Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi tanklar - Tanks in World War II

Birgalikda qo'llar: AQSh M4 Sherman, 75 mm asosiy qurol bilan jihozlangan, piyoda askarlar yonma-yon yurishgan.
A Nemis Yo'lbars I davomida jangovar tank Kursk jangi 1943 yilda

Tanklar muhim qurol tizimi edi Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Garchi; .. bo'lsa ham urushlararo yillarda tanklar keng tadqiqotlar mavzusi bo'lgan, ishlab chiqarish bir nechta mamlakatlarda nisbatan kam sonli raqamlar bilan cheklangan. Biroq, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida ko'pchilik qo'shinlar tanklarda ishladilar va ishlab chiqarish darajasi har oy mingga yetdi. Tankdan foydalanish, ta'limot va ishlab chiqarish jangovar davlatlar orasida juda xilma-xil edi. Urush tugashi bilan tanklar doktrinasi va dizayni bo'yicha kelishuvga erishildi.

Fon

Christie to'xtatib turish sxemasi
1933 yildagi sinovlar paytida to'siqni kesib o'tuvchi Christie suspenziyasi bo'lgan T3E2 tanki

The tank inglizlar tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Birinchi jahon urushi, deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida rivojlanishi bilan Frantsiya. Birinchi jahon urushi tanklari g'oyaning yangiligini va ibtidoiy holatini aks ettirgan avtomobilsozlik. Birinchi jahon urushi tanklari yurish tezligida harakat qilar edilar, nisbatan ishonchsiz edilar va ulardan eng yaxshi foydalanish urush oxirigacha rivojlanib borardi.[1] Tank dizaynidagi yutuq bu edi Kristining to'xtatib qo'yilishi: a to'xtatib turish Amerika muhandisi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tizim J. Valter Kristi bu suspenziyani odatdagidan ancha uzoqroq harakatlanishiga imkon berdi barg-buloq tizimlar keyinchalik umumiy foydalanishda va tanklar o'tish tezligini sezilarli darajada oshirishga imkon berdi.[2]

Ta'limoti zirhli urush Urushlararo yillarda tubdan o'zgardi, chunki qo'shinlar zamonaviy otashin kuchlar tomonidan o'rnatilgan tanglikdan qochish yo'llarini izladilar va jang maydonida hujum kuchini tiklash vositalarini qidirdilar. Dastlab tanklar piyoda askarlarni yaqindan qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatilgan, ammo zamonaviy mexanizatsiyalashgan ta'limot bir necha qo'shinlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilganligi sababli, tanklar qurol-yarog 'jamoasining muhim qismiga aylandi. Piyodalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan tashqari, tanklar an'anaviy tarzda bajarildi otliqlar rollar, mobil artilleriya yordamini taqdim etdi va moslashtirildi jangovar muhandislik rollar.[3]

Urushlararo davrda ham tank dizayni asta-sekin yaxshilandi. Avtomobilsozlik sanoatining o'sishini aks ettiruvchi tank dvigatellari, transmissiyalar va yo'l tizimlari takomillashtirildi. 1939 yil sentyabr oyida urush boshlangunga qadar cheklangan miqdordagi buzilishlar bilan o'z yo'llarida yuzlab chaqirim yurish mumkin bo'lgan tanklar mavjud edi.[3]

Urush dizayndagi o'zgarish tezligini tezlashtirdi. Xususan, urushning qurolga qarshi qurol-yarog 'poygasi olov kuchi va zirhning (qalinligi va dizayni jihatidan) tez yaxshilanishiga olib keldi.[3]

Asosiy mavzular

Birlashgan Qirollik, AQSh, Sovet Ittifoqi va Frantsiya Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi oldidan va paytida juda ko'p miqdordagi tanklarni ishlab chiqarishgan. Germaniyaning dastlabki tanklari qurol-yarog 'va o'q otish sohalarida ko'plab raqiblarining tanklaridan kam edi. Biroq, ularning taktik ishlarida nemis tanklari urush boshida barcha raqiblariga ustunlik qildilar. Nemis doktrinasi tez harakatlanishdan foydalanishni ta'kidladi, missiya tipidagi taktikalar va birlashtirilgan qo'llar tanklar ko'chma piyoda va havo yordami bilan ishlaydigan joylarda; ushbu ta'limot xalq orasida [a] deb nomlangan Blitskrig. Ushbu ta'limot nemislardan o'z tanklarini radio bilan jihozlashni talab qildi, bu esa tengsizlikni ta'minladi buyruq va boshqarish moslashuvchan ish bilan ta'minlash uchun.[4]

Masalan, frantsuz tanklarining deyarli 80 foizida radiolar yo'q edi,[5] mohiyatan, chunki ularning jangovar ta'limoti rejalashtirilgan harakatlarga nisbatan sekinroq, qasddan mos kelishga asoslangan edi. Buning uchun barcha darajadagi radiolar kamroq bo'lishi kerak edi. Frantsuz tanklari odatda nemis tanklarini o'q otish kuchi va qurol-yarog 'bilan engib chiqdilar 1940 yilgi kampaniya, ammo ularning yomon buyruq va boshqaruv doktrinasi bu afzalliklarni inkor etdi. 1943 yilga kelib, ikki tomonlama radio barcha qo'shinlarda deyarli universal edi.[4]

Dastlabki urush ishlab chiqarish.
Panzer II G'arbiy frontda 1940 yil may (Panzer I orqaga)
Germaniya tank shakllanishi

Urush davom etar ekan, og'irroq tanklarga moyillik shubhasiz edi. 1939 yilda aksariyat tanklarning maksimal zirhi 30 mm (1,2 dyuym) va undan kam, qurollari esa 37-47 mm dan katta bo'lmagan. O'rta tanklar 1939 yildagi og'irligi 20 tonna (20 tonna). 1945 yilga kelib, odatdagi o'rta tanklar qalinligi 60 mm dan yuqori bo'lgan zirhga ega bo'lib, qurollari 75-85 mm (3,0-3,3 dyuym) oralig'ida va og'irliklari 30 dan 45 t gacha (30 dan 44 tonnagacha). Engil tanklar, urush boshida aksariyat qo'shinlarda hukmronlik qilgan, asta-sekin front xizmatidan g'oyib bo'ldi.[6]

Qasrlar har doim ko'rib chiqilgan, ammo ilgari tanklarda universal xususiyat bo'lmagan, muhim deb tan olingan. Agar tankning qurolidan "yumshoq" (zirhsiz) va zirhli nishonlarni jalb qilish uchun foydalanish kerak bo'lsa, u iloji boricha katta va kuchli bo'lishi kerak edi, bu esa har tomonlama olov maydoniga ega bo'lgan bitta katta qurol . Qurolni minoraga o'rnatish, tankning otilishi mumkinligini ta'minladi pastga tushmoq qopqoq Korpusga o'rnatilgan qurollar transport vositasining katta qismi dushman tomonidan o'qqa tutilishini talab qildi. Sovet kabi bir nechta turretli yoki ko'p qurolli dizaynlar T-35, Amerikalik O'rta tank M3, Frantsuzcha Char B1 yoki Britaniya A9 Kruizer Mk I Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida asta-sekin kamroq tarqalgan. Tajriba shuni ko'rsatdiki, tank qo'mondoni bir nechta qurollarning olovini samarali boshqarolmaydi; Bundan tashqari, yangi qo'shaloq qurollar bir nechta qurolga bo'lgan ehtiyojni bartaraf etdi. Aksariyat tanklar piyoda qo'shinlardan ularni yaqin masofada himoya qilish uchun korpus pulemyotini va odatda minorada bir yoki bir nechta pulemyotni saqlab qolishgan.[6]

