Tailand oy taqvimi - Thai lunar calendar

The Tailand oy taqvimi (Tailandcha: ปฏิทิน จันทรคติ, RTGS: patitin chantrahati, talaffuz qilingan [pà.tì.tʰīn tɕān.tʰrá.kʰā.tìʔ], so'zma-so'z, Oy me'yorlariga ko'ra aniq kunlar), yoki Tai taqvim, a lunisolar Buddist taqvimi. U oy bilan tartibga solinadigan muqaddas kunlarni hisoblash uchun ishlatiladi. Asosida SuriyaYatra, ehtimol an'anaviy hindlarning ta'siri bilan Surya Siddxanta, u Surya Siddhanta-ni hisoblashni talab qilmaydigan o'ziga xos noyob tuzilishga ega. Lunisolar taqvimlari birlashadi oy va quyosh taqvimlari nominal uchun yil 12 ning oylar. Qo'shimcha kun yoki qo'shimcha 30 kunlik oy interkalatsiyalangan tartibsiz vaqt oralig'ida.

Diniy taqvim

The Tailand quyosh taqvimi (Tailandcha: ปฏิทิน สุริยคติ, RTGS: patitin suriyaxati, [pà.tì.tʰin sù.rī.já.kʰā.tìʔ]), Tailandning versiyasi Gregorian taqvimi, o'rniga patitin chantrahati yilda Mil 1888 / 2431 BO'LING uchun qonuniy va tijorat maqsadlar. Ikkala kalendarda ham to'rtta asosiy oy fazalari aniqlash Buddist Shanba kunlari (Uposata ), kuzatuvchi buddistlar uchun majburiy muqaddas kunlar. Muhim kunlarga bayram kunlari ham kiradi.

Tailand va Xitoy oy taqvimlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri mos kelmasligini unutmang. Tailand xitoylari xuddi shunday ularning shanba kunlariga rioya qiling va an'anaviy xitoy bayramlari ga binoan quyosh terminlari, ikkitasi bitta oy fazasiga to'g'ri keladi. Ular, shuningdek, quyosh taqvimiga nisbatan harakat qilishadi va shuning uchun Tailand kalendarlarida Tailand va Xitoy oy taqvimiga asoslangan tadbirlar.

Dunyoviy munajjimlik shuningdek, taniqli raqamlar Tailand madaniyati Shunday qilib, zamonaviy Tailand tug'ilganlik guvohnomalarida oy taqvimi sanalari va Tailand uchun tegishli Zodiacal hayvon yil nomi mavjud Xora (Tailandcha: โหราศาสตร์, RTGS: horasat). Tailand burji xitoyliklarga o'xshaydi, ammo Ajdaho o'rnini Naga (งู งู), Shimoliy Tailandda esa egallaydi Cho'chqa vaqti-vaqti bilan Fil bilan almashtiriladi.

Tailandda tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnoma-quyosh-oy-burj

Yillar

Yillarni fasllar bilan hamohang ushlab turish uchun Tailanddagi qamariy yillar 7-oyga bir kun qo'shishi yoki 8-oyni takrorlashi mumkin. Shuning uchun, yillar uchta uzunlikdan biriga ega bo'lishi mumkin - 354, 355 yoki 384 kun - lekin saqlab qolish a nominal o'n ikki oy davom etadi.

• 354 kunlik yillar 12 "normal oy" dan iborat bo'lib, bunday yil "normal oylik yil" deb nomlanadi (Tailandcha: (ปี) ปกติ มา ส, RTGS: (pi) pakatimat, [(pī) pà.kà.ti.mâːt]).
• 355 kunlik yillar qo'shish odatda 29 kunlik 7-oyga qo'shimcha kun; bunday yil "qo'shimcha kunlik yil" deb nomlanadi (Tailandcha: (ปี) อธิกวาร, RTGS: (pi) atikavan, Tailandcha talaffuz: [(pīː) ʔà.tʰí.kà.waːn]).

