HMS Qalpoqcha - HMS Hood - Wikipedia

Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa kemalar uchun qarang HMS Hood deb nomlangan kemalar ro'yxati.

HMS Hood (51) - 17 mart 1924.jpg
Qalpoqcha, 1924 yil 17-mart
Tarix
Birlashgan Qirollik
Ism:Qalpoqcha
Ism egasi:Admiral Samuel Gud
Buyurtma:1916 yil 7-aprel
Quruvchi:John Brown & Company
Narxi:£ 6,025,000
Hovli raqami:460
Yotgan:1 sentyabr 1916 yil
Ishga tushirildi:1918 yil 22-avgust
Buyurtma qilingan:1920 yil 15-may
Xizmatda:1920–1941
Identifikatsiya:Vimpel raqami: 51
Shiori:Ventis Secundis (Lotin: "Qulay shamollar bilan")[1]
Taxallus (lar):Qudratli qalpoq
Taqdir:Davomida cho'kdi Daniya bo'g'ozidagi jang, 1941 yil 24-may
Nishon:A Cornish chough 1859 yilga nisbatan chap tomonga burilgan langarni ko'tarish[2]
Umumiy xususiyatlar
Sinf va turi:Admiral-sinf jangovar
Ko'chirish:46,680 uzoq tonnalar (47,430 t ) chuqur yuk
Uzunlik:860 ft 7 dyuym (262,3 m)
Nur:104 fut 2 dyuym (31,8 m)
Qoralama:9,8 m masofada 32 fut 0
Harakatlanish:4 val; 4 tishli bug 'turbinalari
Tezlik:
  • 1920: 32 tugunlar (59 km / soat; 37 milya)
  • 1941 yil: 30 tugun (56 km / soat; 35 milya)
Qator:1931: 5,332 dengiz millari (9,870 km; 6,140 mil) 20 tugunda (37 km / soat; 23 milya)
To'ldiruvchi:
  • 1919: 1,433
  • 1934: 1,325
Sensor va
ishlov berish tizimlari:
Qurollanish:
Zirh:
Samolyotlar:

HMS Qalpoqcha (bayroq raqami 51) edi qo'rg'oshin kemasi ning uning sinfi to'rttadan jangovar uchun qurilgan Qirollik floti davomida Birinchi jahon urushi. Zotan, qurilishda Yutland jangi 1916 yil o'rtalarida sodir bo'ldi, bu jang to'rt yil o'tib tugatilishidan oldin uning jiddiy qayta ko'rib chiqilishiga qaramay, uning dizaynidagi jiddiy kamchiliklarni aniqladi. Shu sababli, u o'z sinfining yagona kemasi edi Admirallik Muvaffaqiyatli jangovar kruizerlarni toza dizayni bilan boshlash yaxshiroq deb qaror qildim, bu esa hech qachon qurilmaganlarga olib keladi G-3 klassi. Yangi va zamonaviy kemalar paydo bo'lishiga qaramay, Qalpoqcha foydalanishga topshirilgandan keyin 20 yil davomida dunyodagi eng katta harbiy kema bo'lib qoldi va uning obro'si uning "Qudratli qalpoqcha" laqabida aks etdi.

Qalpoqcha bir nechta ishtirok etgan bayroqni ko'rsatish uning orasidagi mashqlar foydalanishga topshirish 1920 yilda va 1939 yilda urush boshlanishi, shu jumladan O'rta dengizda mashq qilish va Yer sharini aylanib o'tish Maxsus xizmat otryadi 1923 va 1924 yillarda. U ga biriktirilgan O'rta dengiz floti tarqalishidan keyin Ikkinchi Italiya-Efiopiya urushi. Qachon Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi chiqib ketdi, Qalpoqcha 1939 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaga kapital ta'mirlash uchun qaytib kelguniga qadar O'rta dengiz flotiga rasmiy ravishda tayinlangan. Bu vaqtga kelib dengiz qurol-yarog 'ishlab chiqarishidagi yutuqlar pasayib ketdi Qalpoqcha'foydaliligi. Ushbu muammolarni tuzatish uchun u 1941 yilda katta qayta tiklanishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo boshlandi Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1939 yil sentyabrda kemani yangilanmasdan xizmatga qaytarishga majbur qildi.

Germaniya bilan urush e'lon qilinganda, Qalpoqcha atrofida joylashgan hududda faoliyat yuritayotgan edi Islandiya va keyingi bir necha oy davomida u nemisni qidirib yurdi tijorat reyderlari va blokada yuguruvchilari Islandiya va Norvegiya dengizi. Uning harakatlantiruvchi tizimini qisqa yangilashdan so'ng, u suzib ketdi flagman ning Majburiy H va ishtirok etdi Mers-el-Kebirdagi frantsuz flotining yo'q qilinishi. Force H flagmani sifatida ozod qilindi, Qalpoqcha jo'natildi Skapa oqimi va ushbu hududda konvoy eskorti sifatida va keyinchalik potentsial nemis bosqinchiligidan himoya sifatida ishlagan.

1941 yil may oyida, Qalpoqcha va jangovar kema Uels shahzodasi ushlash buyurilgan Germaniya harbiy kemasiBismark va og'ir kreyser Prinz Evgen, ular konvoylarga hujum qilishlari kerak bo'lgan Atlantika tomon yo'l olishgan. 1941 yil 24 mayda Daniya bo'g'ozidagi jang, Qalpoqcha bir nechta nemis snaryadlari bilan urilib, portlab ketdi va 3 daqiqada ekipajning uch kishisidan boshqa hamma halok bo'ldi. Uning omma oldida yengilmasligi tufayli, bu yo'qotish Britaniya ruhiyatiga ta'sir qildi.

The Qirollik floti kemaning tezda nobud bo'lish sabablari to'g'risida ikkita so'rov o'tkazdi. Birinchisi, kema yo'qolganidan ko'p o'tmay, shunday xulosaga keldi Qalpoqcha's orqada jurnal ulardan biridan keyin portlab ketgan edi Bismark'snaryadlar kemaning zirhiga kirib bordi. Ikkinchi so'rov birinchi kemada kema portlashi kabi muqobil tushuntirishlarni ko'rib chiqmagani haqida shikoyatlardan so'ng o'tkazildi. torpedalar. Bu birinchi taxtaga qaraganda ancha puxta edi va birinchi kengash xulosasiga mos keldi. Rasmiy tushuntirishga qaramay, ba'zi tarixchilar torpedalar kemaning yo'qolishiga sabab bo'lgan deb hisoblashda davom etishdi, boshqalari esa kema birining ichida tasodifiy portlashni taklif qilishdi qurol minoralari bu jurnalga etib bordi. Boshqa tarixchilar jurnal portlashi sabablari bilan shug'ullangan. 2001 yilda kema halokatining topilishi ikkala taxtaning xulosasini tasdiqladi, ammo jurnallarning portlashining aniq sababi noma'lum bo'lib qolishi mumkin, chunki portlashda kemaning bu qismi vayron bo'lgan.

Dizayn va tavsif

Asosiy maqola: Admiral sinfidagi jangovar samolyot
Ning profil chizmasi Qalpoqcha u 1921 yilda bo'lgani kabi, Atlantika flotida quyuq kul rangda

The Admiral-klass battlecruiserlari nemislarga javoban ishlab chiqilgan Makensen- sinf jangovar jangovar samolyotlar, ular eng so'nggi inglizlarning jangovar samolyotlariga qaraganda ancha qurollangan va zirhli ekanligi xabar qilingan. Mashhur va Jasoratli sinflar. Dizayn Jutland jangidan keyin og'irroq zirhlarni qo'shish uchun qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va to'rtta kema ham yotqizilgan. Faqat Qalpoqcha qurib bitkazildi, chunki kemalar juda qimmatga tushar edi va yo'qotilgan kemalarning o'rnini bosish uchun zarur bo'lgan qurilish savdo kemalarini yaxshiroq ishlatish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan mehnat va materialni talab qiladi. Germaniyaning qayiqda yurish kampaniyasi.[3]

Qalpoqcha ning oldingilaridan sezilarli darajada katta bo'lgan Mashhur sinf. Tugallangandan so'ng, u an umumiy uzunlik 860 fut 7 dyuym (262.3 m), maksimal nur 104 fut 2 dyuym (31,8 m) va a qoralama balandligi 9,8 m chuqur yuk. Bu eski kemalardan 110 fut (33,5 m) uzunroq va 14 fut (4,3 m) kengroq edi. U yuk paytida 42670 tonna (43.350 tonna) va chuqur yukda 46680 uzun tonna (47.430 tonna) ko'chirdi, bu eski kemalardan 13000 tonnadan (13210 tonna) ko'proq. Kema to'liq jihozga ega edi pastki pastki. Qalpoqcha bor edi metatsentrik balandlik chuqur yuk paytida 4,2 fut (1,3 m),[4] bu uning rulosini minimallashtirdi va uni barqaror qurol platformasiga aylantirdi.

