Tank tarixi - History of the tank

Sovet T-35, 1930-yillarning beshta turretli og'ir tanki
Ikkinchi jahon urushi davridagi frantsuz va ingliz tanklari filmi

The tank tarixi bilan boshlanadi Birinchi jahon urushi, zirhli barcha er uchastkalari jangovar transport vositalarining muammolariga javob sifatida kiritilganda xandaq urushi, ning yangi davrini ochmoqda mexanizatsiyalashgan urush. Dastlab xom va ishonchsiz bo'lsa ham, tanklar oxir-oqibat quruqlikdagi qo'shinlarning asosiy tayanchiga aylandi. By Ikkinchi jahon urushi, tank dizayni sezilarli darajada rivojlanib borgan va tanklar urushning barcha quruqlik teatrlarida ko'p ishlatilgan. The Sovuq urush zamonaviy tank doktrinasi va umumiy maqsadning ko'tarilishini ko'rdi asosiy jangovar tank. Tank hali ham XXI asrda quruqlikdagi jangovar operatsiyalarning magistralini ta'minlaydi.

Rivojlanish

Birinchi jahon urushi har qanday relefda harakatlana oladigan zirhli o'ziyurar qurollarga yangi talablar tug'dirdi va bu tankning rivojlanishiga olib keldi. Tank oldingisining katta zaifligi zirhli mashina Bu silliq erni bosib o'tishni talab qilar edi va mamlakatlararo qobiliyat uchun yangi o'zgarishlar zarur edi.[1]

Dastlab tank g'ayrioddiy taktik vaziyatni hal qilish uchun maxsus qurol sifatida ishlab chiqilgan to'xtab qolish xandaqlarning G'arbiy front. "Bu bitta oddiy vazifa uchun mo'ljallangan qurol edi o'ldirish zonasi xandaq chiziqlari orasida va dushmanga kirish (mudofaa). "[2] Zirhli tank o'q va snaryad parchalanishidan himoya qilib, o'tib ketishga mo'ljallangan edi tikanli sim biron bir tarzda piyoda qo'shinlari umid qilolmaydilar, shu bilan tang vaziyatni buzishga imkon beradi.

Birinchi jahon urushi paytida erga va havoga qarshi kurashni inqilob qilish uchun mo'ljallangan qurilmada harakatlanishni va zarba berish harakatlarini qaytarish vositasi allaqachon mavjud bo'lgan. Bu edi ichki yonish dvigateli tankning rivojlanishiga imkon bergan va natijada otning eski rollarini bajaradigan mexanizatsiyalashgan kuchlarga olib keladigan bu otliqlar va jang maydonida pulemyotning qo'lini bo'shatish uchun. Yong'in kuchi va himoya kuchayganida, ushbu mexanizatsiyalashgan kuchlar, taxminan 20 yil o'tib, Ikkinchi Jahon urushining zirhiga aylanadi. Qachon o'ziyurar artilleriya, zirhli transport vositasi, g'ildirakli yuk tashish vositasi va qo'llab-quvvatlovchi aviatsiya - barchasi etarli darajada aloqa vositalariga ega bo'lib, zamonaviy zirhli diviziyani tashkil qilish uchun birlashtirildi, qo'mondonlar manevr qilish qobiliyatini tikladilar.

Zirhli va er usti transport vositalarining ko'plab kontseptsiyalari uzoq vaqtdan beri tasavvur qilingan. Kelishi bilan xandaq urushi yilda Birinchi jahon urushi, Ittifoqdosh Frantsuz va Inglizlar tankning rivojlanishi asosan parallel edi va vaqtga to'g'ri keldi.[3]

Dastlabki tushunchalar

Leonardo da Vinchi eskizining uning zirhli jangovar vositasi

Leonardo da Vinchi ko'pincha birinchisiga o'xshagan urush mashinasi ixtirosi bilan ajralib turadi tank.[4]

XV asrda husiy chaqirdi Jan Zijka zirhli vagonlar yordamida yon tomonidagi teshiklardan otilishi mumkin bo'lgan zirhli vagonlardan foydalangan holda bir nechta janglarda g'alaba qozondi. Ammo uning ixtirosi uning hayotidan keyin 20-asrgacha ishlatilmadi.[5]

1903 yilda Leon Levavasseur ismli frantsuz artilleriya kapitani taklif qildi Levavasseur loyihasi, a kanon avtopropulseur ("o'ziyurar to'p"), a tomonidan harakatga keltirildi tırtıl himoya qilish uchun tizim va to'liq zirhli.[6]:65[7] 80 ot kuchiga ega benzin dvigatel, "Levavasseur mashinasida ekipaj uch kishidan iborat bo'lishi kerak edi, o'q-dorilarni saqlash va kroslar qobiliyati",[8]:65 ammo loyihaning hayotiyligi Artilleriya Texnik Qo'mitasi tomonidan 1908 yilda rasmiy ravishda tark etilgunga qadar tırtıl traktori ishlab chiqarilganligi ma'lum bo'lgan paytgacha tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. Xornbi muhandis Devid Roberts.[7]

1904 yilgi rasm H.G. Uells 1903 yil dekabr Quruq temirchilar, juda katta temir temir bilan jihozlangan quruqlik kemalari pedrail g'ildiraklari

H. G. Uells, uning qisqa hikoyasida Quruq temirchilar, nashr etilgan Strand jurnali 1903 yil dekabrda,[9] bilan jihozlangan katta, qurollangan, zirhli transport vositalaridan foydalanishni tasvirlab bergan edi pedrail g'ildiraklari (u o'zining ilhom manbai deb tan olgan ixtiro),[10] mudofaani buzadigan va piyoda askarlarning oldinga o'tishiga yo'l ochadigan mustahkam xandaklar tizimini buzish:

"Ular asosan dvigatellarni tashiydigan uzun, tor va juda mustahkam po'latdan yasalgan ramkalar bo'lib, ularning har biri diametri o'n fut bo'lgan sakkizta katta pog'onali g'ildiraklarga, har birining harakatlantiruvchi g'ildiragiga va umumiy o'qni aylanib o'tish uchun erkin uzun o'qlarga o'rnatildi. Ushbu tartib ularga erning konturlariga maksimal darajada moslashuvchanlikni taqdim etdi: ular bir oyoq balandlikda tepalikka, ikkinchisini chuqurlikda chuqurlik bilan er bo'ylab yurishdi va ular hatto tik tog 'yonbag'rida ham o'zlarini tik va barqaror ushlab turishlari mumkin edi. "[11]

Buyuk urushdan oldingi yillarda tankga o'xshash ikkita amaliy dizayn taklif qilingan, ammo ishlab chiqilmagan. 1911 yilda Avstriyalik muhandislik xodimi Gyunter Burstin deb nomlanuvchi aylanuvchi turretda qurolga ega bo'lgan jangovar transport vositasi uchun taklif yubordi Motorgeschutz.[12] 1912 yilda Avstraliyalik muhandis-quruvchi Lanselot de Mol Taklifga funktsional to'liq kuzatiladigan transport vositasining o'lchovli modeli kiritilgan. Ularning ikkalasi ham tegishli hukumat ma'muriyati tomonidan rad etilgan.

Evropada Amerikaning traktor traktorlari

Xol traktori Vosges 1915 yil boshlarida an artilleriya traktori Frantsiya armiyasi uchun De Bange 155 mm to'p

Benjamin Xolt ning Xolt ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi ning Stokton, Kaliforniya birinchi bo'lib ish uchun yaroqli mahsulot uchun AQSh patentini taqdim etdi paletli turi 1907 yilda traktor.[13][14] Bunday yangilik markazi Angliyada edi va 1903 yilda u rivojlanib borayotgan rivojlanish to'g'risida ko'proq ma'lumot olish uchun Angliyaga sayohat qildi, garchi ko'rganlarning barchasi dala sinovlaridan o'ta olmadi.[15] Xolt pul to'ladi Alvin Lombard 60 000 AQSh dollari uchun Lombard patentiga muvofiq transport vositalarini ishlab chiqarish huquqi uchun (2019 yilda 1 707 333 AQSh dollariga teng) Lombard Steam Log Hauler.[16]

Xolt o'z bilimlari va kompaniyasidan foydalangan holda Stoktonga qaytib keldi metallurgiya qobiliyatlari, u birinchi bo'lib ishlab chiqardi va amaliy ishlab chiqardi doimiy treklar foydalanish uchun traktorlar. Angliyada, Xornbi va o'g'illaridan Devid Roberts, Grantem, 1904 yil iyulda dizayn uchun patent oldi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda Xolt g'ildiraklarni 40 ot kuchiga ega (30 kVt) Xolt bug 'kemasining 77-sonli o'rniga zanjirlarga mahkamlangan yog'och izlar to'plami bilan almashtirdi. 1904 yil 24-noyabrda u namlangan shudgor qilayotgan yangilangan mashinani muvaffaqiyatli sinovdan o'tkazdi delta er ning Roberts oroli.[17]

