unique to the Air Force is the stationing of career SERE specialists at bases around the world as renewal and upgrade SERE instructors, advisors, and PR specialists. In the mid-80s, the USAF Combat "Desert" Survival Course was established by the 3636th Combat Crew Training Wing and USAF Survival Training Schools began emphasizing "Combat SERE Training" (CST) instead of "Global SERE Training".^[79] The primary Air Force survival schools/courses are:

1. Arctic Survival School - the "Cool School" offered by the 66th TRS, Det. 1, at Eielson AFB, Alaska - a five-day course consisting of both classroom instruction and a 3-day field experience where students from all military branches along with "the Coast Guard, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other organizations that find their members operating in arctic conditions" get to build snow shelters, trap rabbits, and deal with being COLD.^[80]
2. SERE Specialist Selection Course (where over 50% of the hopefuls don't get to "first base") offered by the 66th TRS, Det. 3, at Laklend AFB, Texas - a rigorous pre-screening intended to save the Air Force time and money - and students needless pain and suffering.
3. Evasion and Conduct After Capture (ECAC) Course, also by the 66th TRS, Det. 3 at Lackland. A Level B code of Conduct course that may act as partial/preparation course for Level C Code of Conduct (completed elsewhere).
4. Non-ejection Water Survival offered by the 22nd TS at Fairchild - a 2-day course with an obvious focus.
5. SV-80-A - the USAF aircrew SERE course is the largest in the military with 6,000+ attendees in an average year. This 19-day course mixes classroom, field, and "laboratory" (captive simulation) experiences to prepare students to "Return with Honor". The course is the "standard" for Level C Code of Conduct training and is offered broadly beyond the Air Force.
6. JPRA courses: The Personnel Recovery Academy is located with the SERE school at Fairchild and there is significant overlap in instruction and facility. The west coast JPRA facility is just across the highway at White Bluffs where separate Level C(+) training is offered (mostly classified).
7. SV-81-A - the U.S. military's only career SERE Specialist Course is offered by the 66th TS at the Air Force Survival School at Fairchild aviatsiya bazasi, Washington and other regional locations. After a grueling selection process, successful students re-locate to Fairchild where they experience what they will teach by completing the SV-60-A course. Then they undertake a series of challenging field training exercises over a 5-month period to develop broad first-hand knowledge and experience in different terrains, weather, and situations (and differing gear). Those who graduate (less than 10%) are awarded the Sage Beret (with insignia pin), SERE Arch and SERE Flash - only to enter another 45 weeks of intensive on-the-job training. At some point, graduates must complete Airborne School. After completion of three-four years as a "Field Instructor", Specialists may be tasked to train students worldwide. USAF SERE Specialists must complete an associate degree in Survival and Rescue Sciences through the USAF Community College in order to continue to advance in the SERE career field. (SERE Specialists complete additional qualification training at specialized schools as required. Examples are Scuba Courses, Military Freefall Parachuting, Altitude chamber, etc. Assignment to each of the outlying schools requires additional training by the SERE Specialist. Upon reporting to the new assignment, each SERE Specialist must first complete that school's course (the same as an Aircrew member), and then be trained by the school's cadre in the specialized subject matter (and carry crews under supervision) before the newly assigned Specialist is "qualified" to teach without supervision. At Edwards AFB, USAF SERE Specialists are tasked as "Test Parachutists" and required to perform multiple jumps on newly introduced / modified rescue systems, aircraft, and parachuting and / or ejection systems. This includes test parachuting newly designed canopies, harnesses, etc. Currently, they are the only Test Parachutists in the Department of Defense. USAF SERE Specialists are considered D OD-wide subject matter experts in their field and are assigned to base level and command staff as advisers).^[79][81]
8. Combat Survival Training (CST) taught by the 22nd TS at the Havo kuchlari akademiyasi (AFA) in Colorado. Since 2011, this program has been significantly reduced (following problems and controversies detailed below). With most Academy graduates now required to attend the SV-80-A course at Fairchild, the AFA program is limited to some survival and Level B Code of Conduct training.^[82][83]