Qurilish paytida qo'shilgan qo'shimcha zirh chuqurlikdagi yukini taxminan 1,2 metrga oshirdi va bu uni kamaytirdi bepul taxta va uni juda ho'l qildi. To'liq tezlikda yoki og'ir dengizlarda suv kema ustidan oqib o'tardi kvartal va ko'pincha kirgan messdecks va shamollatish shaftalari orqali yashash joylari.[5] Ushbu xususiyat unga "dengiz flotidagi eng katta suvosti kemasi" laqabini berdi.[6] Doimiy namlik va kemaning shamollatilishi yomonlashishi bilan kasallanishning ko'pligi sabab bo'lgan sil kasalligi bortda.[7] Uning faoliyati davomida kema komplekti har xil edi; 1919 yilda unga 1433 kishiga eskadronlar bayrog'i sifatida vakolat berilgan; 1934 yilda uning bortida 81 zobit va 1244 kishi bo'lgan.[8]

Harakatlanish tizimi 24 tadan iborat edi Yarrow qozonlari, Brown-Curtis-ga ulangan bug 'turbinalari to'rtta vintni haydash. Battlecruiser turbinalari 144 ming ishlab chiqarishga mo'ljallangan edi mil ot kuchi (107000 kVt), bu kemani 31 da harakatga keltiradi tugunlar (57 km / soat; 36 milya), lekin vaqtida dengiz sinovlari 1920 yilda, Qalpoqcha's turbinalari 151,280 ot kuchini (112,810 kVt) ta'minladi va bu unga 32,07 knot (59,39 km / soat; 36,91 mil / soat) ga erishishga imkon berdi. U taxminan 3895 tonnani (3958 tonna) tashiydi mazut,[9] bu taxminiy 7500 oralig'ini berdi dengiz millari (13,900 km; 8,600 mil) 14 tugunda (26 km / soat; 16 milya).[4]

Qurollanish

Yaqindan surat Qalpoqcha'1926 yildagi 15 dyuymli qurollar, o'zlarining sayohatlarining o'ta kamoniga burilib, port kamonining kvartalini qoplagan; bu holatda otish pastki relslari va ustki tuzilishga portlash bilan zarar etkazishi mumkin

Qalpoqcha sakkizta 42-kalibrli BL 15 dyuymli (381 mm) Mk I qurollari gidravlik quvvatli egizakda qurol minoralari. Qurollar -5 ° gacha bosilib, + 30 ° gacha ko'tarilishi mumkin. Maksimal balandlikda ular 1920 funt (870 kg) chig'anoqni maksimal 30,180 yard (27,600 m) oralig'ida otdilar. Minora old tomondan orqa tomonga 'A', 'B', 'X' va 'Y' deb belgilangan edi,[10][11] va har bir qurol uchun 120 ta snaryad olib borilgan.[4]

Qalpoqcha'Ikkilamchi qurollanish o'n ikkita 50 kalibrdan iborat edi BL 5,5 dyuymli (140 mm) Mk I qurollar, ularning har biri 200 o'qdan iborat.[4] Ular jo'natildi himoyalangan bittaburilish moslamalari yuqori pastki va oldinga mo'ljallangan boshpana pastki qismida joylashgan. Ushbu yuqori lavozim ularni og'ir ob-havo sharoitida ishlashga imkon berdi, chunki ular bilan solishtirganda to'lqinlar va buzadigan amallar kamroq ta'sir ko'rsatdi kazemat ilgari inglizlarning tog'lari kapital kemalar.[12] Boshpana maydonchasidagi ushbu qurollarning ikkitasi vaqtincha almashtirildi QF 4 dyuymli (102 mm) Mk V zenit (AA) qurollari 1938 yildan 1939 yilgacha. Barcha 5,5 dyuymli qurollar 1940 yilda yana bir marta ta'mirlanganda olib tashlangan.[13] Qurol 82 kilogramm (37 kg) snaryadni maksimal 17770 yard (16250 m) oralig'ida otdi.[14]

Kema asl zenit qurollari to'rtta QF 4 dyuymli Mk V qurollaridan iborat edi. Bularga 1939 yil boshlarida 45 kalibrli to'rtta egizak tog 'qo'shildi QF 4 dyuymli Mark XVI ikki maqsadli qurol. Yagona qurol 1939 yil o'rtalarida olib tashlandi va 1940 yil boshida yana uchta egizak Mark XIX-lar o'rnatildi.[15] Ushbu o'rnatish −10 dan + 80 ° gacha ko'tarilishi mumkin. Mk XVI avtomati taxminan o'n ikki yarim funtdan (16 kg) o'q uzdi. yuqori portlovchi minutiga 2660 fut / s (810 m / s) tezlikda snaryadlar. Er usti nishonlariga qarshi u 19,850 yard (18,150 m) oralig'ida va maksimal shift balandligi 39,000 fut (12,000 m) ni tashkil etdi, ammo samolyotlarga qarshi samolyotning ta'sir doirasi juda kam.[16]

1931 yilda 40 millimetr uchun (1,6 dyuym) sakkizli o'rnatish moslamasi QF 2 asosli Mk VIII qurol boshpana pastki qismiga, huni bilan bir qatorda qo'shilgan va uchinchi o'rnatish 1937 yilda qo'shilgan.[17] Ushbu qurol moslamalari −10 ° gacha tushishi va maksimal + 80 ° gacha ko'tarilishi mumkin. Mk VIII 2 pog'onali qurol 40 millimetr (1,6 dyuym) 0,91 funt (0,41 kg) snaryadni 1,920 fut / s (590 m / s) tezlikda 3800 yard (3500 m) masofaga otdi. Qurolning o'q otish tezligi daqiqada 96-98 o'qni tashkil etdi.[18]

Ikkita to'rtta o'rnatish Vikers 0,5 dyuymli (12,7 mm) Mk III pulemyot 1933 yilda qo'shilgan yana ikkita o'rnatish bilan 1933 yilda qo'shilgan.[17] Ushbu tog'lar −10 ° gacha tushishi va maksimal + 70 ° gacha ko'tarilishi mumkin. Pulemyotlar 1.326-untsiya (37.6 g) o'qni 2520 fut / s (770 m / s) tezlikda o'q uzdi. Bu qurolga 5000 yd (4600 m) atrofida maksimal masofani berdi, ammo uning samarali masofasi atigi 800 yd (730 m) edi.[19] Ularga beshta qo'shildi noaniq snaryad 1940 yildagi raketalar, har bir raketa 20 dyuymli (180 mm) raketalarni olib yurgan.[17] Ular portlaganda raketalar balandlikda ushlab turilgan uzunlikdagi kabelni otib tashlashdi parashyutlar; simi samolyotlarni tortib olish va samolyotni yo'q qiladigan kichik havo minasini tuzish uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[20]

Olti sobit 21 dyuymli (533 mm) torpedo naychalari o'rnatilgan edi Qalpoqcha, har birida uchta keng. Ulardan ikkitasi "A" minorasi oldiga cho'kib ketgan jurnal qolgan to'rttasi suv ustida edi, yaxshi orqa huni.[4] The Mk IV torpedalari 515 funt (234 kg) jangovar kallakka ega edi TNT. Ular ikkita tezlik va diapazon parametrlariga ega edilar - 25 knot (46 km / soat; 29 milya) maksimal masofasi 13500 yard (12 300 m) yoki 40 knot (74 km / soat; 46 milya) dan 5000 metrgacha (4600 m). Taxminan 28 ta torpedalar olib borildi.[21]

Yong'in nazorati

Ning havodan ko'rinishi Qalpoqcha 1924 yilda: Ikkala oldinga siljiydigan minoralar minoraning orqa qismidan chiqib turgan taniqli masofadan turib aniqlovchi qurilmalari bilan ko'rinadi. Minora ortida yong'inni boshqarish bo'yicha bosh direktor tomonidan o'zining masofadan o'lchash moslamasi o'rnatilgan yuqori burchakli minora joylashgan. Ikkilamchi rejissyor shtativ ustki qismida joylashgan joyning yuqori qismiga o'rnatiladi.

Qalpoqcha ikkitasi bilan yakunlandi yong'inni boshqarish bo'yicha direktorlar. Ulardan biri yuqorida joylashgan edi qasr minorasi zirhli qalpoq bilan himoyalangan va 30 fut (9,1 m) bilan jihozlangan masofani aniqlovchi. Ikkinchisiga jihozlangan dog 'tepasi tripod ustida oldingi va 15 metrli (4,6 m) masofadan o'lchash moslamasi bilan jihozlangan. Har bir minoraga 30 fut (9,1 m) masofadagi masofadan o'lchash moslamasi o'rnatildi. Ikkilamchi qurollanish, asosan, har ikki tomonga o'rnatilgan direktorlar tomonidan boshqarilgan ko'prik. Ular old tomondan ikkita qo'shimcha nazorat pozitsiyalari bilan to'ldirildi, ular 1924-25 yillarda o'rnatilgan 9 metrli (2,7 m) masofadan turib aniqlanadigan o'lchov moslamalari bilan ta'minlandi.[12] Zenit qurollari oddiy yuqori burchakli 2 metrli (6 fut 7 dyuym) masofadan boshqarish pultiga o'rnatilgan,[22] 1926–1927 yillarda jihozlangan. Uchta torpedo-nazorat minoralari o'rnatildi, ularning har biri 15 metrli (4,6 m) masofadan o'lchash moslamasiga ega edi. Ulardan biri boshqaruv minorasining har ikki tomonida, uchinchisi esa orqaga qarab orqaga burilish holatida joylashgan.[12]