Qachon Birinchi jahon urushi muammosi bilan ajralib chiqdi xandaq urushi va yukni old tomonga etkazish qiyinligi, tortish quvvati sudralib yurish turi traktorlar harbiylarning e'tiborini tortdi.[18] Xol traktorlari artilleriya va boshqa jihozlarni tashish uchun otlarni almashtirish uchun ishlatilgan. The Qirollik armiyasi xizmat korpusi shuningdek, ularni yuk ortish vagonlarining uzun poezdlarini old tomondan yaxshilangan axloqsizlik yo'llari orqali olib o'tish uchun ishlatgan. Holt traktorlari, oxir-oqibat, ingliz va frantsuz tanklarini rivojlantirish uchun ilhom manbai edi.[17][19] 1916 yilga kelib inglizlar Xoltning Caterpillar traktorlaridan taxminan 1000tasida foydalanganlar Birinchi jahon urushi. 1916 yilda ishlatilgan ingliz tanklari Xolt tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan, Xolt vitse-prezidenti, matbuotga murojaat qilgan Murray M. Beyker ushbu traktorlarning og'irligi qariyb 18000 funt (8200 kg) va 120 ot kuchiga (89 kVt) ega ekanligini aytdi.[20] Urushning oxiriga kelib, ittifoqchilarning urush harakatlarida 10,000 Xolt avtoulovlari ishlatilgan.[21]

Frantsuz taraqqiyoti

The Boirault mashinasi 1915 yil boshida motorli markaz atrofida katta aylanadigan ramkadan foydalanilgan
A ga o'rnatilgan elektr Aubriot-Gabet "Fortress" traktor shassi, 1915
A Frot-Laffli qo'mondoni 1915 yil 28 martda Frantsiyada sinovdan o'tkazildi.
The Suain tankining prototipi 1915 yil 9-dekabrda Suaynda xandaqdan o'tish
Ommaviy buyurtma oldidan 1916 yil 21 fevralda yakuniy tırtıl sinovi Shnayder CA1 tank 25 fevralda

Frantsiya polkovnigi Jan Batist Estienne 1914 yil 24-avgustda mamlakat bo'ylab zirhli transport vositasining ko'rinishini bayon qildi:[22]

"Ushbu urushdagi g'alaba har qanday er yuzida harakatlana oladigan transport vositasiga birinchi bo'lib zambarak urgan jang qiluvchiga tegishli bo'ladi"

— Polkovnik Jan Batist Estienne, 1914 yil 24-avgust.
Ba'zi xususiy Xolt traktorlari Frantsiya armiyasi Birinchi jahon urushi boshlangandan so'ng, og'ir erlarda og'ir artilleriya zarbalarini tortib olish uchun,[23] ammo frantsuzlar Xoltsni ko'p miqdorda sotib olmadilar. Bu Britaniyaliklar tomonidan ishlatilgan ularning ko'rinishi keyinchalik Estiennega tırtıl izlari ustida zirhli tanani yaratish rejalarini tuzishga ilhomlantirdi. Shu orada nemislarning tikanli simlari va xandaqlarini engib o'tadigan transport vositalarini loyihalashtirishga bir necha bor urinishlar qilindi.

1914 yildan 1915 yilgacha. Bilan erta tajriba o'tkazildi Boirault mashinasi, tekislash maqsadi bilan tikanli sim mudofaa va jang maydonidagi bo'shliqlar ustidan chiqish. Mashina ulkan parallel qilingan treklar, uchburchak motorli markaz atrofida aylanib, 4 × 3 metrli metall ramkalardan tashkil topgan. Ushbu qurilma juda nozik va sekin, shuningdek yo'nalishni osongina o'zgartirishga qodir emasligi isbotlangan va tashlab yuborilgan.[24]

Frantsiyada, 1914 yil 1-dekabrda Pol Frot, uchun kanallar quruvchi muhandis Compagnie Nationale du Nord, Frantsiya vazirligiga a ning motorizatsiyasi asosida zirh va qurol-yarog 'bilan "quruqlik" uchun dizayn taklif qildi ixchamlashtiruvchi og'ir g'ildiraklar yoki rulolar bilan. The Frot-Laffli 1915 yil 18 martda sinovdan o'tkazildi va samarali ravishda yo'q qilindi tikanli sim chiziqlar, ammo harakatchanligi yo'q deb hisoblangan.[25] Loyiha foydasiga qoldirildi General Estienne "Tracteur Estienne" nomli traktor bazasi yordamida ishlab chiqish.[26]

1915 yilda, shuningdek, krossozga o'rnatilgan kuchli zirhli va qurollangan transport vositalarini ishlab chiqarishga urinishlar qilingan shassi Obriot-Gabet "Qal'asi" kabi katta g'ildiraklari bilan qo'pol qadamlari bo'lgan qishloq xo'jaligi traktorlari (Fortin Obriot-Gabet). Avtotransport vositasi elektr quvvati bilan ta'minlangan (ta'minot kabeli bilan to'ldirilgan) va 37 mm qurolli qurol-yarog 'bilan qurollangan, ammo u ham amaliy emas.[27]

1915 yil yanvar oyida frantsuz qurol ishlab chiqaruvchisi Schneider & Co. bosh dizaynerini yubordi, Evgeniya Brillie, amerikalikdan kuzatilgan traktorlarni tekshirish uchun Xolt ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi, o'sha paytda test dasturida qatnashgan Angliya, simni kesuvchi mexanik dastgohlar loyihasi uchun. Qaytishda avvalroq zirhli mashinalarni loyihalash bilan shug'ullangan Brillie Ispaniya, kompaniyaning rahbariyatini ishlab chiqish bo'yicha ishlarni boshlashga ishontirdi Tracteur blindé et armé (zirhli va qurollangan traktor) Chaqaloq Xolt shassi, ulardan ikkitasi buyurtma qilingan.

Xolt tırtıl yo'llaridagi tajribalar 1915 yil may oyida Shnayder zavodida 75 ot kuchiga ega g'ildirakka yo'naltirilgan model va 45 ot kuchiga ega integral tırtıl bilan boshlandi. Chaqaloq Xolt, ikkinchisining ustunligini ko'rsatib turibdi.[28] 16 iyun kuni yangi tajribalar bo'lib o'tdi Respublika Prezidenti va 10 sentyabr kuni qo'mondon Ferrus tomonidan. Sovutli birinchi to'liq shassi Suainda 1915 yil 9-dekabrda frantsuz armiyasida polkovnik Estienne ishtirokida namoyish etildi.[6]:68[29][eslatma 1]

Shnayder tajribalaridan bexabar bo'lgan 12-dekabr kuni Estienne Oliy qo'mondonlikka zirhli kuchlar tuzish rejasini taqdim etdi, ular izsiz transport vositalari bilan jihozlangan edi. U Shnayder bilan aloqada bo'lgan va 1916 yil 31-yanvardagi xatida Bosh qo'mondon Joffre Brillie va Estienne tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan 400 ta tank ishlab chiqarishni buyurdi,[31] haqiqiy ishlab chiqarish buyurtmasi 400 bo'lsa ham Shnayder CA1 birozdan keyin 1916 yil 25 fevralda qilingan.[32] Ko'p o'tmay, 1916 yil 8-aprelda yana 400 ta buyurtma berildi Sent-Olmand tanklar ham joylashtirildi.[33] Shnayder ishlab chiqarish jadvallarini bajarishda muammolarga duch keldi va tanklarni etkazib berish 1916 yil 8-sentyabrdan bir necha oy davomida tarqaldi.[32] Saint-Chamond tanki 1917 yil 27 apreldan etkazib berila boshlandi.[34]

Britaniyaning rivojlanishi

Tritton Trench-Crosser, 1915 yil may
Killen-Strait traktori, Deltaunay-Bellevil zirhli avtomobil tanasi bilan jihozlangan, 1915 yil 30-iyundan so'ng o'tkazilgan tajribalardan ko'p o'tmay.
The №1 Linkoln mashinasi, 1915 yil sentyabr, Bullock yo'llari va Creeping Grip traktorining to'xtatib turilishi bilan
Kichkina Villi dizayn, 1915 yil dekabr

Linkolnshir firmasi Richard Xornbi va o'g'illari 1902 yildan beri tırtıl traktorini ishlab chiqardi va harakat qilish uchun moy dvigatelli paletini yaratdi qutqaruv qayiqlari 1908 yilda plyajgacha. 1909 yilda Shimoliy yorug'lik va elektr energiyasi kompaniyasi Douson Siti, Kanada, tegishli Djo Boyl, bug 'bilan ishlaydigan tırtıl traktoriga buyurtma berdi. U 1912 yilda Yukonga etkazib berildi, Xornbi traktorlari 1905 yildan 1910 yilgacha bir necha marta Britaniya armiyasi bilan artilleriya traktorlari sifatida sinovdan o'tkazildi, ammo qabul qilinmadi. Xornbi patentlarini Kaliforniya shtatidagi Xolt Traktorga sotgan.