Dengiz kuchlari korpusi

"Preserving the lives and well-being of U.S. military, Department of Defense (DoD) civilians, and DoD contractors authorized to accompany the force (CAAF) who are in danger of becoming, or already are beleaguered, besieged, captured, detained, interned, or, otherwise missing or evading capture (hereafter referred to as "isolated") while participating in U.S.-sponsored activities or missions, is one of the highest priorities of the DoD. The DoD has an obligation to train, equip, and protect its personnel, to prevent their capture and exploitation by adversaries, and to reduce the potential for the use of isolated personnel as leverage against U.S. security objectives. Personnel Recovery (PR) is the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel." MSGID/GENADMIN/CG MCCDC QUANTICO VA REF/A/DODI O-3002.05//REF/B/CJCSM 3500.09//REF/C/MCO 3460.3| MARADMINS Number: 286/18 May 23, 2018 announcing that "Training and Education Command (TECOM) in a joint effort with U.S. Army Forces Command, and with the assistance of the Joint Personal Recovery Agency, has developed a SERE Level A Training Support Package (TSP) that enables deploying units to self-train SERE Level A in an instructor guided group setting."

The U.S. Marine Corps operates jointly with the Navy and cooperatively with the other branches^[84] in much of its SERE training, but operates its own Level C course at the Full Spectrum SERE Course, U.S. Marines Special Operations School (MSOS), Lejeune lageri, Shimoliy Karolina. Marine Spec Ops often train with Navy Spec Ops and utilize Navy training when it fits their needs and there is no equivalent USMC course. The Corps like to stand apart and have their own specifications for required "Code of Conduct" training:

A daraja is taught to recruits and candidates in Officer Candidate School and the Recruit Depots, or under professional military education (but note the JPRA note above).

B darajasi is taught at the Marine Corps Tog 'urushlarini o'rgatish markazi, Bridgeport, Kaliforniya, and at the North Training Area, Camp Gonsalves, Okinava prefekturasi, Yaponiya.

S daraja is held at Camp Lejeune, as above, although some Marine personnel are trained at the Navy facilities listed above.

USMC courses or training with survival focus include:

1. Full Spectrum SERE Training taught by the MARSOC Personnel Recovery (PR)/ SERE Branch at Lejeune lageri provides 19 days of full spectrum Level C SERE training to MARSOC personnel encompassing Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP) to plan for evasion, effect personnel recovery, survive and evade capture in austere environments and resist exploitation appropriately, in accordance with the Code of Conduct, should they become captured or detained. The training consists of classroom academic instruction, vicarious learning evolutions consisting of Academic Role-Play Laboratories (ARL), field survival exercises, an evasion exercise, experiential resistance training laboratories (RTL), an urban movement phase and a course debrief.^[85]
2. Tog 'urushlarini o'rgatish markazi (MWTC) at Pickel Meadows in the Toiyabe National Forest (~20 miles northwest of Bridgeport, California) offers "specialized training in technical climbing, military mountaineering, snow mobility, field craft, survival, CASEVAC, navigation, use of pack animals and high angle marksmanship. Medical challenges include treatment of high altitude and cold weather illness and injuries, and casualty transport in a snow covered mountainous environment."^[86]
3. Special Operations Training Course (SOTC) is taught at the Marine Raider Training Center (MRTC) at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina in four phases under the general title Individual Training Course (ITC). The entire course includes six months of unhindered, realistic, challenging basic and intermediate Special Operations Forces (SOF) war fighting skills training. In the ten-week Phase I portion, Marines learn basic Spec Ops skills including SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape), TCCC (Tactical Combat Casualty Care), fire support training and communications. Survivability is a focus in all phases of the ITC course.^[87]
4. Jungle Warfare Training Center (JWTC) offers various courses taught by the 3d Marine Division at Camp Gonsalves, Okinawa, Japan. The skills, leaders, and endurance courses intend to teach Marines the skills they need should they become separated from their units in a combat zone and must survive off the land while evading the enemy.^[88] The Jungle Tracking, Trauma, and Medicine Courses have more specific goals. The rigorous eight-day Basic Skills Course teaches skills such as first aid, communication, booby traps, knot tying, rappelling, and land navigation. Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape training (SERE) is conducted monthly - a 12-day course, 3 days of classroom learning of the basics of survival (how to identify and catch food, build tools, start fires and construct shelter), 5 days on a beach where the Marines survive on their own (with nothing but a knife, a canteen and the uniforms on their backs), and 4 days of "team" evasion through the muddy and tangled jungle (to avoid being captured by students from the man-tracking course). Captured student get placed into an improvised POW camp and the instructors interrogate them to test their "resistance" skills.^[26]