1929–31 yillar davomida qayta tiklash paytida, a yuqori burchakli boshqaruv tizimi (HACS) Mark I direktori orqa yoritgich maydonchasiga qo'shildi va spotning yuqori qismida orqada 2 asosli "pom-pom" zenit rejissyorlari uchun ikkita lavozim qo'shildi, garchi dastlab faqat bitta direktor o'rnatilgan bo'lsa.[23] 5,5 dyuymli boshqaruv pozitsiyalari va ularning aniqlanish tepasidagi masofa o'lchagichlari 1932 yilgi ta'mirlash vaqtida olib tashlangan. 1934 yilda "pom-pom" rejissyorlari joyning tepasida joylashgan 5,5 dyuymli boshqaruv pozitsiyalarining avvalgi joylariga ko'chirildi va 5,5 dyuymli boshqaruv pozitsiyalari uchun 9 metrli (2,7 m) masofaviy ko'rsatkichlar signal platformasida qayta o'rnatildi . Ikki yildan so'ng, "pom-pom" rejissyorlari ularni huni gazlaridan chiqarish uchun ko'prikning orqa burchaklariga ko'chirildi. 1938 yilda HACS direktori lavozimida yana bir "pom-pom" rejissyor qo'shilgan. Keyingi yili signal platformasining orqa uchiga ikkita HACS Mark III direktori qo'shilgan va Mark I direktorining orqasi o'rniga Mark III.[24] Davomida Qalpoqcha'larning so'nggi ta'miri 1941 yilda, a 279 kiriting havo ogohlantiruvchi radar va a 284 kiriting qurol-yarog 'radarlari o'rnatildi,[25] 279-toifa radar qabul qilish havosiga ega bo'lmagan va Robertsning so'zlariga ko'ra ishlamay qolgan.[26]

Biroq, Admiralty hujjati ADM 220/76 "H.M.S. Hood, H.M.S. Illustrious, H.M.S. King George V va RDF279 ning kichik kemalarida ishlash to'g'risida hisobotlar"[27] shuni ko'rsatadiki, Rozitda 1941 yilda qayta tiklanganidan so'ng, Qalpoqcha'279-toifa radar haqiqatan ham ishlab turardi. HMS ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Qalpoqcha Assotsiatsiya veb-sayti,[28] havo ogohlantiruvchi radar 279M turi deb nomlanuvchi o'zgartirilgan turga ega edi, bu bilan 279 toifa o'rtasidagi farq antennalar soni. 279 toifa ikkita antennadan, uzatuvchi va qabul qiluvchidan foydalangan bo'lsa, 279M toifa faqat bitta qabul qiluvchi-qabul qiluvchidan foydalangan. Qalpoqcha uning 279M to'plami bilan 3 daraja aniqligi haqida xabar berdi.

Himoya

Qalpoqcha'zirh sxemasi dastlab battlecruiser-ga asoslangan edi Yo'lbars 8 dyuymli (203 mm) suv liniyasi kamari. Dan farqli o'laroq Yo'lbars, zirh suv sathidan tekis traektoriya chig'anoqlariga nisbatan nisbiy qalinligini oshirish uchun 12 ° burchakka burildi. Ushbu o'zgarish kemaning zaifligini oshirdi sho'ng'ish (yuqori traektoriya) snaryadlar, chunki u pastki kemaning zirhlarini ko'proq ta'sir qildi. Britaniyaliklarning tajribalariga asoslanib, 1916 yil oxirida dizaynga 5000 tonna (5100 tonna) zirh qo'shilgan Yutland jangi, chuqurroq qoralash va tezlikni biroz pasayishi evaziga.

Qurilish vaqtini tejash uchun bu butun kemani qayta ishlashga emas, balki mavjud zirhlarni qalinlashtirish orqali amalga oshirildi.[29] Qalpoqcha'Uning muhofazasi uning ko'chirilishining 33 foizini tashkil etdi, bu ingliz standartlari bo'yicha yuqori darajada, ammo zamonaviy nemis dizaynlarida odatdagidan kamroq (masalan, jangovar uchun 36 foiz) SMSXindenburg ).[30]

Zirhli kamar yuzi qotib qolganlardan iborat edi Krupp sementlangan zirh (KC), uchga joylashtirilgan qoziqlar. Asosiy suv o'tkazgich kamari "A" va "Y" o'rtasida 12 dyuym (305 mm) qalinlikda edi. barbetlar kemaning uchlariga qarab 5 dan 6 dyuymgacha (127 dan 152 mm gacha) ingichkalashgan, ammo yo kamonga, ham orqa tomonga etib bormagan. O'rtacha zirh kamarining maksimal qalinligi suv satrining zirh qismi bilan bir xil uzunlikda 7 dyuym (178 mm) ga teng edi va "A" barbetidan besh dyuymgacha suyultirildi. Yuqori belbog '5 dyuymli qalinlikda edi va old tomonga "A" barbetacha uzatilgan, qisqa 4 dyuymli (102 mm) kengaytma bilan.[31]

Qurol minoralari va barbetlari 5 dyuym qalinligi bo'lgan minoralar tomlaridan tashqari 11 dan 15 dyuymgacha (279 dan 381 mm gacha) KC zirhlari bilan himoyalangan. Qatlamlar yuqori kuchlanishli po'latdan yasalgan. The prognoz pastki qalinligi 1,75 dan 2,0 dyuymgacha (44 dan 51 mm) gacha, yuqori qavatning qalinligi esa 2 dyuym (51 mm) ga teng. jurnallar va boshqa joylarda 0,75 dyuym (19 mm). Asosiy plyonkaning ustki qismida jurnallar ustidagi 3 dyuym (76 mm) va boshqa joylarda 1 dyuym (25 mm) bo'lgan, faqat asosiy kamarning pastki qismiga to'g'ri keladigan 2 dyuym qalinlikdagi nishab. Pastki pastki 3 dyuym qalinlikda edi pervanel vallari, Jurnallar ustidan 2 dyuym va boshqa joylarda 1 dyuym.[32]

Asosiy maydonchada 3 dyuymli qoplama qurilishning juda kech bosqichida qo'shilgan va keyinchalik 5,5 dyuymli to'rtta qurol va ularning o'q-dorilar ko'taruvchisi qisman kompensatsiya sifatida olib tashlangan. Yangi 15 dyuymli APC (zirhli teshik, yopiq) qobiq bilan jonli otish sinovlari maketga qarshi Qalpoqcha 7-dyuymli o'rta kamar va asosiy maydonchaning 2-dyuymli qiyaligi orqali ushbu qobiq kema hayotiga kirib borishini ko'rsatdi. Ushbu sinovlarga javoban 1919 yil iyulda oldinga qo'yilgan jurnallar ustidagi zirhlarni 5 dyuym va orqa jurnallar ustidan 6 dyuymgacha oshirish taklifi ilgari surildi. Qo'shimcha og'irlikni qoplash uchun suv ostidagi ikkita torpedo naychalari va orqa torpedo jangovar kallaklari uchun zirhlar olib tashlandi va orqadagi torpedo-nazorat minorasi uchun zirhlar qalinligi 6 dyuymdan 1,5 dyuymgacha (38 mm) kamaydi. Biroq, qo'shimcha zirhlar keyingi sinovlarga qadar hech qachon o'rnatilmagan.[33] Tugallangandan so'ng, Qalpoqcha chig'anoqlar va bombalarga ta'sirchan bo'lib qoldi.[32] Torpedo jangovar zirhlari kemaning 1929–1931 yillarda qayta tiklanishi paytida tiklangan.[26]

Torpedalardan himoya qilish uchun unga 7,5 fut (2,3 m) berilgan[32] chuqur torpedo bo'rtig'i kema uzunligini old va orqa barbetlar orasidagi masofani bosib o'tgan. U portlash kuchini yutish va taqsimlash uchun mo'ljallangan, suv o'tkazmaydigan besh qatorli "maydalash naychalari" bilan to'ldirilgan bo'sh tashqi bo'limga va ichki bo'linishga bo'lingan. Shishaning qalinligi 1,5 dyuym bo'lgan torpedo bulkhead.[34]

Samolyot

Qalpoqcha dastlab "B" va "X" minoralari ustiga o'rnatilgan uchuvchi platformalar o'rnatildi, ulardan Fairey Flycatchers ishga tushirish mumkin.[35] 1929–31 yillarda uni qayta tiklash paytida platforma "X" minorasidan va o'rgatiladigan, katlanadigan joydan olib tashlandi katapulta unga o'rnatildi kvartal, tiklash uchun kran bilan birga a dengiz samolyoti. U a Fairey III 444-sonli F. Uchish Qirollik havo kuchlari. 1932 yil davomida G'arbiy Hindiston Kruiz, katapultni tinch dengizdan boshqa joyda boshqarish qiyin bo'lgan, chunki u yomon ob-havo sharoitida tez-tez yuvilib turardi. Katapulta va kran 1932 yilda, "B" minorasida uchadigan platforma bilan birga olib tashlangan.[36]

Battlecruiser yoki tezkor kemalar

Qirollik floti har doim tayinlangan bo'lsa-da Qalpoqcha Battlecruiser sifatida, masalan, ba'zi zamonaviy yozuvchilar Entoni Preston uni a deb tasnifladilar tezkor kemalar, beri Qalpoqcha tez orada yaxshilangan ko'rinadi Qirolicha Yelizaveta- sinf jangovar kemalar. Qog'ozda, Qalpoqcha bir xil qurollanish va himoya darajasini saqlab qoldi, shu bilan birga tezroq.[37][38]

