Ayollar havo kuchlariga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi uchuvchilar - Women Airforce Service Pilots

Ayollar havo kuchlari xizmati uchuvchilari (WASP)
WASPbadge.jpg
WASP nishoni
Elizabeth L. Remba Gardner, NARA-542191.jpg ayollar havo kuchlari xizmati uchuvchilari
Elizabeth L. Gardner, WASP a'zosi, a boshqaruvida B-26 buzg'unchi
Agentlik haqida umumiy ma'lumot
Shakllangan1943 yil 5-avgust (1943-08-05)
Oldingi agentliklar
  • 1942 yil sentyabr oyida tashkil etilgan ayollarni uchish bo'yicha o'qitish (WFTD)
  • 1942 yil sentyabrda tashkil etilgan Ayollarga yordamchi feribot eskadrilyasi (WAFS)
Eritildi1944 yil 20-dekabr
Xodimlar1,830 ta o'qishga qabul qilindi
1074 ta mashg'ulot yakunlandi
Ota-ona agentligiAmerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari

The Ayollar havo kuchlariga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi uchuvchilar (WASP) (shuningdek Ayollar armiyasi xizmati uchuvchilari[2] yoki Ayollarga yordamchi xizmat ko'rsatuvchi uchuvchilar[3]) edi a fuqarolik a'zolari bo'lgan ayol uchuvchilar tashkiloti Qo'shma Shtatlar federal davlat xizmati xodimlar. WASP a'zolari samolyotlarni, paromlarni sinab ko'rgan va boshqa uchuvchilarni o'qitadigan o'qitilgan uchuvchilarga aylanishdi. Ularning maqsadi erkak uchuvchilarni jangovar rollar uchun ozod qilish edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Dasturni yaratishda qurolli kuchlarning turli xil a'zolari ishtirok etganiga qaramay, WASP va uning a'zolari harbiy mavqega ega emas edilar.

WASP-dan oldin Ayollarning uchish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar guruhi (WFTD) va Feribotni Ayollarga yordamchi otryad (WAFS). Ikkalasi ham 1942 yil sentyabr oyida alohida tashkil qilingan. Ular fuqarolik uchuvchi ayollarning kashshof tashkilotlari bo'lib, ularga biriktirilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida harbiy samolyotlarni boshqarish. 1943 yil 5-avgustda WFTD va WAFS birlashib, WASP tashkilotini tuzdilar.

WASP-ning AQSh Harbiy-havo kuchlari bilan tuzgan shartnomasi 1944 yil 20-dekabrda o'z nihoyasiga yetdi. Faoliyat davomida har bir a'zoning xizmati erkak uchuvchini harbiy jang yoki boshqa vazifalar uchun ozod qildi. Ular 60 million mildan ko'proq masofani bosib o'tdilar; har qanday turdagi harbiy samolyotlarni tashigan; jonli zenit qurollari amaliyoti uchun tortib olingan nishonlar; simulyatsiya qilingan strafing vazifalari va tashilgan yuklar. WASPning 38 a'zosi halok bo'ldi va bir kishi parom missiyasida g'oyib bo'ldi, uning taqdiri hali ham noma'lum.[4] 1977 yilda Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi xizmatlari uchun a'zolarga mukofot berildi faxriy holat,[5] va 2009 yilda mukofotlangan Kongressning oltin medali.[6][7]

WASPni yaratish

WASP ikkita alohida tashkilot sifatida ish boshladi. Uchuvchi Jaklin "Jeki" Kokran birinchi xonimga yozdi, Eleanor Ruzvelt, 1939 yilda uchuvchi ayollardan jangovar bo'lmagan vazifalarda foydalanish g'oyasini ilgari surish.[8][9] Kokranni Ruzvelt Generalga tanishtirdi Genri X. Arnold, boshlig'i Armiya havo kuchlari va generalga Robert Olds, kim boshlig'iga aylandi Havo transporti qo'mondonligi (ATC).[10] Arnold undan a feribotini so'radi bombardimonchi ga Buyuk Britaniya harbiy samolyotlarni boshqaradigan ayollar g'oyasi uchun ommaviylikni yaratish uchun.[8] Kokran Angliyaga bordi va u erda ixtiyoriy ravishda ishtirok etdi Havo transporti yordamchisi (ATA) va Amerikadagi ayol uchuvchilarni Evropada samolyotlarni uchishiga yordam berish uchun jalb qildi.[11] Yigirma beshta ayol Kokran bilan ATAga ko'ngilli ravishda qatnashdi.[12] ATAda uchgan amerikalik ayollar harbiy samolyotlarni boshqargan birinchi amerikalik ayollar edi.[11] Angliyada bo'lganida, Kokran ham ATA ni, ham tashkilotni o'rgangan Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF).[13]

1941 yil yozida Kokran va uchuvchi-uchuvchi Nensi Xarknessning muhabbati mustaqil ravishda AQSh armiyasi harbiy-havo kuchlariga ayol uchuvchilarni hujum boshlangandan keyin jangovar bo'lmagan missiyalarda qatnashishga ruxsat berish bo'yicha takliflarni taqdim etdi Ikkinchi jahon urushi Evropada.[14] Rejada erkak uchuvchilarni jangovar rollarda ozod qilish, malakali ayol uchuvchilarni ishlatib samolyotlarni zavodlardan harbiy bazalarga olib o'tishda, shuningdek, uchuvchisiz samolyotlarni va havo nishonlarini tortib olish edi. AQSh to'qnashuvda bevosita ishtirok etishini kutib, havo kuchlari va harbiy kuchlarini barpo etar edi va kechikib o'z kiyimidagi odamlarini keskin kengaytira boshladi. Ushbu davr faollik keskin o'sishiga olib keldi AQSh armiyasining havo kuchlari, ayollar tomonidan to'ldirilishi mumkin bo'lgan "ishchi kuchi" dagi aniq bo'shliqlar tufayli. Keyinchalik harbiylarning ish kuchiga bo'lgan talablarini qoplash Perl-Harborga hujum, hukumat ayollarni urush harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi sanoat va xizmat ko'rsatish ishlarini to'ldirish uchun ishchi kuchiga kirishga da'vat etdi.[15][16]

WAFS

Ayollar yordamchi feribot otryadi (WAFS) uchuvchilari, 1943 yil 7 mart

Nensi Xarkness Lavning eri Robert Lav Armiya havo korpusi zaxirasida bo'lgan va polkovnikda ishlagan Uilyam X. Tunner.[16] Robert Love uning rafiqasi uchuvchi ekanligini eslatib o'tgach, Tunner boshqa uchuvchi ayollarni biladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga qiziqib qoldi.[17] Tunner va Nensi Lov uchishdi va uchuvchi ayollarni o'z ichiga olgan aviatsiya paromi dasturini rejalashtirishni boshladilar.[17] Rasmiy ravishda 1942 yil 11-iyun kuni polkovnik Tunner ayol uchuvchilarni tarkibiga kiritishni taklif qildi Ayollar armiyasining yordamchi korpusi (WAAC).[18] Biroq, bu taklif bilan texnik muammolar yuzaga keldi, shuning uchun uning o'rniga ATCga fuqarolik uchuvchilarini yollashga qaror qilindi.[18] 18 iyunga qadar Sevgi Generalga yuborish rejasini tuzdi Garold L. Jorj taklifni generalga yuborgan Genri X. Arnold.[18] Eleanor Ruzvelt 1 sentyabrdagi "Mening kunim" gazetasida ushbu g'oyani qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda, urush paytida uchuvchi bo'lib ishlaydigan ayollar haqida yozgan.[19] General Jorj yana bu g'oyani General Arnold bilan o'rtaga tashladi, u nihoyat, 5 sentyabrda "tezkor choralar ko'rilsin va uchuvchi ayollarni jalb qilish yigirma to'rt soat ichida boshlanadi" degan ko'rsatma berdi.[20] Nensi Xarkness Love guruhning direktori bo'lishi kerak edi va u 83-ni yubordi telegrammalar o'sha kuni bo'lajak ayol uchuvchilarga.[20]

