Tailand yozuvi - Thai script

Tailandcha
Turi	Abugida
Tillar	Standart shakl: Tailandcha, Tailandning janubiy Nostandart shakl: Lanna, Isan, Pattani Malay va boshqalar
Ijodkor	Buyuk Ramkhamhaeng
Vaqt davri	1283 - hozirgi kunga qadar
Ota-onalar tizimlari	Proto-Sinay alifbosi Finikiya alifbosi Oromiy alifbosi Braxmi Tamil-Brahmi Pallava Kxmer Tailandcha
Bolalar tizimlari	Tai Vietnam
Birodar tizimlar	Laos
Yo'nalish	Chapdan o'ngga
ISO 15924	Tailand, 352
Unicode taxallusi	Tailandcha
Unicode oralig'i	U + 0E00 – U + 0E7F
Ushbu maqolada mavjud IPA fonetik belgilar. Tegishli bo'lmagan holda qo'llab-quvvatlash, ko'rishingiz mumkin savol belgilari, qutilar yoki boshqa belgilar o'rniga Unicode belgilar. IPA belgilariga oid kirish qo'llanmasi uchun qarang Yordam: IPA.

The Tailand yozuvi (Tailandcha: อักษร ไทย, RTGS: akson tay) bo'ladi abugida yozish uchun ishlatilgan Tailandcha, Tailandning janubiy va boshqa ko'plab narsalar tillar ichida gapirish Tailand. Tailand alifbosining o'zi (tay yozishda ishlatiladigan) 44 ta undosh belgidan iborat (Tailandcha: พยัญชนะ, phayanchana), 16 ta unli belgi (Tailandcha: สระ, sara) kamida 32 ta unli shaklga va to'rtta ohangli diakritikaga (Tailandcha: วรรณยุกต์ yoki วรรณ ยุต, wannayuk yoki wannayut) asosan hecalarni ifodalovchi belgilar yaratish.

Odatda "Tailand alifbosi" deb nomlansa-da, aslida bu yozuv haqiqiy emas alifbo lekin abugida, to'liq belgilar unlilar uchun diakritik belgilari bo'lgan undoshlarni aks ettiradigan yozuv tizimi; unli diakritikning yo'qligi "a" yoki "o" belgisini beradi. Undoshlar gorizontal ravishda chapdan o'ngga, unlilar yuqoridan, pastdan, tegishli undoshdan chapga yoki o'ngga joylashtirilgan holda yoki pozitsiyalar birikmasi bilan yoziladi.

Tarix

Ram Khamhaeng yozuvlari, proto-Thai yozuvidan foydalanilgan eng qadimgi yozuv (Bangkok milliy muzeyi )

Tailand alifbosi Eski narsadan olingan Khmer yozuvi (Tailandcha: อักษร ขอ ม, akson xom), bu janubiy Braxik janubiy hindistondan olingan yozuv uslubi Pallava alifbosi (Tailandcha: ปั ล ลวะ). Tailand urf-odati ssenariyning yaratilishini Qirol Ramkhamhaeng Buyuk (Tailandcha: พ่อขุน รามคำแหง มหาราช) 1283 yilda^[1], ammo bu shubha ostiga olingan.^{[kim tomonidan? ]} Tailand yozuvining dastlabki attestatsiyasi bu Ram Khamhaeng yozuvlari 1292 yilga to'g'ri keladi, ammo ba'zi olimlar uning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga olishadi.^[2] Ssenariy o'sha davrdagi eski kxmer yozuvining kursiv shaklidan olingan.^[1] U ba'zi eski kxmer harflarini o'zgartirdi va soddalashtirdi va Tailand fonologiyasiga mos keladigan yangi harflarni kiritdi. Shuningdek, u ohang belgilarini kiritdi. Tailand kashf etgan dunyodagi birinchi yozuv deb hisoblanadi tonna markerlari Mon-Khmerda mavjud bo'lmagan o'ziga xos ohanglarni ko'rsatish uchun (Austroasiatik tillar ) va Hind-oriyan tillari uning ssenariysi shundan olingan. Xitoy va boshqa bo'lsa-da Xitoy-Tibet tillari fonologik tizimida o'ziga xos ohanglarga ega, orfografiyalarida ohang belgisi yo'q. Shunday qilib, ohang markerlari Tailand tilidagi yangilik bo'lib, keyinchalik boshqa bog'liq Tai tillariga va ba'zilariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi Tibet-burman tillari Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo materikida.^[2] Ikkinchi undoshni birinchisining ostiga yozish o'rniga, gorizontal va tutashgan holda yozilgan undosh klasterlarning yana bir qo'shilishi.^[2] Va nihoyat, stsenariy asosiy satrda unli belgilarni yozdi, ammo ko'p o'tmay ushbu yangilik ishlatilmay qoldi.^[1]

Imlo

Imlo va tovush o'rtasida juda murakkab bog'liqlik mavjud. Turli masalalar mavjud:

