Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l - High-speed rail in China

Temir yo'l tarmoqlari

  tezyurar liniyalar (300 km / soat (190 milya)

  soatiga 250–299 km (155–186 milya) tezyurar liniyalar

  soatiga 200–249 km (124–155 milya) tezyurar liniyalar

  CRH xizmatlari bilan an'anaviy liniyalar 160 km / soat (99 milya)

  an'anaviy chiziqlar 160 km / soat (99 milya)

Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l poezdlari

Xitoycha ishlab chiqilgan Fuxing poezd jo'nab ketishi Pekin Janubiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi.

A CRH2C (chapga asoslangan E2-1000 seriyali Shinkansen ) va a CRH3C (o'ng, qism Siemens Velaro oila) Tyantszin stantsiyasida poezd.

A CRH5 dan olingan Qinhuangdao stantsiyasida poezdlar Alstom ETR600.

Xitoycha ishlab chiqilgan CRH380AL poezd Shanxay Hongqiao temir yo'l stantsiyasi.

Shanxay Maglev poezdi ulash Pudong aeroporti shahar bilan

Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l (HSR) dunyo eng uzun tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'i va eng keng qo'llanilgan.^[1][2] HSR tarmog'i yangi qurilgan temir yo'l liniyalarini o'z ichiga oladi, dizayn tezligi soatiga 200-350 km (soatiga 120-220 km).^[3] Xitoy HSR butun dunyo bo'ylab tezyurar temir yo'l tarmoqlarining uchdan ikki qismiga to'g'ri keladi.^[4][5] Deyarli barcha HSR poezdlari, treklar va xizmatlar egalik qiladi va boshqariladi Xitoy temir yo'l korporatsiyasi brend ostida Xitoy tezyurar temir yo'l (CRH).

So'nggi 15 yil ichida Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l jadal rivojlandi. CRH edi 2007 yil aprel oyida taqdim etilgan va Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l 2008 yil avgust oyida ochilgan HSR yo'nalishi bo'yicha birinchi yo'lovchi bo'ldi. HSR hamma uchun qo'llaniladi viloyat darajasidagi ma'muriy bo'linmalar^{[N 1]} bundan mustasno Makao^{[N 2]} va Tibet.^[6] HSR tarmog'i 2020 yil avgust oyida umumiy uzunligi 36000 km (22000 mil) ga yetdi. HSR qurilish tezligi 2035 yilda HSR tarmog'i 70.000 km (43000 mil) ga yetishi bilan davom etmoqda.^[7]

Xitoyning dastlabki tezyurar poezdlari chetdan olib kelingan yoki qurilgan texnologiya uzatish xorijiy poezd ishlab chiqaruvchilari bilan shartnomalar, shu jumladan Alstom, Simens, Bombardir va Kawasaki og'ir sanoat. Dastlabki texnologik yordamdan beri xitoylik muhandislar ichki poezd tarkibiy qismlarini qayta ishlab chiqdilar va qurdilar mahalliy poezdlar davlat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan CRRC korporatsiyasi.

Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'lning paydo bo'lishi sayohat vaqtini ancha qisqartirdi va Xitoy jamiyati va iqtisodiyotini o'zgartirdi. Jahon bankining tadqiqotida "turli darajadagi sayohatchilar qulayligi, qulayligi, xavfsizligi va o'z vaqtida bajarilishi uchun HSR ni tanlaydilar".^[8]

Xitoyda taniqli HSR qatorlariga quyidagilar kiradi Pekin-Guanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li qaysi 2,298 km (1,428 milya) dunyodagi eng uzun HSR liniyasi hisoblanadi va Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li dunyodagi eng tez ishlaydigan an'anaviy poezd xizmatlari bilan. The Shanxay Maglev dunyodagi birinchi tezkor reklama roligi magnit levitatsiya ("maglev") liniyasi, uning poezdlari harakatlanadi noan'anaviy trek va 430 km / soat (267 milya) tezlikka erishing.^[9] 2020 yilda Xitoy 600 km / soat tezlikda harakatlanadigan maglev prototipi poezdini sinovdan o'tkazishni boshladi va 500 km uzunlikdagi tezyurar maglev liniyasini 2025 yilgacha tijorat maqsadlarida foydalanishga topshirishni maqsad qildi.^[10]

Ta'rifi va terminologiyasi

Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l rasman "yangi qurilgan yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan temir yo'l liniyalari uchun mo'ljallangan elektr ko'p blokli (EMU) poezdlar to'plamlari kamida 250 km / soat (155 milya) tezlikda sayohat qilish (250 km / soat standartga ko'tarish uchun ajratilgan quvvatni o'z ichiga olgan liniyalar bilan), unda dastlabki xizmat kamida 200 km / soat (124 milya) da ishlaydi. "^[11] DAÜ poezdlarining to'plamlari 16 tadan ko'p emasvagonlar bilan eksa yuki 17 dan katta emastonna va xizmat oralig'i kamida uch minut.^[11]

Shunday qilib, Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l xizmati tezyurar EMU poezdlar to'plamidan 200 km / soat (124 milya) dan kam bo'lmagan tezlikda temir yo'l liniyalarida yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatishni talab qiladi. Tezyurar yo'lda yoki boshqa yo'l bilan ishlaydigan, lekin 200 km / s dan past tezlikda harakatlanadigan DAU poezdlari tezyurar temir yo'l hisoblanmaydi. Poezd tezligi 250 km / soat ga ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lgan, hozirgi yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish darajasi kamida 200 km / soat (124 milya) ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lum aralash yuk va yo'lovchi temir yo'l liniyalari ham tezyurar temir yo'l hisoblanadi.^[11]

Oddiy so'z bilan aytganda, Xitoyda tezyurar poezd xizmati odatda G-, D- va C sinfidagi yo'lovchi poezdlariga xizmat qiladi.

• G-sinf (高 铁; gāotiě; "tezyurar temir yo'l") poezd xizmati odatda yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalarida harakatlanadigan va kamida 250 km / soat tezlikda ishlaydigan DAU poezdlariga ega. Masalan, G7 poyezdi Pekin janubi ga Shanxay Hongqiao, ishlaydigan Pekin – Shanxay XSR, ish tezligi 350 km / soat (217 milya) bo'lgan chiziq.
• D-sinf (动 车; dngchē; "elektr ko'p blokli") poezd xizmati EMU poezdlarining yuqori tezlikda yoki yuqori tezlikda bo'lmaydigan yo'lda bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, past tezlikda harakatlanishini ta'minlaydi. D-sinfdagi poezdlar haqiqiy harakatlanish tezligida har xil bo'lishi mumkin. To'xtovsiz D211 poyezdi Guyang Sharqi ga Guanchjou janubi ustida Guyang – Guanchjou XSR, mo'ljallangan tezligi 250 km / soat bo'lgan liniya, o'rtacha sayohat uchun 207 km / soat. Pekin Janubiy va Shanxay o'rtasida yuqori tezlikda D312 EMU shpal poezdi Pekin-Shanxay temir yo'li sayohat uchun o'rtacha 121 km / soat.
• C-sinf (vhéngjì; "shaharlararo") tezligi 250 km / s dan yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan poezd xizmati ham tezyurar temir yo'l xizmati hisoblanadi. Masalan, C sinfidagi poezdlar Pekin-Tyantszin ICR, mo'ljallangan tezligi 350 km / soat, maksimal tezligi 330 km / soat (205 milya) va sayohat uchun o'rtacha 226 km / soat (140 milya).

Xitoyda tezyurar sayohat statistikasi ko'pincha tezyurar DAU poezdlari tashiydigan yo'lovchilar soni haqida xabar qilinadi va bunday ko'rsatkichlarga odatda tezyurar bo'lmagan yo'lda yoki soatiga 200 km dan past tezlikda ishlaydigan DAU poezdlarida yo'lovchilar kiradi.^[12]

Tarix

The Asia Express 1934 yildan 1943 yilgacha savdoda ishlagan parovoz Manchuriya soatiga 130 km (81 milya) tezlikka erisha oladigan va Osiyodagi eng tezyurar poyezdlardan biri bo'lgan.

Kashshof

Xitoyda tezyurar tijorat poezdlari xizmatining dastlabki namunasi bu edi Asia Express, Yaponiya nazorati ostida ishlaydigan hashamatli yo'lovchi poezdi Manchuriya 1934 yildan 1943 yilgacha.^[13] The bug 'bilan harakatlanadigan poezd, yugurgan Janubiy Manchuriya temir yo'li dan Dalian Sinjinga (Changchun ), 110 km / soat (68 milya) tezlikda tijorat tezligi va 130 km / soat (81 milya) sinov tezligi bo'lgan.^[13] Bu o'sha paytdagi Yaponiyaning eng tezyurar poezdlaridan tezroq edi. 1949 yilda Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi tashkil etilgandan so'ng, ushbu poezd modeli SL-7 deb o'zgartirildi va Xitoy temir yo'llari vaziri tomonidan ishlatildi.

Dastlabki rejalashtirish

1990-yillarning boshlarida, teplovozlar Xitoyda yo'lovchi poezdlarida maksimal tezlikni 120 km / soat (75 milya) ga etkazish mumkin edi. Bu erda a DF4 teplovozi yo'lovchilarning yo'lovchilarni tashiydigan vagonlarini ko'rsatmoqda Guanchjou - Sanshui temir yo'li da Foshan 2008 yilda.

Xitoyning hozirgi tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'ini davlat rejalashtirish 1990-yillarning boshlarida kuchli rahbarlik ostida boshlangan Den Syaoping dunyodagi birinchi tezyurar temir yo'ldan katta taassurot qoldirgan 1978 yilda Yaponiyaga tashrifidan so'ng, hozirgi kunda "tezyurar temir yo'l orzusi" deb nomlangan narsani o'rnatgan, Shinkansen[2]. 1990 yil dekabrda Temir yo'llar vazirligi (MOR) ga taqdim etilgan Butunxitoy xalq kongressi Pekin va Shanxay o'rtasida tezyurar temir yo'l qurish taklifi.^[14] O'sha paytda Pekin-Shanxay temir yo'li allaqachon quvvatga ega edi va taklif birgalikda tomonidan o'rganildi Ilmiy va texnologiya komissiyasi, Davlat rejalashtirish komissiyasi, Davlat iqtisodiy va savdo komissiyasi va MOR.^[14] 1994 yil dekabrda Davlat kengashi liniyaning texnik-iqtisodiy asosini topshirdi.^[14]

Siyosat rejalashtiruvchilari tezyurar temir yo'l transporti xizmati zarurligi va iqtisodiy samaradorligi to'g'risida bahslashdilar. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar tezyurar temir yo'l kelajakdagi iqtisodiy o'sishni kuchaytiradi deb ta'kidlashdi. Qarshilarning ta'kidlashicha, boshqa mamlakatlarda tezyurar temir yo'l qimmat va asosan zararli bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Mavjud temir yo'llarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi, xizmat ko'rsatish tezligi va chastotasi orqali imkoniyatlarni kengaytirish orqali hal qilinishi mumkinligini aytdi. 1995 yilda Premer Li Peng Pekin Shanxay HSR-ga tayyorgarlik ishlari 9-da boshlanishini e'lon qildi Besh yillik reja (1996-2000), ammo qurilish 21-asrning birinchi o'n yilligiga qadar rejalashtirilmagan.