Ayollarga yordamchi feribot eskadrilyasi (WAFS) 1942 yil 10 sentyabrda ommaviy ravishda ishga tushirildi.[21][22] Ko'p o'tmay, Havo transporti qo'mondonligi zavoddan aerodromlarga samolyotlarni parom qilishda ayollardan foydalanishni boshladi. Sevgi 28 ayol uchuvchidan boshlangan, ammo urush paytida ular bir nechta otryadlar bo'lguncha ko'paygan.[23] Ishga qabul qilinuvchilarga qo'yiladigan talablar shundan iborat ediki, ular 21 yoshdan 35 yoshgacha, o'rta maktab diplomiga, tijorat uchish litsenziyasiga, 200 ot kuchiga ega dvigatel reytingiga, besh yuz soatlik parvoz vaqtiga va mamlakat bo'ylab uchish tajribasiga ega bo'lishlari kerak edi.[24]

WAFS uchun forma Love tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va kul rangdan iborat edi gabardin guruch tugmachalari va to'rtburchak elkali ko'ylagi.[25] Formani gabarindan yasalgan yarqirab yubkalar yoki shimlar bilan kiyish mumkin edi.[25] Ular o'zlarining formalari uchun pul to'lashlari kerakligi sababli, WAFS formasini hech qachon 40 nafar ayol kiymagan.[21] Barcha WAFS ga parvoz formasi berilgan xaki parvoz kiyimlari, a parashyut, ko'zoynaklar, uchar sharf va charm uchar ko'ylagi ATC yamog'ini sport bilan shug'ullanish.[26]

WAFS uchun shtab-kvartirasi yangi (1943 yil may) da tashkil etilgan Yangi Qal'a armiyasining aviabazasi (sobiq Uilmington aeroporti).[21] Tunner bazada ayollar yashashi uchun kvartira mavjudligini ta'minladi.[27]

WAFS qayta tiklanadigan 90 kunlik shartnoma asosida ishladi.[28] WAFS oyiga 250 dollar ishlab topdi va o'z xonalari va ovqatlarini ta'minlashi va to'lashi kerak edi.[29]

WAFS yollovchilarining birinchi guruhi Originals nomi bilan tanilgan.[30] Betti Gillies mashg'ulotga kelgan birinchi ayol edi.[30] 6-oktabr kuni Gillies WAFS-ning ma'muri va ikkinchi qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi.[31] Gillies tanish edi burg'ulash va maktabni tugatishda o'rgangan buyruq texnikasi.[13] Birinchi WAFS topshirig'ini Gillies 1942 yil 22 oktyabrda boshqargan.[32] Oltita WAFS oltita L-4B kubiklarini fabrikaga Mitchel Fieldga olib boradi.[32] 28 kishilik eskadron 27 ga qisqartirildi Pat Roni polkovnik Beyker bilan kelishmovchilikdan so'ng 31 dekabrda jo'nab ketdi.[33]

WAFS har birining o'rtacha 1400 parvoz soatiga va tijorat uchuvchilar reytingiga ega edi. Ular armiya hujjatlarini o'rganish va harbiy qoidalar asosida uchish uchun 30 kunlik yo'nalishni oldilar. Keyinchalik, ular turli xil parom buyruqlariga tayinlandilar.[34] 1943 yil boshida uchta yangi otryad tuzildi.[35] 4-Feribot guruhi edi Romulus va buyruq bergan Del Scharr.[35] 5-Feribot guruhi joylashgan Sevgi maydoni va buyrug'i ostida edi Florene Miller.[35] 6-Feribot guruhi joylashgan Long Beach va buyruq bergan Barbara Jeyn Erikson.[35]

WFTD

Kokran Angliyadan qaytib keldi va AQShga WAFS e'lon qilinganidan bir kun oldin etib keldi.[36] Koxran Sevgining taklifi qabul qilinganidan g'azablandi, uning taklifi esa e'tiborsiz qoldirilganga o'xshaydi.[13] Ertasi kuni Kokran uchib ketdi Vashington, Kolumbiya va general Arnold bilan avvalgi taklifi haqida gaplashdi.[37] WAFS general Arnold uzoq muddatli tibbiy ta'tilda bo'lganida tuzilgan edi.[13] 13 sentyabrda Arnold generalga eslatma yubordi Jorj E. Stratemeyer Kokranni "Ayollar uchish bo'yicha trening" direktori etib tayinlagan.[38] 1942 yil 15 sentyabrda Koxranning o'quv taklifi ham qabul qilindi va 319-chi tashkil etildi Ayollarning uchish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar guruhi (WFTD).[39] WFTD Flight Training Command (FTC) bilan ish olib boradi.[40] WFTD ko'proq ayollarni parom samolyotlariga tayyorlash dasturini ishlab chiqdi.[41] 7-oktabr kuni general Arnold 500 nafar uchuvchi ayollarni tayyorlash maqsadini taklif qildi.[42] 3-noyabrga qadar general Arnold "uchuvchi ayollarni tayyorlash bo'yicha maksimal harakatlarni" taklif qilayotgan edi.[42]

Xovard Xyuz Filddagi aviatsiya korxonalari Xyuston shahar aeroporti WFTD bazasi bo'ldi.[43] WFTDga 43-1 sinfga qabul qilingan birinchi tinglovchilar boshlandi Xyuston shahar aeroporti 1942 yil 16-noyabrda.[44] Kokran tayyorlangan Dedi Deaton uning 43-1 sinf uchun uy-joy topish uchun mas'ul va "Gvineya cho'chqalari" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan xodimlar.[45][46] Ayollar eski samolyotlarda mashq qilishgan, ularning ko'pchiligida "ko'rinadigan va ko'rinmas chandiqlar" bor edi.[47]