Marines often participate in "exercises" and some of them have a survival focus.^[60]

Qarama-qarshiliklar

American Use of "SERE Techniques" in "Detainee" Interrogation/Torture

Heavily redacted US Department of Defense memo discussing SERE techniques used at Guantánamo

"The U.S. government torture program since 9/11 has been "breathtaking" in its scope, according to the detailed report submitted to the United Nations Committee Against Torture by the International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School and other human rights activists." Qiynoqlar va Qo'shma Shtatlar - "Torture, interrogation and prisons in the War on Terror" (See Main articles: Abu Graib qiynoqqa solinishi va mahbuslarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik, Bagram qiynoqlari va mahbuslarni suiiste'mol qilish, Criticisms of the War on Terrorism, Kengaytirilgan so'roq qilish texnikasi va Senatning Razvedka qo'mitasi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining qiynoqlari to'g'risida hisobot ). That Americans used "stress and duress " (and worse) techniques to humiliate and interrogate captives after 9/11 is now beyond cavil. While some may claim that such did not constitute "torture" and others may claim that torture was necessary to prevent deaths, those arguments are well refuted elsewhere. What cannot be overstated is the impact of President George W. Bush's declaration (February 5, 2002) that the Geneva Convention(s) regarding POWs did not apply to the conflict with al-Qaida or the Taliban as those prisoners were not entitled to POW status or those legal guarantees of humane treatment.^[89] To soldiers who are legally required to follow the directives of their Commander-in-Chief, this not only excused harsh techniques, it made them essentially mandatory.^[90] (A soldier's claim that this was an "unlawful order" would be a difficult defense because the legal definition of torture - "intended to inflict severe physical or mental pain or suffering" - is less than resolved. The intent is hard to prove and the meaning of "severe" in this application is debated).^[91][92]

"SERE"?

The CIA acting general counsel, described in his book Kompaniya odami, that the enhanced techniques were "sadistic and terrifying."^[93] An online magazine article from June 2006 referenced a 2005 document obtained by the Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi orqali Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun in which the former chief of the Interrogation Control Element at Guantánamo said "SERE instructors" taught their methods to interrogators of the prisoners in Cuba.^[94] The article also stated that physical and mental techniques used against some detainees at Abu Graib are similar to the ones SERE students are taught to resist.

Ga binoan Avvalo inson huquqlari, the interrogation that led to the death of Iroq General-mayor Abed Hamed Moxush involved the use of techniques used in SERE training. According to the organization "Internal FBI memos and press reports have pointed to SERE training as the basis for some of the harshest techniques authorized for use on detainees by the Pentagon in 2002 and 2003."^[95][96]

On June 17, 2008, Mark Mazzetti ning The New York Times reported that the senior Pentagon lawyer Mark Schiffrin requested information in 2002 from the leaders of the Air Force's captivity-resistance program, referring to one based in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The information was later used on prisoners in military custody.^[97] In written testimony to the Senate Armed Forces Committee hearing, Col. Steven Kleinman of the Kadrlarni tiklash bo'yicha qo'shma agentlik said a team of trainers whom he was leading in Iraq were asked to demonstrate SERE techniques on uncooperative prisoners. He refused, but his decision was overruled. He was quoted as saying "When presented with the choice of getting smarter or getting tougher, we chose the latter."^[98] Davlat kotibi Kondoliza Rays has acknowledged that the use of the SERE program techniques to conduct interrogations in Iraq was discussed by senior oq uy officials in 2002 and 2003.^[99]

It has been subsequently confirmed that in 2002 JPRA was asked by the CIA to provide advisors on topics such as "deprivation techniques... exploitation and questioning techniques, and developing countermeasures to resistance techniques".^[100] What has never been revealed is who the JPRA instructors actually were, but almost every source continues to deem them "SERE instructors". JPRA is not SERE and many of its resistance training instructors are not SERE instructors (they are from the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency ). The techniques they taught the CIA are not SERE resistance training methods (although they are related) - they are the work product of Bryus Xessen va Jeyms Elmer Mitchell.^[101] Masalan, "suv kemalari " (probably the most controversial of the "so'roq qilishning takomillashtirilgan usullari " proposed by Jessen and Mitchell) has never been used in resistance training as part of Air Force SERE training and therefore, neither psychologist had any experience with it.^[102] (Simulated waterboarding had been used in SERE training in other branches until 2007).

