Shimoliy Amerika F-82 Twin Mustang - North American F-82 Twin Mustang

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Shimoliy Amerika F-82 Twin Mustang"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2018 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

P-82 / F-82 egizak Mustang
XP-82 prototipi
Rol	Uzoq masofaga eskort qiruvchi va tungi jangchi
Ishlab chiqaruvchi	Shimoliy Amerika aviatsiyasi
Birinchi parvoz	1945 yil 15-iyun
Kirish	1946
Pensiya	1953
Asosiy foydalanuvchi	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari
Raqam qurilgan	272
Birlik narxi	215,154 AQSh dollari[1]
Dan ishlab chiqilgan	Shimoliy Amerika P-51 Mustang

The Shimoliy Amerika F-82 Twin Mustang tomonidan ishlab chiqarishga buyurtma qilingan so'nggi amerikalik piston-dvigatel qiruvchisi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari. Asosida Shimoliy Amerika P-51 Mustang, F-82 dastlab uzoq masofali eskort qiruvchisi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan Boeing B-29 Superfortress yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Urush birinchi ishlab chiqarish birliklari ishga tushishidan ancha oldin tugadi.

Urushdan keyingi davrda, Strategik havo qo'mondonligi samolyotlardan uzoq masofali eskort qiruvchisi sifatida foydalangan. Radar bilan jihozlangan F-82 samolyotlari havo hujumidan mudofaa qo'mondonligi tomonidan keng foydalanilgan Northrop P-61 qora beva ayol kunduzi / kechasi barcha ob-havoni to'xtatuvchi vositalar sifatida. Davomida Koreya urushi, Yaponiyada joylashgan F-82 samolyotlari Koreya hududida ishlagan birinchi USAF samolyotlaridan biri edi. AQSh kuchlari tomonidan vayron qilingan dastlabki uchta Shimoliy Koreyaning samolyotlari F-82 samolyotlari tomonidan urib tushirilgan, birinchisi shimoliy koreyaliklar Yak-11 pastga tushdi Gimpo aerodromi USAF tomonidan 68-qiruvchi otryad.

Loyihalash va ishlab chiqish

Dastlab juda uzoq masofaga mo'ljallangan (VLR) eskort qiruvchi, F-82 Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombardimonchi samolyotlarini Solomon orollari yoki Filippindan Tokiogacha bo'lgan 2000 mil (3200 km) dan ortiq masofadagi missiyalarda kuzatib borish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Lockheed P-38 chaqmoq va an'anaviy P-51 Mustanglar. Bunday missiyalar rejalashtirilgan qism edi Yaponiyaning uy orollariga AQShning bostirib kirishi tomonidan o'rab olingan Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lishi keyin Xirosima va Nagasakining atom bombalari va ochilish Sovet hujumlari Manchuriyadagi yaponlarga qarashli hududda.

Shimoliy Amerikaning ikkinchi prototipi XP-82 Twin Mustang (44-83887) uchish sinovidan o'tgan Muroc armiyasining aerodromi, Kaliforniya

F-82 va P-51 shakllanishida

1943 yil oktyabrda Shimoliy Amerika samolyotlarini loyihalash bo'yicha guruhi yonilg'i quyishsiz 2 ming mil (3200 km) dan ortiq masofani bosib o'tishi mumkin bo'lgan qiruvchi dizayn ustida ish boshladi. Uning tarkibiga a egizak fyuzelyaj dizayn, eksperimental nemisga parallel Messerschmitt Bf 109Z "Zwilling". Keyinchalik P-51H Mustangga aylanadigan engil tajriba XP-51F asosida yaratilgan bo'lsa-da, aslida bu yangi dizayn edi. Shimoliy Amerika dizayn boshlig'i Edgar Shmued Qo'shimcha yonilg'i idishlari va jihozlari o'rnatilishi mumkin bo'lgan kokpit orqasida joylashgan 145 sm (57 dyuym) tanasi fyuzelyaj vilkasini qo'shish bilan cho'zilgan ikkita P-51H Mustang fyuzelyajlarini birlashtirdi. Ular xuddi shu oltita .50 kalibrni o'z ichiga olgan yangi ishlab chiqilgan markaziy qanot qismiga o'rnatildi M3 Browning pulemyotlar bitta dvigatelli Mustang sifatida, lekin ko'proq konsentratsiyali olov bilan. Birinchi XP-82 prototipi (s / n 44-83886) sakkizta .50 kalibrli M3 Brownings qo'shimcha sakkizta joylashtiriladigan markaziy qurol bilan jihozlangan edi, ammo bu ishlab chiqarish samolyotlarida mavjud emas edi. 40 millimetrlik to'pni o'z ichiga olgan yanada kuchli markaziy avtomat o'qi ko'rib chiqildi, ammo hech qachon bunyod etilmadi.^[2] Tashqi qanotlari kuchaytirilgan bo'lib, qo'shimcha yoqilg'i yoki 450 funt (450 kg) qurol-yarog 'olib yurish uchun qattiq joylarni qo'shish mumkin edi. Ikkala vertikal dumlar ham XP-51F dan edi, lekin dvigatel ishlamay qolganda qo'shimcha barqarorlik uchun katta dorsal filetalarni o'z ichiga olgan. Samolyotda a an'anaviy qo'nish moslamasi ikkala g'ildirak bilan har bir fyuzelyaj markazi bo'limi ostidagi buloklarga tortilib.