1. Ko'plab undosh tovushlar uchun ikkalasi bir xil tovushni ifodalaydigan, ammo boshqa ohangni bog'lashga olib keladigan ikki xil harf mavjud. Bu katta o'zgarishlardan kelib chiqadi (a ohang bo'linishi ) Tailand tili fonologiyasida tarixiy ravishda yuzaga kelgan. Tailand yozuvi yaratilgan vaqtda, tilda uch tonna va ular orasida to'liq qarama-qarshiliklar mavjud edi ovozli va bo'g'inning boshida ovozsiz undoshlar (masalan, b d g l m n va boshqalar p t k hl hm hn). Keyinchalik, ovoz chiqarib ajratish g'oyib bo'ldi, ammo bu jarayonda uchta asl ohanglarning har biri ikkiga bo'lindi, dastlab ovozli undosh (zamonaviy "past" undoshlar) quyi variantli ohang hosil qildi va dastlab ovozsiz undoshlar (zamonaviy "o'rta" va "baland" undoshlar) yuqori variantli ohang hosil qiladi.
2. Tailand ko'plab so'zlarni qarz oldi Sanskritcha va Pali va Tailand alifbosi ushbu so'zlarning asl imlosi iloji boricha saqlanib qolishi uchun yaratilgan. Bu shuni anglatadiki, Tailand alifbosida sanskrit va pali tillarida alohida tovushlarni ifodalaydigan bir nechta "takrorlangan" harflar mavjud (masalan, nafas oldi tovushlar bh, dh, lh, jh, gh va retrofleks tovushlar ṭhh ḍhhh ṇ), ammo ular hech qachon Tailand tilida alohida tovushlarni aks ettirmagan. Ular asosan yoki faqat sanskrit va pali qarzlarida qo'llaniladi.
3. Asl sanskrit va pali yozuvlarini saqlab qolish istagi, shuningdek, hece oxirida juda ko'p takrorlanadigan tovushlarni yozish usullarini keltirib chiqaradi (bu erda Tailand paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tovushlarda qat'iy cheklangan, ammo Sanskrit barcha imkoniyatlarga yo'l qo'ygan, ayniqsa, avvalgi final / a / o'chirildi), shuningdek bir qator jim harflar. Bundan tashqari, sanskrit va pali qarz so'zlaridan ko'plab undoshlar umuman jim turishadi. So'zlarning yozilishi sanskrit yoki pali orfografiyasiga o'xshaydi:
   • Tailandcha สามารถ (yozilgan) sǎamaarth ammo talaffuz qilingan sa-mat [sǎːmâːt] jim r va intiluvchi undosh yordamida ifodalangan oddiy t bilan) "qodir bo'lish" (sanskritcha samarta)
   • Tailandcha จันทร์ (yozilgan) chanthr ammo talaffuz qilingan chan [tɕan] chunki th va r jim) "oy" (sanskrit tilida) chandra)
4. Tailand fonologiyasi barcha hecelerin a bilan tugashi kerakligini ta'kidlaydi unli, an taxminiy, a burun yoki a ovozsiz yumshoq. Shuning uchun yozilgan maktub boshlang'ich holatida xuddi oxirgi talaffuzda bo'lgani kabi talaffuzga ega bo'lmasligi mumkin. Qarang Alifbo ro'yxati batafsil ma'lumot uchun quyida keltirilgan.
5. Hatto yuqori sinf maktubi bo'lsa ham ho hip ห tovushni yozish uchun ishlatiladi / h /, agar harf past darajadagi harfdan oldin bo'g'inda bo'lsa, u jim bo'lib qoladi ho nam va boshlang'ich undoshni yuqori sinfga aylantiring.^[3] Qarang Ohanglar batafsil ma'lumot uchun quyida keltirilgan.

Tailand harflarida yo'q kichik va poytaxt Rim alifbosi kabi shakllar. So'zlar orasidagi bo'shliqlar ishlatilmaydi, faqat ba'zi bir lingvistik sabablardan tashqari.

Tinish belgilari

Kichik jumlalarda pauzalar mumkin vergul bilan belgilanishi (Tailandcha: จุลภาค yoki ลูกน้ำ, chunlaphak yoki luk nam) va bir muncha vaqtgacha katta pauzalar (Tailandcha: มหัพภาค yoki จุด, mahap phak yoki chut), lekin ko'pincha bo'sh joy bilan belgilanadi (Tailandcha: วรรค, wak). Qush ko'zi ๏ (Tailandcha: ตาไก่, ta kai, rasmiy ravishda chaqirilgan ฟอง มัน, fong odam) ilgari ko'rsatilgan xatboshilar, ammo endi eskirgan.

A xo mut ๛ (Tailandcha: โคมูตร) a ni oxirini belgilash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bob yoki hujjat.

Tailand yozuvlarida tirnoq belgilari ham ishlatiladi (Tailandcha: อัญประกาศ, anyaprakat) va qavslar (dumaloq qavslar) (Tailandcha: วงเล็บ, Vong lep yoki Tailandcha: นขลิขิต, naxa likhit), lekin to'rtburchak qavs yoki qavs emas.