WFTD uchuvchilariga katta xaki kombinezonlari berildi (tinglovchilar buni "zoot kostyumlar "), har qanday poyafzal kiyish buyurilgan va soch tolasi parvoz chizig'ida.[48] WFTD ayollari turli joylarda joylashtirilgan va mashg'ulotlarga o'z transportlarini topishlari kerak edi.[49] Birinchi o'lim Margaret Oldenburg va uning o'qituvchisi 1943 yil 7 martda spin bilan shug'ullanganida sodir bo'ldi.[50] Oldenburg o'zining samolyotini qo'ygan edi, a PT-19 ochiq kokpit, qaytib kela olmagan aylanada va avtohalokat uni va o'qituvchisini o'ldirdi.[50] WFTD oddiy fuqarolar bo'lganligi sababli, dafn marosimlari xarajatlarini qoplash uchun pul yo'q edi.[50] Kokran xarajatlarni o'z cho'ntagidan to'ladi va Diton Oldenburgning jasadini uyiga kuzatib qo'ydi.[50] 1943 yil 21 martda yana bir halokat yuz berdi Korneliya Fort erkak-uchuvchilar guruhi bilan BT-13ni paromod qilayotgan edi.[51] Uchuvchilardan biri o'zini ko'rsatayotganda Fort samolyotiga juda yaqin uchib ketgan va uning shassisi uning samolyotining qanoti bilan to'qnashib, uning bir qismini sindirib tashlagan.[52] Samolyot burunga botib, uni o'ldirdi.[53]

Kokran barcha uchuvchi ayollarning faoliyatini nazorat qilish uchun bitta tashkilotga tajovuzkorona turtki berdi. Tunner, xususan, turli xil malaka standartlari va ATCning o'z uchuvchilarini boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishining mutlaq zaruriyati asosida e'tiroz bildirdi. Ammo Koxranning Arnold bilan ustunligi ustun keldi va 1943 yil iyulda u dasturlarni birlashtirishga buyruq berdi, direktor Koxran bilan.[11] WAFS va WFTD birlashtirilib, Ayollar havo kuchlariga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi uchuvchilar (WASP) ni shakllantirishdi.[54] Sevgi dasturni WASP feribotlari uchun mas'ul ijrochi sifatida davom ettirdi. WAFS va WFTDni birlashtirgan rasmiy e'lon 1943 yil 20-avgustda bo'lib o'tdi.[55]

WASP 1943 yilda ayol gremlin tasvirlangan yamoqni qabul qildi Fifinella.[1] Fifinella tomonidan homilador bo'lgan Roald Dahl va chizilgan Uolt Disney va WASP rasmiy maskotiga aylandi.[1]

Talablar va demografik ma'lumotlar

Hazel Ying Li Link trenerida, 1944 yil

WASP ko'plab WAFS talablarini qabul qildi, ammo yana birini qo'shdi. Ishga qabul qilinuvchilar hali ham 21 yoshdan 35 yoshgacha, sog'lig'i yaxshi, uchuvchi guvohnomasiga va parvoz vaqtining 35 soatiga ega bo'lishi kerak edi.[56][57] Bundan tashqari, ayollardan kamida besh fut va ikki dyuym uzunlik talab qilingan.[58] 25000 dan ortiq ayollar WASPga a'zo bo'lish uchun ariza berishdi; 1830 nafari qabul qilindi, ammo atigi 1074 nafari treningni yakunladi.[59] Ariza beruvchilarning barchasi avvalgi tajribaga va aviatsiya sertifikatlariga ega edilar. Oldin bir nechta WASPlar o'qitilgan Fuqarolik uchuvchilarni tayyorlash dasturi (CPTP).[60][61][62] Ko'p ayollar badavlat kelib chiqishi yoki erlari bor edi, ular qimmat uchuvchilarni o'qitish uchun pul to'lashga yordam berishdi.[63] WASP-ning barcha yollovchilari o'z mamlakatlariga xizmat qilishni xohlashdi.[63]

WASPs uchuvchilarining aksariyati oq tanli bo'lishiga qaramay, ular shunchaki bunday bo'lmagan. Ikki Xitoylik amerikaliklar, Hazel Ying Li va Maggie Gee, ikki ayol Ispancha kelib chiqishi, Verneda Rodriguez va Frensis Dias,[64][65][66][67] va biri ma'lum Tug'ma amerikalik ayol, Ola Mildred Rexroat treningni yakunladi. Rexroat a'zosi edi Oglala Sio qabilasi Pine Ridge hindistonlik rezervatsiyasi, Janubiy Dakotada.[68] WASP mashg'ulotlariga ariza topshirgan qora tanli ayollarning soni noma'lum bo'lsa-da, bir nechta qora uchuvchilar so'nggi intervyu bosqichiga etib kelishdi, bu erda ularning barchasi rad etildi.[69] Mildred Hemmans Karter, boshqa Afroamerikalik ariza beruvchidan, irqiga qarab arizasini qaytarib olishni so'rashdi. 1940 yilda, 19 yoshida Karter a San'at bakalavri Darajasi Tuskegee instituti. Keyingi yil u aviatsiya sertifikatini oldi. Ammo, uning jinsi tufayli Karter ham bilan uchishdan rad etildi Tuskegee Airmen. Etmish yil o'tgach, u orqaga qaytish bilan WASP deb tan olindi va Karter 90 yoshida so'nggi reysini amalga oshirdi.[70] Boshqa bir qora tanli suhbatdosh, Janet Xarmon Bragg, Koxranga "irqiy kamsitishlar bilan qo'shimcha ravishda kurashmasdan, urg'ochilarga qaratilgan xurofotga qarshi kurashish juda qiyin bo'lgan" deb aytgan.[71]

WASP treningi

1943 yil yanvar oyida WASP treningining boshlanishi - 43-3 sinf. Fotosurat Lois Xeyli.
Ayollar havo kuchlari xizmati uchuvchilari haqida qisqacha film Armiya-dengiz floti jurnali 1943 yilda filmlar seriyasi

WASP treningi 18 guruh ayollarni qamrab oldi. Birinchi guruh Originals edi, ular boshchiligidagi ayollar yordamchi feribot otryadining (WAFS) birinchi guruhi edi. Nensi sevgisi.[30]

Ikkinchi guruh Gvineya cho'chqalari edi Jaklin Koxranniki Uchinchi darajadagi ayol uchuvchilar Ayollarning uchish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar guruhi (WFTD).[46] Gvineya cho'chqalari Xyuston shahar aeroportida mashg'ulotlarni boshladilar (hozir Uilyam P. Xobbi aeroporti ) 1942 yil 16-noyabrda, 319-chi qismda Armiya harbiy-havo kuchlari ayollarining uchish bo'yicha o'qituvchisi (AAFWFTD). Bu WAFS o'z yo'nalishini boshlaganidan keyin edi Uilmington, Delaver. WAFSdan farqli o'laroq, hisobot bergan ayollar Xyuston kiyim-kechaklari bo'lmagan va o'zlarining yashash joylarini topishlari kerak edi.[72] "Woofteddies" (WFTD) minimal tibbiy yordamga ega edi, hayotni sug'urtalash, avtohalokat yoki o't o'chirish mashinasi bo'lmagan va tez yordam mashinasi qarzga olingan Ellington armiyasining aerodromi, ma'muriy xodimlar va 23 turdagi samolyot hodgepodjasi bilan bir qatorda o'qitish uchun.[73] 1943 yilning yanvarida, uchinchi sinf o'z mashg'ulotlarini boshlamoqchi bo'lganida, uchta sinf Berd Granger tomonidan tasvirlangan Yakuniy yondashuv bo'yicha, "ertalab va kechqurun ranglar uchun yig'ilishganda," kamalak kiygan kamalak kiyib yurgan "odam".[74] Kabi uskunalar etishmasligi ham bo'lgan Aloqa bo'yicha murabbiy, bu mashg'ulotlar uchun zarur edi.[39]