XP-82 Packard tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan ikkita Rolls-Royce tomonidan quvvatlanishi kerak edi V-1650 Merlin dvigatellar. Dastlab chap dvigatel V-1650-23 rusumli qo'shimcha tishli qutiga ega edi pervaneyi kamaytirish qutisi chap vintni odatdagi V-1650-25 tomonidan boshqariladigan o'ng pervanelga qarama-qarshi burilishiga imkon berish. Ushbu tartibda ikkala pervanel ham markaziy qanotga yaqinlashganda yuqoriga qarab burilardi, bu esa nazariy jihatdan bitta dvigatelni boshqarishga imkon beradi. Bu samolyot birinchi parvozga urinish paytida havoga chiqishni rad etganda bunday bo'lmagan. Bir oylik ishdan so'ng, Shimoliy Amerika muhandislari vintlarni aylantirib, ularning markazida yuqoriga qarab burilish, samolyotning umumiy qanotlari maydonining to'rtdan bir qismini markaziy qanot qismidan ko'tarishni bekor qilish uchun etarlicha tortishish hosil qilganini aniqladilar. Keyinchalik dvigatellar va pervanellar almashinishdi, ularning aylanishi yig'ilish pastga qarab burilishdi va muammo to'liq hal qilindi. Birinchi XP-82 prototipi (44-83886) 1945 yil 25-mayda tugatilgan va 1945 yil 26-iyunda ushbu turdagi birinchi muvaffaqiyatli parvozni amalga oshirgan. Ushbu samolyot 1945 yil 30-avgustda Armiya Havo Kuchlari tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lib, uning amaldorlari ushbu samolyotdan juda ta'sirlanib, hali rivojlanayotgan paytda 1945 yilning martida birinchi parvozidan uch oy oldin to'liq P-82B ishlab chiqarishni buyurdi.

Egizak Mustanglar va ikkita samolyot motorli FJ-1 Furys Shimoliy Amerikada ishlab chiqarishda, 1948 yil

XP-82 prototiplari va P-82B va P-82E ishlab chiqarishlari ikkala to'liq jihozlangan kokpitlarni saqlab qolishdi, shunda uchuvchilar samolyotni istalgan joyidan uchib, uzoq parvozlarni boshqarishi mumkin edi, kechasi qiruvchi versiyalar esa kokpitni chap tomonda ushlab turdi faqat, radar operatorini to'g'ri holatga keltirish.

Garchi ba'zi P-82B samolyotlari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugashidan oldin qurib bitkazilgan bo'lsa-da, aksariyati Kaliforniyadagi Shimoliy Amerika zavodida 1946 yilgacha dvigatellarni kutib turishgan. Natijada, urush paytida hech kim xizmatni ko'rmagan.

P-51 Mustang-ning aksariyat versiyalari singari, dastlabki ikkita XP-82 prototipi va keyingi 20 ta P-82B modellari Britaniyada ishlab chiqarilgan Rolls-Royce Merlin chidamliligi va ommaviy ishlab chiqarilishini oshirish uchun qayta ishlab chiqilgan va litsenziya asosida ishlab chiqarilgan dvigatellar Packard. Bular qiruvchiga ajoyib diapazon va ishlash qobiliyatini taqdim etdi; ammo, armiya har doim egizak Mustangga chet elda ishlab chiqarilgan P-51 samolyotlarining V-1650 (urushdan keyin demontaj qilingan Packard zavodlarida qurilgan) dan ko'ra amerikalik va kuchliroq dvigatel berishni xohlar edi. Bundan tashqari, har bir V-1650 uchun Rolls-Roycega to'lanadigan litsenziyalash xarajatlari urushdan keyin Buyuk Britaniya tomonidan oshirilgan. Shuning uchun 1945 yil avgustda General Motors korporatsiyasining Allison bo'limi bilan yangi versiyasi uchun muzokara olib bordi Allison V-1710 -100 dvigatel.^[1] Bu Shimoliy Amerikani keyingi ishlab chiqarish P-82C va undan keyingi modellarni past quvvatli dvigatellarga o'tkazishga majbur qildi. Allison-da ishlaydigan P-82 modellari yuqori Merlinda ishlaydigan oldingi versiyalarga qaraganda past tezlik va past balandlik ko'rsatkichlarini namoyish etganligi aniqlandi. Avvalgi P-82B modellari murabbiy sifatida tayinlangan bo'lsa, "C" va undan keyingi modellar qiruvchi sifatida ishlatilib, P-82 AQSh harbiy tarixidagi kam sonli samolyotlardan biri bo'lib, o'zining trener versiyasida qiruvchi versiyasidan tezroq bo'lgan.