"Tezlashtirish" aksiyalari

Tezkor temir yo'l xizmati Guanchjou - Shenchjen temir yo'li

1998 yildan 2007 yilgacha Guangshen temir yo'l kompaniyasi "Sinshisu" ishlatilgan Shved SJ 2000 tezyurar poezd Guangshen temir yo'li sifatida Guangdong poezd orqali dan Zhaoqing temir yo'l stantsiyasi yilda Guandun viloyati ga Hung Hom Station yilda Gonkong. Sinshisu poezdlari Shvetsiyaga 2012 yilda qaytarib yuborilgan.

2007 yilda Guangshen temir yo'li mamlakatda birinchi bo'lib to'rtta temir yo'lga ega bo'ldi, bu yo'lovchilar poezdlarining tezroq harakatlanishini ta'minladi (o'ng va uchinchi yo'naltirilgan yo'llarda) sekinroq yuk tashishdan (o'ngdan ikkinchi va beshinchi yo'llarda).

1993 yilda, Xitoyda tijorat poezd xizmati o'rtacha atigi 48 km / soat (30 milya) va bozor ulushini doimiy ravishda yo'qotib turardi aviakompaniya va mamlakatning kengayib borayotgan tarmog'ida avtomobil yo'llari bo'ylab sayohat qilish tezyurar yo'llar.^[15][16] MOR modernizatsiya ishlarini mavjud liniyalarda xizmat ko'rsatish tezligi va quvvatini oshirishga qaratdi er-xotin kuzatuv, elektrlashtirish, yaxshilanishlar sinf (tunnellar va ko'priklar orqali), egrilikning kamayishi va o'rnatilishi uzluksiz payvandlangan temir yo'l. Besh tur orqali "Tezlashtirish" aksiyalari 1997 yil aprelda, 1998 yil oktyabrda, 2000 yil oktyabrda, 2001 yil noyabrda va 2004 yil aprelda 7700 km (4800 milya) mavjud treklarda yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish 160 km / soat (100 milya) tezlikda ko'tarildi.^[17]

Ajoyib misol Guanchjou-Shenchjen temir yo'li 1994 yil dekabr oyida Xitoyda 160 km / soat (99 milya) tezlikda xizmat ko'rsatadigan birinchi qator bo'lib, mamlakatimizda ishlab chiqarilgan DF sinfidagi teplovozlardan foydalangan. Ushbu liniya 1998 yilda elektrlashtirilib, Shvetsiyada ishlab chiqarilgan X 2000 yil poezdlar xizmat tezligini 200 km / soatgacha oshirdi (124 milya). 2000 yilda uchinchi va 2007 yilda to'rtinchi marshrut tugagandan so'ng, ushbu yo'nalish Xitoyda birinchi bo'lib alohida yo'llarda tezyurar yo'lovchilar va yuk tashishni amalga oshirdi.

2007 yil aprel oyida "Tezlashtirish" aksiyasining oltinchi raundining yakunlanishi HSR xizmatini mavjud yo'nalishlarga olib keldi: 423 km (263 mil) 250 km / soat (155 milya) poezd xizmati va 3002 km (1.865 mil) soatiga 200 km (124 milya) quvvatga ega.^{[18][N 3]} Umuman olganda, sayohat tezligi milliy temir yo'l tarmog'ining 22000 km (14000 milya) ga ko'paygan va yo'lovchi poezdlarining o'rtacha tezligi 70 km / soat (43 milya) ga yaxshilangan. Yirik shaharlar o'rtasida to'xtovsiz xizmatni joriy etish ham sayohat vaqtini qisqartirishga yordam berdi. Pekindan to'xtovsiz tezyurar poezd Fuzhou qisqartirilgan sayohat vaqti 33,5 dan 20 soatdan kam.^[21]Yaxshilashni rejalashtirish va rejalashtirishdan tashqari, MOR ham tezroq ishlaydi CRH seriyasi poezdlar. Oltinchi temir yo'lni tezlashtirish kampaniyasi davomida 52 ta CRH poezdlari (CRH1, CRH2 va CRH5 ) ishga tushirildi. Yangi poyezdlar Pekin va Shanxay o'rtasidagi sayohat vaqtini ikki soatga qisqartirib, 10 soatdan ozroq vaqtni tashkil etdi. Tezyurar poyezdlarni harakatga keltirish uchun 295 ta stantsiya qurildi yoki yangilandi.^[22][23]

An'anaviy temir yo'l v maglev munozarasi

Xitoyda HSR tarmog'ining rivojlanishi dastlab foydalaniladigan trek texnologiyasi turi bo'yicha munozaralar bilan kechiktirildi. 1998 yil iyun oyida Davlat Kengashi yig'ilishida Xitoy Fanlar akademiyalari va Muhandislik, Premer Chju Rongji Pekin va Shanxay o'rtasida hali ham rejalashtirilayotgan tezyurar temir yo'ldan foydalanish mumkinmi, deb so'radi maglev texnologiyasi.^[24] O'sha paytda rejalashtiruvchilar odatdagidek harakatlanadigan g'ildiraklar bilan tezyurar poezdlardan foydalanish o'rtasida bo'linishgan standart o'lchov yangi tezyurar milliy temir yo'l tarmog'i uchun maxsus maglev yo'llarida harakatlanadigan temir yo'llar yoki magnit levitatsiya poezdlari.

Maglev 2000 yilda katta kuch oldi Shanxay shahar hokimiyati sotib olishga kelishib oldilar kalit kaliti TransRapid poezd tizimi Germaniya bog'laydigan 30,5 km (19,0 milya) temir yo'l uchun Shanxay Pudong xalqaro aeroporti va shahar. 2004 yilda, Shanxay Maglev poezdi dunyodagi birinchi tezyurar maglevga aylandi. U 431 km / soat (268 milya) tezligi bilan dunyodagi eng tezkor tijorat poyezdi bo'lib qoladi va 7,5 daqiqadan kamroq vaqt ichida 30,5 km (19,0 milya) yo'lni bosib o'tadi.

Oldin Xitoyda tezyurar poezdlar CRH seriyasi

The China Railways SS8 (Shaoshan 8) elektrovoz 1996 yildan 2001 yilgacha ishlab chiqarilgan va tezyurar temir yo'l xizmati ko'rsatgan. Poyezd a Xitoy temir yo'l tezligi bo'yicha rekord 1998 yilda 240 km / soat (150 milya).

Mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchilar China Railways DJJ1 (Moviy o'q) birinchi bo'lib joylashtirilgan poezd Guanchjou-Shenchjen temir yo'li 2001 yilda soatiga 235,6 km (146,4 milya) tezlikka erishishi mumkin. DJJ1 poezdlari 2008 yilda Xitoyning janubi-g'arbidagi yo'nalishlarga o'tkazildi.

China Railways DJF2 (Xianfeng) poyezdi 2001 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan va 2002 yil 10 sentyabrda 292,8 km / soat (181,9 milya) tezlikni o'rnatgan. Poezd 2007 yildan 2010 yilgacha Xitoyning janubi-g'arbiy qismida an'anaviy temir yo'l liniyalarida tijorat sifatida ishlagan.

Mahalliy ishlab chiqaruvchilar China Railways DJJ2 (China Star) tezyurar poezd 321 km / soat (199 milya) tezlikni o'rnatdi Qinshen yo'lovchi temir yo'li va 2006 yildan 2007 yilgacha qisqa vaqt ichida tijorat xizmatida ishlatilib, import qilinadigan tezyurar poezdlar texnologiyasi foydasidan voz kechilgan edi.

The Shanxay Maglev poezdi maxsus maglev trassasida yugurish, ketish Shanxay Pudong xalqaro aeroporti. Maglev poezdi soatiga 431 km (268 milya) tezlikka erishishi mumkin.

Maglev tezlikning tengsiz ustunligiga qaramay, Xitoyning tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'ida yuqori narx, Germaniyaning texnologiyani baham ko'rishdan bosh tortishi va xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq tashvishlar tufayli keng foydalanilmadi. Shanxay Maglev narxlari yorlig'i 1,3 milliard dollarga teng deb hisoblangan va Germaniya hukumati tomonidan qisman moliyalashtirilgan. Transrapid konsortsiumining Xitoyda texnologiya va manba ishlab chiqarishni baham ko'rishdan bosh tortishi yirik maglev ishlab chiqarishni an'anaviy yo'nalishlar uchun tezyurar poezdlar ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasidan ancha qimmatga tushirdi. Va nihoyat, taklif qilingan maglev marshrutida yashovchilar aholining sog'lig'i haqida shovqin va elektromagnit nurlanish poezdlar tomonidan chiqarilgan, Shanxay atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish fanlari akademiyasining ushbu yo'nalish xavfsizligini aytgan ekologik bahosiga qaramay.^[25] Ushbu tashvishlar taklif qilinayotgan qurilishni oldini oldi maglevning Xanchjouga kengayishi. Maglevni Shanxayning boshqa aeroportiga etkazish uchun juda oddiy rejalar, Hongqiao, to'xtab qoldi. Buning o'rniga, an'anaviy metro liniyasi ikkita aeroportni ulash uchun qurilgan va a an'anaviy tezyurar temir yo'l liniyasi Shanxay va Xanchjou o'rtasida qurilgan.