AD 2004 / 2547BE Oydan tashqari oy 15 avgustda tugadi

• 384 kunlik yillar 30 kunlik 8-oyni takrorlaydi va shu bilan oy sonini 12-da saqlaydi. Shunga qaramay, 384 kunlik yil "oydan tashqari yil" deb nomlanadi (Tailandcha: (ปี) อธิกมาส, RTGS: (pi) atikamat, [(pīː) ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt]).

Yangi yil

Tailand oy taqvimi dekabrda eng tez-tez sodir bo'ladigan 1 dan 12 gacha yangi hisoblashni boshlaganda yangi yil boshlanishini belgilamaydi.

2004 yil 1 va 2 avgust. Yakshanba, dam olish kuni, chapda va dushanba kuni, o'ngda, kompensatsiya kuni sifatida nishonlanadi.

Tailand quyosh taqvimi a ni aniqlaydi shaxs "s qonuniy yosh va sanalari dunyoviy bayramlar fuqarolik, shu jumladan Yangi yil va uch kun an'anaviy Tailand Yangi Yili, keyingi o'n ikki yillik hayvon tsikli boshlanadi. Dam olish kunlari a ga to'g'ri keladimi dam olish kunlari, shuningdek, bular va ba'zi asosiy oy festivallarini kompensatsion dam olish kunlari bilan ta'minlaydi (Tailandcha: วัน ชดเชย, RTGS: chotchoei).

O'n ikki yillik hayvonlar aylanishi

13 aprel Quyosh taqvimining an'anaviy boshlanishi Tailand Yangi Yili (Songkran) va bu yil o'n ikki yillik hayvonlar davridagi keyingi hayvon nomini olgan kun;^[1] Taylandlik xitoy jamoalari avvalroq ushbu nom o'zgarishini kuzatishi mumkin Xitoy Yangi Yili.

Tailand oylarining nomlari Kxmerdan, o'z navbatida noma'lum kishidan olingan Vetnam til.^[2]

Oylar

Tailandning zamonaviy taqvimida oylar (Tailandcha: เดือน, RTGS: tufayli, [dɯ̄an], "oy" yoki "ma'nosini anglatadiLunatsiya ") oy tsikllari bilan belgilanadi. Keyingi oylar (yoki oylar) Tailand yilida 1 dan 12 gacha raqamlangan. Boshqalar singari Buddist taqvimlari, bu oylarda kelib chiqadigan ismlar mavjud Sanskritcha, lekin ko'pincha Tailand munajjimlari tomonidan ma'lum.^[3]

Ikkala ketma-ketlik 59 kundan biroz ko'proq vaqtni oladi. Tailand oy taqvimi ushbu intervalni "normal oy" juftliklari bilan taqqoslaydi (ปกติ มา ส, RTGS: pakatimat) navbatma-navbat 29 va 30 kun davom etadi. 29 kun "ichi bo'sh oylar " (เดือน ขาด, RTGS: Duen khat, [dɯ̄an kʰàːt]) toq raqamli (เดือนคี่, RTGS: dalan khi, [dɯːan.kʰî]); 30 kunlik "to'liq oylar" (เดือน ถ้วน, RTGS: Duan Thuan, [dɯ̄an tʰûan]) juft raqamli (เดือน คู่, RTGS: duean khu, [dɯ̄an kʰûː]).

Oyning boshini yangi oy bilan hamohang ushlab turish uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan yoki odatdagidek "ichi bo'sh" 7-oy qo'shimcha kunni oladi, yoki ortiqcha "to'la" 8-oy odatdagi "to'la" 8-oydan keyin keladi.

1 va 2-oylar nomi berilgan arxaik muqobil raqamlar, qolgan qismi zamonaviy raqamlarda nomlangan.^[4]

1 - 6 oylar

1-oy, "duean ai" (เดือน อ้าย, [dɯ̄an ʔâːj]), oylarni sanash tsiklini eng tez-tez dekabrda boshlaydi, lekin yangi yil boshlanishini anglatmaydi.^[5] ai, an arxaik so'zi tay tilida, lekin boshqa shevalarda yo'q, degan ma'noni anglatadi birinchi.^[6] Toq raqamli bo'shliq oy, u 29 kunni tashkil qiladi.