Alifbo ro'yxati

Tailand tilida (singlisi singari tizim Lao) qo'shma undoshlar va mustaqil unlilarga ega emas, ikkala dizayn ham brax yozuvlari orasida keng tarqalgan (masalan, Birma va Bali ).^[4] Birlashtiruvchi undoshlari bo'lgan yozuvlarda har bir undosh ikki shaklga ega: asos va qo'shma. Undosh klasterlar undoshlarning ikki uslubi bilan ifodalanadi. Ikki uslub shakllanishi mumkin tipografik ligaturalar, kabi Devanagari. Mustaqil unlilar, bo'g'in unli belgisi bilan boshlanganda ishlatiladi.

Undoshlar

21 ta aniq undosh tovushni ifodalovchi 44 ta undosh harf mavjud. Ikki nusxadagi undoshlar yoki mavjud bo'lgan tovushlarga mos keladi Qadimgi tay o'sha paytda alifbo yaratilgan, ammo endi mavjud emas (xususan, ovozli obstruents kabi b d g v z) yoki boshqacha Sanskritcha va Pali Tayland tilida bir xil talaffuz qilingan undoshlar. Bundan tashqari, 44 raqamiga kiritilmagan to'rtta undosh-unli kombinatsiyalangan belgilar mavjud.

Undoshlar uch sinfga bo'linadi - alifbo tartibida ular o'rta (กลาง, klang), baland (สูง, kuylandi) va past (ต่ำ, tam) sinf - quyidagi jadvalda ko'rsatilganidek. Ushbu sinf belgilari dastlab Tayland tilida harflar mos keladigan tovushlarning fonetik xususiyatlarini aks ettiradi. Xususan, "o'rta" tovushlar edi ovozsiz so'rilmagan to'xtaydi; "baland" tovushlar, ovozsiz intilgan to'xtaydi yoki ovozsiz fricatives; "past" tovushlar, ovozli. Keyingi tovush o'zgarishlari ushbu sinflarning fonetik xususiyatini yashirgan.^{[nb 1]} Bugungi kunda ohang belgisi bo'lmagan undoshlar sinfi, qo'shib kelgan unlining qisqa yoki uzun uzunligi bilan birga, asosiy aksani aniqlaydi (พื้น เสียง, pheun siang). Uzoq unli bilan o'rta sinf undoshlari qo'shimcha to'rt tonna, boshqaruvchi undosh ustida to'rtta ohang belgisidan biri bilan yoziladi: mai ek, mai tho, mai triva mai chattava. Yuqori va past darajadagi undoshlar cheklangan mai ek va mai tho, ko'rsatilgandek Tovush jadvali. Ikki belgining turlicha talqin qilinishi yoki ularning yo'qligi past sinf undoshlariga mos keladigan yuqori sinf undoshlari uchun ruxsat etilmagan ohanglarni yozishga imkon beradi. Agar past sinf yuqori sinfdagi undoshga ergashgan bo'lsa, yuqori sinf qoidalari qo'llaniladi, ammo marker, agar ishlatilsa, past sinfga o'tadi; shunga ko'ra, ห นำ ho nam va อ นำ o nam Tone jadvali ostida tushuntirilgani kabi digraflar sifatida qaralishi mumkin.^{[nb 2]}

Izohlar

O'qishga yordam berish uchun har bir undosh an'anaviy ravishda an bilan bog'lanadi akrofonik Taylandcha so'z ham xuddi shu tovushdan boshlanadi, yoki u ko'zga ko'rinadigan xususiyatlarga ega. Masalan, the harfining nomi xxay (ข ไข่), unda x u ifodalaydigan tovush va xay (ไข่) - bir xil tovushdan boshlanib, "tuxum" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi so'z.

Undoshlardan ikkitasi, ฃ (ho khat) va ฅ (xon), endi yozma tay tilida ishlatilmaydi, lekin baribir ko'plab klaviaturalarda va belgilar majmuasida paydo bo'ladi. Birinchi Tayland yozuv mashinasi 1892 yilda Edvin Xanter Makfarland tomonidan ishlab chiqilganida, barcha belgilar uchun bo'sh joy yo'q edi, shuning uchun ikkitasini qoldirish kerak edi.^[5] Bundan tashqari, ushbu ikkala harfning hech biri sanskrit yoki pali harflariga to'g'ri kelmaydi va ularning har biri, oldingi harfning o'zgartirilgan shakli bo'lgan (ข va compare ni taqqoslang), oldingi harf bilan bir xil talaffuz va bir xil undosh sinfga ega. (bir oz Evropa kabi uzoq s ). Bu ularni ortiqcha qiladi.

Romanlashtirish uchun ekvivalentlar quyidagi jadvalda keltirilgan. Ko'p undoshlar bo'g'inning boshida va oxirida turlicha talaffuz qilinadi. Ustunlardagi yozuvlar boshlang'ich va final ushbu undoshning talaffuzini bo'g'inda tegishli holatlarda ko'rsating. Kiritish '-' bo'lgan joyda, undoshlar hecani yopish uchun ishlatilmasligi mumkin. Agar undoshlarning birikmasi yozma hecani tugatsa, faqat birinchisi talaffuz qilinadi; yopilishi mumkin bo'lgan undosh tovushlar 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' va 't' bilan cheklangan.