Taxminan 1918 yilda amerikalik qo'mondonlar, shu jumladan vitse-admiral Uilyam Sims, AQShning Evropadagi dengiz kuchlari qo'mondoni va Admiral Genri T. Mayo, komandiri Atlantika floti, juda ta'sirlangan Qalpoqcha, ular buni "tezkor jangovar kema" deb ta'rifladilar va ular AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari o'zlarining tezkor jangovar kemasini ishlab chiqarishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[39] Biroq, AQSh o'zlarining belgilangan dizayn yo'nalishini davom ettirdi, sekinroq, ammo yaxshi himoyalangan Janubiy Dakota- sinf jangovar kema va tez va engil zirhli Leksington- sinf battlecruiser, keyinchalik ikkalasi ham shartlariga muvofiq bekor qilingan Vashington dengiz shartnomasi 1922 yil[40]

Ta'sirlari Qalpoqcha keyingi ko'rsatdi Leksington asosiy zirh kamarining qisqarishi bilan "nishabli zirh ", va dastlabki dizayndagi to'rtta suv osti trubkasiga to'rtta suv usti torpedo trubkalarini qo'shish.[41] Chalkashliklarga qo'shimcha ravishda, davrdagi Royal Navy hujjatlari himoya zirhlari miqdoridan qat'i nazar, 24 knot (44 km / soat; 28 milya) tezlikda maksimal tezlikka ega bo'lgan har qanday jangovar kemani jangovar samolyot sifatida tasvirlaydi. Masalan, hech qachon qurilmagan G3 battlecruiser kabi tasniflangan, garchi u tezroq jangovar kema bo'lishi mumkin edi Qalpoqcha.[42]

Miqyosi Qalpoqcha'Yutlend davri uchun etarli bo'lsa-da, uni himoya qilish 1920 yilda qurib bitkazilgandan ko'p o'tmay paydo bo'lgan 16 dyuymli (406 mm) qurolli kapital kemalarining yangi avlodiga nisbatan eng yaxshi darajada marginal edi. Kolorado- sinf va yaponlar Nagato- sinf jangovar kemalar. Qirollik dengiz floti kemani himoya qilishdagi kamchiliklari hanuzgacha saqlanib qolganligini, hatto uning qayta ishlangan dizaynida ham saqlanib qolganligini to'liq bilar edi Qalpoqcha Battlecruiserning vazifalari uchun mo'ljallangan va u karerasining ko'p qismida jangovar otryadlarda xizmat qilgan. Karyerasining oxirida, Qalpoqcha Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davridagi tezkor jangovar kemalarning qurol-yarog 'va himoya vositalaridan ustun bo'lgan, ammo mavjud bo'lgan "katta qurol" kemalari kam Bismark's tezligi, va 1941 yilda, Admiralt kiritilgan Qalpoqcha nemis harbiy kemasini jalb qilish uchun yuborilgan kemalar orasida Bismark.[37]

Qurilish

Qurilishi Qalpoqcha da boshlandi John Brown & Company tersaneler Klaydbank, Shotlandiya, 1916 yil 1 sentyabrda. Yutland jangida uchta ingliz jangovar samolyotlari yo'qolganidan so'ng, 5000 tonna qo'shimcha zirh va qo'shimchalar qo'shildi. Qalpoqcha's dizayni.[43] Eng jiddiy tarzda, kemaning himoyasi nuqsonli edi - uchta katakka yoyilib, u kelib tushgan qobiqni yuqori qavatga zarba berishga mo'ljallangan edi, chunki energiyaning katta qismi so'rilib, keyingi ikki pastki zirhga kirib borishi kerak edi. . Oxirida vaqtni kechiktiradigan samarali qobiqlarni ishlab chiqish Birinchi jahon urushi ushbu sxemani juda kam samaraliroq qildi, chunki buzilmagan qobiq zaif zirh qatlamlariga kirib, kema ichida chuqur portlashi mumkin edi.[44] Bundan tashqari, u o'zining original dizayni bilan taqqoslaganda ortiqcha vaznga ega edi, bu esa uni yuqori darajada stressli tuzilishga ega bo'lgan ho'l kemaga aylantirdi.[37]

U 1918 yil 22-avgustda kontr-admiral Sirning bevasi tomonidan ishga tushirildi Horace Hood, Admiral Samuel Gudning nabirasi, uning nomiga kema berilgan. Ser Horace Hood qo'mondonlik paytida o'ldirilgan edi Battlecruiser 3-otryad va uning bayrog'ini ko'tarib Yengilmas - Yutland jangida portlagan uchta jangovar kemadan biri. Savdo qurilishi uchun Jon Braunning tersanesinde joy ajratish uchun, Qalpoqcha suzib ketdi Rozit uni bajarish uchun jihozlangan 1920 yil 9-yanvarda.[45] Keyin dengiz sinovlari, u 1920 yil 15 mayda foydalanishga topshirilgan Kapitan Uilfred Tompkinson. Uning narxi bor edi £ Qurish uchun 6,025,000.[46]

Uning ko'zga tashlanadigan egizak funnellari va oriq profillari bilan Qalpoqcha har doim qurilgan eng zamonaviy harbiy kemalardan biri sifatida tanilgan. U foydalanishga topshirilgandan so'ng, u dengizdagi eng katta harbiy kemadir va keyingi 20 yil ichida bu farqni saqlab qoldi.[47] Uning kattaligi va kuchli qurollanishi unga "Mighty Hood" laqabini berdi va u Britaniya imperiyasining o'zi qudratini ramziy qildi.[48]

Urushlararo xizmat

HMS Qalpoqcha yilda Sidney porti ning boshqa kemalari bilan kelganidan ko'p o'tmay Maxsus xizmat otryadi 1924 yil 9-aprelda ularning dunyo bo'ylab safari paytida

1920 yil 15 mayda foydalanishga topshirilgandan ko'p o'tmay, Qalpoqcha ning flagmani bo'ldi Battlecruiser Squadron buyrug'i bilan Atlantika flotining Kontr-admiral Janob Rojer Keys. O'sha yili Skandinaviya suvlari bo'ylab sayohatdan so'ng, kapitan Jefri Makvort qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Qalpoqcha tashrif buyurgan O'rta er dengizi 1921 va 1922 yillarda Braziliyaga va G'arbiy Hindistonga battlecruiser eskadroni bilan birgalikda sayohat qilishdan oldin bayroqni ko'rsatish va O'rta er dengizi floti bilan mashq qilish.[49]

Kapitan Jon im Thurn qachon buyruq edi Qalpoqcha, jangovar kruizer bilan birga Qaytish va Dana- sinf ning kreyserlari 1-chi yengil kruizer otryad, yo'lga chiqdi dunyo kruizida orqali g'arbdan sharqqa Panama kanali 1923 yil noyabrda. Kruizning maqsadi eslatib turish edi dominionlar ularning Britaniya dengiz kuchiga bog'liqligi va ularni pul, kemalar va inshootlar bilan qo'llab-quvvatlashga undaydi. 10 oydan keyin 1924 yil sentyabr oyida uyga qaytib kelishdi Janubiy Afrika, Hindiston, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Kanada va ba'zi kichik koloniyalar va qaramliklar va AQSh.[50]

1924 yil aprel oyida Avstraliyada bo'lganida, otryad jangovarni kuzatib bordi HMASAvstraliya u bo'lgan dengizga chayqalib ga muvofiq Vashington dengiz shartnomasi.[51] Battlecruiser otryadi tashrif buyurdi Lissabon 1925 yil yanvar oyida Vasko da Gama mashq qilish uchun O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab davom etishdan oldin bayramlar. Qalpoqcha O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab qishki o'quv tashrifining ushbu namunasini o'n yil davomida davom ettirdi. Kapitan Garold Reynold 1925 yil 30-aprelda kapitan im Turnni ozod qildi va o'z navbatida kapitan tomonidan bo'shatildi Uilfred frantsuz 1927 yil 21-mayda.[52]

Qalpoqcha 1929 yil 1-maydan 1931-yil 10-martgacha katta qayta ishlangan va keyinchalik kapitan qo'mondonligi ostida jangovar otryad eskadroni rolini davom ettirgan. Julian Patterson. Keyinchalik o'sha yili uning ekipaji ishtirok etdi Invergordon qo'zg'oloni dengizchilar uchun ish haqini kamaytirish. Tinchlik bilan tugadi va Qalpoqcha keyin o'z uyiga qaytdi. Battlecruiser eskadroni 1932 yil boshida Karib dengizida sayohat qildi va Qalpoqcha 31 martdan 10 mayga qadar yana bir qisqartirilgan Portsmut. Kapitan Tomas Binni 1932 yil 15-avgustda qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi va kema keyingi yil O'rta er dengizida qishki kruiz amaliyotini davom ettirdi. Kapitan Tomas Tower kapitan Binni o'rnini 1933 yil 30 avgustda egalladi. Uning ikkinchi darajali va zenitli yong'inni boshqarish direktorlari 1934 yil 1 avgustdan 5 sentyabrgacha bo'lgan tezkor qayta tiklash vaqtida qayta tuzildi.[53]