2-oy, "duean yi", (เดือน ยี่, [dɯ̄an jîː], arxaik ญี่ ma'nosidan 2)^[6] to'liq oy.

3-6 oylar, "duean 3-6", zamonaviy o'qishdan foydalaning Tailand raqamlari, qolgan barcha oylar kabi. 3-6 oylar, 29 kunlik bo'sh oylar va 30 kunlik to'liq oylar o'rtasida o'zgarib turadi.

7-oy va atikavan

7-oy, "duean 7", ichi bo'sh oy odatda 354 kun ichida 29 kunni tashkil qiladi, ammo qo'shimcha kunni qo'shib beradi (อธิกวาร RTGS: atikavan) 355 kunlik muddat talab qilinganda (ปี อธิกวาร, RTGS: pi atikavan).

8-oy

Sakkizinchi oy, "duean 8", 30 kunlik to'liq oy.

Oy 8/8 "athikamat"

Athikamat (อธิกมาส, Tailandcha talaffuz: [à.tʰí.kà.mâːt])) bu 384 kunlik kun uchun zarur bo'lgan qo'shimcha oy pi athikamat (oydan tashqari yil; ปี อธิกมาส, Tailandcha talaffuz: [pī.à.tʰí.kà.mâːt]). 8-oy เดือน ๘/๘ yoki 8/8-oy deb takrorlanadi, har xil "duean paet thab paet" deb o'qiladi (เดือน แปด ทับ แปด) yoki "duean paet lang" (เดือน แปด หลัง)

9 - 12 oylar

9-12 oylar, "duean 9-12", oy tsiklini yakunlang.

Oylik bo'linmalar

Oylar, ular belgilanadigan ikki davrga bo'linadi mumi yoki susayishi:

• Waxing: xang xuen (ข้าง ขึ้น), yangi oydan to to'linoygacha bo'lgan davr har doim 15 kunni tashkil qiladi.
• Kamayish: xang raem (ข้างแรม), to'lin oydan yangi oygacha bo'lgan davr, bu bo'sh oylarda 14 kunni tashkil etadi, faqat 7-oy qo'shimcha kun qo'shganda va to'liq oylarda 15 kun davom etadi.

Haftalar

A hafta deyiladi Sapda / Sappada (Tailandcha: สัปดาห์, [sàp.dāː, sàp.pà.dāː]). Bu atama Qirollik instituti lug'ati (RID) yakshanbadan boshlanib, shanba kuni tugaydigan 7 kunlik muddat sifatida.^[7] Lunatsiyalar haqida gap ketganda, bu 7, 8 yoki (kamdan-kam) 9 kunlik oraliqdir kvartil oy fazalari; ya'ni bittadan วัน พระ keyingisiga.

Kunlar

Esa ish kunlari nomlari, oy taqvim kunlari ketma-ket 1 dan 14 gacha yoki 15 gacha bo'lgan vaqtni oy o'sayotganiga yoki pasayayotganiga qarab ikki segmentga bo'ling. Masalan, "raem 15 kham duean 12 แรม ๑๕ ค่ำ เดือน ๑๒"" 12-qamariy oyning 15-tunining pasayishi "degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Xam ค่ำ, kechqurun, kechqurun boshlangan va tugaydigan kun emas, balki yarim tunda boshlanadigan va tugaydigan umumiy kunning oqshomi deb hisoblanadi. O'tmishdagi amaliyot boshqacha bo'lishi mumkin edi.