Rimlashtirish uchun rasmiy standartlar bu Tailand qirolligi transkripsiyasining umumiy tizimi Tailand Qirollik instituti tomonidan aniqlangan (RTGS) va deyarli bir xil ISO 11940-2 bilan belgilanadi Xalqaro standartlashtirish tashkiloti, ko'plab nashrlarda turli xil romanizatsiya tizimlari qo'llaniladi. Kundalik amaliyotda chalg'ituvchi xilma-xil romanizmlardan foydalaniladi, bu so'zni qanday talaffuz qilishni bilishni qiyinlashtiradi yoki aslida ikkita so'z (masalan, xarita va ko'cha belgisida) bir xil bo'lsa, hukm qilish qiyin bo'ladi. Aniqroq ma'lumot uchun Xalqaro fonetik alifbo (IPA) ham berilgan.

Alifbo

Izohlar

Fonetik

Undoshlari printsiplariga binoan artikulyatsiya joyi va uslubi bo'yicha ajratilishi mumkin Xalqaro fonetik uyushma.Tay plosiv undoshlar uchun uchta ovoz / intilish naqshlarini ajratib turadi:

• ovozsiz, so'rilmagan
• ovozsiz, intilgan
• ovoz chiqarib, intilmasdan

Qaerda ingliz tilida faqat ovozli, intilmaganlar orasidagi farq bor / b / va ovozsiz, intilgan / pʰ /, Thai ingliz tilida faqat allofoni sifatida paydo bo'ladigan, eshitilmaydigan va so'ralmaydigan uchinchi tovushni ajratib turadi. / p /, taxminan ovozi p "aylantirish" da. Xuddi shunday alveolyar ham mavjud / t /, / tʰ /, / d / uchlik. Velar qatorida a mavjud / k /, / kʰ / juft va pochta-tomirlar qatorida / tɕ /, / tɕʰ / juftlik.

Quyidagi har bir katakchada birinchi qator ko'rsatiladi Xalqaro fonetik alifbo (IPA),^[6] ikkinchisi Tayland belgilarini boshlang'ich pozitsiyasida ko'rsatadi (bitta qutida paydo bo'lgan bir nechta harflar bir xil talaffuzga ega). Yuqoridagi jadvalda ko'rsatilgan alfavit tartibining quyidagi jadvalga qanday amal qilishiga e'tibor bering, rangli bloklarni o'ngdan chapga va yuqoridan pastga qarab o'qing.

Tayland belgilarini dastlabki holatida talaffuz qilish

44 ta Tailandcha undoshlar bosh harflar bilan yozilgan bo'lsa, 21 ta tovushni taqdim etsa-da, final uchun ish boshqa. Jadvaldagi bosh harflar uchun undosh tovushlar oxirgi tovushlar uchun jadvalda qanday qulab tushganiga e'tibor bering. Bo'g'inning oxirida barcha plozivlar ovozsiz, aspiratsiyasiz va eshitiladigan chiqishi yo'q. Dastlabki affrikatlar va frikativlar oxirgi plozivlarga aylanadi. Dastlabki tril (ร), taxminiy (ญ) va lateral yaqinlashuvlar (ล, ฬ) oxirgi burun sifatida amalga oshiriladi / n /.

Tailandcha talaffuzda faqat 8 ta tugaydigan undosh tovushlar, shuningdek tugaydigan undosh tovushlar mavjud emas. Ushbu undoshlar orasida bekor qilingan ฃ va exclud ni hisobga olmaganda oltita (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) ni yakunlovchi sifatida ishlatish mumkin emas. Qolgan 36 tasi quyidagicha guruhlangan.

Tayland belgilarining talaffuzi oxirgi holatda

Unlilar

Tailandcha unli tovushlar va diftonglar undoshlar asosidagi unli belgilar aralashmasi yordamida yoziladi. Har bir unli asosiy undoshga, ba'zan esa oxirgi undoshga nisbatan to'g'ri holatida ko'rsatiladi. E'tibor bering, unlilar undoshning yuqorisida, pastida, chapidan yoki o'ngidan yoki bu joylarning birikmalaridan o'tishi mumkin. Agar unli boshlang'ich undoshdan oldin va keyin qismlarga ega bo'lsa va bo'g'in undoshlar klasteridan boshlanadigan bo'lsa, bo'linish butun guruhni aylanib chiqadi.

Yigirma bitta unli belgining elementlari an'anaviy ravishda nomlanadi, ular yakka holda yoki qo'shma holda paydo bo'lib, murakkab belgilar hosil qilishi mumkin.