1948 yilda 3200-chi sinov guruhi da Eglin AFB, Florida, 4-F-82B Twin Mustang bilan jihozlangan (44-65163) tashqi qanotlari ostiga tortib olinadigan tirgaklar yordamida har biri 10 ta yuqori tezlikli havo raketalarini (HVAR) o'rnatishga qodir, ular ishlatilmaganda qanotning pastki qismiga o'ralgan. Ushbu o'rnatish keyingi modellarda qabul qilinmagan, buning o'rniga standart "daraxt" ishlatilgan. 13-samolyot (44-65171) eksperimental ravishda markaziy qanot o'rnatilgan podkast bilan bir qatorda qayta tiklanadigan kameralar o'rnatilgan va norasmiy ravishda RF-82B deb nomlangan 3200-foto sinov otryadiga tayinlangan.^[3]

Yozuvni o'rnatish

P-82B-NA 44-65168 "Betti Jo" Gavayi shtatidagi Hikam-Filddan uchish, 1947 yil 27-fevral

1947 yil 27-fevralda P-82B 44-65168, nomi berilgan Betti Jo va uchib ketdi Polkovnik Robert E. Taker, Gavayidan Nyu-Yorkka yonilg'i quymasdan to'xtovsiz parvoz qilganida tarixga kirdi, 8129 km (5,051 mil) masofani 14 soat 32 minut ichida. O'rtacha soatiga 347,5 milya (559,2 km / soat). Ushbu parvoz P-82 masofasini sinovdan o'tkazdi. Samolyot AQShning to'rtta 310 tanki (1,173 l; 258 imp gal) tanki bilan to'ldirilgan 576 AQSh gallonlik (2,180 l; 480 imp gal) to'liq ichki yonilg'i bakini tashib, jami 1816 AQSh gal (6,874 l; 1,512 imp gal) ). Shuningdek, polkovnik Taker o'zining uchta tashqi tankini yonilg'i sarflanganda, ular bilan birga Nyu-Yorkka kelib tushishni unutgan.^[4]

Bu parvona qo'zg'atuvchi qiruvchi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan eng uzoq to'xtovsiz parvoz bo'lib qolmoqda va bu kabi eng tez masofa shu paytgacha pistonli dvigatelli samolyotda bosib o'tilgan (har qanday turdagi pervanel bilan boshqariladigan samolyotning yonilg'isiz eng uzoq parvozi bo'yicha rekord) tomonidan Rutan Voyager ). Tanlangan samolyot avvalroq Rolls-Royce Merlin dvigatellari bilan ishlaydigan "B" modeli bo'lgan (quyida "Tirik qolgan samolyot" ga qarang).

Operatsion tarixi

Egizak Mustang gijgijlash davri oxirida va reaktiv davr boshlanganda ishlab chiqilgan. Uning uzoq masofali qiruvchi eskorti sifatida ishlab chiqilgan roli Yaponiyaning atom bombasi va Ikkinchi jahon urushining to'satdan tugashi bilan yo'q qilindi. Urushdan keyin qurolli kuchlarning tezkor ravishda pasayishi bilan yangi tashkil etilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari yangi qo'zg'aluvchan samolyotlar uchun juda oz pulga ega edi, ayniqsa samolyotlar, masalan 262. Qirollik va boshqalar Luftwaffe 1944 yil oxirlarida Germaniya osmonida P-51 Mustang samolyotlariga qaraganda tezroq bo'lgan. Shimoliy Amerika tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan P-82 samolyotining tugallangan samolyotlari (kamroq dvigatellari) kelajakka noaniq holda omborga tushdi.

Biroq, 1947 yil Sovet aviatsiyasi kuni namoyish paytida Tushino aeroporti, kutilmagan ko'rinishni uchta Boeing B-29 samolyoti, so'ngra to'rtinchi to'rt motorli uzoq masofaga mo'ljallangan strategik bombardimonchi tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Bu misol edi Tupolev Tu-4, bu B-29 Superfortress-ning teskari ishlab chiqarilgan nusxasi bo'lib, uning uchta namunasi Sovet Ittifoqi Ikkinchi jahon urushida Yaponiyaga qarshi bombardimon qilingan reydlar paytida u erga tushishga majbur bo'lganidan keyin. Ertami-kechmi SSSRda yadro quroli bo'lishi kutilgandan buyon Sovet Tu-4 samolyotining paydo bo'lishi AQSh harbiy rejalashtiruvchilari uchun zarba bo'ldi, chunki bu yaqin orada AQSh materiklari havodan Sovet Ittifoqining potentsial yadroviy hujumiga duch kelishi mumkin edi.

Reaktiv tutuvchilar ishlab chiqarilib, ishga tushirilguniga qadar barpo etilgan egizak Mustanglar SACning strategik bombardimonchi kuchlari uchun qiruvchi eskort missiyasining vaqtinchalik echimi va shuningdek, har qanday ob-havodan himoya qiluvchi havo vositasi sifatida qaraldi.

Reaktiv dvigatelli har qanday ob-havo qiruvchi samolyotlarini ishlab chiqarishga dastlabki urinishlar bir qator buzilishlar va kechikishlarga duch keldi. The Kurtiss-Rayt XF-87 Blackhawk 1945 yil dekabrda buyurtma qilingan edi, ammo rivojlanishdagi qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va oxir-oqibat 1948 yil oktyabrda loyihadan butunlay voz kechildi. Northrop P-89 Scorpion katta va'daga ega deb hisoblangan, ammo u ham tishlarni qiynashiga duch kelgan va 1952 yilgacha xizmatga kirishga va'da bermagan. Har qanday mos keladigan samolyotda ishlaydigan almashtirishning yo'qligi sababli, urush vaqti Northrop P-61 qora beva ayol tungi qiruvchi bu rolga majbur bo'ldi va Scorpion mavjud bo'lguncha bo'shliqni to'ldirishga yordam berish uchun Shimoliy Amerika P-82 Twin Mustang pistonli dvigatelining tungi qiruvchi moslamalari ishlab chiqildi va joylashtirildi.