Oy kunlari deb nomlangan

• Van Phra วัน พระ, Buddistlarning muqaddas kunlari
  • Van Thamma Savana วัน ธรรม สว นะ Buddistlar shanbasi muntazam ravishda o'tkaziladi:
    • Xuen 8 ขึ้น ๘ birinchi chorak oy
    • Xuen 15 ขึ้น ๑๕ to'linoy; ham chaqirdi wen fen วันเพ็ญ to'lin [oy] kuni. Biroq, Van Deuan Fen วัน เดือน เพ็ญ, haqiqiy kun to'linoy va xuen 15 kham har doim ham bir kunda tushmaydi.
    • Raem 8 แรม ๘ uchinchi chorak oy
    • Raem 14 (15) แรม ๑๔ (๑๕) qamariy oyning oxirgi kuni; ham chaqirdi wan dap วัน ดับ kun [oy] o'chadi yoki o'chadi.
• Wan wai phra chan วัน ไหว้ พระจันทร์, "Muqaddas oyni hurmat qilish kuni" deb nomlangan, bu haqiqiy kun Hosil oyi to'la bo'ladi. Bu sodir bo'ladi xuen 14 (15) kham Дуell 10 ขึ้น ๑๔ (๑๕) ค่ำ เดือน ๑๐ (14 (15) oqshom, 10-oy.)

Dam olish kunlari oy bilan tartibga solinadi

Buddist shanbalar, so'zlashuv deb nomlangan วัน พระ, Yangi, Birinchi chorak, To'liq va Uchinchi chorak Oy kunlari. Odatda ular dam olish kunlari emas (วัน หยุด), dan tashqari qassob, sartarosh va kosmetolog kuzatadigan do'konlar Sakkizta amr. Yillik bayramlar va mavsumiy festivallar birgalikda chaqiriladi วัน นักขัตฤกษ์.

Festivallar yoki yarmarkalar deyiladi เทศกาล; bular bundan keyin ham shunday bo'lishi mumkin ประเพณี "an'anaviy "va shunga o'xshash Tailandcha: พิธี, "marosim "yoki"marosim "Jadvalda asosiy sariq tomonidan boshqariladiganlar.

Hukumat tomonidan belgilangan ish ta'tillari deyiladi Tailandcha: วัน หยุด ราชการ; oy bilan tartibga solinadiganlar qizil rangga ega.

Dam olish kunlari odatda dam olish kunlari; agar odatda dam olish kunida kuzatiladigan ta'til dam olish kunlariga to'g'ri kelsa, keyingi dushanba kompensatsion dam olish kuni hisoblanadi Tailandcha: วัน ชดเชย.

Izohlar:

† Xitoy Yangi yilida ish haqi oyliklarini aniqlashning turli usullari qo'llaniladi, shuning uchun bu festival ba'zan bir oy oldin yoki undan keyin sodir bo'ladi.

‡ Qo'shimcha oy bilan birga 8/8 oy.

Tailand yil lug'ati

Tailand orfografiyasi aksariyat mahalliy so'zlarni fonetik tarzda yozadi, ammo aniq tizim mavjud emastranskripsiya Rim harflariga. Bu erda ona tili so'zlaridan so'ng darhol ushbu namunadagi so'z birikmasi keltiriladi:

Fonetik Tailandcha (Tayland fonetik repelling, agar boshqacha bo'lsa) [Izoh] ta'rifi; variant ta'riflari.

Misol:

Tailandcha ไทย (ไท) [arxaik] erkin, ochiq; Tailand irqi, tili, alifbo  ; Tailand fuqarosi.

Sanskritcha qarz so'zlari turli xil qoidalarga amal qiladi [ingliz tili grammatik qoidalari kelib chiqishi yunon va lotin tilidan kelib chiqqan so'zlar (masalan, "fonetik" so'zda "ph-" talaffuzi / f /.)] Quyida birinchi paydo bo'lish tartibiga kiritilgan ushbu so'z birikmalari ushbu naqshda:

Sanskritcha สันสกฤต (สัน สะ กฺ ริ ด / san-sa-krit /)

Lug'aviy ma'noda "o'z-o'zidan ishlab chiqarilgan" yoki "o'z-o'zidan qilingan" yoki zamonaviy madaniyatda "madaniyatli" degan ma'noni anglatadi (bu madaniyatli kishilarning tilini anglatadi); Sanskrit alifbosi, til, yozish; [taxmin qilingan] birikmasi

• san สัน (- / son /) so'zidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, "saṃ" "o'zini o'zi, birga" degan ma'noni anglatadi
• skrit สก ฤต (สะ กฺ ริ ต / sa-krit /) "qilish yoki qilish" ma'nosini anglatuvchi "(lar) kar" so'zidan kelib chiqqan.