Yo'lda Gibraltar O'rta er dengizi bo'ylab sayohat uchun, Qalpoqcha port tomonida rammed edi kvartal Battlecruiser tomonidan Mashhur 1935 yil 23-yanvardagi zarar Qalpoqcha uning chap tashqi pervanesi va 18 dyuymli (460 mm) chuqurlik bilan cheklangan edi, ammo ba'zi bir korpus plitalari zarbadan bo'shashib qoldi. Kema 1935 yil fevral va may oylari orasida doimiy ta'mirlash uchun Portsmutga jo'nab ketishdan oldin Gibraltarda vaqtinchalik ta'mirlash ishlari olib borildi. Ikkala kemaning kapitanlari ham harbiy sud, otryad komandiri, kontr-admiral Sidni Beyli kabi. Tower va Beyli oqlandi, ammo Mashhur's kapitan Savbridge buyruqdan ozod qilindi. Admirallik hukmdan norozi bo'lib, Savbridgeni qayta tikladi va Beylni manevr paytida noaniq signallar uchun tanqid qildi.[54]

Kema ishtirok etdi Qirol Jorj V kumush yubiley Filolarni ko'rib chiqish da Spithead keyingi avgust. Ko'p o'tmay, u O'rta er dengizi flotiga bog'langan va Gibraltarda joylashgan Ikkinchi Italo-Habashiston urushi oktyabrda. Kapitan Artur Pridxem 1936 yil 1-fevralda qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi va Qalpoqcha 1936 yil 26-iyundan 10-oktabrga qadar Portsmutga qisqa muddat davomida qayta kelish uchun qaytib keldi. U rasmiy ravishda O'rta er dengizi flotiga 20-oktabrda, ko'p o'tmay boshlangandan keyin ko'chib o'tdi. Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi.[55] 1937 yil 23 aprelda kema uchta ingliz savdogarini kuzatib qo'ydi Bilbao borligiga qaramay port Millatparvar kreyser Almirante Cervera portni blokirovka qilishga uringan.[56] Qalpoqcha 1937 yil noyabr va dekabr oylarida Maltada qayta tiklandi va suv ostida bo'lgan torpedo naychalari olib tashlandi.[57] Kapitan Pridem kapitan Harold Uolker tomonidan 1938 yil 20-mayda yengillashtirildi va u, o'z navbatida, kema 1939 yil yanvar oyida Portsmutga 12 avgustgacha davom etgan kapital ta'mirlash uchun qaytib kelganida yengil tortdi.[58]

Qalpoqcha 1941 yilda uni Birinchi jahon urushi davridagi boshqa kapital kemalarnikiga o'xshash darajaga etkazish uchun modernizatsiya qilinishi kerak edi. U yangi, engilroq turbinalar va qozonlarni, sakkiz egizakning ikkinchi darajali qurollanishini olgan bo'lar edi 5,25 dyuymli qurol minoralari va oltita sakkizta 2 asosli pom-pomlar. Uning 5 dyuymli yuqori zirhli zarbasi olib tashlangan va pastki zirhi mustahkamlangan bo'lar edi. Katakulta pastki bo'ylab o'rnatilib, qolgan torpedo naychalari olib tashlangan bo'lar edi. Bundan tashqari, konnora olib tashlangan bo'lar edi va u ko'prik qayta qurilgan.[59] Uning qirollik dengiz flotining eng tezkor jangovar tezligi maqomidan kelib chiqqan holda kemaning doimiy ravishda doimiy xizmat ko'rsatishi kapital kema, uning moddiy ahvoli asta-sekin yomonlashishini anglatar edi va 1930-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib u uzoq muddatli ta'mirga muhtoj edi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi uni xizmatdan chetlashtirishga imkon bermadi va natijada u boshqa jangovar kapital kemalari uchun rejalashtirilgan modernizatsiyani hech qachon olmadi Mashhur va ulardan bir nechtasi Qirolicha Yelizaveta- sinf jangovar kemalar.[60] Bu vaqtga kelib kema kondensatorlari shu qadar yomon ahvolda ediki, toza suv evaporatatorlaridan chiqadigan mahsulotlarning katta qismi qozon suvini to'ldirish uchun zarur bo'lgan va ekipaj tomonidan yuvish paytida yuvinish, yuvish yoki hatto isitish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin emas edi. sovuq havo, chunki bug 'quvurlari juda oqardi. Ushbu muammolar, shuningdek, uning bug 'chiqishini kamaytirdi, shunda u o'zining mo'ljallangan tezligiga erisha olmadi.[61]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Kapitan Irvin Glenni 1939 yil may oyida qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi va Qalpoqcha Hali ham qayta tiklanayotganda Uy flotining Battlecruiser Squadroniga tayinlangan. O'sha yili urush boshlanganda, u asosan atrofda patrul qilish uchun ishga qabul qilingan Islandiya va Farer orollari konvoylarni himoya qilish va nemis tilini ushlab qolish savdogar bosqinchilari va blokada yuguruvchilari Atlantika okeaniga chiqishga urinish. 1939 yil 25-sentabrda Uy floti markazga bo'lindi Shimoliy dengiz buzilgan suvosti kemasining qaytib kelishini qoplash uchun Nayza baliq. Filo nemislar tomonidan ko'rilgan va samolyotlar tomonidan hujumga uchragan KG 26 va KG 30 bombardimonchi qanotlari. Qalpoqcha dan 250 kg (550 lb) bomba bilan urilgan Yunkers Ju 88 bombardimonchi uning portidagi torpedo po'stlog'iga va uning kondensatorlariga zarar etkazgan. 1940 yil boshiga kelib, Qalpoqcha'texnikasi og'ir ahvolda edi va uning eng yuqori tezligini 26,5 knot (49,1 km / soat; 30,5 milya) bilan chekladi; u 4 apreldan 12 iyungacha qayta tiklandi.[62]

Katapult operatsiyasi

Qalpoqcha va samolyot tashuvchisi Ark Royal Gibraltarga qo'shilishga buyruq berildi Majburiy H 18 iyun kuni qaerda Qalpoqcha flagmanga aylandi. H kuchi ishtirok etdi Mers-el-Kébirdagi frantsuz flotining yo'q qilinishi 1940 yil iyulda. Frantsuzlar taslim bo'lganidan sakkiz kun o'tgach, Buyuk Britaniya Admiralti ultimatum qo'ydi, frantsuz floti Oran kemalariga tushib qolmasliklarini ta'minlash uchun o'z kemalarini ingliz yoki neytral portga joylashtiring Eksa qo'llar. Shartlar rad etildi va Qirollik dengiz floti u erda qotib qolgan frantsuz kemalariga qarata o't ochdi. Natijalari Qalpoqcha'yong'in aniq ma'lum emas, lekin u ziyon etkazgan Frantsiya harbiy kemasiDunkerke to'rt o'n besh dyuymli snaryadlar tomonidan urilgan va o'zi plyajga chiqishga majbur bo'lgan. Qalpoqcha edi bemalol tomonidan undirish paytida Dunkerke; snaryad parchalari ikki kishini yaraladi. Dunkerke's singil kema, Strasburg, portdan qochishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Qalpoqcha va bir nechta engil kreyserlar ta'qib qilishdi, lekin ikki soatdan keyin voz kechishdi: Qalpoqcha frantsuz tilidan torpedolardan qutulgan edi bema'ni va 28 knot (52 km / soat; 32 milya) ga etgan turbinani echib tashladi.[63]

Uy suvlariga qaytish

Qalpoqcha tomonidan H Force flagmani sifatida ozod qilindi Mashhur 10 avgustda, Scapa Flow-ga qaytgandan so'ng. 13 sentyabr kuni u qurilgan quruq dokda tezda o'rnatilgandan so'ng (uning turbinalaridagi pichoqlarni tiklash),[64] u yuborildi Rozit jangovar kemalar bilan birga Nelson va Rodni va boshqa kemalar, nemis bosqinchi flotini ushlab qolish uchun yaxshiroq sharoitda bo'lish. Bosqin xavfi kamayganida, kema avvalgi rollarini karvon eskortida va nemis tijorat reyderlariga qarshi patrulda davom ettirdi. Ikki marta, Qalpoqcha dushman harbiy kemalariga qarshi jo'natildi. 28 oktyabrda u "cho'ntak jangovar kemasini" ushlab qolish uchun suzib ketdi. Admiral Scheer va yana 24 dekabr kuni og'ir kreyser Admiral Xipper, lekin Qalpoqcha ikkala kemani ham topa olmadi.