1914 yilda Britaniya urush idorasi Xolt traktoriga buyurtma berdi va uni sinovlardan o'tkazdi Aldershot. Garchi u 105 ot kuchiga (78 kVt) teng bo'lmagan bo'lsa ham Foster-Daimler traktor, 75 ot kuchiga ega (56 kVt) Xolt notekis erga og'ir yuklarni tashish uchun juda mos edi. Yuk ko'tarmasdan, Xolt traktori soatiga 4 mil (6,4 km / soat) yurish tezligini boshqargan. Yukni tortib olib, u soatiga 2 mil (3,2 km / soat) boshqarishi mumkin edi. Eng muhimi, Xolt traktorlari miqdori bo'yicha tayyor edi.[35] Urush idorasi munosib taassurot qoldirdi va uni qurol-traktor sifatida tanladi.[35]

1914 yil iyulda podpolkovnik Ernest Svinton, ingliz Qirol muhandisi ofitser, Xolt traktorlari va ularning qo'pol er sharoitida tashish imkoniyatlari to'g'risida tanishgan do'stidan bilib oldi Antverpen, lekin transport bo'limiga ma'lumot uzatdi.[36]:12[37]:590 Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda, Svinton armiya sifatida Frantsiyaga jo'natildi urush muxbiri va 1914 yil oktyabrda u "avtomat qirg'inchisi" deb ta'riflagan narsaga - krossoz, qurolli transport vositasiga ehtiyoj borligini aniqladi.[36]:116[36]:12 U Xolt traktorini esladi va bu zirhli mashina uchun asos bo'lishi mumkin degan qarorga keldi.

Svinton Sirga yozgan maktubida taklif qildi Moris Xanki, Britaniya kotibi Imperator mudofaasi qo'mitasi, Qo'mita dushman qurollarini yo'q qila oladigan kuch bilan boshqariladigan, o'qga chidamli, kuzatiladigan transport vositasini yaratishi.[36][38]:129 Hankey uni ishontirdi Urush idorasi - bu g'oyaga iliq bo'lgan - 1915 yil 17-fevralda Xolt traktori bilan sud jarayonini o'tkazish, ammo tırtıl loyga botdi, loyiha tark etildi va urush idorasi tergovlardan voz kechdi.[6]:25[38]:129

1915 yil may oyida Urush idorasi xandaqni kesib o'tuvchi mashinada yangi sinovlarni o'tkazdi Tritton Trench-Crosser. Mashina diametri 2,4 m bo'lgan katta traktor g'ildiraklari bilan jihozlangan va tashilgan to'siqlar orqa g'ildiraklar uni ag'darishi uchun xandaq ustiga tushirilgan cheksiz zanjirda. Keyinchalik, mashina to'sinni tekis joylarda harakatlantirib, orqaga burib, ularni transport vositasi oldida joyiga qo'yishi mumkin edi. Mashina juda noqulay ekanligini isbotladi va tashlab yuborildi.[6]:143–144

Qachon Uinston Cherchill Zirhli traktor g'oyasini bilib, Admiraltining birinchi lordisi Xolt traktoridan foydalanish g'oyasini qayta boshlagan. The Qirollik floti va Landship qo'mitasi (1915 yil 20 fevralda tashkil etilgan),[39] nihoyat "quruqlik kemasi" turi sifatida zirhli traktorlarning tajribalari va sinovlariga homiylik qilishga rozi bo'ldi. Mart oyida Cherchill 18 ta eksperimental quruqlik qurish uchun buyurtma berdi: 12 ta foydalanish Diplock tirgaklar (tomonidan ilgari surilgan g'oya Murray Sueter ) va oltita katta g'ildiraklar yordamida (g'oyasi Tomas Jerar Xeterington ).[6]:25 Ammo qurilish oldinga siljiy olmadi, chunki g'ildiraklar yog'och maketni amalga oshirgandan so'ng amaliy bo'lmagan bo'lib tuyuldi: g'ildiraklar dastlab 40 metr diametrli bo'lishi rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo ular hali ham 15 metr balandlikda juda katta va juda zaif edi.[6]:26–27 Yo'llar sanoat muammolari bilan ham uchrashdi,[40] va tizim juda katta, juda murakkab va kam quvvatli deb hisoblandi.[6]:26

Xolt traktoridan foydalanishni tanlash o'rniga, Britaniya hukumati Britaniyaning qishloq xo'jaligi texnikasi firmasini jalb qilishni tanladi, Foster va o'g'illari, uning boshqaruvchi direktori va dizayner Sir edi Uilyam Tritton.[35]

Ushbu barcha loyihalar 1915 yil iyun oyiga qadar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagandan so'ng, ulkan er uchastkalari g'oyalaridan voz kechildi va AQSh bilan harakat qilishga qaror qilindi. Bullock Creeping Grip manevr qilish uchun zarur bo'lgan bo'g'inli shassini olish uchun ularning ikkitasini bir-biriga bog'lab, tırtıl yo'llari. 1915 yil iyul oyida o'tkazilgan sinovlarda tajribalar muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[6]:25

Amerikalik bilan yana bir tajriba o'tkazildi Killen-Strait traktorli traktor. Simni kesish mexanizmi muvaffaqiyatli o'rnatildi, ammo transport vositasining xandaqdan o'tish qobiliyati etarli emas edi. A Delaunay-Bellevil zirhli avtomashina korpusi o'rnatildi, bu Killen-Strait mashinasini birinchi zirhli izli transport vositasiga aylantirdi, ammo loyiha bekor qilindi, chunki u quruqlikdagi urushga aylanib, butun er usti urush talablarini bajara olmadi.[6]:25

Ushbu eksperimentlardan so'ng, Qo'mita eksperimental quruqlik qurishga qaror qildi, bu qo'shma versiyaning yarmiga teng va AQShda ishlab chiqarilgan cho'zilgan uzunlikdan foydalangan holda Bullock Creeping Grip tırtıl izlari.[6]:27[41] Ushbu yangi eksperimental mashina №1 Linkoln mashinasi: qurilish 1915 yil 11 avgustda boshlangan, birinchi sinovlar 1915 yil 10 sentyabrda boshlangan.[6]:26 Ushbu sinovlar qoniqarsiz treklar tufayli muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[42]

Rivojlanish tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan yangi, qayta ishlangan treklar bilan davom etdi Uilyam Tritton,[42] va mashina endi o'zgartirildi Kichkina Villi,[43] 1915 yil dekabrda yakunlandi va 3 dekabr 1915 yilda sinovdan o'tkazildi. Xandaqdan o'tish qobiliyati etarli emas deb topildi va Valter Gordon Uilson ishlab chiqilgan romboidal dizayn,[43] qaysi nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi "Janoblarining Landship Centipede"va keyinroq"Ona ",[43] haqiqiy tanklarning "Katta Villi" turlaridan birinchisi. 1916 yil 29-yanvarda yakunlanganidan so'ng juda muvaffaqiyatli sinovlar o'tkazildi va Frantsiya G'arbiy frontida 100 birlikdan foydalanish uchun urush idorasi tomonidan buyurtma berildi,[37]:590[38]:129 1916 yil 12 fevralda,[44] va 50 ta qo'shimcha birlikka ikkinchi buyurtma 1916 yil aprel oyida berildi.[45]

Frantsiya 1915 yil yanvaridan boshlab tırtıllar uzluksiz izlarini o'rganishni boshladi va haqiqiy sinovlar 1915 yil may oyida boshlandi,[46] dan ikki oy oldin Kichkina Villi tajribalar. Da Sueyn tajribasi Xuddi shu oyda Frantsiya zirhli izlangan tank prototipini sinovdan o'tkazdi Kichkina Villi yakunlandi.[29]Oxir oqibat, inglizlar birinchi bo'lib jang maydoniga tanklarni qo'yishdi Somme jangi 1916 yil sentyabrda.