Tanklar har xil harbiy vazifalarga, shu jumladan muhandislikka moslashtirildi. Kabi ixtisoslashgan modellar olov otadigan tanklar, zirhli tiklash vositalari jang maydonidan nogiron tanklarni tortib olish uchun va qo'shimcha radiostantsiyali buyruq tanklaridan foydalanilgan. Ushbu tank variantlarining ba'zilari boshqa sinflar singari yashaydi zirhli jangovar vosita, endi "tanklar" deb nomlanmagan. Barcha yirik jangovar kuchlar ham rivojlandi tank yo'q qiluvchilar va qurol, katta kalibrli qurol olib yuradigan zirhli transport vositalari sifatida, lekin ko'pincha minoralar yo'q. Turretli transport vositalariga nisbatan turretli transport vositalarini ishlab chiqarish qimmat.[7]

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida kuzatilgan tendentsiyalardan biri eski, engilroq tank shassisidan kattaroq qurollarni mahkam o'rnashtirish edi kosematlar, o'ziyurar qurollar, tanklarni yo'q qilish yoki hujum qurollari sifatida. Masalan, Sovet T-34 qasrda 85 mm qurolni o'rnatishi mumkin edi, ammo xuddi shu shassi 100 mm qurolni sobit bo'lgan kosematda ko'proq samarali olib yurishi mumkin edi. SU-100, vorisi SU-85. Xuddi shunday, eskirgan nemis Panzer II to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yong'in rolini bajarish uchun juda zaif bo'lgan engil tank, kuchli 75 mm PaK 40 qurolini tepasi ochiq, mahkamlangan kosematda olish uchun o'zgartirildi. Marder II o'ziyurar artilleriya qismi.[7]

The Nemis tank yo'q qiluvchilar Panzerjayger ("tank ovchilari") asosan mavjud bo'lgan tankga qarshi qurolni olish va harakatchanlikni ta'minlash uchun qulay shassiga o'rnatish orqali, odatda faqat uch tomonlama qurol qalqoni ekipaj himoyasi uchun. Masalan, 202 ta eskirgan Panzer I Chexiyani to'ldiradigan minorani olib tashlash orqali engil tanklar o'zgartirildi 4,7 sm KPÚV vz. 38 (47 mm) tankga qarshi qurol Panzerjayger I o'ziyurar tankga qarshi qurol. Germaniya tank esminetslari Panzer III va keyinchalik nemis tanklari noyob edi, chunki ularning tanki hamkasblariga qaraganda ko'proq zirhi bor edi.[7]

Nemislar uchun to'liq yopiq kosematlar Sturmgeschütz hujum qurollari, urush boshidanoq, keyinchalik xuddi shunday to'liq yopiq tomonidan ishlatilgan naqshni o'rnatdi Jagdpanzer Sovetlarnikiga o'xshash kasemat uslubidagi tanklarni yo'q qilish Samoxodnaya ustanovka (SU) hujum qurollari xuddi shu ikki maqsadli rollarda ishlatilgan. Biroq, aylanadigan minoraning etishmasligi qurolning harakatlanishini bir necha darajaga qadar cheklab qo'ydi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, odatda butun tank haydovchi tomonidan maqsadiga aylantirilishi kerak edi, bu shunchaki quvvatli turretni aylantirishga qaraganda ancha sekinroq edi. Agar vosita dvigatelning ishlamay qolishi yoki yo'lning buzilishi sababli harakatsiz qolsa, u qurolini qarama-qarshi tanklarga qarshi turish uchun aylantira olmadi, shuning uchun uni qarama-qarshi kurash juda zaiflashtirdi.[8] Keyinchalik bu zaiflik qarama-qarshi tank kuchlari tomonidan ishlatilgan. Jangdan keyin maydonga tashlab qo'yilgan eng katta va eng qudratli nemis tank esminetslari ham yuqori portlovchi (HE) yoki qurol-yarog '(AP) snaryadlari tomonidan bir yoki bir nechta zarbalar bilan immobilizatsiya qilingan holda topilgan.[9]

Asosiy jangchilarning tanklari

Sovet Ittifoqi

Shuningdek qarang: Sovet Ittifoqidagi tanklar § Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
Paradda BT-7 tanklari

Sovet Ittifoqi urushni dunyoning qolgan qismiga qaraganda ko'proq tanklar bilan boshlagan va tugatgan (18,000–22,000). Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda Sovet xizmatida eng keng tarqalgan tank bu edi T-26 (6 tonnalik Vikersdan olingan), engil zirhli va oddiy jangovar masofalarda nemis tanklarining ko'pchiligiga kirib borishga qodir 45 mm qurol bilan qurollangan. Bir nechtasida radio bor edi. Dizayn mexanik jihatdan sog'lom edi, ammo uni rivojlantirishga qodir emas edi. The BT tanki seriyali, Christie to'xtatib turish tizimiga asoslangan, odatda bir xil 45 mm qurol bilan qurollangan va o'sha paytda dunyodagi eng harakatchan tanklar bo'lgan. Ikkala tankning 76,2 mm bilan qurollangan versiyalari mavjud edi гаubitsalar. Biroq, BT dizayn muddati tugagan edi. Qizil Armiya amfibiya kabi minglab yengil razvedka tanklarini ham maydonga tushirdi T-37 va T-38 tanklar. Ularning cheklangan jangovar qiymati bor edi; juda harakatchan bo'lishiga qaramay, ular faqat 7.62 mm pulemyotlar bilan qurollangan va juda nozik zirhga ega edilar. Qizil armiyada ham 400 ga yaqin kishi bo'lgan T-28 ko'p jihatdan nemisga teng bo'lgan o'rta, ko'p minorali tanklar Panzer IV. Shunga qaramay, yana ushbu dizayn 1931 yildan beri tuzilgan va eskirgan.[10]

Sovet Ittifoqi 1930-yillarni deyarli butunlay xorijiy konstruktsiyalardan olingan ulkan tanklar parki bilan yakunladi, ammo 1941 yilgacha urushning eng muhim tanklarini ishlab chiqardi. Sovet tank kuchlari 1941 yilda duch kelgan muammo, birinchi navbatda, uning transport vositalarining texnik sifati emas, balki texnik xizmat ko'rsatishning juda yomon ahvoli, tayyorgarlikning dahshatli etishmasligi va buyruqbozlik holati tufayli yuzaga kelgan. ofitserlar sinfini tozalash. 1940 yilga kelib Qizil Armiya uning qo'mondonlik tarkibi va tank kuchlari bajara olmaydigan rivojlangan jangovar doktrinani qabul qilgan edi.[11]

Sovet tank qo'shinlari (Budapesht jangi, 1944 yil oktyabr)

1940–41 yillarda bir nechta ajoyib dizaynlar ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Urushdan oldin Qizil Armiya mexanizatsiyalashgan kuchlarini qayta tashkil etish va ularni zamonaviy dizaynlar bilan qayta jihozlash uchun bir-biri bilan chambarchas bog'liq ikkita loyihani amalga oshirdi. Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi, Xalxin Gol jangi va Qish urushi hisobga olingan. Ushbu dizaynlarning ba'zilari boshqa mamlakatlar naqshlarining nusxalari edi. Eng muhim bo'lgan T-34, dastlab BT seriyasining vorisi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. Uning og'irroq zirhlari va ikki maqsadli qurollari uni Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining birinchi yarmidagi eng yaxshi o'rta tanklardan biriga aylantirdi. Oxir-oqibat T-34 ko'plab boshqa Sovet tanklarining rollarini egalladi. T-34 shassisi uni urushdan keyin foydalanishga yaroqli qildi, chunki uni og'irroq qurollar, yangi minoralar va boshqa modifikatsiyalar bilan doimiy ravishda yangilab turish mumkin edi. Boshqa muhim dizayn bu edi KV-1 tanki. Ular T-34 bilan bir xil 76,2 mm qurol bilan qurollangan va bir xil bo'lgan Xarkov V-2 modeli dizel dvigatel. KV tanklari a bilan jihozlangan burama novda suspenziyasi va T-34dan ancha og'ir zirh. KV sekin edi, bu kashfiyot tankiga mo'ljallangan edi. The KV-2 yaqin qo'llab-quvvatlash versiyasi 152 mm (6.0 dyuym) гаubitsa bilan qurollangan. KV seriyasi 1943 yilgacha Sovet Ittifoqining asosiy tanki bo'lib, ishlab chiqarishni tugatishi va omon qolgan avtoulovlarni yo'q qilish bilan yakunlandi. 1944 yil boshida KVning vorisi bo'lgan IS-2 joriy etildi. U 122 mm (4,8 dyuym) qurol bilan qurollangan, qalinroq zirhli va harakatchanligi yaxshilangan.[12] 1941 yilda piyodalarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi yangi tank paydo bo'ldi: T-50. Bu T-26 o'rnini bosuvchi bo'lishi kerak edi va 45 mm qurol, torsion-osma va o'z sinfidagi boshqa tanklarga qaraganda qalin zirh bilan jihozlangan edi. Biroq, uning yangi dvigatelida ishlab chiqarishdagi muammolar 70 dan kam bo'lganidan keyin tank bekor qilinishiga olib keldi. Engil razvedka rolini amfibiya to'ldirdi T-40 va arzonroq, amfibiya emas T-60.[10]