1948 yil 11-iyunda yangi tashkil etilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari "ta'qib qilish uchun" toifasini yo'q qildi va uni F-for-fighter bilan almashtirdi. Keyinchalik, barcha P-82lar F-82 deb qayta nomlandi.

Strategik havo qo'mondonligi

27-FW Shimoliy Amerika F-82E Twin Mustangs, (ketma-ket) 46-354 Boeing B-29 Superfortress bilan birga Kerni aviabazasi, Nebraska.

F-82E samolyotlariga birinchi etib kelgan birinchi model va uning dastlabki operatsion topshirig'i shu edi Strategik havo qo'mondonligi 27-chi jangchi (keyinchalik Fighter-Escort) qanoti da Kerni aviabazasi, Nebraska 1948 yil mart oyida.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi paytida P-51 Mustang eskorti bilan kelgan Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress va Konsolidatsiyalangan B-24 Liberator Angliya va Janubiy Italiyadagi bazalardan bombardimonchi samolyotlar fashistlar tomonidan bosib olingan Evropa bo'ylab maqsadlarga. Biroq, Sovuq urush mumkin bo'lgan B-29 muammosini keltirib chiqardi, Boeing B-50 yoki Convair B-36 bombardimonchilarning missiyalari Sovet Ittifoqi. Sovet Ittifoqining kattaligi, bombardimon qilish missiyasi u erda 12 soatlik ish va Evropadagi yoki Alyaskadagi bazalardan, aksariyati Sovet hududidan orqaga qaytishini buyurdi. Shuningdek, G'arbiy Evropada yomon bo'lgan ob-havo oktyabr va may oylari oralig'ida Sovet Ittifoqi hududida bombardimonlarni amalga oshirishni imkonsiz qiladi. Strategik bombardimonchi kuchlar uchun eskort vazifalarini bajarish uchun hali uzoq masofaga mo'ljallangan reaktiv qiruvchi samolyotlar mavjud bo'lmaganligi sababli, 27-FEW missiyasi ushbu uzoq muddatli missiyalarni o'zlarining F-82E samolyotlari bilan uchirish edi.^[5]

F-82E samolyoti 1400 mildan (2300 km) uzoqroq masofani bosib o'tdi, ya'ni tashqi yoqilg'i tanklari bilan u Londondan Moskvaga uchib, maqsaddan 30 daqiqa uzoqroq yurib, qaytib kelishi mumkin edi, bu esa buni amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona amerikalik qiruvchi. . Shuningdek, uning himoyasi uchun mo'ljallangan bombardimonchilar yaqinida turishi mumkin bo'lgan 120000 metrlik operatsion shiftga ega edi. Birinchi ishlab chiqarish F-82Es 1948 yil boshida 27-ga yetdi va deyarli darhol guruh joylashtirildi Makkord AFB, Vashington, iyun oyida, uning eskadrilyalari havoning mudofaasi bo'yicha ikkinchi darajali topshiriqni berib turishgan edi Berlin Airlift. Shuningdek, Evropada mojaro kelib chiqsa, 27-chi Sovet Ittifoqiga, eskort missiyasini boshlaydi deb ishonilgan. Makkorddan guruh Twin Mustangsni Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida ob-havo razvedka vazifalarida uchib ketishdi, ammo ularning yonilg'i idishlari bilan muammolarga duch keldi. Ishdan chiqarilgan F-61 Black Widow tashqi tanklari topildi Xemilton AFB, Kaliforniya, F-82 uchun o'zgartirilishi mumkin; Twin Mustang ustunlariga o'rnatilib, bu muammoni hal qildi. Zo'riqishning pasayishi bilan 27-chi sentyabr oyida Nebraskadagi uyiga qaytib keldi, u erda birlik o'z samolyotlari bilan uchib o'tishga o'tdi.^[5]

Makkorddan Alyaskaga to'rtta F-82 joylashtirildi, u erda uchuvchilar Havodan mudofaa missiyasida egizak Mustanglardan foydalangan 449-Fighter (All Weather) otryadiga o'tish mashg'ulotlarini o'tkazdilar. Ular Alyaskada taxminan 45 kun qolishdi va 1948 yil noyabr oyining boshida guruhning qolgan qismiga qo'shilish uchun qaytishdi.^[5]

Tomonidan joylashtirilgan to'rtta F-82E samolyotlaridan biri 27-jangchi eskort qanoti ga Devis AFB, Aleutlar 1948 yil dekabrda P-61 qora beva ayollardan egizak mustangga 449-jangchi (har qanday ob-havo) otryadining o'tishiga yordam berish.