"Tank" nomi xavfsizlik chorasi sifatida 1915 yil dekabrda kiritilgan va ko'plab tillarda qabul qilingan. Uilyam Tritton prototiplar 1915 yil avgustdan qurilishi paytida, ularning asl maqsadlarini yashirish uchun ataylab yolg'on tavsiflanganligini aytdi.[47] Seminarda hujjatlar ularni "suv tashuvchilar" deb ta'riflagan, go'yoki undan foydalanish uchun Mesopotamiya Old. Suhbatda ishchilar ularni "suv idishlari" yoki oddiygina "tanklar" deb atashdi. Oktyabr oyida Landship qo'mitasi xavfsizlik maqsadida o'z nomini kamroq tavsiflovchi narsaga o'zgartirishga qaror qildi.[48] A'zolardan biri, Ernest Svinton[49]) "tank" ni taklif qildi va qo'mita rozi bo'ldi. O'sha paytdan boshlab rasmiy hujjatlar va oddiy tilda "tank" nomi ishlatila boshlandi va Landship qo'mitasi tanklarni etkazib berish qo'mitasi deb o'zgartirildi. Buni ba'zida rus tilidagi yozuv bilan (1916 yil fevralda buyurtma qilingan) birinchi ishlab chiqarish tanklarining yorlig'i bilan aralashtiramiz. Bu "Petrogradga ehtiyotkorlik bilan" deb tarjima qilingan, ehtimol yana Fosterning ishchilari ilhomlanib, ularning ba'zilari mashinalarni Rossiyaga mo'ljallangan qor tozalash mashinalari deb hisoblashgan va 1916 yil 15-maydan boshlab taqdim etilgan. Qo'mita ushbu noto'g'ri tushunchani davom ettirishdan mamnun edi. bu nemislarni ham adashtirishi mumkin.[50]

Tankni rivojlantirishning dengiz fonida lyuk, korpus, kamon va portlar kabi dengiz tanklari atamalari ham tushuntiriladi. Tanklarni rivojlantirish atrofidagi katta maxfiylik, piyoda qo'mondonlarining shubhasi bilan birga, ko'pincha piyoda askarlar dastlab tanklar bilan hamkorlik qilish uchun kam tayyorgarlikka ega bo'lishgan.

Rossiya rivojlanishi

Ruscha Vezdexod tank prototipi, 1915 yil
Tsar tanki

Kemasozlik muhandisi Vasiliy Mendeleyev 1911 yildan 1915 yilgacha o'ta og'ir tank dizayni ustida alohida ishlagan. Bu 120 mm dengiz qurollari bilan qurollangan 170 tonna izlangan transport vositasi edi. Dizayn zamonaviy jangovar tankning standart xususiyatlariga aylangan ko'plab yangiliklarni nazarda tutgan edi - transport vositasini himoya qilish yaxshi o'ylangan, avtomat avtomatik yuklash mexanizmini o'z ichiga olgan, pnevmatik osma bo'shliqni sozlashga imkon bergan, ba'zi muhim tizimlar takrorlangan, temir yo'l orqali tashish mumkin bo'lgan lokomotiv tomonidan yoki adapter g'ildiraklari bilan. Biroq, xarajat deyarli suv osti kemasi kabi edi va u hech qachon qurilmagan edi.[51][52]

The Vezdexod aero-muhandis tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kichik krossoz edi Aleksandr Poroxovschikov 10 ot kuchiga ega dvigatel tomonidan boshqariladigan bitta keng kauchuk yo'lda harakatlanadigan. Ikkala kichik g'ildiraklar g'ildirakni boshqarish uchun berildi, lekin transport vositalari erni yaxshi kesib o'tishlari bilan uning boshqaruvi samarasiz edi. Inqilobdan keyingi Rossiyada Vezdexod targ'ibotda birinchi tank sifatida tasvirlangan.

The Tsar Tank, shuningdek, dizaynerining nomi bilan Lebedenko tanki deb nomlangan - 9 m balandlikdagi old g'ildiraklardagi uch g'ildirakli velosiped dizayni uchun mo'ljallangan transport vositasi. Bunday katta g'ildiraklar har qanday to'siqdan o'tib ketishi mumkin edi, ammo nuqsonli dizayni tufayli og'irlikning katta qismi kichikroq orqa g'ildirak orqali o'tqazildi, bu esa 1915 yilda sinovdan o'tkazilayotganda tiqilib qoldi. Dizaynerlar kattaroq dvigatellarga moslashishga tayyor edilar, ammo loyiha - va transport vositasi - tark etildi.

Germaniya rivojlanishi

The A7V Birinchi Jahon urushidagi yagona nemis tanki jangovar kurashni ko'rgan. 1917 yil boshida prototip sinovlar uchun qurilgan bo'lib, avtomobillar ishlab chiqarish o'sha yilning oktyabrida boshlangan. Ular 1918 yil martidan oltita marta ishlatilgan. Faqat yigirma donasi ishlab chiqarilgan.[53] Germaniyada qog'ozda boshqa bir nechta loyihalar va ishlab chiqarishdagi boshqa prototip tanklar ham bo'lgan.

Birinchi jahon urushida operatsion foydalanish

Britaniyalik Mark I tank 1916 yil 26-sentabrda harakatda (chapdan o'ngga harakatlanmoqda). Surat muallifi Ernest Bruks.
A7V tanki da Roy 1918 yil 21 martda
Char Renault FT, Les Invalides
Asosiy maqola: Birinchi jahon urushidagi tanklar

Tanklardan foydalangan holda birinchi hujum 1916 yil 15 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi Somme jangi. Mark I turining qirq to'qqiztasi sadoqatli bo'lib, shulardan 32 nafari avansda qatnashishga mexanik jihatdan yaroqli bo'lib, ozgina bo'lsa ham mahalliy yutuqlarga erishdi.[54]:1153 1917 yil iyulda Uchinchi Ypres jangida Britaniyaning 216 tanki ishga qabul qilindi, ammo loyli sharoitda ishlash deyarli imkonsiz deb topildi va kam yutuqlarga erishdi. Faqat emas 1917 yil 20-noyabr, Kambraida, inglizlar qildilar Tank korpusi muvaffaqiyat uchun zarur bo'lgan sharoitlarni oling. 7 millik kenglikda 400 dan ortiq tank deyarli olti milya bosib o'tdi. Biroq, muvaffaqiyat to'liq bo'lmadi, chunki piyoda qo'shinlar tanklar yutuqlaridan foydalana olmadi va ta'minlay olmadi va qo'lga kiritilgan deyarli barcha hududlar nemislar tomonidan qaytarib olindi. 1918 yil 8-avgustda inglizlar juda muhim g'alabani qo'lga kiritdilar Amiens jangi. Umumiy Erix Lyudendorff ushbu sanani nemis armiyasining "qora kuni" deb atagan.

Britaniya rivojlanishiga parallel ravishda, Frantsiya o'z tanklarini ishlab chiqardi. Birinchi ikkitasi, o'rta Schneider CA va og'ir Sent-Olmand, yaxshi o'ylanmagan, garchi ko'p sonli ishlab chiqarilgan va texnik yangiliklarni namoyish etgan bo'lsa-da, ikkinchisi elektro-mexanik transmissiya va 75 mm uzunlikdagi quroldan foydalangan. Ikkala tur ham ko'p marta harakatlarni ko'rgan, ammo doimiy ravishda katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelgan. 1918 yilda Renault FT yengil tank "zamonaviy" konfiguratsiyaga ega bo'lgan tarixdagi birinchi tank edi: tepada aylanuvchi turret va orqada dvigatel bo'limi; Bu urushning eng ko'p tanki bo'lar edi. Oxirgi rivojlanish juda og'ir edi Char 2C, sulhdan bir necha yil o'tib bo'lsin, xizmatni ko'rgan eng katta tank.

Kambrey hujumiga Germaniyaning javobi o'zining zirhli dasturini ishlab chiqish edi. Tez orada katta A7V paydo bo'ldi. A7V vazni 30 tonna va ekipaji o'n sakkiz kishidan iborat bo'lgan qo'pol hayvon edi. Urushning oxiriga kelib atigi yigirmatasi qurilgan edi. Boshqa tanklar tortma taxtasida bo'lganiga qaramay, moddiy etishmovchilik nemis tank korpuslarini ushbu A7V va 36 ta qo'lga kiritilgan Mark IV bilan chekladi. A7V birinchi tankda qatnashgan bo'lar edi va boshqalar. 1918 yil 24 aprelda urushdagi tanklar jangi Villers-Bretonneoning ikkinchi jangi - aniq g'olib aniqlanmagan jang.