Birinchi Xyuston darsi kamida 200 soat bo'lgan 38 ayol bilan boshlandi. Yigirma uch nafari 1943 yil 24-aprelda Ellington armiyasining havo maydonidagi yagona Xyuston WASP bitiruvida bitirgan. Ikkinchi Xyuston darsi, 1942 yil dekabrda kamida 100 soat bilan boshlangan, ammo mashg'ulotni o'z vaqtida o'tish uchun tugatgan Sweetwater, Texas 1943 yil 28-mayda Avenger Field-dan birinchi bitiruvchi sinfga aylandi. Uchinchi sinf Avenger Field-da malaka oshirib, 1943-yil 3-iyulni tugatdi. 76 ayollardan iborat to'rtinchi sinfning yarmi Xyustonda 15 fevralda boshlang'ich mashg'ulotlarini boshladi. 1943, keyin Sweetwater-ga ko'chib o'tdi. Keyinchalik 1943 yil yozida WAFS ham WFTD ham WASP tarkibiga qo'shildi.[75] WASP sifatida mashq qilgan birinchi guruh 1943 yil sentyabr oyida Sweetwaterda boshlangan va 44-W-2 sinfiga tayinlangan.[76]

Avenger Field - T-6 Texan bilan WASP tinglovchilari

Har bir WASP-da a uchuvchi litsenziyasi, ammo AQSh armiyasi havo kuchlari tomonidan armiya tomon uchish uchun qayta o'qitildi Qasoskorlar maydoni Sweetwater, Texas.[77] WASP dasturiga 25000 dan ortiq ayollar murojaat qilishdi, ammo atigi 1830 kishi dasturga qabul qilindi.[59][78] Mashg'ulotlar davomida 552 nafar ayol uchishni yaxshi bilmaganligi uchun ozod qilinganligi, 152 nafari ishdan bo'shatilgani, 27 nafari tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra, 14 nafari intizomiy sabablarga ko'ra ishdan bo'shatilganligi haqida xabar berildi.[79] To'rt oylik harbiy parvoz mashg'ulotlarini tugatgandan so'ng, ularning 1074 nafari qanotlarini qozondi va Amerika harbiy samolyotlarini boshqargan birinchi ayollar bo'ldi. WASP jangovar tayyorgarlikdan o'tmagan bo'lsa-da, ularning o'qitish kursi asosan erkak aviatsiya kursantlari bilan bir xil edi.[80] Ular qurol-yarog 'o'qitishni va juda oz sonli shakllanishni va aerobatik uchishni olmadilar, ammo har qanday pozitsiyadan tiklanish uchun zarur bo'lgan manevrlardan o'tdilar.[81] O'chirilganlarning foizi erkaklar kursantlari uchun yo'q qilish darajasi bilan taqqoslaganda Uchish bo'yicha Markaziy Qo'mondonlik.

WASP yollovchilari armiya havo korpusining erkak uchuvchilari bilan bir xil boshlang'ich, asosiy va malaka oshirish kurslarini o'tashlari shart edi va ularning aksariyati maxsus parvoz mashg'ulotlariga o'tdilar.[7] Ular kuniga 12 soatni aerodromda o'tkazdilar, kunning yarmi haqiqiy parvozni amalga oshirdilar, qolgan yarmi esa o'qishdi.[77] Bitirgandan so'ng, WASP yollovchilari 560 soat er usti maktabida va 210 soat parvoz mashg'ulotlariga ega edilar.[77] Ular Morse kodi, meteorologiya, harbiy qonun, fizika, samolyotlar mexanikasi, navigatsiya va boshqa fanlarni bilar edilar.[77]

Vazifalar

Florene Uotson tayyorgarlikni ko'rsatdi P-51D-5NA da fabrikadan parom parvozi uchun Inglvud, Kaliforniya

O'quv mashg'ulotlaridan so'ng, WASP AQSh bo'ylab 122 aviabazasida joylashtirildi,[82] Bu erda ular parvoz bilan bog'liq ko'plab vazifalarni o'z zimmalariga olishgan va erkak uchuvchilarni jangovar vazifadan ozod qilishgan.[83] Zavoddan aviabazalarga paromodlar bilan uchish WASPning birinchi vazifalarini bajargan.[84] Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, ayol uchuvchilar barcha parom missiyalarining 80 foizini parvoz qilishdi.[85] Ular 12 mingdan ortiq samolyot etkazib berishdi.[59] WASP Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida 900 ga yaqin erkak uchuvchini jangovar xizmat uchun ozod qildi.[29]

Dastlabki WAFS samolyotlar paromlari va jangovar rollar uchun bepul erkak uchuvchilar uchun maxsus tashkil qilingan.[86] Parom topshirig'i kelganida, WASP zavodga borib, samolyotni sinov parvozida uchib, keyin samolyotni etkazib berar edi.[85] 1942 yil sentyabrdan 1944 yil dekabrgacha WASP 12652 samolyot etkazib berdi[87] 78 xil turdagi. Misol tariqasida, mashg'ulotlarga mas'ul bo'lgan Nensi Lov iloji boricha har xil turdagi samolyotlarda o'qitilganligi va malakasiga ega bo'lganligiga ishonch hosil qildi.[88]

Shuningdek, ular jonli zenitli artilleriya amaliyoti uchun nishonlarni tortib olishdi, strelka vazifalarini taqlid qilishdi va yuklarni tashishdi. Jeki Koxran tomonidan 1943 yil 19-iyulda jonli nishonga olish amaliyoti Qasoskorlar maydonida WASP-ning so'nggi 25 bitiruvchisiga e'lon qilindi.[53] Koxran guruhga "juda maxfiy topshiriq" borligini va agar xohlasa, har qanday WASP rad etishi mumkinligini aytdi: hech kim bunday qilmadi.[53] Ushbu guruh yuboriladi Devis lageri erdagi erkaklar uchun havoda uchadigan nishonlarni mashq qilish uchun uchish nishonlarini tortib olish.[53] Ushbu mashg'ulot paytida ko'plab samolyotlar o'qqa tutildi va bir nechta WASP oyoqlariga otildi.[89] Ba'zida samolyotlar ataylab otib tashlangan, qachonki xizmatchilar WASP tortib olgan nishonni emas, balki samolyotni otish kerak deb o'ylashganda.[90] Maqsadli tortish paytida ishlatiladigan samolyotlardan biri, an A-24 ko'pchilik kabi Armiya Havo Korpusi (AAC) tomonidan etarli darajada ta'minlanmagan, WASP Mabel Virjiniya Ravlinsonni o'ldirgan.[91] A-24 samolyotida texnik muammolar yuzaga kela boshlaganida, Ravlinson murabbiy bilan tunda uchishni mashq qilar edi.[91] O'qituvchi undan aerodromga qaytishni iltimos qildi, ammo oxirgi yaqinlashganda Rawlinson samolyoti qarag'ayning tepasi bilan bog'langan va samolyot burunni burkangan va qulab tushgan.[91] O'qituvchini erkin tashladilar, ammo samolyotning buzilib ketgan soyabon qulfini ocholmay, alangalanib ko'tarilganda, Ravlinson oldingi o'rindiqqa tiqilib qoldi.[91] Avtohalokat va uning o'limi bo'yicha olib borilgan tergov harakatlari evakuatsiya qiluvchi samolyotlarning texnik xizmat ko'rsatilmaganligi va AAC noto'g'ri foydalanayotganligini aniqladi oktan samolyotlar uchun yoqilg'i.[91]