1949 yil yanvar oyida Sakkizinchi havo kuchlari katta bayramni rejalashtirdilar Carswell aviabazasi. Uning tayinlangan barcha bo'linmalari kelishilgan ko'prikda qatnashishi kerak edi. Strategik havo qo'mondonligining bombardimonchi samolyotlarining aksariyati va uning yagona "Uzoq masofa" qiruvchi guruhi - 27-chi ishtirok etishi kerak edi. Nebraskadagi ob-havo dahshatli edi, O'rta G'arbdagi aksariyat aeroportlar namoyish kuni yopilishga majbur bo'ldi. Kerni aviabazasi qor bo'roni bilan to'qnashdi va yo'llar qorni kesib o'tib, F-82 samolyotlarini uchirishga va bombardimonchilar bilan uchrashishga imkon berdi. Bu yomon ob-havo sharoitida F-82 samolyotining imkoniyatlarining isboti sifatida qaraldi.^[5]

1949 yil boshida 27-chi uzoq masofali eskort profil vazifalarini bajarishni boshladi. Parvozlar Puerto-Riko, Meksika, Bagama orollari va uzluksiz Vashington, Kolumbiya amalga oshirildi. Uchun Prezident Truman 1949 yilgi inauguratsiya marosimi, 27-chi FEW Pensilvaniya avenyu bo'ylab shakllanishida bir nechta boshqa qiruvchi qismlar bilan birgalikda ko'rib chiqilishi uchun 48 ta samolyotni uchirdi. Yangi bag'ishlangan yana bir ko'prik Idlewild aeroporti tez orada Nyu-York shahrida, Kerney AFB dan to'xtovsiz parvoz qilgan samolyot bilan.^[5]

1949 yil mart oyida Kerni AFB asosan byudjet sabablari bilan yopildi va 27-chi FEW qayta tayinlandi Bergstrom AFB, Texas. Boshqa uzoq masofali missiyalar kros-parvoz bilan amalga oshirildi va "itlar bilan kurash" ni simulyatsiya qildi Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star birliklari amalga oshirildi. 27-chi FEW ga o'tishni boshladi Republic F-84 Thunderjet 1950 yil mart oyida boshlangan va F-82E samolyotlari asosan ortiqcha deb e'lon qilingan, so'nggi egizak Mustanglar sentyabrga qadar bekor qilingan. Bir nechtasi yuborildi Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlari Koreyada jang qilish uchun va bir nechtasi Alyaskaga Arktika orqali bombardimonchilar eskorti missiyasini uchirish uchun yuborilgan Ladd AFB 1953 yilgacha. Ularning aksariyati meliorativ ishlarga jo'natildi va 1952 yilgacha yo'q bo'lib ketdi.^[5]

Ko'rinishi bilan MiG-15 osmonida Shimoliy Koreya 1950 yil oxirida, B-29, shuningdek, USAF inventarizatsiyasida pervanellar boshqaradigan barcha bombardimonchilar shunchaki strategik hujum qurollari sifatida eskirgan edi. Koreyada bombardimonchi eskort sifatida foydalanilgan to'g'ri qanotli F-84G samolyotlari MiGga nisbatan samarasiz edi va bu supurilgan qanotni oldi Shimoliy Amerika F-86 Saber osmonni tozalash MiG-15 yoki undan keyingi Sovet tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan reaktiv samolyotning mudofaasini samarali ravishda engib o'tish uchun yuqori va tezroq ucha oladigan, yangi qanotli reaktiv bombardimonchi samolyotni talab qilishi aniq edi. Shuningdek, bombardimonchilarning katta guruhlari strategik nishonga uchib uchish davri tugadi Koreya urushi. Strategik bombardimon samolyot bilan jihozlangan va yadroviy qurol bilan bitta samolyotga, bitta maqsadga aylandi Boeing B-52 Stratofortress aksariyat dushman tutuvchilaridan yuqori va tezroq uchish. Eskort qiruvchi kontseptsiyasi keraksiz bo'lib qoldi va 1957 yilga kelib SAC o'zining so'nggi strategik qiruvchi qanotlarini inaktiv qildi.

Havodan mudofaa qo'mondonligi

317-Fighter-All Weather Weather Squadron Shimoliy Amerika F-82F Twin Mustang, AF ser. № 46-0415, Xemilton AFB, Kaliforniya, 1948. Ushbu samolyot Havodan mudofaa qo'mondonligiga etkazib berilgan birinchi F-82F Twin Mustang edi.

Sovetning ko'rinishi Tupolev Tu-4 1947 yilda Boeing B-29 Superfortress-ning "Bull" nusxasi urushdan keyingi USAAF rejalashtiruvchilari uchun yangi tahdid tug'dirdi va asosan uning paydo bo'lishi va boshlanishi natijasida Sovuq urush 1948 yilda tashkil topishiga olib keldi Havodan mudofaa qo'mondonligi (ADC) urushdan keyingi qism sifatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari.