Ko'plab mexanik nosozliklar va ingliz va frantsuzlarning dastlabki tank harakatlarida har qanday barqaror haydovchini o'rnatishga qodir emasligi ularning foydaliligiga shubha tug'dirdi va 1918 yilga kelib, tanklar piyoda va quruqlikdan hujum qiladigan samolyotlar hamrohlik qilmaguncha juda zaif bo'lib qolishdi. joylashishni aniqlash va bostirish tankga qarshi himoya.

Ammo Gen. Jon J. Pershing, Bosh qo'mondon, Amerika ekspeditsiya kuchlari (AEF), 1917 yil sentyabr oyida Qo'shma Shtatlarda 600 ta og'ir va 1200 ta engil tanklar ishlab chiqarilishini talab qildi. General Pershing Amerika ekspeditsiya kuchlari qo'mondonligini o'z zimmasiga olgan va Frantsiyaga borganida, u podpolkovnikni olib ketgan. Jorj Patton. Patton tanklarga qiziqa boshladi. Keyinchalik ular beparvo, ishonchsiz va isbotlanmagan urush qurollari edilar va ularning jang maydonida umuman biron bir funktsiyasi va qadr-qimmati bor-yo'qligiga shubha juda katta edi. Do'stlarining ko'pchiligining maslahatiga qarshi Patton yangi tashkil etilgan AQSh tank korpusiga kirishni tanladi. U shunday tayinlangan birinchi ofitser edi.

Amerikada ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi og'ir tank 43,5 tonna bo'lgan Mark VIII (ba'zan "Ozodlik" nomi bilan ham tanilgan), AQSh-Buyuk Britaniyaning muvaffaqiyatli Britaniyaning og'ir tank dizaynini ishlab chiqishi, Ittifoq kuchlarini jihozlash uchun mo'ljallangan. Ikkita 6 pog'onali zambarak va beshta miltiq kalibrli pulemyot bilan qurollangan bu 11 kishilik ekipaj tomonidan boshqarilgan va maksimal tezligi soatiga 6,5 ​​milni tashkil etgan va 50 mil masofani bosib o'tgan. Ishlab chiqarishda qiyinchiliklar bo'lganligi sababli, faqat sinov vositalari urush tugashidan oldin tugatilgan. Amerika tomonidan qurilgan 6,5 tonna M1917 engil tanki frantsuzlarning yaqin nusxasi edi Renault FT. U soatiga 5,5 milya maksimal tezlikka ega edi va 30 galon yoqilg'ida 30 milya yurishi mumkin edi. Shunga qaramay, ishlab chiqarishning kechikishi sababli, biron bir harakatni ko'rish uchun o'z vaqtida bajarilmagan. 1918 yil yozida 3 tonnalik, 2 kishilik tank, (Ford 3-tonna M1918 ) tomonidan kelib chiqqan Ford Motor Company ishlab chiqilgan. Ikkita Ford tomonidan boshqarilgan Model T.30 dyuymli pulemyot bilan qurollangan 4 silindrli dvigatellar va maksimal tezligi soatiga 8 mil. Bu jangovar vosita sifatida qoniqarsiz deb hisoblangan, ammo boshqa jang maydonidagi rollarda mumkin bo'lgan qiymat. 15000 buyurtma berildi, ammo atigi 15 tasi bajarildi va urushda hech kim xizmatni ko'rmadi.

Amerikalik tank birliklari birinchi bo'lib 1918 yil 12 sentyabrda jangga kirishdi Sankt-Mihiel Birinchi armiya bilan ajralib turadi. Ular 344 va 345-engil tanklar batalyonlariga, podpolkovnik Patton qo'mondonlik qilgan 304-tank brigadasining elementlariga tegishli edilar, ular ostida Frantsiya, Bourg shahridagi tank markazida mashg'ulotlar olib borgan va Renault FT bilan ta'minlangan. Frantsiya. Garchi loy, yoqilg'ining etishmasligi va mexanik nosozlik ko'plab tanklarni nemis xandaklarida to'xtab qolishiga olib kelgan bo'lsa-da, hujum muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va juda qimmatli tajriba orttirildi. 1918 yil 11-noyabrdagi sulhga binoan AEF tanklarga juda tanqis edi, chunki Amerikada ishlab chiqarilganlar jangda foydalanish uchun o'z vaqtida to'ldirilmagan edi.

Urushlararo davr

Asosiy maqola: Tanklar (1919-1939)
Vikersning o'rtacha belgisi 1930 yil Angliyada bir joyda manevr qilishda

Birinchi jahon urushidan keyin general Erix Lyudendorff Germaniya Oliy qo'mondonligi ittifoqchi tanklarni Germaniyaning mag'lubiyatida asosiy omil deb maqtadi. Nemislar ularni o'z rejalarida ko'rib chiqish uchun o'zlarining qadr-qimmatini tushunishga juda kech edi. Hatto qiyin bo'lgan sanoat ularni ko'p miqdorda ishlab chiqarishi mumkin bo'lsa ham, yoqilg'i juda kam edi. 1918 yil davomida nemislar tomonidan qo'yilgan jami 90 ta tankning 75 tasi ittifoqchilardan tortib olingan.

AQSh tank birliklari shu qadar qisqa jang qildilar va urush paytida shu qadar bo'linib ketishdiki va ular uchun mavjud bo'lgan tanklar soni shunchalik cheklangan ediki, ularning keng miqyosda ishga joylashish taktikasini ishlab chiqish imkoniyati deyarli yo'q edi. Shunga qaramay, ularning ishi kamida bir nechta harbiy rahbarlarni tanklarni ommaviy ravishda ishlatish kelajakda zirhning eng muhim roli ekanligi haqidagi g'oyani jalb qilish uchun etarlicha ta'sirchan edi.

Jangovar tajribadan kelib chiqqan holda ishlab chiqarilgan tanklarni ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanishni AQSh armiyasining baholashidagi eng muhim voqealar quyidagilar edi: (1) ko'proq quvvatga ega bo'lgan, kamroq mexanik nosozliklar, og'ir zirhli, uzoqroq ishlash doirasi va yaxshi shamollatiladigan tankga ehtiyoj; (2) tanklarni boshqa jangovar qurollar bilan, ayniqsa piyoda qo'shinlar bilan birgalikda mashq qilish zarurati; (3) takomillashtirilgan aloqa vositalariga va yo'nalishlarni aniqlash va saqlash uslublariga ehtiyoj; va (4) takomillashtirilgan ta'minot tizimiga ehtiyoj, ayniqsa benzin va o'q-dorilar.

Urush oxirida tankning asosiy roli piyoda askarlarni yaqindan qo'llab-quvvatlashdan iborat edi. Birinchi Jahon urushi tanki sekin, qo'pol, beparvo, boshqarish qiyin va mexanik jihatdan ishonchsiz bo'lganiga qaramay, uning jangovar qurol sifatida ahamiyati aniq isbotlangan edi. Ammo, Birinchi Jahon urushi saboqlariga qaramay, jangovar qurollar qurol-yarog 'uchun alohida va mustaqil rolni qabul qilishni juda xohlamadi va tanklardan to'g'ri foydalanish uchun o'zaro kurashni davom ettirdi. Dastlab tankni piyodalarning yordamchisi va uning bir qismi deb o'ylash ustun fikr edi, biroq bir nechta rahbarlar mustaqil tank qo'lini ushlab turish kerak deb da'vo qilishdi.

Birinchi jahon urushidagi Amerikada ishlab chiqarilgan tanklarning yengil va og'ir toifalariga qo'shimcha ravishda 1919 yilda uchinchi tasnif vositasi e'tiborni jalb qila boshladi. Ushbu oraliq tur 6 the tonnalik eng yaxshi xususiyatlarni o'z ichiga oladi degan umidda edi. engil va Mark VIII og'ir va ikkalasini ham almashtiradi. Urushlar davomida engil, o'rta va og'ir tanklar atamalarining ma'nosi o'zgargan. Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida va undan keyin darhol engil tank 10 tonnagacha, o'rtacha (inglizlar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan) taxminan 10 dan 25 tonnagacha, og'irligi esa 25 tonnadan oshgan deb hisoblanadi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi uchun og'irliklarning oshishi natijasida engil tank 20 tonnadan, o'rtacha 30 yoshdan va og'ir 60 tonnadan ortiq urush oxiriga kelib ishlab chiqilgan. Jahon urushlari orasidagi davrda, tasniflarning og'irliklari, odatda, ushbu chekkalarda o'zgarib turardi.