Ayollar Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida USAAF tomonidan uchadigan samolyotlarning deyarli barcha turlarini uchishgan.[92] Bundan tashqari, bir nechta favqulodda malakali ayollarga raketa samolyotlarini sinovdan o'tkazishga, reaktiv harakatlanadigan samolyotlarni boshqarishga va radarlar tomonidan boshqariladigan maqsadlar bilan ishlashga ruxsat berildi. Erkaklar ba'zi bir qiyin samolyotlarni uchishga kamroq tayyor bo'lganda, masalan YP-59 va B-29 Super Fortress, General Arnold ushbu samolyotlarni boshqarish uchun ikkita WASPni jalb qildi.[93] Arnold, agar erkaklar ayollarning ushbu samolyotlarni muvaffaqiyatli uchayotganini ko'rsalar, ular bu vazifalarni bajonidil qabul qilishdan "uyalishadi" deb ishonishgan.[94] Ikki WASP, Dorteya Jonson va Dora Dougherty Strother, B-29 parvozi uchun tanlangan.[93] Ular uchib ketishdi Alamogordo B-29-larda ularning qo'nishini kutib turgan olomon bo'lgan.[93] General Arnoldning rejasi: "O'sha kundan boshlab, B-29 Super qal'asida mashq qilish va uchish uchun tayinlangan erkak uchuvchilardan norozilik bo'lmadi".[93] Shuningdek, ayollar ta'mirlangan samolyotlarni sinovdan o'tkazadilar.[85]

Uchmagan paytda uchuvchilar o'qishgan navigatsiya, radioaloqa va yangi uchish qobiliyatlari.[85]

38 a'zosi baxtsiz hodisalar natijasida hayotdan ko'z yumdi, o'n biri mashg'ulotlar paytida va yigirma yetti kishi xizmat vazifalarini bajarishda halok bo'lishdi.[59] Ko'rsatmalarga ko'ra ular harbiy qism deb hisoblanmaganligi sababli, yiqilgan WASP oilaviy hisobidan uyiga yuborilgan.[95] An'anaviy harbiy sharaflar yoki qahramonlik belgisi, masalan, tobutga AQSh bayrog'ini qo'yishga ruxsat berish yoki xizmat bayrog'i derazada, ruxsat berilmagan.[96][97][95]

Harbiy maqomni so'rash

WASP a'zolari AQSh federal xizmati xodimlari bo'lib, harbiy imtiyozlarga ega emas edilar.[11] Har bir a'zo o'z transport xarajatlarini o'quv maydonlariga, kiyim formasi va xonasi va ovqat uchun to'lagan.[59] AQSh armiyasi harbiy-havo kuchlariga biriktirilgan bo'lishiga qaramay, a'zolar o'qishni tugatgandan so'ng istalgan vaqtda iste'foga chiqishi mumkin. 1943 yil 30-sentabrda WASP harbiylashtirish qonun loyihalaridan birinchisi kiritildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi Vakil tomonidan Jon Kostello.[63] Koxran ham, Arnold ham polkovnik ayol boshchiligidagi alohida korpusni xohlashdi (shunga o'xshash) WAC, To'lqinlar, SPARS, va Dengiz kuchlari korpusi ayollar zaxirasi boshlar).[98] Biroq, urush departamenti bu harakatga doimiy ravishda qarshi chiqdi, chunki erkak uchuvchilar uchun alohida korpus yo'q edi baholanmagan AAF zobitlari.[98] 1944 yil yanvar oyida Kostello armiya havo kuchlarida ayollar komissiyalariga vakolat berish to'g'risida HR 4219 qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi.[99] General Arnold armiya havo kuchlarida ayollar va erkaklar uchun uchuvchi sifatida ishlash uchun joy borligini his qildi.[99] U Vakillar palatasi harbiy qo'mitasi oldida guvohlik berdiki, WASP hammasi "yaxshi uchuvchilardir va u barcha erkak uchuvchilarni jangga jo'natishni rejalashtirmoqda".[100]

Biroq, ommaviy axborot vositalarida ba'zilar general Arnold bilan rozi bo'lmay, kunning eng muhim ommaviy axborot vositalarida fikrlar yozishni boshladilar.[94] TIME, The Nyu-York Daily News va Vashington Post barchasi ayollarni ishdan ketishga va ish joylarini erkaklarga qaytarishga undashdi.[94] Jurnalist, Drew Pirson, WASP dasturini moliyalashtirishning qonuniyligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi va hattoki general Arnoldni Jeki Koxranning "ayollik hiyla-nayranglari" bilan manipulyatsiya qilinganlikda aybladi. Washington Times Herald ustun.[94] Ushbu ustun erkak fuqarolik uchuvchilarining dasturga qarshi xat yozish harakatlarini kuchaytirishiga sabab bo'ldi.[94]

WASP dasturining oxiri

Xelen V. Snapp, Kam maqsadli otryadga uchish, da Kamp Styuart, Gruziya 1944 yil iyun

1944 yil 21-iyunda WASP-ga harbiy maqomni HR 4219 bilan ta'minlash to'g'risidagi AQSh uyi qonun loyihasi 1889 yilga nisbatan 169 ga qadar tor-mor qilingan.[101] Fuqarolik erkak uchuvchilar qonun loyihasiga qarshi lobbichilik qildilar: ba'zi fuqarolik parvozlarini tayyorlash maktablarining yopilishiga munosabat va ikkita erkak uchuvchilarni o'qitishga topshirish dasturining bekor qilinishi.[102] Davlat xizmati bo'yicha uy qo'mitasi (Ramspek Qo'mita) 1944 yil 5-iyunda WASPni keraksiz, asossiz qimmat deb hisoblaganligi va tajribasiz ayol uchuvchilarni jalb qilish va o'qitishni to'xtatishni tavsiya qilganligi haqida xabar berdi.[102] Qo'mita ushbu dastur uchun 50 million dollarlik hukumat mablag'lari sarflanganligini aniqladi.[101] Xarajat tufayli dastur qonunchilik orqali mablag 'talab qilishi kerak edi.[101]

Koxran savolni hal qilishni talab qilar edi: aslida ayollarga buyruq berish yoki dasturni bekor qilish uchun ultimatum qo'ydi.[101] AAF ortiqcha uchuvchilar va uchuvchi nomzodlarni ishlab chiqardi. Natijada, Arnold (militarizatsiya tarafdori bo'lgan) 1944 yil 20-dekabrga qadar WASPni tarqatib yuborishni buyurdi.[11] Arnold 1944 yil 7-dekabrda Texasning Sweetuoter shahridagi Avenger Field-da qilgan nutqidan iqtibos keltiradi:[103]

WASP o'z missiyasini yakunladi. Ularning ishi muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Ammo urushda odatdagidek xarajatlar juda og'ir edi. O'ttiz sakkizta WASP o'z mamlakatiga so'nggi g'alaba qozonish bosqichida yordam berayotganda vafot etdi. Havo kuchlari o'zlarining xizmatlarini va oxirgi qurbonliklarini uzoq vaqt eslashadi.