1947 yilda embrional ADC ayniqsa samarali bo'lmagan. Tomonidan amalga oshirilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga bir qator simulyatsiya qilingan reydlar paytida Strategik havo qo'mondonligi 1947-1949 yillar davomida himoya qilgan F-51 Mustanglar va F-47 momaqaldiroqlari, to'suvchi sifatida ishlatilgan, bir necha bor kelgan bombardimonchilarni, hatto ular yo'lda ekanliklarini bilsalar ham topa olmadilar va kamdan-kam hollarda ularni urib tushirish uchun o'zlarini tutdilar. Buning ustiga, bombardimonchilar (odatda B-29 Superfortresses) Nyu-York, Los-Anjeles, Sietl, Chikago va Sent-Luis.^[4]

Sinovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, RADAR bilan jihozlangan urush davri Northrop P-61 Black Widow tungi qiruvchisi kirib kelayotgan SAC bombardimonchilarini topishda va ularga hujum qilishda samarali bo'lgan, shuningdek bombardimonchilarga mo'ljallangan manzillardan uzoq masofada hujum qilish masofasiga ega bo'lgan. 1940-yillarning oxirlarida AQShning mos keladigan reaktiv samolyotlari hali ishlab chiqilmagan edi, shuning uchun P-61 ADC tutib turuvchi missiyasiga o'tdi. Biroq, mavjud bo'lgan F-61 samolyotlari asosan urushdan charchagan va tungi qiruvchi F-82C / D modellari ularni almashtirish uchun barcha ob-havoni to'xtatuvchi vositalarga o'zgartirilgan.^[4]

Shimoliy Amerika F-82F Twin Mustang 46-414, 52d Fighter Group (Hamma ob-havo), Mitchel AFB, Nyu-York, 1950 yilda World Wide qurol-yarog 'yig'ilishida, Nellis AFB, Nevada, 1950 yil 26 martda. Polkovnik Uilyam Cellini tomonidan boshqarilgan Guruh qo'mondoni samolyoti sifatida belgilangan.

Egizak Mustangning ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatuvchi versiyalari F-82F va F-82G deb nomlangan; F va G modellarini ajratib turuvchi xususiyati asosan radar uskunalari joylashgan markaz qanoti ostidagi natsel edi (F-82F ning AN / APG-28 va F-82G ning SCR-720C18). Bundan tashqari, tutib turuvchi versiya ko'plab o'zgartirishlarni talab qildi. O'ng tarafdagi samolyot kabinasi radar operatorining pozitsiyasiga parvozlarni boshqarishsiz almashtirildi. Kolbasa o'xshash va bevaqt "uzoq dong" nomi bilan tanilgan uzun radar podasi oltidan pastda, markaziy qanotning pastki qismiga biriktirilgan edi. .50 dyuym pulemyotlar va uning idishi bilan pervanellar oldida signal aralashuvining oldini olish uchun. Ushbu noan'anaviy tartib samolyotning ishlashiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatmasligi aniqlandi. Bundan tashqari, jihoz favqulodda vaziyatda yoki qorin tushishi uchun tashlanishi mumkin edi - ba'zida u yuqori G harakatlari paytida yo'qolgan. F-82F modellari Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ADC birliklari uchun, F-82G modellari esa joylashtirilgan Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlari Yaponiyaning havo hujumidan mudofaasi uchun va Okinava. Evropaga F-82 samolyotlari joylashtirilmagan.

Birinchi F-82F modellari 1948 yil sentyabrda tezkor ADC otryadlariga yeta boshladi. Sentabr oxiriga kelib ADCda 29 ta F-82F mavjud edi. 1949 yil o'rtalarida F-82 G'arbiy sohil bo'ylab Qora beva ayollarni havo mudofaasi qo'mondonligi bilan almashtirdi. Xemilton AFB, Kaliforniya (317-FIS) va Makkord AFB, Vashington (318-FIS, 319-FIS). Sharqiy qirg'oq mudofaasi egizak Mustanglarning vazifasi edi McGuire AFB, Nyu-Jersi (2-FIS, 5-FIS).^[1]

Kontinental Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi kuchlardan tashqari, Karib havzasi qo'mondonligi 319-FIS soat Frantsiya maydoni ichida Panama kanali zonasi 1948 yil dekabrida himoya qilish uchun qora tanli ayollarini almashtirish uchun 15 ta F-82F olgan Panama kanali. Egizak Mustanglar Panamada qayta tayinlanib, qisqa vaqt qolishdi Makkord AFB 1949 yil may oyida.^[1]

Twin Mustang 1950-1951 yillarda ADCdan chiqarildi Lockheed F-94 Starfire 1951 yil oxirlarida McChord AFB-da 318-FIS bilan ish olib borgan. Ba'zilari Alyaskaga jo'natilgan va u erda ular F-82H konfiguratsiyasiga o'zgartirilgan; ammo aksariyati meliorativ holatga yuborilgan.

Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlari

Yaponiya Itazuke AB-dagi 68-chi ob-havo qiruvchi eskadrilyatori bilan uchayotgan havo kuchlari kapitani Jonni Gosnell oilasidan xayrlashish.