Boshida Germaniyaning SSSRga bosqini, Sovet Ittifoqining aksariyat tank kuchlari T-26 va BT tanklari seriyasidan iborat edi. Bundan tashqari, bir nechta T-40lar paydo bo'ldi, ular taxminan 1363 ta mexanik jihatdan ishonchsiz T-34 va 677 KV seriyali tanklar bilan ta'minlandi.[11] Dastlabki model T-34larning katta yo'qotishlariga muvofiqlashtirishning etishmasligi, ta'minotning etishmasligi, yomon tayyorgarlik, mexanik muammolar va Qizil Armiya urushga umuman tayyor emasligi sabab bo'lgan. T-34 ning yana bir qiyinligi shundaki, uning tarkibida faqat to'rt kishilik ekipaj bor edi, tank komandiri esa qurolbardor sifatida ikki baravar ko'payishga majbur bo'ldi. Garchi u frantsuz tanklaridagi qo'mondonlardan farqli o'laroq, yuklarni yuklashdan xalos bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, u tank qo'mondonining jang maydonidan xabardorligini saqlab qolish qobiliyatini buzdi, bu esa nemis zirhlariga taktik ustunlik berdi.[12]

Rossiya T-26 moduli ustuni. 1939 va T-26 modlari. 1933 yil 20-tank brigadasidan oldingi chiziq tomon harakatlanadigan engil tanklar.

1941 yilda shunga o'xshashlar bilan 1942 yilda kuchaytirilgan ko'plab T-60lar paydo bo'la boshladi T-70. Ushbu ikkala yengil tankning ikkitasi ham torsiyali osma, engil zirh va kichik dvigatellarga ega edi. Ularning oddiy konstruktsiyasi, ularning jangovar qiymati cheklangan bo'lsa ham, ularni ishlab chiqarishda saqlab qoldi. T-60 da atigi 20 mm bo'lgan qurol, T-70 esa 45 mm bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, ikkalasida ham bir kishilik minoralar bo'lgan, bu esa ularni ekipajdan samarali foydalanishni qiyinlashtirgan. T-70 keyinchalik uchun asos yaratdi SU-76 o'ziyurar qurol.[10]

1942 yil oktyabrga kelib, umumiy fikr Sovet tanklari dunyodagi eng yaxshi tanklar qatorida edi Hayot jurnali "Bugungi kunda dunyodagi eng yaxshi tanklar, ehtimol rus tanklari ..." deb yozmoqda.[13] T-34 ishga tushirilayotganda xizmatdagi har bir nemis tankidan ustun keldi. Uning balandligida IS-2 dan tashqari barcha boshqa tanklarni ishlab chiqarish to'xtatildi, chunki u turli xil rollarda keng muvaffaqiyatga erishgani uchun mavjud bo'lgan barcha resurslardan faqat ushbu tank uchun foydalanilishi mumkin edi. T-34 nemislarni yangi kabi og'irroq dizaynlarni qabul qilishga majbur qildi Pantera va Yo'lbars I bu o'z navbatida Sovet, Amerika va Angliya tank kuchlarini o'z tanklarini yanada yangilashga majbur qildi. Germaniyaning mavjud modellarni yangilash o'rniga urush oxiriga kelib butunlay yangi tanklarni ishlab chiqarishga moyilligi, tanklarning nemis tanklari tarkibiga kirishini kamaytirdi va Qizil Armiya Sharqiy frontda tashabbusni qo'lga kiritishga yordam berdi.[12]

Keyinchalik urushda engil tanklar roli tobora ko'proq to'ldirildi Qarz berish AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya va Kanadadan etkazib berish, shu jumladan M3 engil tanklar va Sevishganlar uchun tank. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, T-34 tezligi, uni qidirib topishi kerak bo'lgan engil tanklarning ko'pchiligidan oshib ketganligi Sovet Ittifoqi yengil tanklarini ishlab chiqarishga olib keldi.[12]

Dastlabki T-34-85 112-fabrikada qurilgan

Nemislarning takomillashgan tanklari bilan shug'ullanish uchun Sovetlar 1943 yilda T-34 ni T-34-85 ni yaratib, yoqib yuborishdi. Ushbu model 85 mm (3,3 dyuym) qurolni o'rnatadigan ancha katta minoraga va 3 kishini ushlab turishga qodir bo'lgan katta turretga ega edi, bu esa tank komandiriga jang maydonidan taktik xabardorlikni saqlashga to'liq e'tibor berishiga imkon berdi. Sovetlar, shuningdek, 122 mm qurolli qurolni kiritdilar IS-2 og'ir tanki, xuddi shu vaznni ushlab turganda KVdan og'irroq zirhga ega edi. Uning aksariyat zirhlari tankning old qismida to'plangan, u erda u zarbalarning ko'pini olishi kutilgan edi.[12]

The IS-3 varianti, 1945 yil o'rtalarida ishlab chiqarilgan, ancha soddalashtirilgan ko'rinishga va kattaroq, piyola shaklidagi konusli minoraga ega edi. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, IS-3 qalinroq zirhga ega edi, ammo og'irligi IS-2 dan sal kamroq bo'lib, 50 tonnadan kam bo'lib qoldi ( Tiger II 68) Sovet Ittifoqida ko'rinib turganidek, IS-3 ning zirhli dizayni urushdan keyingi tank dizayniga juda katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi T-55 va T-62 serial, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari M48 Patton va G'arbiy Germaniya Leopard 1.[14]

Sovet tanklari ishlab chiqarish AQShdan tashqari barcha boshqa xalqlardan ustun edi. Sovetlar buni bir nechta dizaynlar bo'yicha standartlashtirish orqali amalga oshirdilar, umuman olganda, sifat jihatidan kichik yaxshilanishlarni boshladilar va faqat yangilanishlar katta yaxshilanishga olib keladigan bo'lsa, dizaynlarni o'zgartirdilar.[11]

Sovet tanklarida turret bor edi qurolni barqarorlashtirish, 1938 yildayoq ibtidoiy shaklga ega bo'lgan T-28B dan boshlab.[15]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Shuningdek qarang: Britaniya armiyasidagi tanklar § Ikkinchi Jahon urushi

Ta'lim

Britaniyalik Cruiser tanki Mark I (A9)

1915 yildan buyon Angliya tanklarni ishlab chiqarishda dunyo bo'ylab tendentsiyani o'rnatgan edi, ammo Ikkinchi Jahon urushi yaqinlashganda etakchilik mavqeini yo'qotdi. Urushdan oldingi yillarda cheklangan xarajatlar to'sqinlik qildi va hali ham ekspeditsiya kuchi sifatida Imperial mudofaada operatsiyalar uchun uyushtirildi, Britaniya armiyasi urushga o'zining nufuzli nazariyotchilari kabi jangga tayyor bo'lmagan holda kirishdi. J.F.C. To'liq va B. H. Liddell Xart himoya qilgan edi.[16]