AQShning 1920 yildagi milliy mudofaa to'g'risidagi qonuni Tank korpusini piyoda askarlar ostiga qo'ydi. Qonunning "bundan keyin barcha tank birliklari piyoda askarlarning bir qismini tashkil qiladi" degan qoidasi tankning yaqin kelajakdagi roliga shubha tug'dirmadi. Jorj Patton mustaqil tank korpusi uchun bahslashdi. Ammo, agar iqtisodiy manfaatdorlik uchun tanklar an'anaviy qurollardan biriga o'tishi kerak bo'lsa, u otliqlarni afzal ko'rdi, chunki Patton otliqlar bilan ishlaydigan tanklar harakatchanlikni kuchaytirishi kerakligini, piyoda askarlarga bog'langan tanklar esa o't kuchini ta'kidlashini intuitiv ravishda tushundi. Tinchlik davrida tanklar, u aytganidek, "hech qachon ishlamaydigan ko'plab texnikaga ega bo'lgan qirg'oq artilleriyasiga o'xshaydi".

Aksariyat askarlar tankni xandaqlarni kesib o'tish uchun maxsus piyodalarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qurol deb hisoblashgan bir paytda, ofitserlarning katta qismi Qirollik tank korpusi mexanizatsiyalashgan tashkilotlar uchun ancha kengroq vazifalarni ko'zda tutgan edi. 1918 yil may oyida polkovnik J.F.C. To'liq, taniqli taniqli doktrinaning otasi, nemislarning infiltratsiya taktikasi misolida o'zi aytgan narsani takomillashtirgan "1919 yil rejasi "Bu 1919 yilda keng ko'lamli zirhli hujum uchun ishlab chiqilgan kontseptsiya edi.

Qirollik tank korpusi 1922 yildan 1938 yilgacha bir xil asosiy tanklarni bajarishi kerak edi. Britaniyalik zirhli nazariyotchilar har doim ham bir-birlari bilan kelisha olishmasdi. B. H. Liddell Xart zirhli urushlarning taniqli publitsisti, mexanizatsiyalashgan piyoda askarlar uchun katta rol o'ynaydigan haqiqiy birlashgan qurol kuchini xohladi. Fuller, Brod va boshqa zobitlar toza tank rolini ko'proq qiziqtirishgan. The Eksperimental mexanizatsiyalashgan kuch Texnikalarni o'rganish va ishlab chiqish uchun inglizlar tomonidan tashkil etilgan, o'z-o'zidan yuradigan qurolga ega bo'lgan piyoda qo'shinlarni va avtoulovlarda va zirhli mashinalarda muhandislarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi mobil kuch.

Mexanizatsiya tarafdorlari ham, muxoliflari ham "tank" atamasini ko'pincha zirhli, izli, turretli, qurol ko'taruvchi jangovar transport vositasini emas, balki har qanday zirhli transport vositasini yoki mexanizatsiyalashgan bo'linmani anglatishda keng ishlatishgan. Bunday foydalanish zamondoshlar yoki tarixchilar uchun ma'lum bir ma'ruzachi toza tank kuchlari, mexanizatsiyalashgan qurolli kuchlar yoki piyoda kuchlarni mexanizatsiyalashtirish masalalarini muhokama qiladimi yoki yo'qligini aniqlashni qiyinlashtirdi.

Britaniyalik zirhli texnika harakatlanishni yoki himoya qilishni maksimal darajada oshirishga intildi. Otliqlar ham, Qirollik Tank Korpusi ham razvedka va reyd uchun tezkor, engil zirhli, harakatlanuvchi transport vositalarini - engil va o'rta (yoki "kreyser") tanklarni xohlashdi. Amalda "engil tanklar" ko'pincha kichik zirhli transportyorlar edi. Boshqa tomondan, an'anaviy piyoda askarlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash vazifasini bajaradigan "armiya tank batalyonlari" nihoyatda og'ir zirhli himoyani talab qildilar. Ushbu ikkita ta'limot rollari natijasida olov kuchiga e'tibor berilmadi[iqtibos kerak ] tank dizaynida.

Mexanizatsiyaning nemis tarafdorlari orasida general Xaynts Guderian ehtimol eng ta'sirchan bo'lgan. Guderianning 1914 yildagi otliq qismlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan radiotelegraflar xizmati uni har bir zirhli mashinada radio talab qilishiga olib keldi. 1929 yilga kelib, ko'plab ingliz qurol-yarog 'talabalari toza zirh shakllanishiga intilayotganlarida, Guderian adolatli tanklar ishlab chiqarish yoki hatto an'anaviy qurollarning qismlarini mexanizatsiyalash foydasiz ekanligiga amin bo'ldi. Tankning ta'sirini maksimal darajada oshiradigan barcha qurollarning mutlaqo yangi mexanizatsiyalashgan shakllanishi kerak edi.

Nemis tanklari Guderian kontseptsiyasi me'yorlariga mos kelmadi. The Panzer I haqiqatan ham inglizlardan olingan pulemyot bilan qurollangan tanket edi Karden-Loyd xodimlar tashuvchisi. The Panzer II 20 mmlik to'pga ega edi, ammo zirhdan ozgina himoya qilingan. Ushbu ikkita vosita 1940 yilgacha panzer birliklarining asosiy qismini tashkil etdi.

Yigirmanchi yillarda Frantsiya dunyodagi katta qurol-yarog 'kuchiga ega bo'lgan yagona mamlakat edi. Frantsuz doktrinasi birlashgan qurollarni boshqa barcha qurol tizimlari piyoda askarlarning oldinga siljishida yordam beradigan jarayon sifatida ko'rib chiqdi. Tanklar piyodalar tarmog'iga bo'ysungan holda, "bir xil zirhli piyoda" deb hisoblangan. Buning hech bo'lmaganda afzalligi shundaki, zirh faqat tanklar bilan cheklanmagan; frantsuz armiyasi eng mexanizatsiyalashganlar qatoriga kiradi. Tanklar to'g'ri keladigan bo'lsa ham, birinchi navbatda, hujum uchun to'planishi kerak bo'lgan ixtisoslashtirilgan kashfiyot tizimlari sifatida qaraldi: yengil tanklar tezligini piyoda askarnikiga cheklashlari kerak edi; og'ir tanklar mudofaa chizig'ini siljitish uchun oldinga "zarba jabhasi" ni yaratish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Doktrinada himoyachining kuchi juda ko'p edi: artilleriya va havo bombardimonlari pulemyotlar va tankga qarshi qurollarni yo'q qilishlari kerak edi. Qoplash bosqichi e'tiborsiz qoldirildi. Piyodalar filialining bir qismi bo'lsa-da, aslida tanklar deyarli toza tank birliklarida to'plangan va kamdan-kam piyoda askarlar bilan birga o'qitilgan.

In 1931, France decided to produce armour and other equipment in larger quantities, including the Char B1 bis. The B1 bis, developed by Estienne in the early 1920s, was still one of the most powerful tank designs in the world fifteen years later. In 1934 the French cavalry also began a process of mechanisation; tanks were to be used for exploitation also.

As the French Army was moving forward in the area of mechanization, doctrinal strife began to develop. In 1934, Lieutenant Colonel Sharl de Goll nashr etilgan Towards the Professional Army (Verse l'Armée de Métier). De Gaulle favoured a professional mechanised force, capable of executing both the breakthrough and the exploitation phase. He envisioned a pure armour brigade operating in linear formation, followed by a motorized infantry force for mopping-up. His ideas were not adopted, as being too expensive.

From 1936 French tank production accelerated, but the doctrinal problems remained, resulting in 1940 in an inflexible structure, with the Infantry and Cavalry fielding separate types of armoured division.

During the course of the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of Soviet officers led by Marshal Mixail Tuxachevskiy developed a concept of "Deep Battle " to employ conventional infantry and cavalry divisions, mechanized formations, and aviation in concert. Using the expanded production facilities of the Soviet government's first Besh yillik reja with design features taken in part from the American inventor J. Valter Kristi, the Soviets produced 5,000 armoured vehicles by 1934. This wealth of equipment enabled the Red Army to create tank organizations for both infantry support and combined arms, mechanized operations.

On 12 June 1937, the Soviet government executed Tukhachevsky and eight of his high-ranking officers, as Stalin shifted his purge of Soviet society against the last power group that had the potential to threaten him, the Red Army. At the same time, the Soviet experience in the Spanish Civil War caused the Red Army to reassess mechanization. The Soviet tanks were too lightly armoured, their Russian crews could not communicate with the Spanish troops, and in combat the tanks tended to outpace the supporting infantry and artillery.