The xos unlilar bor / a / yilda ochiq heceler (CV) va / u / yilda yopiq heceler (CVC). Masalan, ถนน ko'chiradi /tʰànǒn/ "yo'l". Pali kredit so'zlarida bir nechta istisnolar mavjud, bu erda ochiq hecaning o'ziga xos ovozi mavjud / u /. The atrofi kabi unlilar เ - าะ / ɔʔ /, oldingi undoshni o'ziga xos unli bilan qamrab oladi. Masalan, /pʰɔʔ/ yozilgan เพาะva /tɕʰapʰɔʔ/ "faqat" yozilgan เฉ พาะ.

Belgilar ฤ ฤๅ (ortiqcha) ฦ ฦๅ, eskirgan) odatda unli sifatida qaraladi, birinchisi qisqa unli, ikkinchisi esa uzun. Alifbo yozuvlari sifatida, ฤ ฤๅ amal qiling รva o'zlarini mos ravishda รึ (qisqa) va รือ (uzun) (va eskirgan juftlikni ลึ, ลือ) ga teng bo'lgan undosh va unli birikma sifatida o'qish mumkin. Bundan tashqari, ฤ kabi harakat qilishi mumkin ริ ko'p so'zlarda ajralmas qism sifatida asosan olingan Sanskritcha ก kabiฤณะ (kritsana, emas kruetsana), ฤธิ์ (marosim, emas ruet) va กฤดา (kritsada, emas kruetsada), masalan. Shuningdek, u อัง อัง harflarini yozish uchun ishlatiladiฤษ angkrit Angliya / ingliz. So'z ฤษ์ (roek) bu noyob holat ฤ kabi talaffuz qilinadi เรอ.

Quyidagi talaffuz. Bilan ko'rsatilgan Xalqaro fonetik alifbo^[6] ga ko'ra, Rimlashtirish Tailand Qirollik instituti tez-tez uchraydigan bir nechta variantli Romanlashmalar. Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan turli mintaqalar va uning atrofidagi hududlar uchun juda yaqin ekvivalent berilgan. Nuqta doiralar undosh yoki undosh klasterlarning holatini ifodalaydi. Birinchisi boshlang'ich undoshni, ikkinchisi (agar mavjud bo'lsa) yakuniyni anglatadi.

Ro han (ร หัน) odatda unli deb hisoblanmaydi va quyidagi jadvalga kiritilmagan. Bu ifodalaydi sara a / a / sanskrit tilidagi ba'zi so'zlarda unli va ◌ ร ร ◌ kabi ko'rinadi. Oxirgi undoshsiz ishlatilganda (◌ ร ร), / n / berayotgan oxirgi undosh sifatida nazarda tutilgan [an].

Ohang

Markaziy tay

Thai - bu tonal til, va stsenariy haqida to'liq ma'lumot beradi ohanglar. Ohanglar unlilarda amalga oshiriladi, lekin stsenariyda boshlang'ich undoshlar sinfining kombinatsiyasi bilan ko'rsatilgan (baland, o'rta yoki past), unli uzunlik (uzun yoki qisqa), yopiq undosh (yumshoq yoki sonorant, ya'ni, o'lik yoki yashash) va agar mavjud bo'lsa, nomlari raqamlar nomidan kelib chiqqan to'rtta ohang belgilaridan biri 1-4 pali yoki sanskrit tilidan qarz oldi. Ohanglarni belgilash qoidalari quyidagi jadvalda keltirilgan:

Ovoz turi tepadan pastga: baland, ko'tarilgan, o'rtada, tushgan, past. Dastlabki undoshlar sinfi chapdan o'ngga: past (ko'k), o'rta (yashil), baland (qizil). Bo'g'in turi: jonli (bo'sh aylana), o'lik (to'liq aylana), o'lik qisqa (tor ellips), o'lik uzun (keng ellips).

Tailand tili jadvali

Tayland hecasining ohangini aniqlash uchun oqim sxemasi. Kattalashtirish uchun bosing

"Yo'q", ya'ni ohang belgisi yo'q, asosiy aksent bilan ishlatiladi (พื้น เสียง, pheun siang). May tri va mai chattava faqat o‘rta sinf undoshlari bilan ishlatiladi.

Ohangni o'zgartirish uchun ikkita undosh belgi (diakritikalar emas) ishlatiladi:

• ห นำ ho nam, etakchi ho. Tovushsiz, yuqori toifadagi ห past darajadagi fonetik mos kelmaydigan past darajadagi burun to'xtash joylarini (ง, ญ, น va ม) va noaniq (ว, ย, ร va ล) ni "olib keladi" yuqori sinf undoshining ohang xususiyatlari. Ko'p so'zli so'zlarda, o'rta va yuqori darajadagi boshlang'ich undoshlari, yopiq unli bilan xuddi shu past darajadagi undoshlarni yuqori sinf ohang qoidalariga xuddi shu tarzda "etakchilik qiladi", ohang belgisi esa past darajadagi undosh tomonidan ko'tariladi.
• อ นำ o nam, etakchi o. Faqat to'rt so'z bilan aytganda, jim, o'rta sinf อ past sinfni mid o'rta sinf ohang qoidalariga "olib boradi": อย่า (yo, qilmang) อยาก (yak, istak) อย่าง (yang, xil, saralash, tur) อยู่ (yu, qolish). E'tibor bering, to'rttasida ham unli, past tonna bor siang ek; อยาก, o'lik hece, ohang belgisiga muhtoj emas, ammo uchta jonli hecaning barchasi olinadi mai ek.