Maglev e'tiborini Shanxayga qaratganida, an'anaviy trek HSR texnologiyasi yangi qurib bitkazilgan joyda sinovdan o'tkazilmoqda Tsinxuandao-Shenyan yo'lovchi temir yo'li. Ushbu 405 km (252 milya) standart o'lchovli, ikki yo'lli va elektrlashtirilgan liniya 1999 yildan 2003 yilgacha qurilgan. 2002 yil iyun oyida DJF2 poezdida 292,8 km / soat (181,9 milya) tezlikda rekord o'rnatildi. The China Star (DJJ2) poezdi o'sha sentyabr oyida 321 km / soat (199 milya) yangi rekord bilan davom etdi. Ushbu yo'nalish soatiga 200-250 km (120-160 milya) tezlikda tijorat poezd xizmatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va Pekin va Shimoliy-Sharqiy Xitoy o'rtasidagi temir yo'l koridorining bir qismiga aylandi. Tsinxuandao-Shenyan liniyasi an'anaviy yo'lda HSR ning Xitoyning boshqa standart temir yo'l tarmog'i bilan ko'proq mosligini namoyish etdi.

2004 yilda Davlat Kengashi O'rta va uzoq muddatli temir yo'llarni rivojlantirish rejasi, Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'l va boshqa uchta shimoliy-janubiy tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalari uchun maglev orqali an'anaviy HSR texnologiyasini qabul qildi. Ushbu qaror munozarani tugatdi va Xitoyda standart o'lchovli, yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan HSR liniyalarini tezkor ravishda qurish yo'lini tozaladi.^[26][27]

Chet el texnologiyasini sotib olish

CRH poezdlarining birinchi avlodi

Bombardir Regina

CRH1

Kavasaki E2 seriyali Shinkansen

CRH2

Simens ICE3 / Velaro

CRH3

Alstom Yangi Pendolino

CRH5

Sinov yo'llarida tezlik rekordlarini o'rnatganiga qaramay, DJJ2, DJF2 va boshqa mahalliy tezyurar poezdlar tijorat faoliyati uchun etarli darajada ishonchli emas edi.^[28] Davlat kengashi chet elda ilg'or texnologiyalarga murojaat qildi, ammo ko'rsatmalarda Xitoyning HSR ekspansiyasi nafaqat tashqi iqtisodiyotga foyda keltirishi mumkinligini aniq ko'rsatib berdi.^[28] Xitoyning kengayishi texnologiyani uzatish orqali o'zining tezyurar poezdlarini ishlab chiqarish quvvatini rivojlantirish uchun ham ishlatilishi kerak. Davlat kengashi, MOR va davlatga qarashli poezd quruvchilar, China North Car (CNR) va China South Car (CSR) majburlash uchun Xitoyning yirik bozori va xorijiy poezd ishlab chiqaruvchilar o'rtasidagi raqobatdan foydalangan^{[iqtibos kerak ]} DJJ2 va DJF2 tezyurar poezdlari texnologik transferlardan oldin etarlicha ishonchli bo'lmaganligi sababli, keyinchalik Xitoy hukumatiga imkon beradigan chet el tezyurar temir yo'l texnologiyasining texnologik transferlari. CRRC yanada ishonchli qilish Fuxing Xao va Hexie Hao poezdlar. The CRH380 qator (yoki oilaviy) poezdlar dastlab chet ellik temir yo'lchilarning bevosita hamkorligi (yoki yordami) bilan qurilgan. Ammo yangi Poezdlar xuddi Hexie va Fuxing Hao singari transfer qilingan texnologiyalarga asoslangan.

2003 yilda MOR Yaponiyaning foydasiga ishongan Shinkansen texnologiya, ayniqsa 700 seriyali.^[28] Yaponiya hukumati Shinkansenning 40 yillik tarixini e'lon qildi va qulay mablag 'taklif qildi. Yaponiyaning hisobotida g'olib chiqqan barcha ssenariylar ko'zda tutilgan bo'lib, unda g'olib bo'lgan texnologiya provayderi Xitoy poyezdlariga 8000 km (5000 mil) dan ortiq tezyurar temir yo'lni etkazib beradi.^[29] Biroq, Xitoy fuqarolari Yaponiyaning rad etishidan g'azablandilar ning Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi vahshiyliklar yapon kompaniyalariga HSR shartnomalarini berilishiga qarshi veb-aktsiyani tashkil etdi. Namoyishlar milliondan ortiq imzo to'plab, masalani siyosiylashtirdi.^[30] MOR qarorni kechiktirdi, savdoni kengaytirdi va xorijiy tezyurar poezdlar texnologiyasini qabul qilish bo'yicha diversifikatsiyalangan yondashuvni qo'lladi.

2004 yil iyun oyida MOR 200 km / soat (124 milya) yura oladigan 200 ta tezyurar poezdlar to'plamini yaratish bo'yicha takliflarni qabul qildi.^[28] Alstom Frantsiya, Simens ning Germaniya, Bombardier transporti Germaniyada joylashgan va boshchiligidagi Yaponiya konsortsiumi Kavasaki barcha takliflar. O'zining talabini pasaytirishni rad etgan Siemens bundan mustasno CN ¥ Har bir poezd uchun 350 million va texnologiya transferi uchun 390 million evro, qolgan uchtasi shartnomaning bir qismiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[28] Hammalari o'zlarining HSR poezdlarini Xitoyning umumiy standartlariga moslashtirishlari va mahalliy birliklarni yig'ishlari kerak edi qo'shma korxonalar (QK) yoki xitoylik ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan hamkorlik qilish. Bombardier, KSS bilan qo'shma korxonasi orqali Sifang lokomotivi va harakatlanadigan tarkib kooperatsiyasi (CSR Sifang), Bombardier Sifang (Tsingdao) Transport Ltd (BST). Bombardier asosidagi sakkizta vagondan iborat 40 ta poyezdlar to'plamiga buyurtma yutib oldi Regina dizayn.^[31] Belgilangan ushbu poezdlar CRH1 A, 2006 yilda etkazib berildi. Kavasaki 60 tagacha poezd to'plamiga buyurtma yutib oldi E2 seriyali Shinkansen 9,3 milliard ¥ uchun.^[32] 60 ta poezd to'plamidan uchtasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri etkazib berildi Nagoya, Yaponiya, oltitasi yig'ilgan edi KSS Sifang lokomotivi va harakatlanuvchi tarkib, qolgan 51 tasi Xitoyda mahalliy va import qilinadigan qismlar bilan uzatilgan texnologiyalar yordamida ishlab chiqarilgan.^[33] Ular sifatida tanilgan CRH2 A. Alstom shuningdek, asosida tashkil etilgan 60 ta poezdlar to'plamiga buyurtma yutib oldi Yangi Pendolino Alstom tomonidan ishlab chiqilganFerroviariya Italiyada. Buyurtmada uchtasi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri jo'natilgan holda etkazib berishning o'xshash tuzilishi mavjud edi Savigliano CNR tomonidan yig'ilgan oltita to'plam bilan birga CRRC Changchun temir yo'l transporti vositalari, qolganlari esa uzatish texnologiyasi va ba'zi import qilingan qismlar bilan mahalliy ishlab chiqarilgan.^[34] Alstom texnologiyasiga ega poyezdlar CRH5 belgilash.

Keyingi yili Siemens o'z takliflar guruhini o'zgartirdi, narxlarni tushirdi, 350 km / soat (217 milya) soatlik poyezdlar savdosiga qo'shildi va 60-poyezdning belgilangan tartibini yutib oldi.^[28] Bu texnologiyani ta'minladi CRH3 C asosida ICE3 (403 sinf) dizayn, CNR-ga Tangshan temir yo'l transport vositasi Ltd. O'tkazilgan texnologiya tarkibiga yig'ish, korpus, bogi, tortish tokini o'zgartirish, tortish transformatorlari, tortish dvigatellari, tortishni boshqarish, tormoz tizimlari va poezdlarni boshqarish tarmoqlari kiradi.

Texnologiyalarni uzatish

Mahalliy tezyurar temir yo'l texnologiyasiga erishish Xitoy davlat rejalashtiruvchilarining asosiy maqsadi bo'lgan. Xitoylik poezd ishlab chiqaruvchilari chet el texnologiyalarini olgandan so'ng, asosiy qismlarni ishlab chiqarish qobiliyatini rivojlantirish va xorijiy konstruktsiyalarni takomillashtirish orqali tezyurar poyezdlarning keyingi avlodini yaratishda o'zini o'zi ta'minlashning katta darajasiga erishdilar.

Ikkinchi avlod CRH poezdlari to'plamlari

CRH380AL 2011 yil dekabrda

CRH380BL 2012 yil yanvar oyida.

CRH380CL 2011 yil may oyida

CRH380D 2015 yil iyul oyida

CRH380AL poezdlari to'plami, yuqorida ko'rsatilgan Pekin Janubiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi, a ni o'rnating rekord tezlik 2010 yil 3 dekabrda 486,1 km / soat (302,0 milya) tezlikni. 2011 yil 9 yanvarda o'rnatilgan CRH380BL poyezdi tomonidan rekord o'rnatildi va 487,3 km / soat (302,8 milya) ga yetdi.

Texnologiyalarni uzatish misollariga quyidagilar kiradi Mitsubishi Electric MT205 tortish dvigateli va ATM9 transformatori CSR Zhuzhou Electric, Xitachi Ning YJ92A tortish dvigateli va Alstomning YJ87A tortish dvigateli CNR Yongji Electric, Siemensning TSG seriyali pantografi Zhuzhou Gofront Electric. Xitoy kompaniyalari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan CRH poezdlarining aksariyat tarkibiy qismlari mahalliy etkazib beruvchilardan iborat bo'lib, ularning bir nechta qismlari olib kelingan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Xorijiy poezd ishlab chiqaruvchilari uchun texnologiya transferi Xitoyda bozorga kirishda muhim qism hisoblanadi. Xitoyda qo'shma korxonani tashkil qilgan birinchi xorijiy poezd ishlab chiqaruvchisi Bombardier 1998 yildan beri yo'lovchi vagonlari va harakatlanuvchi tarkibni ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasini baham ko'rmoqda. Chjan Jianwei, Bombardier China prezidenti va bosh mamlakat vakili, 2009 yilda intervyu, “Bombardier qanday texnologiyaga ega bo'lmasin, Xitoy bozori nima bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, so'rashga hojat yo'q. Bombardier transferlari rivojlangan va etuk texnologiyalar Xitoyga, biz unga eksperimental bozor sifatida qaramaymiz ».^[35] Prototiplarni import qilgan boshqa seriyalardan farqli o'laroq, barcha CRH1 poezdlari Bombardierning CSR bilan Bombardier Sifang qo'shma korxonasida yig'ilgan. Tsindao.