Britaniya armiyasi ikki turdagi tanklarni ishlab chiqardi - "Piyoda tanklari "ular juda yaxshi zirhlangan, ammo ular juda yaxshi relyefga ega, ammo sekin edi. Bu tezlikning etishmasligi nuqson deb hisoblanmadi, chunki ular piyoda askarlarning dushmanning kuchli nuqtalariga qarshi hujumlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga yoki odamlarni piyoda bosib o'tish qobiliyatini keraksiz deb hisoblashgan shahar urushlariga Boshqa turi "Kruizer tanklari "ular mustaqil manevralar, tezkor portlashlar va yonboshdagi hujumlar uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Kruizerning dastlabki tanklari o'zlari olib boradigan qurol-yarog 'narxida ishlashga erishdilar. Ishonchlilik, ayniqsa Shimoliy Afrikaning og'ir sharoitida va Janubiy Evropaning tog'li hududlarida, qaerda A10 va A13 xususan, buzilgan izlar va qizib ketgan dvigatellar azob chekishgan.[16]

Kech model Cherchill piyoda tanki

Britaniyalik tank ekipajlari harakatda o'q otishga o'rgandilar va qurol-yarog 'balandlikdan foydalanib emas, balki tanasi bilan nishonga oladigan darajada optimal muvozanat uchun o'rnatildi. Bu minoraning ichidagi bo'sh joyni qisqartirdi. Ikkala Cruiser va piyoda askar tanklari ham Ordnance QF 2 asoschisi, 40 mm lik tankga qarshi qurol, zamonaviy nemis uchun juda mos keladi 3.7 sm KwK 36 va o'sha davrdagi tanklarga qarshi samarali, ammo urush rivojlanib borgan sari tobora eskirgan. Frantsiyadagi yo'qotishlar natijasida ishlab chiqarish tanqisligi va Atlantika jangi inglizlarni keng joriy etilishini kechiktirishga majbur qildi Ordnance QF 6 asoschisi (57 mm) tankga qarshi qurol 1942 yilgacha.[16]

Ikki poydevor uchun etarli darajada yuqori portlovchi qobiqning etishmasligi va ko'payib borayotgani 5 sm KwK 38 tankga qarshi qurollar Afrika Korps Liviyadagi nemis armiyasiga 1941 yil oxiri va 1942 yil boshlari uchun katta ustunlik berdi. Bu 1942 yil oxiriga kelib qoplandi, ammo Vermaxt 1944 yil oxirigacha tank va tankga qarshi qurol ishlab chiqarish va ishlab chiqarishda 12-18 oylik etakchilikdan bahramand bo'lishni davom ettirdi.[16] 1944 yilda Angliya 5000 ta tank ishlab chiqardi.[17]

Ishlash

A9 Cruiser Mk I frantsuz, yunon va Shimoliy Afrikaning dastlabki kampaniyalarida samarali tank edi. 2-pulemyot Germaniya va AQShning taqqoslanadigan 37 mm qurollaridan yaxshiroq edi va Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasi paytida duch kelgan tanklarga qarshi o'limga olib keldi. Ammo minimal zirh A9ni aksariyat zamonaviy tanklarga qarshi qurollarga nisbatan zaiflashtirdi va dizayn tezda A10 Cruiser, Mark II tomonidan almashtirildi.[16]

Britaniyalik Cruiser Mk II yo'lni yo'qotib qo'ydi (o'ng pastki qismida) Gretsiya, 1941

Bir qator A10lar Ikkinchi Jahon urushining dastlabki bosqichlarida Frantsiyaga yuborilgan Buyuk Britaniya ekspeditsiya kuchlari (BEF) tarkibiga kirgan. A10 krosning ishlashi tor, osongina tashlanadigan yo'llar tufayli yomon deb qayd etildi, ammo undan keyin moddiy yo'qotishlar "Dinamo" operatsiyasi (1940 yil may oyining oxirida Dunkerkdan BEFni evakuatsiya qilish) ularni tezda front xizmatidan qaytarib bo'lmasligini anglatadi va shu sababli sahro sharoitida ishonchlilik va to'xtatib turish ko'rsatkichlari yuqori bo'lgan Shimoliy Afrikada kam sonli janglarni ko'rdi. Eskirgan oltmish misolni ham 3-qirollik tank polki Yunonistonga olib bordi va garchi ular nemis tanklariga qarshi yaxshi harakat qilishgan bo'lsa-da, 90% dan ortig'i mexanik buzilishlar tufayli dushman harakatlaridan farqli o'laroq yo'qolgan (asosan singan yo'llar orqali).[18]

Urush boshlanganda, inglizlar amerikalik dizayner J.Volter Kristining to'xtatib turish va yurish mexanizmlari kontseptsiyalaridan foydalangan holda yangi tezroq Cruiser tanki A13 ni ishlab chiqarishga kiritdilar. Ushbu yangi suspenziya tezkor va yuqori manevrli dizaynni taqdim etdi, bu asl A13 dan olingan Mk IV (A13 Mk II) ingliz kreyser tanki kabi Cruiser tankining tez evolyutsiyasi uchun asos bo'ldi.[18]

Ichida yo'q qilingan Cruiser Mk IV tanki Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasi

A13 Cruiser ishlab chiqarilgan A15 salibchi keyin A27 Kromvel. Kuchli kishilardan foydalanish Rolls Royce Meteor dan olingan dvigatel Rolls Royce Merlin, Kromvelga yuqori tezlik va harakatchanlikni taqdim etdi. Xizmatni ko'rish uchun so'nggi ingliz kreyseri dizayni bu edi A34 kometasi; Cromwell-ning rivojlanishi, u yuqori tezlik bilan 77 mm qurolni olib yurgan Ordnance QF 17 asoschisi tankga qarshi qurol; urushning eng samarali ittifoqdoshi tanklarga qarshi qurollaridan biri, garchi Kometa o'zi juda oz jang ko'rgan bo'lsa ham.[19]

Taxminan 1942 yil o'rtalaridan boshlab, ko'plab ingliz tank birliklari Qo'shma Shtatlardan ijaraga beriladigan transport vositalari bilan jihozlangan, masalan, Styuart engil tank, Li (yoki ingliz spetsifikatsiyasi "Grant "uning varianti" va Li / Grant o'rnini bosuvchi Sherman (bu tanklarning barchasi o'z nomlarini inglizlardan olgan, nomi bilan nomlangan Amerika fuqarolar urushi generallar; amerikaliklar buning o'rniga asl nusxasidan foydalanganlar alfanumerik deyarli urushdan keyin). 1943 yil oxirida inglizlar Shermanga tankga qarshi QF 17 pulemyotni o'rnatish usulini topdilar. Firefly, undan ko'ra ko'proq qurolga ega bo'lgan tank 75 mm yoki 76 mm qurol odatda o'rnatilgan. 1944 yil o'rtalaridan boshlab, Firefly ko'proq ishlab chiqarilib, inglizcha dizaynlar qo'llanila boshlagach, inglizlar tomonidan eng keng tarqalgan Shermanga aylandi.[20]

Mutaxassis tanklar

Bittasi Xobartning kulgilari Cherchill timsoh tanki amalda

Urushdan oldin va urush paytida inglizlar juda ko'p miqdordagi prototip tanklar va turli xil maxsus muhandislik vazifalari uchun o'zgartirilgan tanklarni ishlab chiqarishdi (masalan "Xobartning kulgilari ", 1944 yilda Frantsiyani bosib olish uchun ishlab chiqarilgan).[21]

Masalan, Cherchill Zirhli transport vositalari qirollik muhandislari (AVRE) 290 mm (11,4 dyuym) qisqa masofani to'g'ridan-to'g'ri otib tashladi ohak binolarni yo'q qilish va to'siqlarni tozalash uchun ishlatilgan. Shuningdek, u kichik ko'priklar, matodan qilingan yo'llar kabi turli xil jangovar muhandislik uskunalari bilan jihozlanishi mumkin. hayratga soladi va minalar rollari.[21]