While "Resistance" is clearly part of SERE training, not all resistance training is part of SERE. The SERE community is about TRAINING and, within SERE, "Resistance" is about teaching others methods and techniques to help them deal with captivity and avoid exploitation. SERE instructors use "role-playing" exercises to allow students to experience simulated abuse, stress, and exploitation as might be expected if captured. Interrogation is something captives should expect and SERE instructors role-play as interrogators. While this means that such instructors must know how real interrogations might be conducted, their RT training focuses on effective role-playing in a VERY tightly controlled environment. Col. Steven Kleinman, a top intelligence officer at Fairchild AFB who was named the director of intelligence for JPRA in 2004, calls the "mistaking of role-playing resistance training as a basis for actual interrogations" a "critical disconnect" in the misinformation Jessen and Mitchell were "selling" to the CIA. When Col. Kleinman was ordered by the commander of JPRA to teach non-SERE soldiers the techniques that were used by role-playing "interrogators" in resistance training at SERE schools, he refused. (Note: Col. Kleinman was NOT a SERE officer, he was an "ISR" Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency officer).^[103]

Senatning Razvedka qo'mitasi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining qiynoqlari to'g'risida hisobot

On December 9, 2014, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatining Razvedka bo'yicha qo'mitasini tanlang released a report ("SASC report", hereafter) which detailed how contractors who developed the "enhanced interrogation techniques" used by U.S. personnel received AQSH$81 million for their services and identified the contractors, who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms, as principals in Mitchell, Jessen & Associates from Spokane, Vashington. Two of them were psychologists, John "Bruce" Jessen va Jeyms Mitchell. Jessen was a senior psychologist at the Defense Department who had worked with Army special forces in resistance training. The report states that the contractor "developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA's most significant detainees using those techniques. The contractors also evaluated whether the detainees' psychological state allowed for continued use of the techniques, even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating or had interrogated." Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of 20 potential enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation and stress positions.^[104]

Over the six years following their hiring by friends at the CIA (Kirk Hubbard), Mitchell, Jessen & Associates would hire over 100 staff, bill the CIA for over $80,000,000, and lead the American military (and other parts of the government) into perhaps their greatest PR (public relations) fiasco. Qachon 60 daqiqa aired pictures from Abu Ghraib in May 2004, the shock was "heard around the world".^[105] Americans (for the most part) began hearing of "SERE" for the first time and still hear it today as more and more information about American torture becomes known. While Mitchell, Jessen & Associates hired ex-"SERE instructors" we don't know how many, if any, were actually "SERE", how many were private contractors who used the title "SERE Instructor", how many were CIA that called themselves "SERE interrogators" merely because they used Mitchell's and Jessen's stolen (classified) library materials that have been repeatedly misrepresented as "SERE" training techniques".^[106] They came from classified training materials (historical and instructional) used for curriculum development in military and JPRA Level-C "resistance training".^{[107][108][109]}

SERE Abuses and Scandals

1. USAFA "sex abuse" during resistance training: See 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari akademiyasi has had several sex/sex abuse scandals, some involving SERE. In 1993 a female cadet alleged that she was particularly selected as a participant in a simulated rape and exploitation scenario where, while hooded and other cadets stood by, she had to lie on the ground with her shirt removed and her legs pried apart. The subsequent investigations failed to affirm the allegations and she filed a lawsuit^[110] that was confidentially settled out-of-court.^[111] In 1995, abuse allegations were made by one male cadet: "They dressed me up as a woman. They put me in a skirt, put makeup all over my face, and made me follow around one of the [instructors] like his little toy." The cadet also claimed that while he was tied to a bench, another cadet was forced to "get on top of me and act like he's having sex with me.".^[112][113] Following this allegation, cadet SERE training was suspended until 1998 when it resumed without the "Sexual Exploitation" element.
2. USN waterboarding during resistance training (ordered stopped in 2007 by JPRA): "For years, the U.S. military used waterboarding, a centuries-old torture technique, to train American troops to resist interrogation if captured."^[114] JPRA (the controlling agency) compelled the Army and Navy to discontinue simulated waterboard training in 2007.^[115]
3. Claims of psychological and/or physical harm from resistance training: It has been suggested that training exercises during SERE courses are harsh enough to cause students to become "psychologically defeated" and impaired in the ability to develop "psychological hardiness."^[116] Men
4. Claims of resistance training involving "torture": "The experience of torture at SERE [school] surely plays a role in the minds of the graduates who go on to be interrogators, and it must on some level help them rationalize their actions."^[117] The most credible claim of simulations escalating into torture come from an Internal JPRA memorandum regarding North Island SERE school waterboarding, which says, in part: "Out of the four water boards we observed, the instructor did not stop watering students when they started tapping their toes, but instead continued watering until stopped by the watch officer or until the totally defeated student gave an answer through the water. In one case two full canteen cups were poured after the student started tapping..." (The tapping of toes is an instructional signal given to students so they may temporarily stop the training simulation).^[116]