1944 yil 7-dekabrda WASP uchuvchilarining so'nggi klassi, jami 71 ta ayol, keyingi ikki hafta ichida WASP dasturini tarqatish rejasidan qat'i nazar, o'qishni tugatdi.[104] E'londan so'ng WASPning taxminan 20 a'zosi kompensatsiya uchun samolyotlarni parom bilan davom ettirishni taklif qilishdi 1.00 AQSh dollari (2019 yilda $ 14,52 ga teng), lekin yiliga ushbu taklif rad etildi.[105] WASP tarqatib yuborilishidan oldin general Arnold WASPlar xizmat ko'rsatgan bazalardagi barcha qo'mondonlarga "uchuvchi ayollarga xuddi shunday sertifikat berilishini buyurdi. sharafli zaryad."[106]

Guruh tarqatib yuborilgandan so'ng, ba'zi bir WASP a'zolari hukumat samolyotlarida o'zlarining sobiq bazalaridan uylariga yaqin joygacha, agar xona mavjud bo'lsa va qo'shimcha xarajatlar kelib chiqmasa, uchib ketishga ruxsat berildi. Boshqalar uyga o'z transportlarini kelishib, o'zlari to'lashlari kerak edi.[107] WASP dasturining yakunida 915 nafar uchuvchi ayol AAF bilan navbatchilik qilishdi: 620 ta o'qitish qo'mondonligiga, 141 ta havo transporti qo'mondonligiga, 133 ta AQShning kontinental havo kuchlariga, 11 ta ob-havo qanotiga, 9 texnik buyruqlarga va bitta qo'shin tashuvchisi qo'mondonligiga.[73] WASP a'zolari urush paytida jangovar samolyotlarning ellik foizini AQSh bo'ylab 126 bazaga etkazib berishdi.[59] Kashshoflik va ular muvaffaqiyatli uchadigan harbiy samolyotlarda namoyish etgan tajribalari tufayli WASP yozuvlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, ayol uchuvchilar erkaklar uchuvchisi singari tayyorgarlikdan o'tayotganda, jangovar bo'lmagan uchishda ham erkaklar singari qobiliyatli edilar.[108]

1944 yil noyabr oyida Maksvell Filddagi WASP a'zolari Fifinella ordeni tashkilotiga asos solishdi.[109] Tashkilotning dastlabki maqsadi WASPning sobiq a'zolariga ish topishda va o'zaro aloqalarni saqlashda yordam berish edi.[109] Yillar davomida Fifinella ordeni axborot byulletenlarini chiqardi, qonunchilikka ta'sir ko'rsatdi va uchrashuvlar uyushtirdi.[109] Guruh o'zining so'nggi yig'ilishini 2008 yilda o'tkazgan va 2009 yilda tarqatib yuborilgan.[109]

Ko'pgina WASPlar tarqatib yuborilgandan keyin ham parvozni davom ettirishni xohlashdi.[110] Tijorat aviakompaniyalari uchuvchi ayollarni "jamoatchilik fikri bunga dosh bermasligini aytib" yuz o'girgan.[110] WASP Tereza Jeyms faxriy maqomini so'rab kongressga yozgan.[29] Uchishni davom ettirish uchun ba'zi ayollar yozishdi Madam Chiang Qay-shek va ixtiyoriy ravishda Xitoy havo kuchlari, hali ham Yaponiyaga qarshi kurash olib borgan.[110][3] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari 1949 yilda sobiq WASPga komissiyalar taklif qildi, ammo komissiyalarni qabul qilganlarning barchasi 121 ga qo'llab-quvvatlash va ma'muriy vazifalarni bajarishdi va uchishmadi.[111]

Meros

Kongressning oltin medali WASP-larga topshirildi
Prezident Barak Obama WASP-ga imzo chekish Kongressning oltin medali qonun loyihasi

WASP dasturining yozuvlari, deyarli barcha urush davri fayllari singari, 35 yil davomida saqlanib, muhrlanib, urushga qo'shgan hissalarini tarixchilar uchun kam ma'lum bo'lgan va ularga kirish imkoni bo'lmagan.[97] Biroq, WASP kabi norasmiy tarixchilar bor edi, Marti Vayol, kim to'plagan albom kitoblari va WASP a'zolari nima qilganliklari va nima qilishganligi haqida gazetalarni chop etish.[112] Wyall, shuningdek, 1964 yilda, a To'qson to'qqiz WASPning qolgan a'zolari har yili bir-birlari bilan uchrashishlari kerakligi to'g'risidagi konventsiya.[112]

WASP uchun tan olinishga qaratilgan dastlabki harakatlar 1970 yillarning boshlarida davom etdi.[29] Senator tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Barri Goldwater Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida WASP bilan uchib kelgan.[29] Goldwaterning WASP faxriysi maqomini olishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari Kongressda dahshatli xurofot bilan kutib olindi.[29] Goldwaterning qonunchilik bo'yicha yordamchisi Terri Emersonning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Ayollarga shaxs bo'lmagan shaxs sifatida qarashgan".[29] Uyda, vakil Patsy Mink 1972 yil 17 mayda WASP faxriylariga maqom berish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi.[113] Uydagi yana bir vakil, Lindi Boggs, 1977 yilda WASPga harbiy maqom berish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi.[114]

1975 yilda general Xap Arnoldning o'g'li, polkovnik Bryus Arnold boshchiligida, tirik qolgan WASP a'zolari bilan birgalikda yana bir guruh bo'lib uyushtirdilar va ular "Kongress jangi" ni boshladilar. Ularning maqsadi jamoatchilik tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanish va WASP tomonidan Ikkinchi Jahon urushi faxriylari sifatida rasman tan olinishi edi.[115] 1976 yilda Senatning Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitasida WASP'larga harbiy maqom berish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi mavjud edi.[110] Ushbu qonun loyihasi WASP uchuvchilariga faxriylar xizmatidan foydalanishga imkon beradi.[110] 1977 yilda, Harbiy-havo kuchlari press-relizida Havo Kuchlari AQSh uchun harbiy samolyotlarda uchadigan birinchi ayollarni o'qitmoqda, deb noto'g'ri yozilganidan keyin WASP yozuvlari oshkor qilinmadi.[97][116][59][115] Xizmat paytida WASP a'zolari harbiy intizomga duchor bo'lganligi, juda maxfiy missiyalar tayinlanganligi va ko'plab a'zolar bo'linmalari tarqatib yuborilgandan so'ng xizmat lentalari bilan taqdirlanganliklari to'g'risida hujjatlar tuzildi.[115] Shuningdek, WASP a'zosi Xelen Porterga tegishli hujjat berilganligi ko'rsatildi Hurmatli zaryadsizlanish sertifikati xizmatidan keyin uning qo'mondoni tomonidan.[115][106] Bu safar WASPlar Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida parom uchuvchisi bo'lgan, 27-Ferrying eskadrilyasida bo'lgan Goldwaterning muhim ko'magi bilan Kongressni lobbichilik qildilar.[117] Qonunchilik muhokamalarida WASP a'zolari harbiy tan olinishiga qarshi chiqdilar Veteranlar ma'muriyati (VA), the Amerika legioni va Xorijiy urushlar faxriylari (VFW).[118] Boshchiligidagi VA Doroti L. Starbak, WASP harbiy tan olinmasligi kerak, deb ta'kidladi, chunki ayollar hech qachon ularga bo'ysunmagan harbiy sud.[114] VFW WASP-ga harbiy tan olinishi "faxriylarning maxsus maqomini yo'q qiladi va faxriylarga beriladigan yordamga tuzatib bo'lmaydigan zarar etkazadi" deb o'ylardi.[114]