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, Northrop P-61 Black Widow edi Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlari (FEAF) asosiy tutqich. Biroq, ehtiyot qismlarning etishmasligi va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish masalalari urushdan charchagan samolyotlarni havoda saqlashni qiyinlashtirdi. Har qanday ob-havo reaktivini ushlab turuvchi qurilmaga ega bo'lgunga qadar, F-82G Twin Mustang vaqtinchalik echim sifatida qaraldi. Oxirgi operatsion P-61lar tomonidan yuborilgan 68-chi va 339-jangchi (barcha ob-havo) otryadlari da melioratsiya hovlisiga Tachikava aviabazasi 1950 yil fevral oyida Twin Mustangs samolyot o'rnini bosuvchi samolyot sifatida keladi.^[6]

Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlarida 45 ta samolyotdan iborat Twin Mustangni boshqaradigan uchta otryad bor edi.^[1] The 4-jangchi (har qanday ob-havo) otryad ga biriktirilgan 51-Fighter-Interceptor qanoti da Naha aviabazasi, Okinava, zulmat va yomon ob-havo paytida Yigirmanchi havo kuchlarining javobgarligi hududida havo mudofaasini ta'minlash vazifasini bajargan. 68-F (AW) S maydoni Yaponiyaning janubini o'z bazasidan qamrab oladi Itazuke va 8-qiruvchi bombardimonchi qanoti, 339-F (AW) S bilan Tokio va Yaponiyaning shimoliy qismini qamrab olgan Jonson aviabazasi. FEAF buyrug'iga 40 ga yaqin egizak Mustang tayinlangan edi.^[6]

1950 yil iyun oyida Koreya urushi boshlanishi bilan F-82 jangovar vazifasini bajarishga majbur bo'ldi. 1950 yil 25-iyun soat 04:00 da, 68-qiruvchi otryad Itazuke aviabazasida hushyor holatda bo'lgan F-82 ekipajlariga Shimoliy Koreya o'tib ketganligi aytilgan 38-chi parallel. Ularga hududga uchish va asosiy yo'llar va temir yo'llarda har qanday faoliyat to'g'risida xabar berish buyurilgan. Bulutli bulutlar 2400 metr (8000 fut) balandlikda, bulutli sharoitlarni topish uchun kelishdi. Egizak Mustanglar radar yordamida bulutlar orasidan uchib o'tib, 610 metrdan (2000 fut) uchib ketishdi. Kimpo aerodromi yaqin Seul. Uchuvchilar Shimoliy Koreyaning yuk mashinalari va boshqa transport vositalarining katta karvonlarini, shu jumladan Janubiy Koreyaga o'tgan 58 ta tankni kuzatdilar. Ekipaj bulutlar orasidan Itazuke aviabazasiga uchib ketdi, u erda ularni AQSh armiyasining polkovnigi generaldan aytib berishdi. Duglas Makartur xodimlar. Ushbu razvedka parvozi Koreya urushidagi birinchi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining havoga qarshi jangovar missiyasi hisoblanadi.^[6]

Ushbu ma'lumot bilan, ular uchun mavjud bo'lgan boshqa razvedka hisobotlari bilan bir qatorda, FEAF buni tasdiqladi Koreya Xalq armiyasi haqiqatan ham Janubiy Koreyaga keng ko'lamli hujumni boshlagan edi. FEAFning birinchi navbatdagi vazifasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari fuqarolarini evakuatsiya qilish edi. 26 iyun kuni ertalab Norvegiya yuk kemasi Reyxolte yuborildi Inchon To'g'ridan-to'g'ri bosib olish yo'lida bo'lgan harbiy bo'lmagan xodimlarni Seuldan evakuatsiya qilish uchun port. 68-F (AW) S-dan Twin Mustangs samolyoti evakuatsiya qilish uchun havodan himoya qilish uchun tong otib kelgan joyga jo'natildi. F-82 samolyotlaridan ikkitasi Seuldan yo'l bo'ylab uchish uchun jo'natilgan, boshqalari esa Inchon rokalari ustki qopqog'idan uchib o'tishgan. Patrul 1300 yilgacha, Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bir juft samolyot (aniq samolyot turi aniqlanmagan) bulutlar orasidan chiqquncha, voqea sodir bo'lmagan. F-82 uchuvchilariga berilgan buyruqlar har qanday tajovuzkor harakatlarni taqiqlagan; ammo, dushman rahbari o'z navbatini kuchaytirganda va F-82 samolyotlarida qanotli odam bilan dumini yopirganda qurol o'chirgichlari ishga tushirildi. F-82 samolyotlari tashqi tanklarini tashladilar, jangovar kuchni ishga tushirdilar va Shimoliy Koreya samolyotiga ko'tarilishni boshladilar. Ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra Shimoliy Koreya etakchisi juda uzoq masofada o'q uzdi, o'qlari F-82 samolyotlariga etib bormay, bulutlar va bulutli bulutlar orasiga kirib, ularni shimoliy koreyaliklar ularga ergashsa, javob qaytarish holatiga keltirdi. . Biroq, ular buni qilmadilar va kunning qolgan qismida boshqa aloqa o'rnatilmadi. Inchonda evakuatsiya muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilib, jami 682 tinch aholiga etkazib berildi Sasebo, Yaponiya.^[6]

339-FS F-82Gs parvozi (46-403, 46–390, 46–366, 46–394) 1950 yil iyun oyida Koreyaga yo'l oldi.