Kavasaki bilan hamkorlik KSS uzoq davom etmadi. 60 ta CRH2A to'plamini ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha Kawasaki bilan ikki yillik hamkorlik doirasida CSR 2008 yilda Sifang zavodida mustaqil ravishda Kawasaki yordamisiz CRH2B, CRH2C va CRH2E modellarini ishlab chiqarishni boshladi.^[36] CSR prezidenti Zhang Chenghongning so'zlariga ko'ra, KSS "yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan teplovozlar uchun tizimli rivojlanish platformasini shakllantirish va uning dizayni va ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasini yanada takomillashtirish bo'yicha dadil harakatlarni amalga oshirdi. Keyinchalik biz maksimal tezlikda CRH poyezdlarini mustaqil ravishda ishlab chiqara boshladik. Soatiga 300-350 kilometr, bu 2007 yil dekabrida ishlab chiqarish liniyasidan chiqib ketdi. "^[37] O'shandan beri KSS Kavasaki bilan hamkorlikni to'xtatdi.^[38] Kavasaki patentni o'g'irlash bo'yicha Xitoyning tezyurar temir yo'l loyihasini e'tiroz qildi, ammo bu harakatidan qaytdi.^[39]

2005 yil iyun va sentyabr oylari orasida KO'PROQ tezligi 350 km / soat (217 milya) bo'lgan tezyurar poezdlar uchun savdolarni boshladi, chunki asosiy temir yo'l temir yo'llarining ko'p qismi 350 km / soat va undan yuqori tezlikka mo'ljallangan edi. Siemens va CNR Tangshan tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan CRH3C bilan bir qatorda CSR Sifang 60 ta CRH2C to'plamini taklif qiladi.

2007 yilda Pekindan Shanxayga sayohat vaqti 10 soat davomida 200 km / soat (124 milya) tezlikda ko'tarildi. Pekin-Shanxay temir yo'li. Transport sig'imini oshirish uchun MOR CSR Sifang va BST dan 16 ta 16 ta vagon poezdlariga buyurtma berdi, shu jumladan 10 ta CRH1B to'plami va 20 ta CRH2B o'tiradigan poezdlar, 20 ta CRH1E va 20 ta CRH2E shpallar to'plamlari.

Qurilishi Pekin va Shanxay o'rtasida tezyurar temir yo'l, loyihalashtirilgan tezligi 380 km / soat (236 milya) bo'lgan dunyodagi birinchi tezyurar temir yo'l 2008 yil 18 aprelda boshlandi. Xuddi shu yili Fan vazirligi va MOR Xitoyda tezyurar poezdlarning mahalliy innovatsiyasi bo'yicha qo'shma harakatlar rejasini kelishib oldilar. Keyinchalik MOR CRH1-350 (Bombardier va BST, deb belgilangan) ni ishga tushirdi CRH380D ), CRH2-350 (KSS sifatida belgilangan CRH380A / AL ) va CRH3-350 (CNR va sifatida belgilangan Siemens CRH380B / BL & CRH380CL ), yuqori ish tezligi 380 km / soat bo'lgan yangi avlod CRH poezdlarini yaratish. Jami 400 ta yangi avlod poezdlariga buyurtma berildi. The CRH380A / AL, CRH seriyasidagi birinchi mahalliy tezyurar poezd xizmatga kirdi Shanxay-Xanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li 2010 yil 26 oktyabrda.^[40]

2010 yil 19 oktyabrda MOR poezdlarning maksimal tezligini 500 km / soat (311 milya) ga oshiradigan "yuqori tezlikda" temir yo'l texnologiyasini tadqiq etish va rivojlantirish boshlanganligini e'lon qildi.^[41]

Dastlabki yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalari

2006 yilda an'anaviy tezyurar temir yo'lni o'z zimmasiga olganidan so'ng, davlat temir yo'l qurilishi uchun o'sib borayotgan byudjetning katta qismini tashkil etadigan yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan tezyurar temir yo'llarni qurish bo'yicha katta kampaniyani boshladi. Yangi temir yo'l liniyalariga investitsiyalarning umumiy hajmi 2004 yildagi 14 milliard dollardan 22,7 va 2006 va 2007 yillarda 26,2 milliard dollarga o'sdi.^[42] Ga javoban global iqtisodiy tanazzul, hukumat iqtisodiy o'sishni rag'batlantirish uchun HSR kengayish tezligini tezlashtirdi. Yangi temir yo'l liniyalariga investitsiyalarning umumiy hajmi 2008 yilda 49,4 milliard dollarni, 2009 yilda 88 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi.^[42] Umuman olganda, davlat 2020 yilgacha 25000 km (16000 milya) HSR tarmog'ini qurish uchun 300 milliard dollar sarflashni rejalashtirgan.^[43][44]

CRH3 poezdlari Uxan - Guanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li 2009 yil dekabrda ochilgan liniya, temir yo'l orqali sayohat vaqtini qisqartirdi Vuxan va Guanchjou 10,5 soatdan uch soatdan ko'proq vaqtgacha.

Yangi Vuxan temir yo'l stantsiyasi 2009 yilda qurilayapti.

2007 yildan boshlab Tsinxuandao-Shenyan tezyurar temir yo'l, poyezdlarni 250 km / soat (155 milya) tezlikda Liaoxi yo'lagi bo'ylab olib borgan. Shimoli-sharq, Xitoyda yo'lovchilarga bag'ishlangan yagona HSR yo'nalishi (PDL) edi, ammo bu tez orada mamlakat tezyurar temir yo'l qurilishining boshlanishiga qarab o'zgaradi.

Milliy tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'i (4 + 4)

Tezyurar tezyurar poezdlar xizmati ko'proq poezdlarga yo'llarni taqsimlash va temir yo'l transporti imkoniyatlarini yaxshilash imkonini berdi. Ammo tezyurar poezdlar tez-tez sekinroq va og'ir yuk poezdlari bilan yo'llarni bo'lishishi kerak - ba'zi hollarda 5 daqiqagacha yo'l yurish kerak.^[21] Yuqori tezlik va transport imkoniyatlariga erishish uchun rejalashtiruvchilar yo'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan HSR tarmog'ini keng miqyosda taklif qila boshladilar. MORning 2004 yil "O'rta va uzoq muddatli temir yo'l tarmog'i rejasi" tomonidan boshlangan to'rtta shimoldan janubga va to'rttasi sharqdan g'arbga qarab sakkizta tezyurar temir yo'l koridoridan tashkil topgan milliy tarmoq qurilishi kerak edi.^[45] Ko'zda tutilgan tarmoq va yangilangan mavjud liniyalar bilan birgalikda uzunligi 12000 km (7456 mil) ni tashkil etadi. Yangi liniyalarning aksariyati mavjud magistral liniyalarning yo'nalishlari bo'yicha harakatlanadi va faqat yo'lovchilar uchun mo'ljallangan. Ular yo'lovchilar uchun mo'ljallangan yo'nalishlar (PDL) sifatida tanilgan. Milliy tarmoqning bir nechta uchastkalari, ayniqsa, janubi-sharqiy qirg'oq bo'ylab koridor bo'ylab temir yo'l aloqalari bo'lmagan shaharlarni bog'lash uchun qurilgan. Ushbu bo'limlarda yo'lovchi va yuk aralashmasi tashiladi. PDL-larda tezyurar poezdlar odatda 300–350 km / soat (190–220 milya) ga yetishi mumkin. Aralash ishlatiladigan HSR yo'nalishlarida yo'lovchi poezdlari xizmati 200-250 km / soat (120-160 milya) tezlikka erishishi mumkin. Dastlab qurilgan PDLlar xuddi shu mintaqadagi yirik shaharlarni bir-biriga bog'laydigan koridorlarning uchastkalari edi. 2008 yil 19 aprelda, Hefei-Nanjing PDL ichida Sharq soatiga 250 km (155 milya) tezlikda ochilgan. 2008 yil 1 avgustda Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l uchun o'z vaqtida ochilgan 2008 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari. Bu chiziq shimoliy Xitoy Ikki yirik shahar, mamlakatda birinchi bo'lib 350 km / soat tezlikka ega tijorat poezdlarini joylashtirdi (217 milya) va CRH2 C va CRH3 S poyezdlari to'plamlari. Ushbu ulkan milliy elektr tarmog'ining loyihasini 2020 yilga qadar qurish rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo hukumat tomonidan rag'batlantirish ko'plab yo'nalishlar bo'yicha vaqt jadvallarini tezlashtirdi.

The Uxan - Guanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li (Wuguang PDL) 2009 yil 26 dekabrda ochilgan mamlakatdagi birinchi mintaqalararo tezyurar temir yo'l liniyasi bo'ldi. Umumiy uzunligi 968 km (601 mil) va 350 km / soat (217 milya) tezlikda harakatlanadigan poezdlarni sig'dira oladigan Wuguang PDL 312,5 km / soat o'rtacha tezligi bilan eng tezkor tijorat poezd xizmati bo'yicha jahon rekordini o'rnatdi ( 194,2 milya). Poezdlar orasida sayohat Markaziy va janubiy Xitoy Uxan va Guanchjoularning eng yirik shaharlari uch soatdan sal qisqargan edi. 2010 yil 26 oktyabrda Xitoy o'zining 15-tezyurar temir yo'lini ochdi. Shanxay-Xanchjou liniyasi va ochdi CRH380A CSR Sifang tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan poezd muntazam xizmat ko'rsatishni boshladi. The Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li Ikkinchi yirik mintaqalararo yo'nalish 2011 yil iyun oyida ochilgan va tijorat xizmatida 380 km / soat (236 milya) tezlikda ishlab chiqarilgan birinchi yo'nalish edi.^[46][47]