1941 yil yanvar oyida kema martgacha davom etgan ta'mirlashni boshladi; ta'mirdan keyin ham u yomon ahvolda edi, lekin Germaniya poytaxt kemalari tomonidan tahdid shuki, u ko'proq ta'mirlanmaguncha uni stantsiyaga olib ketolmasdi. Qirol Jorj V- sinf harbiy kemalar xizmatga kirishdi. Kapitan Ralf Kerr qayta tiklash paytida buyruq oldi va Qalpoqcha nemis jangovar kemalarini ushlab qolish maqsadida dengizga buyurilgan Gneysenau va Sharnhorst mart oyining o'rtalarida ta'mirlashni tugatgandan so'ng. Muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lib, unga patrul qilishni buyurdilar Biskay ko'rfazi dan nemis kemalarining har qanday buzilish urinishlariga qarshi Brest. Qalpoqcha ga buyruq berildi Norvegiya dengizi 19 aprel kuni Admiralitetga yolg'on xabar kelib tushganda Germaniya harbiy kemasiBismark Germaniyadan suzib ketgan edi. Keyinchalik, u 6-may kuni Scapa Flow-ga o'tishdan oldin Shimoliy Atlantika bo'ylab patrullik qildi.[65]

Daniya bo'g'ozidagi jang

Asosiy maqola: Daniya bo'g'ozidagi jang
Oxirgi fotosurati Qalpoqcha, dan ko'rilgan Uels shahzodasi

Qachon Bismark 1941 yil may oyida Atlantika tomon suzib ketdi, Qalpoqcha, yangi foydalanishga topshirilgan harbiy kemalar bilan birgalikda Uels shahzodasi, Germaniyaning kemalarini Atlantika okeaniga kirib, ittifoqchilar konvoylariga hujum qilishdan oldin ularni ushlab qolish uchun Britaniyaning boshqa bir qator kapital kemalari guruhlari bilan birga ta'qib qilish uchun yuborilgan. Qalpoqcha tomonidan buyruq berilgan Kapitan Ralf Kerr va bayrog'ini ko'tarib yurgan edi Vitse-admiral Lancelot Holland. Nemis kemalarini ikki ingliz og'ir kruvazeri ko'rdi (Norfolk & Suffolk ) 23-may kuni Gollandiyaning kemalari ushlanib qoldi Bismark va uning sherigi, og'ir kreyser Prinz Evgen, ichida Daniya bo'g'ozi o'rtasida Grenlandiya va Islandiya 24 may kuni.[66]

Britaniyalik eskadron nemislarni soat 05:37 da aniqladi (kema soatlari mahalliy vaqtdan to'rt soat oldin o'rnatildi - qo'shilish tong otgandan keyin boshlandi),[67] ammo nemislar allaqachon ularning mavjudligini bilishgan, Prinz Evgen's gidrofonlar ilgari o'zlarining janubi-sharqida yuqori tezlikli pervanellarning tovushlarini aniqladilar. Inglizlar soat 05:52 da o'q uzdilar Qalpoqcha jalb qiluvchi Prinz Evgen, Germaniya tarkibidagi etakchi kema va nemislar soat 05:55 da har ikkala kema ham diqqatni jamlagan holda o'q uzishdi Qalpoqcha. Prinz Evgen , ehtimol, snaryad urilganida gol urgan birinchi kema bo'lgan Qalpoqcha'uning orasidagi kemaning pastki qismi huni va UP tog'lari zenit qurollari va raketalari uchun ishlatiladigan o'q-dorilar orasida katta yong'in chiqardi.[68]

J.C. Shmitz-Vesterholt tomonidan tasvirlangan rasm Qalpoqcha birinchi navbatda cho‘kish; Uels shahzodasi oldingi pog'onada

Faqat soat 06:00 dan oldin, vaqt Qalpoqcha orqa minoralarini echish uchun portga 20 ° burilib ketayotganida, u yana qayiq pastki qismida bir yoki bir nechta chig'anoq bilan urilgan Bismark'16,650 metr (18,210 yd) masofadan o'q uzgan beshinchi salvo.[69] Ushbu qutichadan snaryad urilganga o'xshaydi dog 'tepasi, chunki qayiq pastki qismiga tana qismlari va qoldiqlari yog'dirilgan.[70] Ulkan olov otilib chiqdi Qalpoqcha mastermast yaqinidan,[Izoh 1] keyin kemaning orqa qismini vayron qilgan dahshatli jurnal portlashi. Ushbu portlash orqa tomonni sindirdi QalpoqchaVa faqat uch daqiqada cho'kib ketgan kemaning so'nggi ko'rinishi bu uning suvda vertikal holda tik turgan kamonidir.[69] Britaniya RN tarixiy bo'limi arxividagi tirik qolganning eskiziga eslatma beradi 63 ° 20′N 31 ° 50′W / 63.333 ° shimoliy 31.833 ° Vt / 63.333; -31.833 cho'kish holati sifatida. Qalpoqcha 1418 kema bortida birinchi bo'lib qattiq cho'kdi. Faqat uchtasi tirik qoldi: Oddiy Signalman Ted Briggs (1923–2008), Qodir dengizchi Robert Tilbern (1921-1995) va Midshipman Uilyam Jon Dundas (1923-1965).[71] Uch kishining suvga cho'kishidan taxminan ikki soat o'tgach qutqarib qolishdi qiruvchi Elektra, u katta miqdordagi qoldiqlarni ko'rdi, ammo jasad yo'q edi.[72]

Cho'kish oqibatlari

Qalpoqcha portlash paytida va undan keyin; tomonidan tayyorlangan eskiz Kapitan JC Leach (buyruq Uels shahzodasi) 1941 yildagi ikkinchi tergov kengashi uchun va Bundesarxiv. Magistr yaqinidan otilib chiqqan tutun yoki alanga kolonnasi (katta portlash sodir bo'lishidan oldin kemaning keyingi qismini yo'q qilishdan oldin) dvigatel xonasining ventilyatorlari orqali chiqadigan kordit yong'inining natijasi deb taxmin qilinadi.

Uels shahzodasi keyin nemis xitlari va qurol va mexanik nosozliklarning mexanik nosozliklaridan kelib chiqadigan zararlar kombinatsiyasidan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi Qalpoqcha cho'kib ketgan. Ushbu muammolarga qaramay, u urdi Bismark uch marta. Ushbu zarbalardan biri kemaning yonilg'i bilan ta'minlanishining yaxshi qismini ifloslantirdi va keyinchalik uni xavfsizlik uchun boshqarishga majbur qildi Frantsiyani bosib oldi qaerda uni ta'mirlash mumkin edi. Bismark vaqtincha aniqlashdan qochishga qodir edi, ammo keyinchalik 27 may kuni inglizlar tomonidan ko'rilgan va cho'kib ketgan.[73]

Rasmiy Admiraltiya kommunikatsiya cho'kish kuni efirga uzatilgan yo'qotish to'g'risida quyidagicha xabar bergan: "... aksiya paytida, HMS Qalpoqcha ... a-da omadsiz zarbani oldi jurnal va portlatdi. "[74] Vitse-admiral raislik qilgan zarar bo'yicha dastlabki rasmiy tekshiruv kengashi Ser Jefri Bleyk, 2 iyunda yo'qolganidan keyin ikki hafta o'tmay xabar berdi. Ushbu fikrni tasdiqlab, quyidagilarni ta'kidladi:

(c) (HMS) yo'qolishining mumkin bo'lgan sababi Qalpoqcha bu 1500 metrlik masofada bir yoki bir nechta 15 dyuymli chig'anoqlar orqali himoyaning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirib borishi edi, natijada bitta yoki bir nechta orqa jurnallar portladi.[75]

So'rovni o'tkazish tanqidga uchradi (masalan, Admiral tomonidan) Tom Fillips ), asosan, guvohlarning ko'rsatmalarining so'zma-so'z yozuvi saqlanmaganligi sababli. Bundan tashqari, ser Stenli V. Gudoll, Dengiz qurilishi bo'yicha direktor muqobil nazariya bilan chiqdi, deb Qalpoqcha o'zining torpedalari portlashi natijasida vayron bo'lgan edi. Natijada, kontr-admiral Sir ostida ikkinchi kengash chaqirildi Garold Uoker va 1941 yil sentyabr oyida xabar bergan.[76] Ushbu tergov "birinchisiga qaraganda ancha puxta bo'lib, tabiiy ofatning 176 guvohidan dalillarni olgan",[77] va Gudoll nazariyasini ham, boshqalarini ham ko'rib chiqdilar (pastga qarang). The Board came to a conclusion almost identical to that of the first board, expressed as follows:

That the sinking of Qalpoqcha was due to a hit from Bismark's 15-inch shell in or adjacent to Qalpoqcha's 4-inch or 15-inch magazines, causing them all to explode and wreck the after part of the ship. The probability is that the 4-inch magazines exploded first.[76]

Both boards of enquiry exonerated Vice-Admiral Holland from any blame regarding the loss of Qalpoqcha.[78]

Memorials to those who died are spread widely around the UK, and some of the crew are commemorated in different locations. One casualty, George David Spinner,[79] is remembered on the Portsmouth Naval memorial,[80] The Qalpoqcha Chapel at the Church of St John the Baptist, in Boldre, Hampshire, and also on the gravestone of his brother, who died while serving in the Royal Air Force in 1942, in the Hamilton Road Cemetery, Deal, Kent.[81]

Modern theories on the sinking

The exact cause of the loss of Qalpoqcha remains a subject of debate. The principal theories include the following causes:

  • A direct hit from a shell penetrated to a magazine aft. Such a shell could only have come from Bismark, beri Prinz Evgen was no longer firing at Qalpoqcha portlash vaqtida. As noted above, this version of events was almost taken for granted at the time of the sinking. Doubt first arose as a result of eyewitness testimony that the explosion that destroyed Qalpoqcha originated near the mainmast, well forward of the aft magazines (for example, the sketch shown prepared for the second board of enquiry by Captain Leach ning Uels shahzodasi).