Ushbu g'oyalarning aksariyati allaqachon Angliya va boshqa davlatlar tomonidan sinab ko'rilgan, sinovdan o'tgan yoki eksperimental rivojlanish bosqichida bo'lgan. Masalan, Scorpion flail tanki (o'zgartirilgan Matilda II ) Shimoliy Afrikadagi kampaniya davomida nemis minalaridagi maydonlarni tozalash uchun ishlatilgan. Sovet T-34 tanklari minalar, frazinalar va otashinlar yordamida o'zgartirilgan. Yaqindan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan tanklar, ko'priklar va fassin tashuvchilar boshqa joylarda ham ishlab chiqilgan. Biroq, Funnies mavjud bo'lgan eng katta va eng muhandislik vositalarining to'plami edi.[21]

1944 yil boshiga kelib, Xobart Eyzenxauer va Montgomeriga har bir suzish brigadasini namoyish qilishi mumkin edi DD tanklari, Qisqichbaqa minalardan tozalovchilar va AVRE (Muhandis) tanklari, timsoh otash tanklari polki bilan birga.[21]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Shuningdek qarang: AQSh tanklari § Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
Light Tank M3 ichida Noks-Fort, 1942

Qo'shma Shtatlar urushga kirishdan oldin Perl-Harborga hujum 1941 yil dekabrida armiyada faqat bir nechta tank bor edi. Davomida Luiziana manevrlari 1941 yil sentyabr oyida yon tomoniga "tank" yozuvi tushirilgan yuk mashinalaridan foydalangan. Pearl Harbordan keyin ham 10-zirhli diviziya hech qanday tank yo'q edi, shuning uchun ekipajlar guruhlarga bo'linib yo'llarni bosib o'tib, xuddi tanklarda bo'lganidek buyruqlarni bajarish bilan mashq qildilar.[22]

The Light Tank M2 seriya urushgacha bo'lgan eng muhim AQSh tanki edi. Ushbu engil tanklar mexanik jihatdan juda ishonchli va yaxshi harakatga ega edi. Biroq, ular yuqori siluetga ega edilar - havo sovutgichidan foydalanishdan lamel dvigatel kuch va yomon zirh uchun. Faqat bir nechtasi jangni ko'rdi Gvadalkanal. Ularning ahamiyati shundaki, ular ancha muvaffaqiyatli bo'lish uchun zamin yaratdilar Light Tank M3 (Britaniyalik xizmatda "Stuart") seriyasi 1941 yilda boshlangan. M3 Light Tank og'irroq zirhli va 37 mm qurol bilan M2 Light Tankni takomillashtirish edi. M3A1 versiyasidan, bu qurol edi girostabilizatsiya qilingan.[23]

1940 yilda ishlab chiqarishga kirgan yangi o'rta tank bu edi M2 o'rta tank seriyali. Bu ingichka zirhli, baland siluetli, 37 mm asosiy qurol va etti pulemyotli yomon dizayn edi.[24]

M2A1 o'rta tank (kech ishlab chiqarish seriyasi)

1940 yildan boshlab yangi tank dizaynlari tayyorlandi. The Frantsiya jangi o'rta tanklarning ahamiyatini ko'rsatgan edi.[24] Britaniya armiyasi AQShdan inglizcha dizaynlarni ishlab chiqarishni so'radi, ammo AQSh rad etdi va buning o'rniga AQSh dizaynini ishlab chiqaradigan AQSh fabrikalari mahsulotlarini baham ko'rishni taklif qildi. Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi 75 mm qurol bilan o'rta tankga talab qo'ydi va ishlab chiqardi M3 o'rta tank vaqtinchalik dizayn sifatida. O'rta darajadagi M3 tanki tezda aylanadigan minorada 75 mm qurol bilan tankning dizaynini kutib, tezda 75 mm qurolni maydonga tushirish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Inglizlar zudlik bilan "Li" sifatida foydalanishlari uchun M3 O'rta Tankga buyurtma berishdi, ba'zilari esa "Grant" sifatida talablariga o'zgartirishlar kiritishdi (shubhasiz, boshqa minorani olib yurishgan).[25]

1942 yil fevralga kelib, Amerika fuqarolik avtomobil zavodlari faqat qurol va harbiy transport vositalarini ishlab chiqarishdi.[26] Kabi avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilari General Motors va Chrysler bilan o'zlarining tajribalaridan foydalanganlar ommaviy ishlab chiqarish tez tanklarni qurish. Mamlakat 1942 yilning birinchi yarmida 1941 yilga qaraganda ko'proq tank ishlab chiqardi, faqat 1942 yil may oyida 1500 dona.[27] Amerika ishlab chiqarishi nafaqat o'z kuchlarini jihozladi, balki orqali Qarz ijarasi shuningdek, tankning barcha ehtiyojlarini ta'minladi bepul frantsuzcha (1942 yildan keyin) va xitoy. 1944 yilga kelib aksariyat ingliz birliklari AQSh tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan tanklar bilan ta'minlandi. Va nihoyat, AQSh SSSRga 8000 dan ortiq tank etkazib berdi, ularning yarmi M4 Sherman. Sovet Ittifoqi singari, Qo'shma Shtatlar ham bir nechta yaxshi asosiy dizaynlarni tanlab oldi va ushbu modellar bo'yicha standartlashtirildi. Tanklarni loyihalash va ishlab chiqarish tajribasining etishmasligini hisobga olib, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dizaynlari ular singari yaxshi bo'lganligi diqqatga sazovordir.[24]

Qo'shma Shtatlarning jangovar harakatlarni ko'rgan birinchi tanklari Light Tank M3.[28] Ular ko'p jihatdan chuqur nuqsonlarga ega edilar, ammo M3 Light ("Stuart") va M3 Medium ("Lee" yoki "Grant") G'arbiy ittifoqchilar uchun eng yaxshi tanklar edi va qurol-aslahalarni himoya qilishda ko'plab nemis hamkasblaridan ustun edilar. va olov kuchi. Light Tank M3 sahroda 2 pog'onali (40 mm) qurolga ega bo'lgan ingliz kreyser tanklari kabi yaxshi qurollangan edi, ammo mexanik jihatdan ancha ishonchli edi. Uning 37 mmli asosiy qurol nemis razvedka tanklari olib yuradigan asosiy qurollardan kuchliroq edi. Light Tank M3 ga inglizlar tomonidan berilgan ism 'Styuart' edi; laqabi "Asal" ishlatilgan. M3 va uning takomillashtirilgan hosilasi Light Tank M5 qatorlari, urush davomida xizmatda qoldi. 1943 yilga kelib uning 37 mmli qurol eskirgan edi, ammo undan yaxshi o'rnini bosa olmadi. Light Tank T7 dizayni 1943 yilda 57 mm qurol bilan qurollangan va yaxshiroq zirh bilan qurollangan voris sifatida taklif qilingan; ammo, dizayn hech qachon ishlab chiqarish uchun standartlashtirilmagan.[24]

1942 yil yozida M3 "Li" o'rta tankining paydo bo'lishi, nihoyat, inglizlarga o'rtacha tanklarning kutganidan ko'ra ko'proq hajmdagi ta'minotini berdi. Yaxshi ishlab chiqilmagan bo'lsa-da, juda yuqori profilga ega bo'lsa-da, u juda ko'p sonda ishlab chiqarilgan va piyoda va qurol pozitsiyalari kabi dushman tanklaridan tashqari boshqa maqsadlarni jalb qilishda juda samarali bo'lgan.[29]

Light Tank M5 (a5.a. M5 Stuart) vayron bo'lgan ko'chalardan o'tadi Koutanslar yilda Normandiya
M4A1, A2 va A3 taqqoslangan

M3 Medium 75 mm asosiy qurol-yarog'ining korpusida ofset o'rnatilishining muhim kamchiliklariga ega edi, chunki u uni qabul qila olmaydi. pastga tushmoq bir vaqtning o'zida uning asosiy qurolini yoping va ishlating. Unda 37 mm to'p bilan to'liq o'tish mumkin bo'lgan qasr bor edi, ammo korpusli qurol bilan birlashtirilgan turret unga juda baland profil berdi. Qo'shma Shtatlarning 1-zirhli bo'linmasi Afrikadagi M3 Medium-ni ham ishlatgan. Bu hech qachon katta ahamiyatga ega dizayn bo'lishni mo'ljallamagan to'xtash echimi edi. Amerikalik va ingliz xizmatida M3 Medium Shimoliy Afrikadagi kampaniya oxirida bekor qilindi. Bu xizmatni davom ettirdi Qizil Armiya bir muncha vaqt va Tinch okeanidagi bitta kampaniyada. Qizil Armiya ekipajlari etti kishilik ekipajni nazarda tutib, unga "etti aka-uka uchun qabr" laqabini berishdi.[24]