2011 yil yanvariga kelib, Xitoy dunyoga ega bo'ldi eng uzun 8,358 km (5,193 mil) ga yaqin tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'i^[48] kamida 200 km / soat (124 milya) tezlikda harakatlanadigan marshrutlar, shu jumladan 2197 km (1365 milya) temir yo'l liniyalari 350 km / soat (217 milya) tezlikka ega.^{[o'lik havola ][49]} Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, MOR 2010 yilda temir yo'l qurilishiga 709,1 milliard ¥ (107,9 milliard AQSh dollar) sarmoya kiritgan va 2011 yilda 70 ta temir yo'l loyihalariga, shu jumladan 15 ta tezyurar temir yo'l loyihalariga 700 milliard ¥ (106 milliard AQSh dollar) sarmoya kiritgan. 4.715 kilometr (2.930 milya) yangi tezyurar temir yo'llar ochilishi kerak edi va 2011 yil oxiriga kelib Xitoyda poezdlarni kamida 200 km / soat (124) tezlikda olib o'tishga qodir bo'lgan 13.073 kilometr (8123 mil) temir yo'llar bo'lishi kerak edi. milya).^[50]

Korruptsiya va tashvishlar

2011 yil fevral oyida, Temir yo'l vaziri Lyu Tszijun, Xitoyda HSR kengayishining asosiy tarafdori, korruptsiya ayblovi bilan lavozimidan chetlashtirildi. Iqtisodchi Lyu qabul qildi ¥ 1 milliard pora (152 million dollar) temir yo'l qurilishi loyihalari bilan bog'liq.^[51] Tergovchilar yana birining dalillarini topdilar ¥ 187 million (28,5 million dollar) 33 milliard dollardan o'zlashtirildi Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li 2010 yilda.^[52]Temir yo'l vazirligining yana bir yuqori lavozimli xodimi, Chjan Shuguang, shuningdek, korruptsiya uchun ishdan bo'shatilgan.^[51] Chjan 2,8 milliard dollarga teng bo'lgan xorijdagi shaxsiy hisob raqamlarini o'zlashtirgan deb taxmin qilingan.^[53]

Sobiq temir yo'l vaziri Lyu Tszijun xosting Nensi Pelosi va Edvard Marki, a'zolari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi, 2009 yilda Pekinda.

Siyosiy silkinishdan so'ng, HSR xavfsizligi, chiptalarning yuqori narxi, moliyaviy barqarorlik va atrof-muhitga ta'siri haqida xavotirlar Xitoy matbuotida katta e'tiborga sazovor bo'ldi.^[54][55]

2011 yil aprel oyida yangi temir yo'l vaziri Sheng Guangzu Korruptsiya sababli ba'zi qurilish loyihalarida xavfsizlik buzilgan bo'lishi mumkin va uni tugatish muddatlari orqaga surilishi kerak edi.^[51] Sheng tezyurar temir yo'l tarmog'idagi barcha poezdlar 2011 yil 1 iyuldan boshlab maksimal 300 km / soat (186 milya) tezlikda harakatlanishini e'lon qildi.^[54][56][57] Bu xavfsizlik, yuqori chiptalar narxi tufayli kam yo'lovchilar bilan bog'liq xavotirlarga javoban,^[58] va yuqori energiyadan foydalanish.^[55] 2011 yil 13-iyun kuni MOR matbuot anjumanida tezlikni pasayishi xavfsizlik nuqtai nazaridan emas, balki 250 km / soat (155 milya) tezlikda harakatlanadigan poezdlarga arzonroq chiptalarni taklif qilish va yo'lovchilar safining ko'payishi bilan bog'liqligini aniqladi. Tezyurar poyezdlar sayohati katta energiya sarflaydi va qimmat mashinalarda ko'proq eskirishni keltirib chiqaradi. Temir yo'l xodimlari 350 km / soat (217 milya) tezlikda harakatlanayotgan ko'plab yo'nalishlarda poezdlarning eng yuqori tezligini 300 km / soat (186 milya) ga tushirdilar. Pekin-Tyantszin tezyurar liniyasida va boshqa bir qator shaharlararo yo'nalishlarda poyezdlar soatiga 350 km.^[59]2011 yil may oyida Xitoy Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish vazirligi atrof-muhitga ta'sir sinovlaridan o'ta olmagan ikkita tezyurar liniyalar qurilishi va ulardan foydalanishni to'xtatishni buyurdi.^[60][61] Iyun oyida MOR tezyurar temir yo'l qurilishi pasayib ketmasligini ta'kidladi.^[62] The CRH380A bo'yicha treninglar Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li 380 km / soat (240 milya) tezlikka erishishi mumkin edi, lekin 300 km / soat bilan cheklangan edi.^[46][63]Siyosiy va jamoatchilik bosimi ostida Milliy taftish byurosi (NAO) barcha tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalarining qurilish sifati bo'yicha keng ko'lamli tekshiruv o'tkazdi. 2011 yil mart oyidan boshlab tizimda hech qanday sifatli nuqsonlar topilmadi.^[64] Shanxay-Pekin tezyurar aloqasi bilan shug'ullanadigan xorijiy ishlab chiqaruvchilar ularning shartnomalari maksimal ish tezligini 300 km / soat (186 milya) tashkil etishi kerakligini xabar qilishdi.^[65] 2011 yil 20 iyuldan boshlab odamlar kam bo'lganligi sababli Jinan-Pekin va Tyantszin poezdlari qatnovi tezligi kamaytirildi, bu esa tezkor xizmatlarga talab va rentabellik haqidagi xavotirlarni qaytadan kuchaytirdi.^[66] Ishlashning birinchi oyida xizmatdagi nosozliklar yo'lovchilarni temir yo'l harakati va avia qatnovini orqaga surib qo'ydi; raqobat pasaygani sababli aviachiptalar narxi tiklandi.

Wenzhou avariyasi

Maksimal tezligi CRH380A poezdi kuni Shanxay - Xanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li Wenzhou avtohalokati soatiga 350 km atrofida bo'lgan.

2011 yil 23 iyulda ikkita tezyurar poezd to'qnashib ketdi Ningbo - Taychjou - Venchjou temir yo'li yilda Lucheng tumani ning Wenzhou, Chjetszyan Viloyat.^[67][68][69] Voqea Venchjou yaqinida harakatlanayotgan bitta poyezdni chaqmoq urib, kuchini yo'qotib, to'xtab qolishi natijasida sodir bo'lgan. Signallar ishlamay qoldi, boshqa poyezd to'xtab qolgan poyezdni orqa tomonga olib chiqdi.^{[68][70][71][72][73]} Bir nechta vagonlar relsdan chiqib ketgan.^[74] Xitoyning davlat ommaviy axborot vositalari 40 kishining o'limini tasdiqladilar va kamida 192 kishi kasalxonaga yotqizildi, shulardan 12 nafari og'ir jarohat olishdi.^[75][76][77] Venchjou poyezdidagi avariya va temir yo'l mutasaddilari tomonidan javobgarlikning yo'qligi jamoatchilikning shov-shuviga sabab bo'ldi va Xitoyning tezyurar temir yo'l tizimi xavfsizligi va boshqaruvi bilan bog'liq xavotirlarni kuchaytirdi.^[78][79] Sifat va xavfsizlik muammolari tezyurar poezdlarning arzonroq texnologiyasini boshqa mamlakatlarga eksport qilish rejalariga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[80]

Halokatli halokatdan so'ng, Xitoy hukumati yangi temir yo'l loyihalarini tasdiqlashni to'xtatdi va mavjud uskunalarning xavfsizligini tekshirishni boshladi.^[81][82] Avtohalokatni tekshirish bo'yicha komissiya 2011 yil sentyabr oyida o'z xulosalari to'g'risida xabar berish bo'yicha ko'rsatma bilan tuzilgan.^[83] 2011 yil 10 avgustda Xitoy hukumati tergov natijalariga qadar har qanday yangi tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalarini tasdiqlashni to'xtatib turishini e'lon qildi.^[84][85] Temir yo'l vaziri Xitoyning tezyurar poezdlari tezligini yanada qisqartirishni e'lon qildi, ikkinchi darajali 'D' poyezdlarining tezligi 250 km / s dan (155 milya) 200 km / soatgacha (124 milya) kamaytirildi va Yangilangan avvalgi liniyalarda 200 km / s dan 160 km / s gacha.^[86] Shanxay va Xanchjou o'rtasida qolgan 350 km / soat (217 milya) poezdlarning tezligi 2011 yil 28 avgust holatiga 300 km / soat (186 milya) ga qisqardi.^[87] Chavandozlikni rag'batlantirish uchun 2011 yil 16 avgustda tezyurar poezdlarda chiptalar narxi besh foizga pasaytirildi.^[88] Iyuldan sentyabrgacha Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l qatnovi qariyb 30 millionga kamayib, 151 million marotaba o'tdi.^[89]

Moliyalashtirish va qurilishning pasayishi

A kompleks tekshiruv poezdi (CRH380B) Heilongjiang (Shimoliy-Sharqiy Xitoy) da balandlik va past harorat sharoitida o'z ishini sinovdan o'tkazmoqda.

2011 yilning birinchi yarmida MOR umuman olganda 4,29 milliard ¥ foyda ko'rdi va 2,09 trln yuanlik umumiy qarz yukini ko'tardi, bu Xitoy yalpi ichki mahsulotining taxminan 5 foiziga teng.^[90][91] Ko'proq rentabellikga ega bo'lgan yuk tashish liniyalaridan olinadigan daromad yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan temir yo'l liniyalarining zararlarini qoplashga yordam berdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 2008, 2009 va 2010 yillarda tugagan yillarga ko'ra, MORning qarzlar va aktivlarga nisbati mos ravishda 46,81%, 53,06% va 57,44%,^[92] va 2011 yil o'rtalarida 58,58% ga etdi.^[93] 2011 yil 12 oktabr holatiga ko'ra MOR yil davomida 160 milliard ¥ qarzni rasmiylashtirdi.^[91] Ammo yoz oxirida davlat banklari temir yo'l qurilishi loyihalarini kreditlashni qisqartirishni boshladilar, bu esa mavjud temir yo'l loyihalarini moliyalashtirishni kamaytirdi. 2011 yil avgust oyida 23 ta temir yo'l qurilish kompaniyalari ustidan o'tkazilgan tekshiruv natijalariga ko'ra, amaldagi loyihalarning 70 foizi, asosan moliyalashtirish tanqisligi sababli sustlashib yoki to'xtatilgan.^[93] Ta'sir qilingan qatorlar kiritilgan Syamen-Shenchjen, Nanning-Guangzhou, Guiyang-Guangzhou, Shijazhuang-Wuhan, Tianjin-Baoding and Shanghai-Kunming high-speed rail lines.^[89][90] By October, work had halted on the construction of 10,000 km (6,200 mi) of track.^[89] New projects were put on hold and completion dates for existing projects, including the Tianjin-Baoding, Harbin-Jiamusi, Zhengzhou-Xuzhou and Hainan Ring (West), were pushed back.^[93] As of October 2011, the MOR was reportedly concentrating remaining resources on fewer high-speed rail lines and shifting emphasis to more economically viable coal transporting heavy rail.^[91]