At the second board, expert witnesses suggested that what was observed was the venting, through the engine-room ventilators, of a violent—but not instantaneous—explosion or deflagratsiya in the 4-inch shell magazines. The same deflagration would have collapsed the bulkhead separating the 4-inch and 15-inch magazines, resulting very quickly in a catastrophic explosion similar to those previously witnessed at Jutland. This theory was ultimately adopted by the board.[82]

  • A shell, falling short and travelling underwater, struck below the armoured belt and penetrated to a magazine. During the same action, Uels shahzodasi received a hit of this type from a 15-inch shell, which travelled underwater for about 80 feet (25 m), struck about 28 feet (8 m) below the waterline, penetrated several light bulkheads and fetched up, without exploding, against the torpedo bulkhead. The second board considered this theory improbable, arguing that the fuze, had it worked at all, would have detonated the shell before it reached the ship. According to Jurens's calculations, one of Bismark's shells that fell approximately 20 feet (6.1 m) short of Qalpoqcha could have penetrated the side of the ship beneath the armour belt and would have detonated in the vicinity of the ship's magazines if the fuze worked.[83]
  • The ship was destroyed by the explosion of her own torpedoes. According to Goodall's theory, the ship's torpedoes could have been detonated either by the fire raging on the boat deck or, more probably, by a direct hit from Bismark. This would have blown out the side of the ship, destroying the girder strength of the hull; the force of water entering the hole, at a speed of nearly 30 knots (56 km/h), would then shear the stern section from the rest of the hull.[84]
  • The fire on the boat deck penetrated to a magazine. Evidence given to the second board indicated that the doors for the 4-inch ammunition supply trunks were closed throughout the action. It remains possible that a door or trunk could have been opened up by an enemy shell, admitting flames to the magazine. Alternative routes for admission of flame could have been the ventilation or venting arrangements of the magazines or, as Ted Briggs suggested, through the floor of a 15-inch gunhouse.[85]
  • The explosion was initiated by 4-inch ammunition stored outside the magazines. Writing in 1979, the naval historian Antoniy Preston claimed that the aft magazines of Qalpoqcha were "surrounded by additional 4-inch (102 mm) anti-aircraft shells outside the armoured barbettes. Such unprotected stowage could have been detonated either by the boat-deck fire or by a shell from Bismark."[86]
  • The ship was blown up by her own guns. At the second board, eyewitnesses reported unusual types of discharge from the 15-inch guns of Qalpoqcha, suggesting that a shell could have detonated within the gun, causing an explosion within the gunhouse. It is possible that, under the stress of combat, the safety measures, introduced after the disasters at Jutland to prevent such an explosion reaching the magazines, could have failed.[87]

An extensive review of these theories (excepting that of Preston) is given in Jurens's 1987 article. Its main conclusion is that the loss was almost certainly precipitated by the explosion of a 4-inch magazine, but that there are several ways this could have been initiated, although he rules out the boat deck fire or the detonation of her torpedoes as probable causes. In Jurens's opinion, the popular image of plunging shells penetrating Qalpoqcha's deck armour is inaccurate, as by his estimation the angle of fall of Bismark's 15-inch shells at the moment of the loss would not have exceeded about 14°, an angle so unfavourable to penetration of horizontal armour that it is actually off the scale of contemporaneous German penetration charts. Moreover, computer-generated profiles of Qalpoqcha show that a shell falling at this angle could not have reached an aft magazine without first passing through some part of the belt armour. On the other hand, the 12-inch belt could have been penetrated if Qalpoqcha had progressed sufficiently far into her final turn.[88]

A more recent development is the discovery of Qalpoqcha'halokat. Inspection of the wreck has confirmed that the aft magazines did indeed explode. Ning orqa tomoni Qalpoqcha was located, with the rudder still in place, and it was found that this was set to port at the time of the explosion. Furthermore, a section of the bow immediately forward of 'A' turret is missing, which has led historian and former Dartmut o'qituvchi Erik J. Grove va ekspeditsiya rahbari Devid Mearns to believe that "either just before or just after leaving the surface, the bow suffered massive internal damage from an internal explosion",[89] possibly a partial detonation of the forward 15-inch magazines.

It has been suggested that the fatal fire spread from the aft end of the ship through the starboard fuel tanks, since the starboard side of Qalpoqcha "appears to be missing most, if not all of its torpedo bulge plating".[89]

The evidence of the wreck refutes Goodall's theory of a torpedo explosion, while the eyewitness evidence of venting from the 4-inch magazine prior to the main explosion conflicts with the theory that the Qalpoqcha was blown up by her own guns. The other theories listed above remain valid possibilities.[90]

In their study of the battleship Bismark's operational history released in 2019, including its engagement with Qalpoqcha, Jurens, William Garzke, and Robert O. Dulin Jr. concluded that Qalpoqchas destruction was most likely caused by a 380-mm shell from Bismark that penetrated the deck armor and exploded in the aft 102-mm magazine, igniting its cordite propellant, which in turn ignited the cordite in the adjacent aft 381-mm magazine. Rapid expansion of the resulting combustion gases from the conflagration then caused structural failure, passing out through the sides of the ship as well as forward and upwards via the engine room vents, expelling the aft main battery turrets and causing the stern to be detached from the rest of the hull at the aft armored bulkhead.[91]

Vayronagarchilik

In 2001, British broadcaster 4-kanal commissioned shipwreck hunter Devid Mearns and his company, Blue Water Recoveries, to locate the wreck of Qalpoqcha, and if possible, produce underwater footage of both the battlecruiser and her attacker, Bismark. This was to be used for a major event documentary to be aired on the 60th anniversary of the ships' battle.[92] This was the first time anyone had attempted to locate Qalpoqcha'dam olish joyi.[93] Mearns had spent the previous six years privately researching the fate of Qalpoqcha with the goal of finding the battlecruiser, and had acquired the support of the Royal Navy, the HMS Qalpoqcha Association and other veterans groups, and the last living survivor, Ted Briggs.[92]

The search team and equipment had to be organised within four months, to take advantage of a narrow window of calm conditions in the North Atlantic. Organisation of the search was complicated by the presence on board of a documentary team and their film equipment, along with a television journalist who made live news reports via satellite during the search. The search team also planned to oqim dan video masofadan boshqariladigan suv osti vositasi (ROV) directly to Channel 4's website.[92]

Kadrlardan so'ng Bismark was collected, Mearns and the search team began scanning a 600-square-nautical-mile (2,100 km2) search box for Qalpoqcha; completely covering the area was estimated to take six days. Areas that Mearns felt were more likely to hold the wreck were prioritised, and the yon-skaner sonar located the battlecruiser in the 39th hour of the search.[93]

Qalpoqcha's wreck lies on the seabed in pieces among two debris fields at a depth of about 2,800 metres (9,200 feet).[94] The eastern field includes the small piece of the stern that survived the magazine explosion, as well as the surviving section of the bow and some smaller remains such as the propellers. The 4-inch fire-control director lies in the western debris field. The heavily armoured conning tower is located by itself a distance from the main wreck. The amidships section, the biggest part of the wreck to survive the explosions, lies inverted south of the eastern debris field in a large impact crater. The starboard side of the amidships section is missing down to the inner wall of the fuel tanks and the plates of the hull are curling outward; this has been interpreted as indicating the path of the explosion through the starboard fuel tanks.

It is further supposed that the small debris fields are the fragments from the aft hull where the magazines and turrets were located, since that section of the hull was totally destroyed in the explosion. The fact that the bow section separated just forward of 'A' turret is suggestive that a secondary explosion might have occurred in this area.[95] Other researchers have claimed that the final salvo fired by Qalpoqcha was not a salvo at all, but flame from the forward magazine explosion, which gave the illusion of Qalpoqcha firing for the last time.[96] This damage, ahead of the armoured bulkhead, could have been implosion damage suffered while Qalpoqcha sank, as a torpedo room that had been removed during one of her last refits approximates the site of the break.

It was the opinion of Mearns and White who investigated the wreck that this was unlikely as the damage was far too limited in scale, nor could it account for the outwardly splayed plates also observed in that area.[97] Bill Jurens points out that there was no magazine of any kind at the location of the break and that the location of the break just forward of the forward transverse armoured bulkhead suggests that the ship's structure failed there as a result of stresses inflicted when the bow was lifted into the vertical position by the sinking stern section. Furthermore, the current position of the plates at the edge of the break reflects only their last position, not the direction they had first moved.[98]

The forward section lies on its port side, with the amidships section keel up. The stern section rises from the seabed at an angle. This position shows the rudder locked into a 20° port turn, confirming that orders had been given (just prior to the aft magazines detonating) to change the ship's heading and bring the aft turrets 'X' and 'Y' to bear on the German ships.[99]

In 2002, the site was officially designated a urush qabri Britaniya hukumati tomonidan. As such, it remains a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 yil[100]

Expeditions to retrieve ship's bell

In 2012, the British Government gave permission for Mearns to return to the site of Qalpoqcha's final resting place to retrieve one of her two ship's bells which were lying in a small open debris field some way from the wreck herself. With the backing of the HMS Qalpoqcha Association, Mearns planned to return the bell to Portsmouth where it would form part of the first official and permanent memorial to the sacrifice of her last crew at the newly refitted Qirollik floti milliy muzeyi.[101][102]

The expedition also took the opportunity to re-film the wreck and survey her using techniques unavailable in 2001. As before, with the exception of the attempted retrieval of the ship's bell, a strict look-but-don't-touch policy was adhered to. The original attempt, sponsored by Pol Allen and using his yacht Sakkizoyoq, was abandoned after ten days in September 2012 due to unfavourable weather conditions.[94] In 2015, the same team attempted a second recovery operation and Qalpoqcha's bell was finally retrieved on 7 August 2015. After conservation work, it was put on display in the museum in May 2016.[103]