Prezident Jimmi Karter imzolangan qonun hujjatlari, P. 95–202, 401-bo'lim, G.I. Ushbu xizmatni WASP sifatida taqdim etgan 1977 yildagi qonun loyihasini takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun, Veteranlar ma'muriyati tomonidan boshqariladigan dasturlar uchun "faol vazifa" deb hisoblanadi.[119] WASP-ning sobiq a'zolariga 1979 yilda faxriy chiqindilarni sertifikatlari berilgan.[120] 1984 yilda har bir WASP mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi g'alaba medali.[59] Bir yildan ortiq vaqt xizmat qilganlar, shuningdek, Amerika teatri tasmasi bilan taqdirlandilar /Amerika kampaniyasi medali urush paytida qilgan xizmatlari uchun.[59] Ko'plab medallarni oluvchilarning o'g'il-qizlari ularning nomidan qabul qilishdi.[95]

1977 yildagi qonunchilik, uning tiliga qaramay yoki tufayli, WASP-larning ko'milishiga aniq ruxsat bermagan Arlington milliy qabristoni. Arlington milliy qabristoni, aksariyat milliy qabristonlardan farqli o'laroq, faxriylar ishlari bo'limi emas, balki armiya boshqarmasi tomonidan boshqarilishi sababli edi. Armling kotibi Arlington dafn marosimiga muvofiqligini aniqlaydi.[121][97] Armiya tomonidan ushbu masala bo'yicha pozitsiyaning sababi Arlingtonda bo'shliqning tez kamayib borishi bo'lishi mumkin. Ammo 2002 yilda armiya qayta ko'rib chiqdi va vafot etgan WASPlar Arlington milliy qabristoniga dafn qilinishi mumkinligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Ammo 2015 yilda armiya qonun va o'z qoidalarini yana o'n uch yillik urush fonida qayta sharhladi, bu esa yana bir bor yer qabristonini yo'q qilish bilan tahdid qildi.[122] Armiya 1977 yilgi nizomda Arlingtonda vafot etgan WASPlarni dafn etish majburiyati yo'q deb qaror qildi. Qachon WASP, Elaine Harmon, 2015 yil 21 aprelda vafot etgan, uning kulini Arlingtonga solib qo'yish haqidagi iltimosi rad etilgan.[123] Boshqa WASP, Florensiya Shutsi-Reynolds, Arlingtonda bo'lishni istagan Harmon va boshqa WASP a'zolarini himoya qilish uchun ijtimoiy media kampaniyasini boshladi.[123] 2016 yildagi qonunchilik armiyaning talqinini bekor qildi va WASPlar Arlingtonda "yana" ko'milishi mumkinligi haqida keng tarqalgan edi.[124] 2016 yildagi qonun qabristondagi bo'sh joy haqida uzoq vaqtdan beri tashvish uyg'otdi.[125][126] Shunday qilib, qonunchilik 114-Kongress (S.2437 tomonidan Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-Merilend) va XR 4336 tomonidan Rep. Marta Makkali (R-Arizona), iste'fodagi havo kuchlari qiruvchisi), faqat yoqib yuborilgan qoldiqlarni dafn qilishni ta'minlaydi va erga ko'milmaydi.[127]

Madj Mur WASP Kongressining oltin medalini ko'rsatmoqda[128] u Vashingtonda qabul qildi

2002 yilda WASP a'zosi Deani Bishop Parrish qizi bilan WASPs hikoyasini aytib berishga bag'ishlangan muzeyni rejalashtirishni boshladi.[129] Muzey uchun ishlatiladigan angar binosi, Hangar One, dastlab 1929 yilda qurilgan va Qasoskor maydoniga aylangan Sweetwater munitsipal aeroporti ob'ektlarining bir qismi bo'lgan.[130] 2005 yilda WASP WWP Milliy Ikkinchi Jahon Muzeylarining tantanali ochilish marosimi 2005 yil 28 mayda bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan edi, bu birinchi WASP bitiruvchilarining 62 yilligi edi.[131] Forma namoyishi bilan bir qatorda transport vositalari va boshqa buyumlar bir nechta samolyotdir. Ular orasida a Boeing-Stearman Model 75 biplane, a Fairchild PT-19 murabbiy, a UC-78 Bambukdan bombardimonchi va a Vultee BT-13 Valiant 2017 yil sentyabr oyida sovg'a qilingan murabbiy.[132][133]

2009 yilda WASPlar tarkibiga kiritildi Xalqaro havo va kosmik shon-sharaf zali da San-Diego havo va kosmik muzeyi.[134]

2009 yil 1 iyulda, Prezident Barak Obama va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi WASP mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi Kongressning oltin medali.[6][128] Taxminan 300 tirik qolgan WASPlardan uchtasi voqea guvohi bo'lgan. Marosim paytida Prezident Obama "Ayollar havo kuchlari xizmatining uchuvchilari o'z vaqtida o'z mamlakatining chaqirig'iga jur'at bilan javob berib, bu millat uchun shuncha xizmat ko'rsatgan va berib kelayotgan mard ayollar uchun iz qoldirib, qiyin paytda javob berishdi. Har bir amerikalik kerak. ularning xizmati uchun minnatdor bo'ling va nihoyat ularga munosib e'tiroflarni berish uchun ushbu qonun loyihasini imzolashdan mamnunman. "[135] On March 10, 2010, the 300 surviving WASPs came to the US Capitol to accept the Congressional Gold Medal from House Speaker Nensi Pelosi and other Congressional leaders.[136] On New Year's Day in 2014 the Atirgul paradi featured a float with eight WASP members riding on it.[137] U haykaltarosh tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Don Everhart II.[138] The medal is on display at the Boeing Aviation Hangar da Stiven F. Udvar-Xazi markazi in Chantilly, Virginia.[139]

Other aspects of the WASP legacy include the designs and symbols of the WASP organization. Shutsy-Reynolds took over WASP merchandising in 1988 and designed the sharf that many WASP members wore.[61] She also created unique jewelry based on the WASP wings symbols.[61]

The WASP actively inspired successive generations of women, including aviator, Jerrie Cobb, Cho'l bo'roni uchuvchi, Kelly Hamilton, astronaut, Eileen Collins va Terry London Rinehart, who was one of the first 10 women to be hired as a commercial airline pilot in 1976.[140] Polkovnik Kimberly Olsen "credited the WASP for her opportunity to serve her country."[140]