Urushning eng muhim Amerika dizayni bu edi M4 o'rta tanki yoki Britaniya xizmatidagi "Sherman". M4 Medium Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining eng ko'p ishlab chiqarilgan ikkinchi tankiga aylandi va deyarli barcha Ittifoq kuchlari tomonidan ishlatilgan yagona tank bo'ldi (Amerikaliklar tufayli qarz berish dastur); urush paytida taxminan 40,000 M4 O'rta ishlab chiqarilgan.[30] M4lar Amerika, Buyuk Britaniya, Kanada, Frantsiya, Polsha va Xitoy birliklarining asosiy tankini tashkil etdi. M4 Germaniyaning o'rtacha tanklariga teng edi Panzer III va Panzer IV, 1942 yilda u birinchi marta xizmatni ko'rgan. Qizil Armiya 4000 ga yaqin M4 bilan ta'minlangan.[30] M4, garchi ishonchli va texnik jihatdan oson bo'lsa-da, AQSh Italiyada va Shimoliy Evropada qurollangan va zirhli nemis o'rta tanklari (Panzer IV va turli xil Germaniya o'ziyurar qurollari) bilan to'qnashgan paytgacha allaqachon eskirgan edi. 1943 yil nemisning kelishi Pantera va Yo'lbars I ularning asosiy qurollarining masofasi, aniqligi va kirib borish kuchi tufayli yanada jiddiy tahdidlar bo'lgan. Odatda Sherman benzinli yoqilg'idan foydalanganligi sababli halokatli portlash tendentsiyasiga ega edi, deb ishonishadi, ammo bu noto'g'ri (Sovet tanklaridan tashqari deyarli barcha tanklar Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida benzin ishlatgan). Sherman o'q-dorilarning yomon saqlanishidan aziyat chekdi. Payvandlangan applikatsiya zirhi va muammoga qarshi kurashish uchun suv ko'ylagi qo'shildi. 1945 yilda AQSh armiyasi tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, eski Shermanlarning 60-80 foizi va nam Shermanlarning 10-15 foizi kirib borganda kuygan.[31] Sherman ingliz askarlarini "Tommies" deb ataydigan nemislardan "Tommycooker" kabi dahshatli laqablarni oldi.[31]

Texnik jihatdan, M4 dizayni ular fabrikadan chiqib ketgan 75 mm va 76 mm qurollardan kattaroq qurollarga ishlov berishga qodir edi. Inglizlar Shermansga kuchliroq kuchlarni o'rnatdilar Ordnance Quick Firing 17 pound (76,2 mm) qurol, norasmiy sifatida tanilgan variant Firefly.[31] Vaqtiga kelib Normandiya kampaniyasi, M4 ittifoqdosh kuchlarning ishchi ot tankiga aylandi. Ba'zi M4 Mediums Duplex Drive tizimi bilan jihozlangan (Sherman DD ), bu ularga yig'iladigan ekran va shishgan rezina naychalar yordamida suzishga imkon berdi. Shu bilan birga M4 Dozer (buldozer pichog'i bo'lgan M4), T34 Kalliope (o'rnatish a bir nechta raketa uchuvchisi minora ustida), M4A3R3 olov otish moslamasi (olov idishi ), va Sherman Qisqichbaqa Mark I (a bilan M4 o'rtacha mening qalbim ), shuningdek, boshqa ko'plab variantlar.[31]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari oxir-oqibat ularni joylashtirdi Yengil tank M24, M3 Light Tank-ga nisbatan yaxshilanish. M24 torsion-osma suspenziyasi, yuqori harakatchanligi va ixcham 75 mm qurolga ega edi. Ergonomik jihatdan tank ham yaxshi edi. Biroq, M24 1944 yil dekabrgacha jangda paydo bo'lmadi va urush oxirigacha faqat bir nechta bo'linmalarni jihozladi.[24]

Urush tugashiga yaqin M26 Pershing tank AQSh armiyasining birinchi operatsion og'ir tanki sifatida joylashtirildi. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida 90 mm bo'lgan qurol tufayli u og'ir tank deb nomlangan edi, bu o'sha paytda AQSh tankida topilgan eng katta kalibrli qurol edi. Pershing torsiyali osma, og'ir zirhli va ajoyib 90 mm qurolga ega bo'lgan juda zamonaviy dizayn edi. Biroq, xuddi shu narsaga ega bo'lib, biroz kuchsiz edi Ford M4A3 sifatida GAA dvigateli. M4 Shermanni takomillashtirishga mo'ljallangan, rivojlanishning uzoq davom etgan davri shuni anglatadiki, Evropa teatrida faqat 9-zirhli diviziyaning Remagendagi ko'prikni egallashga qaratilgan dramatik zarbasi kam sonli odamlarda kuzatilgan. Jangda u M4 Shermandan farqli o'laroq, Tiger I va Panther tanklariga o't kuchi va himoyasi jihatidan teng darajada teng edi. M26 asosiy dizayni urushdan keyingi barcha Amerika tanklari uchun oxirigacha asos yaratadigan darajada yaxshi edi M60 seriyali.[32]

Frantsiya

Shuningdek qarang: Frantsiyadagi tanklar § Ikkinchi Jahon urushi
1940 yilda Shimoliy Frantsiyada Char B1 piyoda tanki

Urush boshlanganda Frantsiya Sovet, Buyuk Britaniya va Germaniya qo'shinlari bilan bir qatorda dunyodagi eng katta tank kuchlaridan biriga ega edi. Inglizlar va Sovetlar singari, frantsuzlar ikkita tank tankini boshqargan: otliq tanklar va piyoda tanklari.[4]

Frantsuzlar mudofaa urushini rejalashtirgan va shunga muvofiq tanklar qurishgan. Ularning piyoda tanklari og'ir zirhli edi. Ammo, umuman olganda, ular nisbatan sust edi va operatsion jihatdan o'z kuchlarini boshqarish nuqtai nazaridan frantsuzlar noqulay ahvolda edilar va nemis kuchlari tomonidan boshqarilmas edilar. Frantsuzlar hujum qila olganda, ularning tanklari juda samarali bo'lishi mumkin edi. 16 may kuni Frantsiya jangi paytida bitta Char B1 og'ir tank Eure, pistirmada yotgan o'n uch nemis tankiga hujum qilib, yo'q qildi Stonne, Ularning hammasi Panzer IIIs va Panzer IV, bir necha daqiqa ichida.[33] Tank 140 marta urilganiga qaramay, xavfsiz tarzda qaytib keldi (bu hodisa nemis hujjatlarida tasdiqlanmagan va ekipajning bayonotlariga asoslanadi). Uning kitobida Panzer rahbari, Xaynts Guderian Juniville janubidagi tank jangi haqida shunday yozgan:

"Tanklar jangi davom etayotganida, men bekorga Char B-ni qo'lga kiritilgan 47 mm (1,9 dyuym) tankga qarshi qurol bilan yo'q qilishga urindim; men unga o'q uzgan barcha snaryadlar shunchaki zararli darajada uning qalin zirhidan sakrab tushdi. Bizning 37 mm va 20 mm qurollarimiz bu dushmanga nisbatan bir xil darajada samarasiz edi, natijada biz muqarrar ravishda achinarli darajada katta yo'qotishlarga duch keldik ".[34]

Frantsiyada va uning koloniyalarida joylashgan umumiy tank aktivlari, ehtimol Germaniya hujumi paytida 5800 dan kam bo'lgan. Frantsiyaning bo'sh zonasida sulh tuzilgandan so'ng, 225 yilda yashirin ravishda qayta qurish amalga oshirildi GMC yuk mashinalari zirhli mashinalarga. 1942 yilda butun Frantsiya ishg'ol qilinganda, yashirin yashirin joylar nemislarga xiyonat qilindi.[35][36]