So'zlar bir ohang bilan yozilgan, ammo boshqasi bilan talaffuz qilingan ba'zi bir shevada ko'pincha norasmiy suhbatda uchraydi (xususan, olmoshlari ฉัน chan va เขา xao, ikkalasi ham ssenariyda ko'rsatilgan ko'tarilish ohangidan ko'ra yuqori ohang bilan talaffuz qilinadi). Odatda, bunday so'zlar jamoat oldida o'qilganda yoki o'qilganda, ular yozilgan deb talaffuz qilinadi.

Tailandning janubiy

Og'zaki Tailandning janubiy etti tonnagacha bo'lishi mumkin. Tayland tili skriptida yozilganda, nutq ohangini ko'rsatishning turli xil qoidalari mavjud.

Diakritiklar

Boshqa diakritiklar qisqa unli va jim harflarni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi:

• May tayxu "ko'tarilgan va cho'kkan tayoq" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Bu Tayland raqamining 8 miniatyurasi ๘. May tayxu bilan ko'pincha ishlatiladi sara e (เ) va sara ae (แ) yopiq hecalarda.
• Tanxat "jazo sifatida o'ldirish" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Fan nu "kalamush tishlari" degan ma'noni anglatadi va kalta bilan biriktirilgan deb o'ylashadi sara i va fong odam boshqa belgilarni shakllantirish uchun.

Raqamlar

Raqamlar uchun, asosan standart Hind-arab raqamlari (Tailandcha: เลข ฮินดู อา ร บิ ก, lek hindu arabik) ishlatiladi, lekin Tayland tilida ham o'ziga xos to'plam mavjud Tailand raqamlari hind-arab raqamlar tizimiga asoslangan (Tailandcha: เลข ไทย, lek tay), asosan hukumat hujjatlari, saylov plakatlari, harbiy transport vositalarining davlat raqamlari va Tailand fuqarolari uchun maxsus kirish narxlari bilan cheklangan.

Boshqa belgilar

Pay-yan noi va angxan diao bir xil belgi bilan bo'lishing. Sara a (- ะ) boshqa belgilar bilan birgalikda ishlatilgan deyiladi hikmatli.

Ba'zi bir belgilar she'rda biron bir hikoya yoki bo'limning boshi yoki oxirini, bobini yoki epizodini belgilashi mumkin. Vaqt o'tishi bilan ular foydalanishni o'zgartirib yubordi va odatiy holga aylanmoqda.

Sanskrit va pali

Tailand yozuvi (hamma kabi) Hind yozuvlari ) sanskrit va unga oid tillarni (xususan, pali tilida) yozish uchun bir qator o'zgartirishlardan foydalanadi. Pali Sanskrit tili bilan chambarchas bog'liq va Tailand buddizmining liturgik tili. Tailandda Pali biroz o'zgartirilgan Tailand skriptidan foydalanib yoziladi va o'rganiladi. Asosiy farq shundan iboratki, har bir undoshdan keyin tayland tilidagi 'o' yoki 'e' emas, balki shaffof a (อะ) qisqa keladi: bu qisqa a hech qachon talaffuzda tashlanmaydi va agar unli talaffuz qilinmasa, unda ma'lum bir belgidan foydalanish kerak, pinthu อฺ (undosh ostidagi qattiq nuqta). Bu shuni anglatadiki sara a (อะ) hech qachon Pali yozishda ishlatilmaydi, chunki u doim shama qilinadi. Masalan, namo Tayland tilida นะ โม deb yozilgan, ammo pali tilida น โม deb yozilgan, chunki อะ ortiqcha. Sanskritcha "mantra" so'zi Tayland tilida มนตร์ deb yozilgan (va shuning uchun talaffuz qilinadi) dushanba), ammo sanskrit tilida ม นฺ ตฺ ร deb yozilgan (va shuning uchun talaffuz qilinadi) mantrani). Pali yozishda faqat 33 undosh va 12 unli ishlatiladi.

Bu tay sanskrit orfografiyasi yordamida yozilgan pali tilidagi matnning namunasi: อร อร ส ส มฺ มา ส มฺ พุ ทฺ โธ ภควา [arahaṃ sammasambuddho bhagavā]. Zamonaviy Tailand orfografiyasida yozilgan, bu อะ อะ ระ ง สัมมา สั ม พุ ท โธ ภะ คะ วา bo'ladi araxang sammasamphuttho phakhawa.