Kamsitish

WASP members faced discrimination because of their gender during their work numerous times. Some male pilots and commanders were unhappy to have a women's presence in the traditionally male setting of the military.[141] One WASP, Lorraine Rodgers, later recalled that some men "refused to acknowledge their ability," or that the men didn't trust the smaller women to be able to handle the planes.[111] Some commanders would give out "undesirable" planes to the WASP to fly.[111] One commander at Love Field was eventually formally admonished for treating the women unfairly.[111] WASP Tereza Jeyms believed that the women pilots were disliked because they "flew longer than the men (service pilots). We flew our tails off."[110] However, James also reported that she was sometimes "treated like a celebrity" when she stopped at Army bases for refueling.[142] She said, "They had never seen a woman pilot in an Air Force airplane."[142]

Camp Davis at North Carolina had the most prejudice and discrimination against the WASP.[111] The base commander, Major Stephenson, told the women that "both they and the planes were expendable."[111] Women at Camp Davis were unfairly evaluated in their flying, according to WASP Alia Corbett.[111] Women were not given practice time, unlike the men.[111] Sabotaj was suspected in some incidents at the camp and Cochran found traces of sugar in the engine at one WASP crash site.[111] Two WASP women died in the line of duty at Camp Davis.[111] There were fourteen accidents involving improperly maintained towing planes at Camp Davis and planes at Camp Davis were found to be using the wrong octane fuel.[91]

While the women were doing the same job as men who were also civilian ferry pilots, the WASP were paid at two-thirds the rate of their male counterparts.[111]

The initial force of the Women's Army Ferrying Service (WAFS) put the cap on the age of recruits at 35 in order "to avoid the irrationality of women when they enter and go through menopauza."[143] At the time, the military had determined that age 40 was the time when menopause began, so if the war lasted more than 5 years, most recruits would just be entering the time of "debilitating irrationality."[143] The WASP were even grounded for a time during their menstrual cycles by male commanders because they believed they were "less efficient during menses."[71] This was stopped when flight records showed that this thinking was false.[71] Some WASP were allowed to choose not to fly during menstruation and the pilots' periods were seen as a form of medical disability by military doctors.[144]

On the military planes, there weren't facilities for the women to use the bathroom.[110] When women were ferrying the planes, they had to touch down occasionally and women were not allowed to eat in some restaurants because they were wearing pants.[3]

Notable WASP aviators

Jackie Cochran (center) with WASP trainees
Frances Green, Margaret (Peg) Kirchner, Ann Waldner and Blanche Osborn leaving their plane, "Pistol Packin' Mama"
WASP members on the flight line at Laredo Army Air Field, Texas, January 22, 1944

Documentaries and fictional depictions

  • In the 1943 movie Jo ismli yigit, Pete Sandidge (Spencer Tracy) is the reckless pilot of a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber flying out of England during World War II. He is in love with Women Airforce Service Pilot Dorinda Durston (Irene Dunne), a civilian pilot ferrying aircraft across the Atlantic.
  • Xonimlar jasur a 1944 film starring Loretta Young.[193]
  • Season 1, Episode 22 of Baa Baa qora qo'ylar was entitled W*A*S*P*S.[194] It first aired on March 1, 1977. The episode has several errors of fact. Two are that there is no "s" at the end of the name, because the name itself is plural and the WASP never flew overseas.
  • Roman Skies Over Sweetwater by Julia Moberg is entirely about WASP and follows the lives of fictional characters as they train.[195]
  • Zamonaviy Ajoyib ayol continuity, Stiv Trevor 's mother, Diana Trevor, was a WASP who inadvertently crash-landed on Temisira on a mission in the 1940s and died helping the Amazons fight an attacking menace.
  • A documentary produced by Ken Magid, Women of Courage, was shown on PBS in 1993.[92]
  • In 2000 novel Queen of Aces by Aaron Masters: an action adventure story about one of America's greatest pilots, Meg Reilly, as told first-hand by Aviation Life reporter Aaron Masters. Meg follows in the footsteps of her godmother Amelia Earhart and father Rye Reilly, a WWI MOH awardee, combat ace, and aircraft designer. Mock combat barnstormer and Bendix racer Meg soon becomes "First Lady of the Air" with the death of Amelia. With the outbreak of WWII, Meg is relegated to ferrying duty, first with the WAFS and later as a WASP, while her brothers become combat pilots. Meg makes a major contribution to the war only to be deactivated along with her fellow WASPs in 1944. Meg ventures to England with three other WASPs to conduct transition training on the new P-51D. Soon, the foursome is asked to secretly ferry these much-needed Mustangs to a forward base in France. On one particular mission, a vicious twist of fate thrusts her into combat—the first American woman ever to engage the enemy in hostile skies. (Top Publications, Dallas, TX). Note – Soon to be a movie by the same name (Silver Lion Films).[iqtibos kerak ]
  • The 2008 TV movie Warbirds features a WASP B-29 crew, whose plane is commandeered for a secret mission but crashes on a pteranodon -infested island.[196]
  • A 2009 episode of the TV show Sovuq ish features the investigators looking for the murderer of a WASP, after her plane is found in modern-day Philadelphia.[197]
  • 2012 yilda Kapitan Marvel story from Marvel comics, Kerol Danvers travels through time to 1943 where she fights alongside a squad of Women Airforce Service Pilots on an island off the coast of Peru.[198]
  • The 2010 novel "Fly Girl" by Sherri L Smith tells the story of Ida-Mae "Jonesy" Jones, a poor African American woman who dreams of becoming a pilot. She joins the WASP and serves until the war's end.[199]
  • The 2013 novel "The All-Girl Filling Station's Last Reunion" tells the story of Fritzi and her sisters who helped out during the war by running their father's filling station and later flew with the WASPs.[200]
  • The 2010 novel "Silver Wings" by H.P. Munro tells the story of 6 women training at Avenger Field and their subsequent deployments. The story centers on Lily and Helen who meet and fall in love during their training.[201]
  • The 2010 historical novel "The Last Jump" relates the story of how male pilots of the top secret 509th Composite Group (who eventually dropped two atomic bombs) were "shamed" into flying the B-29 bomber by having WASP flyers deliver the first plane to Wendover AFB, Utah. CO Col. Paul Tibbets orchestrated the entire episode when he found out his "best pilots" were afraid to fly the "widowmaker".[202]
  • Season 3, Episode 15 of "Army Wives" is a flashback episode that mentions the WASP pilots from WWII.
  • Meredith Dayna Levy wrote a play called 'Decision Height' which tells the story of six WASP trainees.[203]
  • Dallas playwright Rusty Harding wrote a play entitled 'Fly Babies", a fictionalized story based on the WASPs.[204] Ha
  • The Flight Girls, a novel by Noelle Salazar, was inspired by the civilian women pilots who flew military planes during World War 2.
  • "Betty Wall: Girls Don't Fly" (2015) Documentary by Steve Cloutier, is an intimate portrait of how one irrepressible, small-town girl became a flyer with the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots, aka WASP. “Girls Don’t Fly” is a testament to the struggles and victories faced by this little-known group of “The Greatest Generation”- as told by one of the women who lived it.

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

Kutubxona resurslari haqida
Ayollar havo kuchlariga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi uchuvchilar

USAF Milliy muzeyi ma'lumot varaqalari