To ease the credit shortage facing rail construction, the Ministry of Finance announced tax cuts to interest earned on rail construction financing bonds and the State Council ordered state banks to renew lending to rail projects.^[89] In late October and November 2011, the MOR raised RMB 250 billion in fresh financing and construction resumed on several lines including the Tianjin-Baoding, Xiamen-Shenzhen and Shanghai-Kunming.^[94]

Qayta tiklash

The Guyang - Guanchjou tezyurar temir yo'li yilda qurilayotgan Yangshuo, Guansi in August 2013. This line traverses 270 caves and 510 valleys in the karst manzara janubi-g'arbiy Xitoy.^[95] Bridges and tunnels consist of 83% of this line's total length of 857 km, including 92% in Guychjou viloyati.^[95] Travel time by train between Guizhou and Guangzhou was reduced from 20 hours to 4 hours.^[96]

By early 2012, the Chinese government renewed investments in high-speed rail to rejuvenate the slowing economy.^[97] Premier Wen Jiabao visited train manufacturers and gave a vote of confidence in the industry.^[97] Over the course of the year, the MOR's budget rose from $64.3 billion to $96.5 billion.^[97] Five new lines totaling 2,563 km (1,593 mi) in length entered operation between June 30 and December 31, including the Beijing-Wuhan section of the Pekin-Guanchjou liniyasi.^[98] By the end of 2012, the total length of high-speed rail tracks had reached 9,300 km (5,800 mi), and ridership rebounded and exceeded levels prior to the Wenzhou crash.^[99][100] China's 1,580 high-speed trains were transporting 1.33 million passengers daily, about 25.7% of the overall passenger traffic.^[98] The Beijing–Tianjin, Shanghai–Nanjing, Beijing–Shanghai and Shanghai–Hangzhou lines reported breaking even financially^{[101][102][103][104]} The Shanghai-Nanjing line even reported to be operationally profitable,^[103] operating with a 380 million yuan net profit.^[102][103] However the system as a whole is still losing money and concerns about corruption, safety and high ticket prices persist.^[104]

On December 28, 2013, the total length of high-speed rail tracks nationally topped 10,000 km (6,200 mi) with the opening of the Xiamen–Shenzhen, Xian–Baoji, Chongqing−Lichuan high-speed railways as well as intercity lines in Xubey va Guansi.^[105]

Second boom

Double heading of CR400AF and CR400BF, two Xitoy standartlashtirilgan EMU models built by different manufacturers, at Pekin G'arbiy temir yo'l stantsiyasi 2017 yil fevral oyida

In 2014, high-speed rail expansion gained speed with the opening of the Taiyuan–Xi'an, Xanchjou – Changsha, Lanzhou-Ürümqi, Guiyang-Guangzhou, Nanning -Guangzhou trunk lines and intercity lines around Vuxan, Chengdu,^[106] Tsindao^[107] and Zhengzhou.^[107] High-speed passenger rail service expanded to 28 provinces and regions.^[108] The number of high-speed train sets in operation grew from 1,277 pairs in June to 1,556.5 pairs in December.^[108][109]

In response to a slowing economy, central planners approved a slew of new lines including Shangqiu -Xefey -Xanchjou,^[110] Chjenchjou -Vanchjou,^[111] Lianyungang -Chjetszyan,^[112] Linyi -Qufu,^[113] Harbin -Mudanjiang,^[114] Inchuan -Sian,^[110] Datong -Zhangjiakou,^[110] and intercity lines in Zhejiang^[115] and Jiangxi.^[110]

The government actively promoted the export of high-speed rail technology to countries including Mexico, Thailand, the United Kingdom, India, Russia and Turkey. To better compete with foreign trainmakers, the central authorities arranged for the merger of the country's two main high-speed train-makers, KSS va CNR, ichiga CRRC.^[116]

By 2015, six high speed rail lines, Beijing–Tianjin, Shanghai–Nanjing, Beijing–Shanghai, Shanghai–Hangzhou, Nanjing–Hangzhou and Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong report operational profitability.^[117] The Beijing–Shanghai is particularly profitable reporting a 6.6 billion yuan net profit.^[118]

In 2016, with the near completion of the National 4+4 grid, a new "Mid-to-Long Term Railway Network" Plan was drafted. The plan envisions a larger 8+8 high speed rail grid serving the nation and expanded intercity lines for regional and commuter services for large metropoliten joylar Xitoy.^[119] The proposed completion date for the network is 2030.^[120]

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Growth of China's high-speed rail network

Current HSR expansion

China's high-speed rail expansion is entirely managed, planned and financed by the Chinese government.

Over 85% of track on the Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l is laid on viaducts. Chinese builders use elevated lines to keep high-speed rail tracks straight and level over uneven terrain, and to save on land acquisition costs.

Jamiyat tashvishi

On one hand, the demand of high-speed rail in China steadily increases over time. In 2012, the average occupancy rate of high-speed rails in China was 57%. This percentage increased to 65%, 69.4% and 72.1% in the year of 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. As of February 2016, high-speed rails covered nearly 200,000 km.^[121] On the other hand, however, public concerns about the high-speed rail development have been raised from various perspectives.^[122]

The safety issue that drew the attention of the public and the government was the Wenzhou train collision which happened on July 23, 2011, in which 40 people died, 172 were injured, and 54 related officials blamed and punished.^[123] An engineer of China's high-speed rail, who asked not to be named, claimed that he would never take a single ride on China's high-speed railway in retirement. He complained about the disparity between the construction plan and actual construction schedule. "I'm not able to stop any violation to construction plan even if I know such violations may impair the safety of the railway, because it is always the administrative leaders that are making decisions." said the engineer.^[124]

The data, however, tells a different story.^[125][126] With at least 70,000 deaths from transport to'qnashuvi, crashes and rollovers every year (this number only include those confirmed by the police), statistically, driving is at least 6 to 20 times more likely to result in accidents and deaths compared to railway transportation.^[126]

Besides safety, several experts expressed concern of the network's operational efficiency.^[127][128] In 2016, Chinese railways carried almost 2 trillion ton-kilometers of freight and over 1 billion passenger-kilometer of passengers, making it one of the world's most intensively used freight and passenger railway networks in the world.^[129] However, the rail staff hosildorlik upon railway track infratuzilma index in China is less than 0.05, being the lowest among the countries with significant railway construction.^[127] The government also articulated the importance and urgency of assuring the capacity of railway staff, especially their familiarity with telecommunication and signaling testing in the official investigation of the Wenzhou train collision.^[130] In addition, it is hard to identify problems in the construction process, given the distribution resource planning system needed for rapid railway building and assembling. Suppliers and manufacturers blame each other for any problem detected in the trial operation, while tracking the construction process to every single detail is an almost impossible job for inspectors.^[122]

Despite having the second largest route-kilometer growth after Turkey since 2017,^[131] there has been debate on constructing a vast high-speed railway network across China is iqtisodiy jihatdan samarali. Conservative scholars and officials are worried about the profitability of high-speed railway construction. While a number of high-speed railways in eastern China have started to be operationally profitable since 2015, the high speed railways in the midwest are constantly loss-making. Chjenchjou - Sian tezyurar temir yo'li is estimated to run 59 trains in 2010 and 125 trains in 2018, yet in 2016 there are merely around 30 trains on operation, causing a 1.4 billion loss. Guychjou - Guansi temir yo'li va Lanchjou - Shinjon temir yo'li are both suffering from high maintenance cost due to harsh climate conditions and complicated terrain structure.^[132]

A prefabricated section of the elevated track being installed on the Harbin-Dalian High Speed Railway in October 2010

Policy justifications

Critics both in China and abroad have questioned the necessity of having an expensive high-speed rail system in a largely developing country, where most workers cannot afford to pay a premium for faster travel.^[43][44] The government has justified the expensive undertaking as promoting a number of policy objectives. HSR provides fast, reliable and comfortable means of transporting large numbers of travelers in a densely populated country over long distances,^[133][134] qaysi:

• Improves economic hosildorlik va raqobatbardoshlik over the long term by increasing the transport capacity of railways and linking labor markets.^[44][135] Moving passengers to high-speed lines frees up older railways to carry more freight, which is more profitable for railways than passengers, whose fares are subsidized.^[133]
• Stimulates the economy in the short term as HSR construction creates jobs and drives up demand for construction, steel and cement industries during the economic downturn. Ustida ishlash Beijing–Shanghai HSR mobilized 110,000 workers.^{[42][135][136]}
• Facilitates cross-city economic integration and promotes the growth of second-tier cities.^[137] Ning kiritilishi tezyurar temir yo'llar is responsible for 59% of the increase in market potential for the secondary cities connected by bullet trains. (Market potential, a concept used by economic geographers, measures "a geographic area's access to markets for inputs and outputs.") A 10% increase in a secondary city's market potential is expected to be associated with a 4.5% increase in its average ko `chmas mulk narx.^[138]
• Supports energy independence and environmental sustainability. Elektr poyezdlari use less energy to transport people and goods on a per unit basis and can draw power from more diverse sources of energy shu jumladan qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalari than automobile and aircraft, which are more reliant on import qilingan petroleum.^[133]
• Develop an indigenous high-speed rail equipment industry. The expansion into HSR is also developing China into a leading source of high-speed rail building technology.^[42] Chinese train-makers have absorbed imported technologies quickly, localized production processes, and even begun to compete with foreign suppliers in the eksport bozori. Six years after receiving Kawasaki's license to produce Shinkansen E2, CSC Sifang can produce the CRH2A without Japanese input, and Kawasaki has ended cooperation with Sifang on high-speed rail.^[139]

HSR construction financing

China's high-speed rail construction projects are highly kapitalni talab qiladigan. About 40–50% of financing is provided by the national government through lending by state owned banks va moliya institutlari, another 40% by the bonds issued by the Ministry of Railway (MOR) and the remaining 10–20% by provincial and local governments.^[93][133] The MOR, through its financing arm, the China Rail Investment Corp (CRIC), issued an estimated ¥ 1 trillion (US$150 billion in 2010 dollars) in debt to finance HSR construction from 2006 to 2010,^[140] including ¥310 billion in the first 10 months of 2010.^[141] CRIC has also raised some capital through equity offerings; in the spring of 2010, CRIC sold a 4.5 percent stake in the Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li uchun Xitoy banki for ¥6.6 billion and a 4.537 percent stake to the public for ¥6 billion.^[140] CRIC retained 56.2 percent ownership on that line. As of 2010, the CRIC-bonds are considered to be relatively safe investments because they are backed by assets (the railways) and implicitly by the government.