Shuningdek qarang

• Tirik qolish qobiliyatlari
• Harbiy asir
• Maxsus kuchlar
• Maxsus operatsiyalar
• Kadrlarni tiklash
• Kengaytirilgan so'roq qilish texnikasi
• Resistance to interrogation
• Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi
• Qiynoqlar va Qo'shma Shtatlar
• Survive, Evade, Resist, Extract —an analogous training program used by the armed forces of the United Kingdom

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• "Adliya vazirligi Guantanamo qamoqxonasiga: Adliya vazirligidan Guantanamo qamoqxonasigacha: ma'muriy yuristlar va ma'muriyatni so'roq qilish qoidalari: Konstitutsiya, Fuqarolik huquqlari va fuqarolik erkinliklari bo'yicha quyi qo'mitada sudlar qo'mitasi oldida tinglash, Yuz o'ninchi Kongress, ikkinchi sessiya ", Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari. Kongress. Uy. Adliya qo'mitasi. Konstitutsiya, fuqarolik huquqlari va fuqarolik erkinliklari bo'yicha kichik qo'mita, AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 2008 yil
• "Maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlari ma'lumotnomasi", To'rtinchi nashr, JSOU Press, MacDill AFB, Florida, 2015 yil iyun. https://www.socom.mil/JSOU/JSOUPublications/2015SOFRefManual_final_cc.pdf
• "Unutilgan urushning eslab olingan mahbuslari: Koreyalik harbiy asirlarning og'zaki tarixi" Lyuis X.Karlson, Makmillan (2002) - asirlarning birinchi qo'l hisoblari.
• "AQSh harbiy-havo kuchlarining maxsus operatsiyalari va jangovar harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash mutaxassisliklari bo'yicha mashg'ulotlarda muvaffaqiyat: kadrlarni jalb qilish, skrining va rivojlanish jarayonlarini tahlil qilish" muallifi Mariya C. Laytell, Shon Robson, Devid Shulker, Treysi K. Makkozlend, Miriyam Metyus, Lui T. Mariano, Albert A. Robbert, RAND korporatsiyasi (2018)
• "Survival Beyond: Qiyin davrga asos solish", Jerald Coffee, Putnam (1990).

Tashqi havolalar

• SERE Survival Training (Dengiz kuchlari) - YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AERMhn1me_8 )
• Dengizga qarshi harbiy xizmatchilar: Dengizdagi omon qolish tajribalarini tahlil qilish "Jorj Albert Llano (1956) tomonidan bepul Google kitobi
• Omon qolish, qochish va qutqarish - tirik qolish, qochish va qutqarish uchun ko'p xizmatli tartib FM 21-76-1
• Armiya qoidalari / SERE ta'limi qoidalari
• Havo kuchlari siyosati bo'yicha ko'rsatma (AFPD) 16-13 - SERE
• 16-13 - SERE havo kuchlari siyosati yo'riqnomasini amalga oshirish bo'yicha ko'rsatma
• "Omon qolish, qochish. Qarshilik va qochish (SERE) mashg'uloti: Harbiy a'zolarni asirga olish talablariga tayyorlash", Entoni P. Dyuran, Gari Xoyt va Charlz Morgan Morgan III tomonidan "Harbiy psixologiya: klinik va operatsion qo'llanmalar" tahririda Carrie H. Kennedy va Eric A. Zillmer tomonidan, Guilford (2006)
• Malcom Nance, AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari SERE treningining rahbari