The United States was not nearly so advanced in the development of armoured and mechanized forces. As in France, the supply of slow World War I tanks and the subordination of tanks to the infantry branch impeded the development of any role other than direct infantry support. The US War Department policy statement, which finally came in April 1922, was a serious blow to tank development. Reflecting prevailing opinion, it stated that the tank's primary mission was "to facilitate the uninterrupted advance of the riflemen in the attack." The War Department considered that two types of tanks, the light and the medium, should fulfill all missions. The light tank was to be truck transportable and not exceed 5 tons gross weight. For the medium, restrictions were even more stringent; its weight was not to exceed 15 tons, so as to bring it within the weight capacity of railroad flatcars, the average existing highway bridge, and, most significantly, available Engineer Corps pontoon bridges.

Although an experimental 15-ton tank, the M1924, reached the mock-up stage, this and other attempts to satisfy War Department and infantry specifications proved to be unsatisfactory. In reality it was simply impossible to build a 15-ton vehicle meeting both War Department and infantry requirements.

In 1926 the General Staff reluctantly consented to the development of a 23-ton tank, although it made clear that efforts were to continue toward the production of a satisfactory 15-ton vehicle. The infantry—its new branch chief overriding the protests of some of his tankmen who wanted a more heavily armed and armored medium—decided, too, that a light tank, transportable by truck, best met infantry requirements. The net effect of the infantry's preoccupation with light tanks and the limited funds available for tank development in general was to slow the development of heavier vehicles and, ultimately, to contribute to the serious shortage of mediums at the outbreak of World War II.

J. Valter Kristi was an innovative designer of tanks, engines and propulsion systems. Although his designs did not meet US Army specifications, other countries used his chassis patents. Despite inadequate funding, the Ordnance Department managed to develop several experimental light and medium tanks and tested one of Walter Christie's models by 1929. None of these tanks was accepted, usually because each of them exceeded standards set by other Army branches. For instance, several light tank models were rejected because they exceeded the 5-ton cargo capacity of the Transportation Corps trucks, and several medium tank designs were rejected because they exceeded the 15-ton bridge weight limit set by the engineers. Christie simply would not work with users to fulfill the military requirements but, instead, wanted the Army to fund the tanks that he wanted to build. Patton later worked closely with J. Walter Christie to improve the silhouette, suspension, power, and weapons of tanks.

The Christie tank embodied the ability to operate both on tracks and on large, solid-rubber-tired bogie wheels. The tracks were removable to permit operation on wheels over moderate terrain. Also featured was a suspension system of independently sprung wheels. The Christie had many advantages, including the amazing ability, in 1929, to attain speeds of 69 miles per hour on wheels and 42 miles per hour on tracks, although at these speeds the tank could not carry full equipment. To the infantry and cavalry the Christie was the best answer to their need for a fast, lightweight tank, and they were enthusiastic about its convertibility. On the other hand, the Ordnance Department, while recognizing the usefulness of the Christie, was of the opinion that it was mechanically unreliable and that such dual-purpose equipment generally violated good engineering practice. The controversy over the advantages and drawbacks of Christie tanks raged for more than twenty years, with the convertible principle being abandoned in 1938. But the Christie ideas had great impact upon tank tactics and unit organization in many countries and, finally, upon the US Army as well.

In the United States the real beginning of the Armored Force was in 1928, twelve years before it was officially established, when Urush kotibi Duayt F. Devis directed that a tank force be developed in the Army. Earlier that year he had been much impressed, as an observer of maneuvers in England, by a British experimental armoured Force. Actually the idea was not new. A small group of dedicated officers in the cavalry and the infantry had been hard at work since World War I on theories for such a force. The continued progress in the design of armour, armament, engines, and vehicles was gradually swinging the trend toward more mechanization, and the military value of the horse declined. Proponents of mechanization and motorization pointed to advances in the motor vehicle industry and to the corresponding decrease in the use of horses and mules. Furthermore, abundant oil resources gave the United States an enviable position of independence in fuel requirements for the machines.

Secretary Davis' 1928 directive for the development of a tank force resulted in the assembly and encampment of an experimental mechanized force at Kamp Meade, Maryland, from 1 July to 20 September 1928. The combined arms team consisted of elements furnished by Infantry (including tanks), Cavalry, Field Artillery, the Air Corps, Engineer Corps, Ordnance Department, Chemical Warfare Service, and Medical Corps. An effort to continue the experiment in 1929 was defeated by insufficient funds and obsolete equipment, but the 1928 exercise did bear fruit, for the War Department Mechanization Board, appointed to study results of the experiment, recommended the permanent establishment of a mechanized force.

As Chief of Staff from 1930 to 1935, Duglas Makartur wanted to advance motorization and mechanization throughout the army. In late 1931 all arms and services were directed to adopt mechanization and motorization, "as far as is practicable and desirable", and were permitted to conduct research and to experiment as necessary. Cavalry was given the task of developing combat vehicles that would "enhance its power in roles of reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, flank action, pursuit, and similar operations." By law, "tanks" belonged to the infantry branch, so the cavalry gradually bought a group of "combat cars", lightly armoured and armed tanks that were often indistinguishable from the newer infantry "tanks."

In 1933 MacArthur set the stage for the coming complete mechanization of the cavalry, declaring, "The horse has no higher degree of mobility today than he had a thousand years ago. The time has therefore arrived when the Cavalry arm must either replace or assist the horse as a means of transportation, or else pass into the limbo of discarded military formations." Although the horse was not yet claimed to be obsolete, his competition was gaining rapidly, and realistic cavalrymen, sensing possible extinction, looked to at least partial substitution of the faster machines for horses in cavalry units.

The War Department in 1938 modified its 1931 directive for all arms and services to adopt mechanization and motorization. Thereafter, development of mechanization was to be accomplished by two of the combat arms only—the cavalry and the infantry. As late as 1938, on the other hand, the Chief of Cavalry, Maj. Gen. Jon K. Herr, proclaimed, "We must not be misled to our own detriment to assume that the untried machine can displace the proved and tried horse." He favored a balanced force made up of both horse and mechanized cavalry. In testimony before a Congressional committee in 1939, Maj. Gen. John K. Herr maintained that horse cavalry had "stood the acid test of war", whereas the motor elements advocated by some to replace it had not.

Actually, between the world wars there was much theoretical but little tangible progress in tank production and tank tactics in the United States. Production was limited to a few hand-tooled test models, only thirty-five of which were built between 1920 and 1935. Regarding the use of tanks with infantry, the official doctrine of 1939 largely reiterated that of 1923. It maintained that "As a rule, tanks are employed to assist the advance of infantry foot troops, either preceding or accompanying the infantry assault echelon."

In the 1930s the American Army began to seriously discuss the integration of the tank and the airplane into existing doctrine, but the US Army remained an infantry-centered Army, even though sufficient changes had occurred to warrant serious study. In the spring of 1940, maneuvers in Georgia and Louisiana, where Patton was an umpire, showed how far U.S. Army General Adna R. Chaffee Jr. had brought the development of American armoured doctrine.[55]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Asosiy maqola: Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi tanklar
A modified (see the to'siq to'sar on the front) Sherman covering Infantry, Belgium, 1944
A Vaffen-SS Tiger I tank in France

World War II forced armies to integrate all the available arms at every level into a mobile, flexible team. The mechanized combined arms force came of age in this war. In 1939, most armies still thought of an armoured division as a mass of tanks with relatively limited support from the other arms. By 1943, the same armies had evolved armoured divisions that were a balance of different arms and services, each of which had to be as mobile and almost as protected as the tanks they accompanied. This concentration of mechanized forces in a small number of mobile divisions left the ordinary infantry unit deficient in armour to accompany the deliberate attack. The German, Soviet, and American armies therefore developed a number of tank surrogates such as tank destroyers and assault guns to perform these functions in cooperation with the infantry.

Armour experts in most armies, however, were determined to avoid being tied to the infantry, and in any event a tank was an extremely complicated, expensive, and therefore scarce weapon. The British persisted for much of the war on a dual track of development, retaining Infantry tanks to support the infantry and lighter, more mobile cruiser tanks for independent armoured formations. The Soviets similarly produced an entire series of heavy breakthrough tanks.

Urush paytida nemis tanklari dizayni kamida uch avlodni bosib o'tdi, shuningdek doimiy o'zgaruvchanlik. The first generation included such prewar vehicles as the Panzerkampfwagen (or Panzer) I and II, which were similar to Soviet and British light tanks. The Germans converted their tank battalions to a majority of Panzer III va Panzer IV medium tanks after the 1940 French campaign. However, the appearance of large numbers of the new generation T-34 va KV-1 Soviet tanks, that were unknown to Germans until 1941, compelled them to join a race for superior armour and gun power. The third generation included many different variants, but the most important designs were the Panther (Panzer V) va Tiger (Panzer VI) tanklar. Unfortunately for the Germans, lack of resources combined with emphasis on protection and firepower and a penchant for overly complex design philosophies in nearly every part of an armoured fighting vehicle's design compromised the production numbers. Biroq, bir qurol casemate-hulled development of the Panzer III, the Sturmgeschutz III, would turn out to be Germany's most-produced armoured fighting vehicle of any type during the war, at just over 9,300 examples, a popular design which could also be very effectively tasked to perform the duties of a dedicated anti-tank vehicle.