Shangrao railway station with a 380BL train serving the Hefei–Fuzhou HSR on the upper platforms and a 380A train serving the Xanchjou – Changsha XSR in the lower platform.

Workers on the Shenzhen section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong high-speed railway in May 2011

Large construction debt-loads require significant revenues from rider fares, subsidies, and/or other sources of income, such as advertising, to repay. Despite impressive ridership figures, virtually every completed line has incurred losses in its first years of operation. Masalan, Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l in its two full years of operation, delivered over 41 million rides. The line cost ¥20.42 billion to build, and ¥1.8 billion per annum to operate, including ¥0.6 billion in interest payments on its ¥10 billion of loan obligations.^[160] The terms of the loans range from 5–10 years at interest rates of 6.3 to 6.8 percent.^[160] In its first year of operation from August 1, 2008, to July 31, 2009, the line carried 18.7 million riders and generated ¥1.1 billion in revenues, which resulted in a loss of ¥0.7 billion. In the second year, ridership rose to 22.3 million and revenues improved to ¥1.4 billion, which narrowed losses somewhat to below ¥0.5 billion.^[160] To break even, the line must deliver 30 million rides annually.^[160] To be able to repay principal, ridership would need to exceed 40 million.^[160] In September 2010, daily ridership averaged 69,000 or an annual rate of 25.2 million.^[160] In 2013, ridership totaled 25.85 million.^[161]The line has a capacity of delivering 100 million rides annually^[162] and initial estimated repayment period of 16 years.^[160]

The Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan PDL lost ¥0.8 billion in its first year and is set to lose ¥0.9 billion in 2010.^[140] The Southeast HSR corridor lost ¥0.377 billion in its first year beginning August 2009.^[140] The Zhengzhou-Xian HSR since opening in February 2010 was expected to generate revenues of ¥0.6 billion in its first full year but must make interest payments of ¥1.1 billion. In the first three quarters of 2012, the line lost Y1.87 billion.^[163] The losses must be covered by the operator, which is usually subsidized by local governments.^[162] In December 2014, the Henan provincial government imposed a rule requiring municipal authorities pay 70% of the deficit incurred by Henan's intercity lines with the provincial authorities paying the remainder 30%.^[164]

The MOR faces a debt-repayment peak in 2014.^[140] Some economists recommend further subsidies to lower fares and boost ridership and ultimately revenues.^[162] Others warn that the financing side of the existing construction and operation model is unsustainable.^[162] If the rail-backed loans cannot be fully repaid, they may be refinanced or the banks may seize ownership of the railways.^[140] To prevent that eventuality, the MOR is trying to improve management of its rapidly growing HSR holdings.^[140]

Overall, ridership is growing as the high-speed rail network continues to expand. High-speed rail is also becoming relatively more affordable as fares have remained stable while worker wages have grown sharply over the same period.^[165]

Cost comparisons

The CRH5 intercity train on the Changchun–Jilin Intercity railway.

Currently, China's high-speed rail service costs significantly less than similar systems in other developed countries, but is considerably more expensive than conventional rail service.

In comparison, high speed train tickets in France or Germany cost slightly over US$0.10 per kilometer and the various Shinkansen services hover above US$0.20 per kilometer.^[166]

Aviakompaniyalarga ta'siri

The spread of high-speed rail has forced domestic airlines in China to slash airfare and cancel regional flights.^[167] The impact of high-speed rail on air travel is most acute for intercity trips under 500 km (310 mi).^[167] By the spring of 2011, commercial airline service had been completely halted on previously popular routes such as Wuhan-Nanjing, Wuhan-Nanchang, Xi’an-Zhengzhou and Chengdu-Chongqing.^[167] Flights on routes over 1,500 km (930 mi) are generally unaffected.^[167] As of October 2013, high-speed rail was carrying twice as many passengers each month as the country's airlines.^[165]

Tarmoqni kuzatib borish

Map showing projected high-speed rail network in China by 2020 and the travel time by rail from Beijing to each of the provincial capitals.

China's high-speed railway network is by far the dunyodagi eng uzun. The HSR network reached 36,000 km (22,000 mi) in total length in August 2020 with plans to reach 70,000 km (43,000 mi) in 2035.^[7] HSR lines with design speeds at 200–250 km/h (120–160 mph) are more common than higher speed lines. According to a World Bank publication on Chinese HSR, by the end of 2017 "the length of 300–350 kph lines was about 10,000 km, and the length of 200–250 kph lines was about 15,000 km."^[3]

Newer HSR lines are one of three types:

1. passenger dedicated lines (PDLs) with a design speed of 350 km/h (217 mph),
2. regional lines connecting major cities with a design speed of 250 km/h (155 mph), and
3. certain regional "intercity" HSR lines with a design speed of 200–350 km/h (120–220 mph).

Lastly, the HSR network includes newly built rail lines with a design speed of 200–250 km/h (120–160 mph) that can carry high-speed passenger and express freight trains.^[3]

National High-Speed Rail Grid

Map of "Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal" high-speed railway network plan (in English)

The Shangqiu-Hangzhou HSR, part of the Harbin-Hong Kong (Macau) Passageway, under construction in Shangqiu, Xenan viloyati, in February 2017. The elevated HSR runs next to the conventional speed Pekin-Kovulun temir yo'li.

The centerpiece of China's expansion into high-speed rail is a national high-speed rail grid consisting of mainly passenger dedicated lines that is overlaid onto the existing railway network.

4+4 HSR Grid

The grid is composed of eight high-speed rail corridors, four running north–south and four east–west, and has a total of 12,000 km.^[45] Most of the lines follow the routes of existing trunk lines and are designated for passenger traffic only. They are known as passenger-designated lines (PDL). Milliy tarmoqning bir nechta uchastkalari, ayniqsa, janubi-sharqiy qirg'oq bo'ylab koridor bo'ylab temir yo'l aloqalari bo'lmagan shaharlarni bog'lash uchun qurilgan. Ushbu bo'limlarda yo'lovchi va yuk aralashmasi tashiladi. High-speed trains on HSR Corridors can generally reach 300–350 km/h (190–220 mph). Aralash ishlatiladigan HSR yo'nalishlarida yo'lovchi poezdlari xizmati 200-250 km / soat (120-160 milya) tezlikka erishishi mumkin. Ushbu ulkan milliy elektr tarmog'ining loyihasini 2020 yilga qadar qurish rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo hukumat tomonidan rag'batlantirish ko'plab yo'nalishlar bo'yicha vaqt jadvallarini tezlashtirdi.

8+8 HSR Grid

The 4+4 national HSR grid was largely completed by the end of 2015 and now serves as the backbone of China's HSR network. In July 2016, the state planners reorganized the national HSR network—including HSR lines in operation, under construction and under planning—into eight vertical and eight horizontal high speed rail "passageways", almost doubling the network.^[168][169]

Regional High-Speed Rail

According to the "Mid-to-Long Term Railway Network Plan" (revised in 2008), the MOR plans to build over 40,000 km (25,000 mi) of railway in order to expand the railway network in western China and to fill gaps in the networks of eastern and central China. Some of these new railways are being built to accommodate speeds of 200–250 km/h (120–160 mph) for both passengers and freight. These are also considered high-speed rail though they are not part of the national HSR grid or Intercity High Speed Rail. Several HSR lines planned and built as a regional high-speed railway under the 2008 Revisions have since been incorporated into the 8+8 national grid.

High-speed intercity railways

Intercity railways are designed to provide regional high-speed rail service between large cities and metropoliten joylar that are generally within the same province. They are built with the approval of the central government but are financed and operated largely by local governments with limited investment and oversight from the China Rail Corporation. Some intercity lines run parallel to other high-speed rail lines but serve more stations along the route. Intercity HSR service speeds range from 200–350 km/h (120–220 mph).

Passenger-freight railways and connecting conventional lines

The HSR network includes new mixed passenger-freight lines with a design speed of 200–250 km/h (120–160 mph). Some high speed trains also continue on or run over connecting segments of upgraded conventional lines. Trains can operate at 200 km/h (124 mph) on many of the conventional main lines.^[3]

Xizmat

Passenger tapping China Resident ID Card to board a high-speed train on China Railway High-speed.

Traffic density and market share of conventional and high-speed rail on major corridors from 2001 to 2013

China Railway High-speed (CRH) (中国铁路高速) is the major high-speed rail service provided by state-owned railway manufacturing and construction corporation Xitoy temir yo'li. China Railway is the successor of the former Temir yo'llar vazirligi. Ministry held the power drafting policy on railroad transposition, development of the rail network and rail infrastructure in China. Nowadays, China Railway no longer decides the railway policy, instead focus on the development of the rail network and rail infrastructure in China. China Railway assumed control of complete railway network that was built by the dissolved Ministry of Railways. The CRH's high-speed trains are called Garmoniya va Yoshartirish. In October 2010, CRH service more than 1,000 trains per day, with a daily ridership of about 925,000.^[172] as of May, 2015, a total of 1469 CRH trainsets were put into use. Other than China Railway, Gonkong MTR korporatsiyasi provides short-haul service on Guanchjou - Shenchjen - Gonkong tezyurar temir yo'l aloqasi (XRL).

Chavandozlik

Xitoy temir yo'li reports the number of passengers carried by high-speed EMU train sets and this figure is frequently reported as high-speed ridership, even though this figure includes passengers from EMU trains providing sub-high speed service.^[184] 2007 yilda, CRH EMU trains running on conventional track upgraded in the sixth round of the "Speed-up Campaign" carried 61 million passengers, before the country's first high-speed rail line, the Pekin-Tyantszin shaharlararo temir yo'l, opened in August 2008.