Tailandda sanskrit tili barcha undoshlar uchun tay qiymatlari yordamida o'qiladi (shuning uchun ค o'qiladi) xa va [ga]) emas, bu Tailandda o'qimagan sanskritistlar uchun Tailand tilidagi sanskrit tilini tushunarsiz qiladi. Sanskritcha qadriyatlar translyatsiyada ishlatiladi ( diakritiklar ), ammo Tailandda sanskrit tilini baland ovoz bilan o'qiyotganda bu qiymatlar hech qachon ishlatilmaydi. Tayland tilida ishlatiladigan unlilar sanskritcha bilan bir xil, faqat ฤ, ฤๅ, ฦ va ฦๅ bundan mustasno, ular Sanskritcha qadriyatlari emas, balki Tailand qadriyatlari yordamida o'qiladi. Sanskrit va pali tonal tillar emas, ammo Tailandda ushbu tillarni baland ovoz bilan o'qiyotganda Tailand ohanglari ishlatiladi.

Ushbu bo'limdagi jadvallarda har bir harfning Tailand qiymati (Tailand qirolligi tizimiga ko'ra translyatsiya qilingan) birinchi bo'lib, keyin esa IAST kvadrat qavsdagi har bir harfning qiymati. Esingizda bo'lsa, Tailandda IAST qiymatlari hech qachon talaffuzda ishlatilmaydi, lekin ba'zida transkripsiyada (diakritikalar chiqarib tashlangan holda). Transkripsiya va so'zlashuv qiymati o'rtasidagi bu kelishmovchilik Tailanddagi sanskritcha nomlarning romanizatsiyasini tushuntiradi, aksariyat chet elliklar chalkash deb topishadi. Masalan, สุวรรณภูมิ quyidagicha romanizatsiya qilingan Suvarnabhumi, lekin talaffuz qilingan su-van-na-phum. ศรีนครินทร์ is romanised as Srinagarindra but pronounced si-nakha-rin.

Plosives (vargaḥ)

Plosives (also called stops) are listed in their traditional Sanskrit order, which corresponds to Thai alphabetical order from ก ga ม with three exceptions: in Thai, high-class ข is followed by two obsolete characters with no Sanskrit equivalent, high-class ฃ and low-class ฅ; low-class ช is followed by sibilant ซ (low-class equivalent of high-class sibilant ส that follows ศ and ษ.) The table gives the Thai value first, and then the IAST value in square brackets.

None of the Sanskrit plosives are pronounced as the Thai voiced plosives, so these are not represented in the table. While letters are listed here according to their class in Sanskrit, Thai has lost the distinction between many of the consonants. So, while there is a clear distinction between ช and ฌ in Sanskrit, in Thai these two consonants are pronounced identically (including tone). Likewise, the Thai phonemes do not differentiate between the retroflex and dental classes, because Thai has no retroflex consonants. The equivalents of all the retroflex consonants are pronounced identically to their dental counterparts: thus ฏ is pronounced like ต, ฐ is pronounced like ถ, ฑ is pronounced like ท, ฒ is pronounced like ธ, and ณ is pronounced like น.

The Sanskrit unaspirated unvoiced plosives are pronounced as unaspirated unvoiced, whereas Sanskrit aspirated voiced plosives are pronounced as aspirated unvoiced.

Non-plosives (avargaḥ)

Yarim sochiqlar (กึ่งสระ kueng sara) va suyuqliklar come in Thai alphabetical order after ม, the last of the plosives. The term อวรรค awak means "without a break"; that is, without a plosive.

Sibilantlar

Inserted sound(s) (เสียดแทรก siat saek) follow the semi-vowel ว in alphabetical order.

Like Sanskrit, Thai has no voiced sibilant (so no 'z' or 'zh'). In modern Thai, the distinction between the three high-class consonants has been lost and all three are pronounced 'sà'; however, foreign words with an sh-sound may still be transcribed as if the Sanskrit values still hold (e.g., ang-grit อังกฤษ for Ingliz tili instead of อังกฤส).

ศ ศาลา (so sala) leads words, as in its example word, ศาลา. The digraph ศรี (Indic sri ) is regularly pronounced สี (si), as in Sisaket viloyati, Thai: ศรีสะเกษ.

ษ ฤๅษี (so rue-si) may only lead syllables ichida a word, as in its example, ฤๅษี, or to end a syllable as in ศรีสะเกษ Sisaket and อังกฤษ Angkrit Ingliz tili.

ส เสือ (so suea) spells native Thai words that require a high-class /s/, as well as tabiiylashtirilgan Pali/Sanskrit words, such as สารท (สาท) in Thetsakan Sat: เทศกาลสารท (เทด-สะ-กาน-สาท), formerly ศารท (สาท).

ซ โซ่ (so so), which follows the similar-appearing ช in Thai alphabetical order, spells words requiring a low-class /s/, as does ทร + vowel.

ทร, as in the heading of this section, เสียดแทรก (pronounced เสียดแซก siat saek), when accompanied by a vowel (implicit in ทรง (ซง Qo'shiq an element in forming words used with royalty); a semivowel in ทรวง (ซวง suang chest, heart); or explicit in ทราย (ซาย sayi sand). Exceptions to ทร + vowel = /s/ are the prefix โทร- (ga teng tele- far, pronounced โทระ to-ra), and phonetic re-spellings of English tr- (as in the phonetic respelling of karnay: ทรัมเพ็ท.) ทร is otherwise pronounced as two syllables ทอระ-, as in ทรมาน (ทอระมาน to-ra-man to torment).