Germaniya

Asosiy maqola: Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi nemis tanklari
Panzer Mk IIIs 1942 yil zavod maydonidan chiqib ketadi.
Panzer IV Ausf. C

Germany's armored force was not especially impressive from a technical standpoint at the start of the war. As noted above, it was their advanced combined arms doctrine and unrivaled buyruqbozlik capability that gave German mechanized forces their advantage on the battlefield.[37]

Pre-war plans called for two main tanks: the main tank was to be the Panzer III o'rta tank, supported by smaller numbers of the гаubitsa qurollangan Panzer IV. However, by the beginning of the Polshaga bostirib kirish, only a few hundred of these vehicles were available. As a result, the invasions of Poland and Frantsiya were carried out primarily with the less capable Panzer I va Panzer II engil tanklar (armed with machine guns and a 20 mm gun respectively), with some gun-armed light tanks of Czechoslovak design (Panzer 35 (t) va Panzer 38 (t), both armed with a 37 mm gun). Even in 1941, Panzer III production amounted only to about a thousand tanks, forcing the Germans to use Czech tanks as substitutes for the Panzer III. As the war proceeded, production of heavier tanks increased.[37]

Panzer V Panther Ausf. D tanks, 1943

Panzer III boshqa tanklarga qarshi kurashishga mo'ljallangan edi; in the initial design stage a 50 mm (2 inch) gun was specified. However, the infantry at the time were being equipped with the 37 mm (1.46 inch) PaK 36, and it was thought that in the interest of standardization the tanks should carry the same armament. As a compromise, the turret ring was made large enough to accommodate a 50 mm (2 inch) gun should a future upgrade be required. This single decision later assured the Panzer III a prolonged life in the German Army.[38]

A Vaffen-SS Tiger I tank in France

The Panzer IV was intended to carry a gun that could be used in support of infantry or other tanks, and was initially armed with a short-barreled 75 mm howitzer to fire high explosive (HE) fragmentation shells. In 1941 an average of 39 Panzer IV model tanks per month were built, and this rose to 83 in 1942, 252 in 1943, and 300 in 1944.[38]

Davomida Barbarossa operatsiyasi, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, it was discovered that the Sovet T-34 tank outclassed the Panzer III and IV. Its sloped armor could withstand most German weapons, and its 76.2 mm gun could penetrate the armor of all German tanks. This forced the Germans to improve their existing models. The Panzer III, which was intended to be the main medium tank, was upgraded to a longer, higher-velocity 50 mm gun.[38]

Thus the Panzer IV, originally intended to be a support tank, became the amalda main medium tank re-armed with a long-barreled, high velocity 75 mm gun to counter the T-34; the Panzer III, with its smaller turret ring, could not mount a gun larger than 50 mm, which had become inadequate against Allied tanks.[38] The Germans started to develop newer, heavier tanks. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Panzer V Panther, which was intended to be the new main German medium tank, with comparably sloped armor to that of the T-34. The Panther tank was a compromise of various requirements. While sharing essentially the same engine as the Tiger I tank, it had better frontal armor, better gun penetration, was lighter overall and thus faster, and could handle rough terrain better than the Tigers. The trade-off was much weaker side armor; the Panther proved to be deadly in open country and shooting from long range, but was vulnerable in close-quarters combat or to flank shots.[38]

The Germans also started to develop a new series of heavy tanks. Birinchisi Yo'lbars, which outclassed all its opponents in terms of firepower and armor when it was first put into operational use. The even heavier Tiger II (deemed "King Tiger" by Allied troops) supplemented the Tiger I late in the war. Its powerful gun - and unlike the Tiger I, its very heavy sloped armor - made it superior to nearly every Allied or Soviet tank in a one-on-one confrontation, but poor mobility, speed and reliability limited its use.[38]

Plans were made for a super-heavy tank, the Panzer VII Lyov, which was cancelled during the design stage in favor of the yet heavier Panzer VIII Maus of which only two incomplete prototype were made. Panzer IX va Panzer X were drawings only used for propaganda purposes.[39]

Italiya

Shuningdek qarang: Tanks in the Italian Army § World War II
M13/40 tanks in the desert, April 1941

The Italian army was mainly equipped with tanketkalar ning L3 series in the 1930s, and these, armed with machine guns, formed the main armor strength of Italy as late as 1940. Italy began fielding heavier tanks beginning with the Fiat M11 / 39 with a 37 mm main gun in 1940. This tank and its derivatives, the M13 / 40, M14 / 41 va M15 / 42 (all with 47 mm main guns) were closely comparable in combat power to light tanks such as the Soviet T-26. A heavier design, the P40 with a 75 mm main gun, was designed, but saw no service with Italian forces as it became ready at the time of the Kassibil sulh with the Allies, after which the Germans took over production, and used roughly one hundred of them. Another tank design, the Fiat M16 / 43, was developed to match the British cruiser tanks but work on it was stopped when the Axis was pushed out of North Africa in May 1943.[37]

The Fiat-Ansaldo M11/39 medium tank was used from 1940 through the early period of World War II. The M11/39 was developed as a "breakthrough tank" (Carro di Rottura). It was replaced by the Fiat-Ansaldo M13/40 medium tank which was used in the Yunoniston kampaniyasi va Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasi. The M13/40 was not used on the Sharqiy front; Italian forces there were equipped only with Fiat L6/40s va Semovente 47/32 tank yo'q qiluvchilar. Armament was sufficient for 1940–41, but did not keep up with the increased armor and firepower on Allied or German tanks and anti-tank guns; its engine was underpowered and unreliable, a condition worsened by the harsh desert climate and the initial lack of training of their crews. Beginning in 1942, the Italian Army recognized the firepower weakness of the M13/40 series and employed the Semovente 75/18 self-propelled gun alongside the tanks in their armored units, which proved capable of destroying the enemy medium tanks.[40]

The next tank in the series was the Fiat M14/41, a slightly improved version of the M13/40 with a more powerful diesel engine. The tank was also employed in the Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasi. Following the withdrawal of Italian forces from North Africa the M14/41 was rarely encountered. A few captured M11, M13 and M14s were pressed into service by British and Australian forces to fill the serious shortage of allied tanks in 1941.[40]

The next in the series was the M15/42, a 15 tonne tank first built in January 1943. Some 90 vehicles were built before the Italian armistice in September 1943 and in connection to that event they were used in battle against the Germans by the 132-zirhli diviziya Ariete Rimda. After that point they were confiscated and used by the Germans who also built another 28 M15/42 tanks. It had a more powerful engine and air filters to cope with the harsh conditions of the desert, and an improved version of the 47 mm gun; however, by the time it entered production it was already obsolete.[40]

Italian tank classification

Italy introduced a new tank classification scheme in 1938. Tanks were designated first with a letter (L, M or P, for light, medium or heavy respectively) followed by the weight in tonnes, separated by a slash followed by the year the tank was accepted for service. The classes of light, medium and heavy differed somewhat from other countries. Hence the P26/40, designated as "heavy" by the Italians with its 26 tonne weight, was more similar in weight to the medium M4 Sherman tank (30 tonne weight). The Italians also labeled the machine gun armed L3/35 a "light tank", although it is more commonly called a tanket.[37]

Yaponiya

Shuningdek qarang: Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi yapon tanklari
97 Te-Ke yozing tankette in China