In 2018, China Railway operated 3,970.5 pairs of passenger train service, of which 2,775 pairs were carried by EMU train sets.^[184] Of the 3.313 billion passenger-trips delivered by China Railway in 2018, EMU train sets carried 2.001 billion passenger-trips.^[184] This EMU passenger figure includes ridership from certain D- and C-class trains that are technically not within the definition of high-speed rail in China, as well as ridership from EMU train sets serving routes on conventional track or routes that combine high-speed track and conventional track.^[184] Nevertheless, by any measure, high-speed rail ridership in China has grown rapidly with expansion of the high-speed rail network and EMU service since 2008.

China is the third country, after Japan and France, to have one billion cumulative HSR passengers. In 2018, annual ridership on EMU train sets, which encompasses officially defined high-speed rail service as well as certain sub-high-speed service routes, accounted for about two-thirds of all regional rail trips (not including urban trains ) in China.^[184] At the end of 2018, cumulative passengers delivered by EMU trains is reported to be over 9 billion.^[184]

Texnologiya

Harakatlanuvchi tarkib

Business class compartment inside a CRH380BL train.

Buffet car ichida CRH1 poezd.

CRH2-E double deck high speed sleeper train.

China Railway High-speed runs different elektr birligi trainsets, the name Hexie Hao (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 和谐 号; an'anaviy xitoy : 和諧 號; pinyin : Héxié Hào; yoqilgan: 'Harmony') is for designs which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH poezdlar shaharlari o'rtasida tez va qulay sayohat qilishni ta'minlashga mo'ljallangan. Some of the Hexie Hao train sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. Signalizatsiya, kuzatuv va qo'llab-quvvatlash tuzilmalari, boshqaruv dasturlari va stantsiya dizayni mamlakat ichida ham chet el elementlari bilan ishlab chiqilgan. By 2010, the truck system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.^[185] Hozirda Xitoy ushbu poezdlarning ichki tarkibiy qismlari bilan bog'liq ko'plab yangi patentlarga ega bo'lib, Xitoyda qayta ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, poezdlar ruxsat etilgan xorijiy dizaynlardan yuqori tezlikda harakatlanishiga imkon beradi. Biroq, ushbu patentlar faqat Xitoy hududida amal qiladi va shu sababli xalqaro kuchga ega emas. The weakness on intellectual property of Hexie Hao causes obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related product, which leads to the development of the completely redesigned train franchise called Fuxing Xao (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 复兴号; an'anaviy xitoy : 復興號; pinyin : Fùxīng Hào; yoqilgan: 'Rejuvenation') that based on indigenous technologies.^{[185][186][187][188]}

Maglev

In October 2016 China's CRRC announced that it was beginning research and development on a 600 km/h Maglev train and would build a 5 km test track.^[189] The test vehicle, with a designed speed of 600 km/h, successfully conducted its maiden test run on a maglev line at Tongji universiteti yilda Shanxay on June 21, 2020. The trial was the first dynamic operation of the prototype on the 1.5-km-long maglev test track. Ga binoan CRRC, by the end of 2020, five high-speed maglev test vehicles will be built. Comprehensive planning and repeated tests are required before it could finally be put into commercial operation, which could take years. China aims to put a 500-km-long high-speed maglev line into commercial use by 2025.^[10]

Track technology

Ballastless tracks in China.

Rossiya prezidenti Dmitriy Medvedev aboard a high-speed train in Hainan in April 2011.

Many of the Passenger Designated Lines use ballastless tracks, which allow for smoother train rides at high speeds and can withstand heavy use without warping. The ballastless track technology, imported from Germany, carries higher upfront costs but can reduce maintenance costs.^[190][191]

Typical application of track technology in China high-speed lines

Technology export

Chinese train-makers and rail builders have signed agreements to build HSRs in kurka, Venezuela, Argentina,^[192] va Indoneziya^[193] and are bidding on HSR projects in the Qo'shma Shtatlar, Rossiya, Saudiya Arabistoni, Brazil (São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro) and Myanmar, and other countries.^[43] They are competing directly with the established European and Japanese manufacturers, and sometimes partnering with them. In Saudi Arabia's Haramain tezyurar temir yo'l loyihasi, Alstom partnered with China Railway Construction Corp. to win the contract to build phase I of the Makka ga Madina HSR line, and Siemens has joined KSS to bid on phase II.^[194] China is also competing with Japan, Germany, South Korea, Spain, France and Italy to bid for California's high-speed rail line project, which would connect San Francisco and Los Angeles.^[195] In November 2009, the MOR signed preliminary agreements with the state's high-speed rail authority and General Electric (GE) under which China would license technology, provide financing and furnish up to 20 percent of the parts with the remaining sourced from American suppliers, and final assembly of the rolling stock in the United States.^[196]

In January 2014, the China Railway Construction Corporation completed a 30-km section of the Anqara-Istanbul tezyurar temir yo'l o'rtasida Eskishehir va Inönü g'arbda kurka.^[197]

In mid 2015, China has signed up to design a high-speed railway between the Russian cities of Moscow and Kazan, one of the first concrete examples of the new business with China that Russian officials have been pursuing with renewed vigor since falling out with the West. A unit of Russia's state-owned JSC Russian Railways signed a contract with the design unit of China's state-controlled China Railway Group to come up with the plans for a 770 kilometer high-speed rail between the two Russian cities. The Chinese firm will work alongside two Russian companies for on the designs for a total cost of 20.8 billion rubles ($383 million) over the next two years, according to Russian Railways.

Once the designs are developed, a separate tender will be held for the actual construction of the rail link, which Russian Railways expects to cost 1.06 trillion rubles ($19.5 billion).^[198]

Boshqa operatorlar

Almost all HSR trains, tracks, and services are owned and operated by the Xitoy temir yo'l korporatsiyasi brend ostida Xitoy temir yo'llari yuqori tezlikda (CRH) with two exceptions being the Shanxay Maglev poezdi tomonidan boshqariladigan Shentong Metro Group va Guanchjou - Shenchjen - Gonkong tezyurar temir yo'l aloqasi (XRL), which is partially operated by the Hong Kong-based MTR korporatsiyasi. Although both classified as high-speed rail, the Shanghai Maglev often is not counted as part of the national high-speed rail network, while XRL is fully integrated into the national network of the CRH.

China has the world's only commercial maglev high-speed train line in operation. The Shanxay Maglev poezdi, a kalit kaliti Transrapid maglev demonstration line 30.5 km long. The trains have a top operational speed of 430 km/h and can reach a top non-commercial speed of 501 km/h. It opened for operations in March 2004, and transports passengers between Shanghai's Longyang Road stantsiyasi va Shanxay Pudong xalqaro aeroporti. There have been numerous attempts to extend the line without success. A Shanghai-Hangzhou maglev line was also initially discussed but later shelved in favour of conventional high-speed rail.^[199]

Two other Maglev lines, the Changsha Maglev va S1 qatori of Beijing, were designed for commercial operations with speeds lower than 120 km/h.^[200] Additionally, another two lines are under construction, the Qingyuan Maglev and the Fenghuang Maglev. The completion dates are 2020 and 2021.^[201]

Yozuvlar

The Shanghai Maglev train, with a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), is the fastest train in China. The maglev train has remained confined to its original 30 km (19 mi) track as state planners chose high-speed trains that run on conventional tracks for the national HSR network.

Xitoyda eng tezyurar poezdlar

The "fastest" train commercial service can be defined alternatively by a train's top speed or average trip speed.

• The fastest commercial train service measured by peak operational speed is the Shanxay Maglev poezdi which can reach 431 km/h (268 mph). Due to the limited length of the Shanghai Maglev track (30 km)(18.6 mi), the maglev train's average trip speed is only 245.5 km/h (152.5 mph).
• The fastest commercial train service measured by average train speed is the CRH express service on the Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li, which reach a top speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) and complete the 1,302 km (809 mi) journey between Shanxay Hongqiao va Pekin janubi, with two stops, in 4 hours and 24 min for an average speed of 291.9 km/h (181.4 mph), the fastest train service measured by average trip speed in the world.^{[202][203][204]}
• The fastest timetabled start-to-stop runs between a station pair in the world are trains G17/G39 on the Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li averaging 317.7 km/h (197.4 mph) running non-stop between Pekin janubi ga Nanjing South before continuing to other destinations.^[205]
• The top speed attained by a non-maglev train in China is 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph) by a CRH380BL ustida poezd Pekin-Shanxay tezyurar temir yo'li during a testing run on January 10, 2011.^[206]

Longest service distance

The G403/404, and G405/406 Pekin G'arbiy (Beijingxi)-Kunming South (Kunmingnan) train (2760 km, about 12–13 hours), which began service on January 1, 2017, became the longest tezyurar temir yo'l dunyoda xizmat.^[207] It overtook the G529/530 Pekin G'arbiy -Bexay train (2697 km, 15 1/2 hours for southbound train, 15 3/4 hours for northbound train), which had set the previous record on July 1, 2016.^[208]

Shuningdek qarang

• Xitoy temir yo'llari yuqori tezlikda
• Xitoyda eng tezyurar poezdlar
• Tezyurar temir yo'l liniyalari ro'yxati
• Xitoyda temir yo'l transporti
• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l Vikimedia Commons-da
• Xitoyda tezyurar temir yo'l Vikivoyajdan sayohat uchun qo'llanma

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Asarlarga havola qilingan

1. Temir yo'llar vazirligi (2013-01-09). 铁道部 令 第 34 铁路 主要 技术 政策 [Temir yo'llar vazirligining 34-sonli buyrug'i temir yo'lning asosiy texnologiyasi siyosati] (xitoy tilida). Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi temir yo'llar vazirligi. Olingan 2017-07-30.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
2. Milliy taraqqiyot va islohotlar komissiyasi (Oktyabr 2008). 中长期 铁路 网 规划 (2008 yil) [O'rta va uzoq muddatli temir yo'l tarmog'i rejasi (2008 yil qayta ko'rib chiqilgan)] (PDF) (xitoy tilida). Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi taraqqiyot va islohotlar bo'yicha milliy komissiyasi. Olingan 2017-07-30.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)
3. Milliy taraqqiyot va islohotlar komissiyasi (2016-07-13). 中长期 铁路 网 规划 "(2016) 发 改 基础 (2016) 1536 号 [O'rta va uzoq muddatli temir yo'l tarmog'i rejasi (2016 yilgi qayta ko'rib chiqish)] (PDF) (xitoy tilida). Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi taraqqiyot va islohotlar bo'yicha milliy komissiyasi. Olingan 2017-07-30.CS1 maint: ref = harv (havola)