The alternative to constant changes in tank design was to standardize a few basic designs and mass-produce them even though technology had advanced to new improvements. This was the solution of Germany's principal opponents. The Soviet T-34, for example, was an excellent basic design that survived the war with only one major change in armament, 76.2-mm to 85-mm main gun.[iqtibos kerak ]

The United States had even more reason to standardize and mass-produce than did the Soviet Union. By concentrating on mechanical reliability, the US was able to produce vehicles that operated longer with fewer repair parts. To ensure that American tanks were compatible with American bridging equipment, the War Department restricted tank width and maximum weight to thirty tons. The army relaxed these requirements only in late 1944.

When Germany invaded western Europe in 1940, the US Army had only 28 new tanks – 18 medium and 10 light – and these were soon to become obsolete, along with some 900 older models on hand. The Army had no heavy tanks and no immediate plans for any. Even more serious than the shortage of tanks was industry's lack of experience in tank manufacture and limited production facilities. Furthermore, the United States was committed to helping supply its allies. By 1942 American tank production had soared to just under 25,000, almost doubling the combined British and German output for that year. And in 1943, the peak tank production year, the total was 29,497. All in all, from 1940 through 1945, US tank production totaled 88,410.

Tank designs of World War II were based upon many complex considerations, but the principal factors were those thought to be best supported by combat experience. Among these, early combat proved that a bigger tank was not necessarily a better tank. The development goal came to be a tank combining all the proven characteristics in proper balance, to which weight and size were only incidentally related. The key characteristics were mechanical reliability, firepower, mobility and protection.

The problem here was that only a slight addition to the thickness of armour plate greatly increased the total weight of the tank, thereby requiring a more powerful and heavier engine. This, in turn, resulted in a larger and heavier transmission and suspension system. Just this sort of "vicious circle" aimed at upgrading a tank's most vital characteristics tended to make the tank less maneuverable, slower, and a larger and easier target. Determining the point at which the optimum thickness of armour was reached, in balance with other factors, presented a challenge that resulted in numerous proposed solutions and much disagreement.

According to Lt. Gen. Lesley J. McNair, Chief of Staff of GHQ, and later Commanding General, Army Ground Forces, the answer to bigger enemy tanks was more powerful guns instead of increased size.

Since emphasis of the using arms was upon light tanks during 1940 and 1941, their production at first was almost two to one over the mediums. But in 1943, as the demand grew for more powerful tanks, the lights fell behind, and by 1945 the number of light tanks produced was less than half the number of mediums.

In 1945–46, the General Board of the US European Theater of Operations conducted an exhaustive review of past and future organization. The tank destroyer was deemed too specialized to justify in a peacetime force structure. In a reversal of previous doctrine, the US Army concluded that "the medium tank is the best antitank weapon." Although such a statement may have been true, it ignored the difficulties of designing a tank that could outshoot and defeat all other tanks.

Sovuq urush

Asosiy maqola: Sovuq urush davridagi tanklar
AQSh M551 Sheridan was an air-mobile light tank with a 152 mm gun/missile launcher

In the Cold War, the two opposing forces in Europe were the Varshava shartnomasi countries on the one side, and the NATO countries on the other side.

Soviet domination of the Warsaw Pact led to effective standardization on a few tank designs. In comparison, NATO adopted a defensive posture. The major contributing nations, France, Germany, the USA, and the UK developed their own tank designs, with little in common.

After World War II, tank development continued. Tanks would not only continue to be produced in huge numbers, but the technology advanced dramatically as well. Medium tanks became heavier, their armour became thicker and their firepower increased. This led gradually to the concept of the asosiy jangovar tank and the gradual elimination of the heavy tank. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and effectiveness.

Many of the changes in tank design have been refinements to targeting and ranging (yong'in nazorati ), gun stabilization, communications and crew comfort. Armour evolved to keep pace with improvements in weaponry – the rise of kompozit zirh is of particular note – and guns grew more powerful. However, basic tank architecture did not change significantly, and has remained largely the same into the 21st century.

Sovuq urushdan keyingi davr

Asosiy maqola: Sovuq urushdan keyingi tanklar
Ruscha Chyorny Oryol or Black Eagle features

Oxiri bilan Sovuq urush in 1991, questions once again started sprouting concerning the relevance of the traditional tank. Over the years, many nations cut back the number of their tanks or replaced most of them with lightweight zirhli jangovar texnika with only minimal armour protection.

This period also brought an end to the superpower blocs, and the military industries of Russia and Ukraine are now vying to sell tanks worldwide. India and Pakistan have upgraded old tanks and bought new T-84s va T-90-lar from the former Soviet states. Both have demonstrated prototypes that the respective countries are not adopting for their own use, but are designed exclusively to compete with the latest western offerings on the open market.

Ukraine has developed the T-84-120 Oplot, which can fire both NATO 120 mm ammunition and ATGMs through the gun barrel. It has a new turret with auto-loader, but imitates western designs with an armoured ammunition compartment to improve crew survivability.

Rus Chyorny Oryol ("Qora burgut ") is based on a lengthened T-80 hull. An early mock-up, shown for the first time at the second VTTV-Omsk-97 International Exhibition of Armaments in 1997, appears to have dramatically heavier armour, and a completely new modern turret separating crew and ammunition. The prototype has a 125 mm tank qurol, but is said to be able to mount a new 152 mm gun. Russia is also rumoured to be developing the Obiekt 775 MBT, sometimes called T-95, with a remote-controlled turret, for domestic service.

Italiya C1 Ariete MBT was among the latest all-new MBTs to be fielded, with deliveries running from 1995 to 2002. The tank is nearly the same size of the very first tank, both being 8 feet (2.5 m) high. The Mark I had a ~9.9 m long (hull) and the Ariete as a 7.6/9.52 m long (hull/hull+gun). However, the Ariete weighs over double and can travel ten times faster, 54,000 kg vs. 25,401 kg and 40 mph vs. 4 mph (60 v 6 km/h).

A number of armies have considered eliminating tanks completely, reverting to a mix of wheeled anti-tank guns and piyoda jangovar transport vositalari (IFV), though in general there is a great deal of resistance because all of the great powers still maintain large numbers of them, in active forces or in ready reserve. There has been no proven alternative, and tanks have had a relatively good track record in recent conflicts.

The tank continues to be vulnerable to many kinds of anti-tank weapons and is more logistically demanding than lighter vehicles, but these were traits that were true for the first tanks as well. In direct fire combat they offer an unmatched combination of higher survivability and firepower among ground-based warfare systems. Whether this combination is particularly useful in proportion to their cost is matter of debate, as there also exist very effective anti-tank systems, IFVs, and competition from air-based ground attack systems.

Due to vulnerability from RPGlar, the tank has always had local defense from avtomatlar to solve the problem. This partially solved the problem in some cases, but produced another. Because the machine gun had to be operated by the commander from outside the tank, it made him vulnerable to enemy fire. To solve this problem, qurol qalqonlari were made to reduce this threat, but did not completely solve the problem. So, when the development of the M1A2 TUSK (Tank Urban Survival Kit) came, the finalization of a remote machine gun came into place, and was one of the first main battle tanks to have one. Other examples of this gun have been seen, such as a 20 mm remote cannon on the M60A2. This remote machine gun, under the name CROWS (Common Remotely Operated Weapons Station) has solved the problem of enemy fire threat to the commander, when operating the machine gun. It can also be equipped with an optional grenade launcher.

Possibly one of the main evolution sources for tanks in this century are the faol himoya tizimlari. Until 15 years ago, armour (reaktiv yoki passiv ) was the only effective measure against anti-tank assets. The most recent active protection systems (including Israeli TROPHY va Temir musht va ruscha Arena ) offer high survivability even against volleys of RPG va raketalar. If these kinds of systems evolve further and are integrated in contemporary tank and armoured vehicle fleets, the armour-antitank equation will change completely; therefore, 21st century tanks would experience a total revival in terms of operational capabilities.

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ On December 9, 1915, the Baby Holt, modified with a mock-up armoured driving position … was demonstrated on a crosscountry course at Souain.[30]

Adabiyotlar

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Manbalar

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Tashqi havolalar