Kabi AQSh armiyasi (which utilized Frantsuz va Inglizlar tanks in World War I), the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) did not have tanks of its own in World War I, so it started out by purchasing foreign tanks for evaluation during World War I and right after the war ended.[41] Like many other nations, the Japanese initially didn't embrace the tank, as it didn't have the cavalry tradition. Cavalry was used for reconnaissance in the mountainous countryside, and initially, as with most other armies, the first designs were constrained by the tank's infantry-support role. Building tanks of their own met several problems, as Japan's priority tended to be with naval procurements so production for tank po'lat was on a lower level. However, they finally began designing tanks by the mid-1920s.[42] Inspired by European designs, the Japanese tank program designed and developed the tanks which facilitated their campaigns in China and the Sovet-Yaponiya chegara mojarolari, prior to World War II. They introduced many innovations as they built their designs, including qo'ng'iroq suspensions, as pioneers in amphibious tanks, and the use of dizel engines that were less likely to catch fire compared with gasoline tank engines that were being used at the time.[43][44] The Japanese generals had made a mistake in their assessment of the tanks used against China, a country whose army had only three tank battalions, and few anti-tank weapons.[45]

1-tur Ho-Ni II variant with a 105 mm gun

By 1937, Japan fielded 1,060 tanks in 8 regiments, most designed for and used in the infantry-support role. But this focus left the IJA without a tank capable of taking on other tanks, a deficiency that was brought home hard during the battle of Khalkin-Gol, a decisive defeat inflicted by the Soviet Union on the Mongolian border in 1939.[46] This proved fatal later when they faced the new generation of Allied tanks, as the great majority of the Japanese models were lightly armored, and not heavily gunned. As in the 1920s, with the priority of steel going to the navy and air force, the Japanese Army was relegated the remaining material for its tanks. Thus the 1930s-designed vehicles went on being mass-produced, and the warning of Khalkin-Gol was too slowly recognized. By 1940 they had the fifth-largest tank force in the world behind the Soviet Union, France, Britain and Germany, but were behind in medium and heavy tanks. However, after December 1941, with the entry of the United States into the conflict, priority continued to be given to harbiy kemalar va samolyot, weapons that were more conducive to dengiz urushi; attacking across the Pacific, and defending the Empire from the advancing Americans.[47][48]

3 Chi-Nu kiriting

Although the Japanese Army widely employed tanks within the Pacific theater of war, the tanks that Allied forces in the Pacific faced were mostly older designs, such as the 95 Ha-Go yozing engil tank va 97 Chi-Xa yozing o'rta tank. As the war progressed the Japanese built tanks and o'ziyurar qurollar to match up against the Allied tanks. Ular orasida 1-tur Ho-Ni I tankni yo'q qiluvchi with a 75 mm gun designed as o'ziyurar artilleriya va 2-toifa Ho-I Infantry Support Tank, for the close-fire support role; providing Type 97 equipped tank regiments with additional firepower against enemy zirhli jangovar texnika. However, they were only produced in limited numbers.[49][50][51] The most modern Japanese tanks, such as the Chi-Nu rusumidagi 3-turdagi tank were delayed by material and production shortages. Even after they started to come out of the factories, doctrine called for them to be held for the defense of the mainland.[52]

Between 1931 and 1945, Japan produced 6450 tanks. Half of them (3300) were made by the Mitsubishi Company. The sub-total of tanks produced between 1940 and 1945 is 4424, i.e. a yearly average comparable to Italy. For a country as large and as industrialized as Japan, that is modest. However, before 1944/45, the naval fleet and the air force had priority of steel allocation and construction. It changed when the homeland became increasingly under direct threat, but it was too late.[45][53] Ikkinchi Jahon Urushining so'nggi yillarida Yaponiya tomonidan boshlangan ko'plab innovatsion qurol loyihalarida bo'lgani kabi, moddiy tanqislik va Yaponiyaning sanoat infratuzilmasini yo'qotish tufayli ishlab chiqarish kichik sonlardan yoki prototip bosqichidan ilgari surila olmadi. Yaponiyaning ittifoqchilar tomonidan bombardimon qilinishi.[54][55]

Tanks of other combatants

Chexoslovakiya

Shuningdek qarang: Tanks of Czechoslovakia § World War II
LT vz. designated as Panzer 35(t) by Germans in France, 1940

Vaqtiga kelib Sudet inqirozi, the Czechoslovak army used a complement of light tanks including 298 LT vz. 35 tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Skoda, as well as 50 LT vz. 34 tomonidan qurilgan ČKD; 150 LT vz. 38 were ordered but none were delivered before the German occupation. The LT-35 and LT-38 models were superior to the Panzer I va Panzer II light tanks used in the Wehrmacht, so the Germans ordered the production of these models to be resumed.[56]

Before the end of production in 1942, 136 more LT-35 and a total of 1414 LT-38 were produced for the Wehrmacht at Škoda ishlaydi; these tanks saw operational use in the Polish campaign, the Battle of France and on the Soviet front. By 1942, Czech-built tanks became progressively vulnerable to Soviet T-34 medium tanks and new anti-tank guns and the LT-35 and LT-38 proved unsuitable for harsh winter conditions in Russia, so they were withdrawn from front line service in 1942; the remaining units were either redeployed in a light reconnaissance role or converted to Xetser tank destroyers and artillery tractors.[57]

Polsha

Shuningdek qarang: Tanks of the Polish Armoured Forces § World War II
Single-turret 7TP

Poland was the first to suffer the German Blitzkrieg, but it had some very good tanks in its armored forces. Eng muhimi 7TP (siedmiotonowy polski - "7-tonne Polish") light tank, which was better armed than its most common opponents, the German Panzer I and Panzer II.[58]

Like the similar Soviet T-26, the 7TP was a development of the British Vikers 6 tonna (Mk.E) which the Poles purchased and licensed for local production. The main new features of 7TP were: a better, more reliable and powerful diesel engine (which made the 7TP world's first diesel tank), 37 mm anti-tank qurol, and slightly thicker zirh (17 mm in front instead of 13 mm). Only about 132 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war. The weight increased after the initial 7-tonne prototype was made and the actual serial tanks weighed 9.9 tonnes.[58]

Like its British predecessor, the 7TP was initially produced in two variants: the twin turret version armed with 2 Ckm wz.30 avtomatlar, and a single turret version, armed with a 37 mm (1.5 in) Bofors wz. 37 qurol. After initial tests, it became clear that the twin-turret variant was obsolete and lacked firepower, so it was abandoned in favor of the more-modern, single-turret design.[58]

Poland also had the TK tankette (also known as the TK-3) which was based upon an improved chassis of the British Carden Loyd tanketi. The 575 TK/TKS tankettes formed the bulk of the Polish armored forces but as their armament was limited to machine guns, their combat value was limited. They suffered heavy losses during the Invasion of Poland. Only the handful of tankettes armed with 20 mm guns had a fighting chance against the enemy tanks; in one instance on 18 September 1939 a 20 mm gunned TKS destroyed three German Panzerkampfwagen 35 (t) tanklar.[58]

All of the 7TP tanks took part in combat in the Polshaning mudofaa urushi of 1939. Most of them were attached to two light tank battalions (the 1st and the 2nd).[58]It is a paradox that the Polish motorized unit that performed the best had only 16 old Vickers E 6-ton tanks and 4 tankettes with 20 mm autocannon, 10-motorli otliqlar brigadasi (Polsha).

Poland also purchased and used, in September 1939, 50 (some sources claim 49) Renault R35 tanks but due to extremely rugged terrain and the tank's poor cross-country performance many ended up destroyed by the crews. 34 tanks crossed into Romania after covering the Polish retreat after the Soviet Invasion of Poland on 17SEP39 and 2 crossed into Hungary. Only about half of the Renault tanks participated in the actual fighting.

Polish forces in exile after the fall of Poland were reequipped by their allies. Polish LWP forces fighting alongside the Red Army were equipped with T-34, T-70 and IS-2 tanks, along with ISU-122 and SU-76 self-propelled guns. Polish forces in the west were equipped out of British stocks including M3 and M5 Stuarts, M4 Shermans and a small number of Cromwells. Polish armor units were participants in the Battle of Berlin and played an important role in the campaign in Normandy.[58]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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  11. ^ a b v Bishop 2002 yil, p. 31.
  12. ^ a b v d e Bishop 2002 yil, 39-41 bet.
  13. ^ "Red Army Fights for Mother Russia". Hayot. 1942-10-05. p. 29. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2011.
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Bibliografiya

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