Chantrahati จันทรคติ (จัน ทฺ ระ คะ ติ)

"Oy me'yorlari", Oy taqvimi; birikmasi

• Chantra - จันทร - (จัน ทฺ ระ): Chan จันทร์ (จัน) oy, oy +
• Kati คติ (คะ ติ): yo'llari, tamoyillari, me'yorlari

Patitin ปฏิทิน (ปะ ติ ทิน)

Taqvim; birikmasi

• Pati- ปฏิ - (ปะ ติ -): qarshi, qayta, uchun, aniq +
• - yupqa (- ทิน): [sanskrit tilidan dina] kun.
• patitin kunlar, aniq kunlar yoki belgilangan kunlar uchun vositalar

Patitin Chantxati ปฏิทิน จันทรคติ (ปะ ติ ทิน จัน ท ระ คะ ติ)

"Oy me'yorlariga ko'ra aniq kunlar", Oy taqvimi

Suriyaxati สุริยคติ (สุริยะ คะ ติ)

Quyosh normalari, Quyosh taqvimi; birikmasi

• Suriya สุริย yoki สุริยะ: Sport อาทิตย์, quyosh, Sol +
• Xati คติ (คะ ติ): usullari, tamoyillari, me'yorlari

Prokkatimat ปรกติ มา ส (ปฺ รก กะ ติ มา ด)

normal oy; birikmasi

• Prokkati ปรกติ (ปฺ รก กะ ติ): pakati ปกติ (ปะ กะ ติ) oddiy, odatiy, normal +
• Mat มา ส (มา ด): tufayli (เดือน) oy.

Athikamat อธิกมาส (อะ ทิ กะ มา ด)

oyning qamariy yillarida qo'shilgan oy

Atikavan อธิกวาร (อะ ทิ กะ วาน)

qamariy kun qamariy yillarda qo'shilgan kun; birikmasi

• Athika (Sanskritcha: adhika): qo'shimcha +
• -wan วาร (Sanskritcha: vara) : wan วัน kun.

Athikasurathin อธิกสุรทิน (อะ ทิ กะ สุ ระ ทิน)

Quyosh sakrash yilida fevralga qo'shilgan kun.

Shuningdek qarang

• Tailanddagi davlat ta'til kunlari
• Tailand Qirollik instituti
• Tailand quyosh taqvimi
• Tailand 6 soatlik soat
• Tailanddagi vaqt
• An'anaviy Burma taqvimi

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Diller, Entoni; Preecha Juntanamalaga (1995 yil dekabr). "Tailand vaqti". Tay tillari va madaniyati bo'yicha xalqaro konferentsiya, Thammasat universiteti. Avstraliya milliy universiteti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2002-12-10 kunlari. Olingan 22 iyun 2008.
• Eade, JC Janubi-sharqiy Osiyodagi materikning kalendrik tizimlari. ISBN  90-04-10437-2 (Diller va Preecha tomonidan keltirilgan)
• Setaputra, shunday qilib. Ingliz - Tayland lug'atining yangi modeli, ISBN  974-08-3253-9

Tashqi havolalar

• Entoni Diller tomonidan Tayland vaqti - oxirgi marta 2002 yil 10-yanvarda o'zgartirilgan.
• Chula Sakarat sanalari qanday ishlaydi Tailandda: marka yig'uvchilar uchun maqola 2007 yil 20-dekabrda tiklandi.
• Tailand oy taqvimi (BE.20000-2584) (Tailand tili)