The recovered bell was originally carried on the oldindan qo'rqib ketgan harbiy kemasi Qalpoqcha. Before being installed on the battlecruiser, the bell was inscribed around its base with the words: "This bell was preserved from HMS Hood battleship 1891–1914 by the late Rear Admiral, The Honourable Sir Horace Hood KCB, DSO, MVO killed at Jutland on 31st May 1916."[104] There is a second inscription on the side of the bell that reads "In accordance with the wishes of Lady Hood it was presented in memory of her husband to HMS Qalpoqcha battle cruiser the ship she launched 22nd August 1918." In addition to the two inscriptions, the bell still wears vivid royal blue paint work on its crown as well as its interior.[105]

Omon qolgan yodgorliklar

Some relics from the time of Qalpoqcha's sinking still exist. A large fragment of the wooden transom biridan Qalpoqcha's boats was washed up in Norway after her loss and is preserved in the Milliy dengiz muzeyi Londonda.[106] A metal container holding administrative papers was discovered washed ashore on the Norwegian Senja oroli in April 1942, almost a year after the Battle of the Denmark Strait. The container and its contents were subsequently lost, but its lid survived and was eventually presented to the Royal Navy shore establishment HMS Yuzboshi 1981 yilda.[106][107]

Other surviving relics are items that were removed from the ship prior to her sinking:

5.5-inch guns

Ikki Qalpoqcha's 5.5-inch guns were removed during a refit in 1935, and shipped to Ko'tarilish oroli, where they were installed as a shore battery in 1941, sited on a hill above the port and main settlement, Jorjtaun,[Izoh 2] ular qaerda qoladilar. The guns were restored by the Qirollik havo kuchlari 1984 yilda.[13]

The Ascension Island guns saw action only once, on 9 December 1941, when they fired on the Germaniya suvosti kemasiU-124,[108] as it approached Georgetown on the surface to shell the cable station or sink any ships at anchor. No hits were scored, but the submarine crash-dived.[109]

Fragments of propeller from a collision with HMS Mashhur

Privately owned propeller fragment

As a result of a collision off the coast of Spain on 23 January 1935, one of Qalpoqcha's propellers struck the bow of Mashhur. While dry-docked for repairs, Mashhur had fragments of this propeller removed from her bilge section. The pieces of the propeller were kept by dockyard workers: "Hood" v "Renown" Jan. 23rd. 1935 yil was stamped on one surviving example, and "Hood V Renown off Arosa 23–1–35" boshqasida. Of the known surviving pieces, one is privately held and another was given by the Hood family to the Qalpoqcha Association in 2006.[106] Recently a third piece has come to light in Glasgow, where Qalpoqcha qurilgan. It is held by a private collector and stamped HMS HOOD v HMS RENOWN 23 1 35.[110]

Izohlar

  1. ^ According to the testimony of Captain Leach, "... between one and two seconds after I formed that impression [of a hit on Qalpoqcha] an explosion took place in the Qalpoqcha " (Jurens, p. 131)
  2. ^ 7 ° 55′37 ″ S 14°24′19″W / 7.92694°S 14.40528°W / -7.92694; -14.40528 – corrected from Google Earth, which has a public domain picture of the emplaced weapons

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Teylor, p. 15
  2. ^ "TSS". HMS Hood Association. Olingan 21 sentyabr 2010.
  3. ^ Roberts 1997, 60-61 betlar
  4. ^ a b v d e Raven va Roberts, p. 67
  5. ^ Taylor, pp. 92, 94
  6. ^ Teylor, p. 92
  7. ^ Teylor, p. 123
  8. ^ Teylor, p. 231
  9. ^ Roberts 1997, pp. 76, 79, 80
  10. ^ Campbell, pp. 25–28
  11. ^ Roberts 1997, p. 89
  12. ^ a b v Burt, p. 297
  13. ^ a b "HMS Qalpoqcha's 5.5" Guns on Ascension Islands". HMS Hood Association. 2010 yil 4 aprel. Olingan 6 iyun 2013.
  14. ^ Kempbell, p. 40
  15. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 193, 195
  16. ^ Kempbell, p. 56
  17. ^ a b v Raven va Roberts, p. 195
  18. ^ Campbell, pp. 71–74
  19. ^ Kempbell, p. 78
  20. ^ Kempbell, p. 100
  21. ^ Roberts 2001, 17-18 betlar
  22. ^ Raven va Roberts, p. 68
  23. ^ Raven va Roberts, p. 189
  24. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 189–195
  25. ^ Burt, p. 308
  26. ^ a b Roberts 2001, p. 21
  27. ^ http://www.hmshood.org.uk/reference/official/adm220/adm220-76.htm
  28. ^ http://www.hmshood.com/ship/radar.htm
  29. ^ Burt, pp. 297–298
  30. ^ Friedman, pp. 168–169, 171–172
  31. ^ Roberts 1997, p. 113
  32. ^ a b v Burt, p. 299
  33. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 68–69
  34. ^ Roberts 1997, p. 111
  35. ^ Teylor, p. 78
  36. ^ Raven and Roberts, pp. 189–191
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  38. ^ Preston 2002, p. 96
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  60. ^ Raven va Roberts, p. 197
  61. ^ Teylor, p. 39
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  63. ^ Taylor, pp. 202–203
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  65. ^ Taylor, pp. 241–242
  66. ^ Stephen, pp. 74–76
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  72. ^ Teylor, p. 224
  73. ^ Stephen, pp. 81–83, 97
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  75. ^ "ADM 116/4351: Report on the Loss of HMS Qalpoqcha". HMS Hood Association. 16 mart 2007 yil. Olingan 29 aprel 2011.
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  83. ^ Jurens 1987, pp. 147–151
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  85. ^ Jurens 1987, pp. 152–153
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  91. ^ Garzke va boshq., P. 268
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  93. ^ a b Mearns, p. 76
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  103. ^ "HMS Hood's bell unveiled at Navy museum Portsmouth". BBC yangiliklari. 2016 yil 24-may. Olingan 6 aprel 2017.
  104. ^ "Conserved HMS Hood bell rings out on 75th anniversary of largest ever Royal Navy loss". Qirollik floti milliy muzeyi. Olingan 21 iyun 2017.
  105. ^ "Photos of the Wreck of H.M.S. Hood in 2001". Battle Cruiser Hood. 19 July 2016. Pt. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  106. ^ a b v "Relics and Artefacts from Qalpoqcha". HMS Hood Association. 2009 yil 13 sentyabr. Olingan 5 iyul 2010.
  107. ^ "Relics of HMS Hood – Ledger Container Lid". HMS Hood Association. Olingan 15 aprel 2012.
  108. ^ "U-124". uboat.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 3 martda. Olingan 18 yanvar 2010.
  109. ^ Graham Avis (9 February 2002). "And So Back To Conflict". History of Ascension. Ascension Island Heritage Society. Olingan 18 yanvar 2010.
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  • Raven, Alan; Roberts, Jon (1976). Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Buyuk Britaniyaning jangovar kemalari: 1911 yildan 1946 yilgacha Qirollik dengiz flotining jangovar kemasi va jangovar kemalarining rivojlanishi va texnik tarixi.. Annapolis, tibbiyot fanlari: Naval Institute Press. ISBN  0-87021-817-4.
  • Roberts, Jon (1997). Battlecruiserlar. Annapolis, tibbiyot fanlari: Naval Institute Press. ISBN  1-55750-068-1.
  • Roberts, Jon (2001). Battlecruiser kapoti. Kema anatomiyasi (Qayta ishlangan tahr.). London: Konvey. ISBN  0-85177-900-X.
  • Stiven, Martin (1988). Yaqin-atrofdagi dengiz janglari: 2-jahon urushi. Annapolis, tibbiyot fanlari: Naval Institute Press. ISBN  0-87021-556-6.
  • Taylor, Bruce (2008). The Battlecruiser HMS Hood: An Illustrated Biography, 1916–1941. Annapolis, Merilend: Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-86176-216-0.
  • Garzke, Uilyam X.; Dulin, Robert O.; Jurens, William; Cameron, James. Bismarck harbiy kemasi: Dizayn va operatsion tarix. Annapolis, Merilend. ISBN  978-1-59114-569-1. OCLC  1055269312.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Jurens, William (1990). "Re: The Loss of H.M.S. Hood – A Re-examination". Xalqaro harbiy kemalar. XXVII (4): 323–324. ISSN  0043-0374.
  • Jurens, William; Garzke, Uilyam X.; Dulin, Robert O.; Roberts, John (2002). "Re: A Marine Forensic Analysis of HMS Hood and DKM Bismarck". Xalqaro harbiy kemalar. XXXIX (2): 113–115. ISSN  0043-0374.
  • Teylor, Bryus (2012). The End of Glory: War and Peace in HMS Hood, 1916–1941. Barsli: Seaforth nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-84832-139-7.
  • Taylor, Bruce (2018). "Battlecruiser Qalpoqcha (1918)". In Taylor, Bruce (ed.). Jangovar olam: 1880–1990 yillarda dunyo dengiz flotining yigirma bitta kapital kemalarining hayoti va faoliyati.. Barsli: Seaforth nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-84832-178-6.

Tashqi havolalar

Koordinatalar: 63 ° 20′N 31 ° 50′W / 63.333 ° shimoliy 31.833 ° Vt / 63.333; -31.833