Voiced h

ห, a high-class consonant, comes next in alphabetical order, but its low-class equivalent, ฮ, follows similar-appearing อ as the last letter of the Thai alphabet. Like modern Hindi, the voicing has disappeared, and the letter is now pronounced like English 'h'. Like Sanskrit, this letter may only be used to start a syllable, but may not end it. (A popular beer is romanized as Singha, but in Thai is สิงห์, with a karan on the ห; correct pronunciation is "qo'shiq ayt ", but foreigners to Thailand typically say "sing-ha".)

Voiced lla

This represents the retroflex liquid of Pali and Vedic Sanskrit, which does not exist in Classical Sanskrit.

Unlilar

All consonants have an inherent 'a' sound, and therefore there is no need to use the ะ symbol when writing Sanskrit. The Thai vowels อื, ไอ, ใอ, and so forth, are not used in Sanskrit. The undosh undosh, อ, is unique to the Indic alphabets descended from Khmer. When it occurs in Sanskrit, it is always the zero consonant and never the vowel o [ɔː]. Its use in Sanskrit is therefore to write vowels that cannot be otherwise written alone: e.g., อา or อี. When อ is written on its own, then it is a carrier for the implied vowel, a [a] (equivalent to อะ in Thai).

The vowel sign อำ occurs in Sanskrit, but only as the combination of the pure vowels sara a อา with nikkhahit อํ.

Boshqa belgilar

There are a number of additional symbols only used to write Sanskrit or Pali, and not used in writing Thai.

Nikkhahit (anusvāra)

In Sanskrit, the anusvara indicates a certain kind of nasal sound. In Thai this is written as an open circle above the consonant, known as nikkhahit (นิคหิต), from Pali niggahīta. Nasalisation does not occur in Thai, therefore, a nasal stop is always substituted: e.g. ตํ taṃ, is pronounced as ตัง tang by Thai Sanskritists. If nikkhahit occurs before a consonant, then Thai uses a nasal stop of the same class: e.g. สํสฺกฺฤตา [saṃskṛta] is read as สันสกฤตา san-sa-krit-ta (The ส following the nikkhahit is a dental-class consonant, therefore the dental-class nasal stop น is used). For this reason, it has been suggested that in Thai, nikkhahit should be listed as a consonant.^[7] Also, traditional Pali grammars describe nikkhahit as a consonant. Nikkhahit นิคหิต occurs as part of the Thai vowels sara am อำ and sara ue อึ.

Phinthu (virāma)

อฺ

Because the Thai script is an abugida, a symbol (equivalent to virama yilda devanagari ) needs to be added to indicate that the implied vowel is not to be pronounced. This is the phinthu, which is a solid dot (also called 'Bindu' in Sanskrit) below the consonant.

Yamakkan

อ๎

Yamakkan (ยามักการ) is an obsolete symbol used to mark the beginning of consonant clusters: e.g. พ๎ราห๎มณ phramana [brāhmaṇa]. Without the yamakkan, this word would be pronounced pharahamana [barāhamaṇa] o'rniga. This is a feature unique to the Thai script (other Indic scripts use a combination of ligatures, conjuncts or virāma to convey the same information). The symbol is obsolete because pinthu may be used to achieve the same effect: พฺราหฺมณ.

Visarga

The means of recording visarga (final voiceless 'h') in Thai has reportedly been lost, although the character ◌ะ which is used to transcribe a short /a/ or to add a glottal stop after a vowel is the closest equivalent and can be seen used as a visarga in some Thai-script Sanskrit text.

Unicode

Thai script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Thai is U+0E00–U+0E7F.It is a verbatim copy of the older TIS-620 character set which encodes the vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ and ไ before the consonants they follow, and thus Thai, Laos, Tai Vietnam va Yangi Tai Lue yagona Braxma yozuvlari in Unicode that use visual order instead of logical order.

Keyboard Layouts

Thai characters can be typed using the Kedmanee layout va Pattachote tartibi.

Shuningdek qarang

• Tailand tili
• Thai typography
• Tailand raqamlari
• Thai braille
• Tailand adabiyoti

Adabiyotlar

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Thai script"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2007 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Tashqi havolalar

• Tailand alifbosining keng qamrovli bepul manbai
• Tailand yozuvini Devanagari, Khmer, Birma va Tai Tham bilan taqqoslash
• Omniglot - Tailand
• Tailand undoshlari
• Tailand unlilar
• Uchun tarjimalar Tailand tovushlari, Tailand undoshlari
• Tailand undoshlarining fonetik tashkiloti, Richard Wordingham tomonidan
• Virtual Thai klaviaturasi Windows operatsion tizimi uchun bepul dastur
• Nol kenglikdagi belgini joylashtiring - Ushbu yordamchi dastur aniqlangan so'zlar oralig'iga Unicode-ni "Nol kenglikdagi belgi" qo'shib tayland tilidagi matnni tayyorlaydi.