AQSh fuqarolarining asosiy qismi kema orqali Janubiy Koreyadan evakuatsiya qilinganidan so'ng, FEAFning ustuvorligi harbiy xarakterga o'tdi. 339-F (AW) S buyurtma oldi Beshinchi havo kuchlari mavjud bo'lgan barcha samolyotlarni ekipaj va jihozlar bilan birga ko'chirish Itazuke aviabazasi 68-ga Seulni evakuatsiya qilish uchun havo qoplamasini ta'minlashda yordam berish. Biroq, 339-chi samolyot o'sha paytda bir nechta bazalarga tarqalib ketgan. Ettita F-82 samolyoti Yokota AB uchishga yaroqli edi va ikkitasi angarda katta ta'mirdan o'tkazildi. Yana to'rtta F-82 samolyoti bo'lgan Misawa AB TDY-da. Yokotadagi uch kishi zudlik bilan Itazuke shahriga va to'rttasi Misavaga jo'natildi, 27 iyun kuni xizmatga jami yettita jangovar tayyor F-82G tayyorlandi. 68-F (AW) S-da jami o'n ikkita operatsion F-82G mavjud edi. Bu 339-chi odam qo'shishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalar bilan birgalikda FEAFga qarshi jangovar ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun etarli emas edi. F-80 Shooting Star samolyoti mavjud edi, ammo uning chanqagan reaktiv dvigateli bazaga qaytishidan oldin aerodrom ustida bir necha daqiqa qolishi va Yaponiyadan oldinga o'tadigan jang maydoniga etib bormasligini anglatardi. USAF P-51 Mustanglari mavjud emas edi va Britaniya Hamdo'stligi borligini aytib, hali ham Koreyada jang qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilmagan edi Avstraliyalik Ushbu o'ta og'ir vaziyatda Yaponiyadagi Mustanglar akademik. FEAF buyurtma berdi Yigirmanchi havo kuchlari sakkizta F-82 samolyotini 4-F (AW) S-dan Okinavadan Itazuke-ga jo'natish, jami 27 ta F-82 samolyotlarini jangovar xizmatga tayyorlash. 1950 yil 31 mayda FEAF tarkibida jami 32 ta F-82 mavjudligini hisobga olsak, bu maqtovga sazovor edi. Ushbu birlashtirilgan otryadlar bilan 347-chi vaqtinchalik jangchilar guruhi (AW) tuzildi.^[6]

27-iyun kuni tong otguncha 347-chi vaqtinchalik guruh Koreya ustidan havoga ko'tarildi va missiyani qoplash uchun Duglas C-54 Skymaster oxirgi tinch aholini ko'chirganda Kimpo aerodromiga uchib kiradigan transport vositalari. Shimoliy Koreya havo kuchlari transport vositasini urib tushirishga urinishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib (C-54 Shimoliy Koreyaning jangchilari tomonidan Kimpoda yerda yo'q qilingan) 25-iyun kuni havo kuchlari samolyotni parvoz paytida himoya qilish uchun havo qopqog'ini so'radi. Yaxshiyamki, 339-chi Fighter All Weather Squadron (F (AW) S) F-82Gs bilan Yokota AB va 68-F (AW) S Yaponiyaning Itazuke AB bazalarida joylashgan. Bilan Podpolkovnik Jon F. Sharp qo'mondonlikda, Yaponiyadagi 35 kishidan 27 ta F-82G qo'ng'iroqqa javob berdi. Erta tongda etib kelib, ular uchta reysda Kimpo aerodromini aylanib chiqishdi, ularning har biri bir-biridan yuqori edi. To'satdan, soat 1150 da, Shimoliy Koreyaning beshta jangchilaridan iborat aralash guruh (Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan qurilgan) Yak-9lar, Yak-11 va La-7lar ) paydo bo'ldi, aerodrom tomon yo'l oldi. Yak-11 samolyotlaridan biri zudlik bilan 68-F (AW) S uchuvchisi leytenant Charlz Moranning vertikal stabilizatoriga bir nechta zarba berdi. Bir necha lahzadan so'ng, leytenant Uilyam G. 68-F (AW) S-dan bo'lgan "Skayter" Xadson yakni jalb qilish uchun yuqori G burilishini boshladi va tez orada yakning dumini yopayotgan edi. Keyin u olti zarbasi bilan gol urib, yaqin masofadan qisqa portlashni boshladi .50 dyuym avtomatlar. Yak-F-82G ni ta'qib qilib, o'ng tomonga qattiq siltadi. Ikkinchi portlash yakning o'ng qanotiga tegib, benzinni yoqib yubordi va o'ng qanot va aileronni yiqitdi. Shimoliy koreyalik uchuvchi garovdan qutqarib qoldi, ammo uning o'lgan yoki og'ir jarohat olgan kuzatuvchisi halokatga uchragan samolyotda qoldi. Kimpo aerodromiga parashyut bilan tushgan Shimoliy Koreyalik uchuvchi zudlik bilan Janubiy Koreyaning askarlari qurshovida qoldi. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, u avtomatni chiqarib, ularga qarata o'q uzishni boshladi. Janubiy Koreya askarlari uni o'qqa tutib, o'q uzdilar. Bir necha lahzadan so'ng, leytenant Moran bir necha chaqirim narida aerodrom ustida La-7 samolyotini urib yubordi, Mayor 339-F (AW) S qo'mondoni Jeyms V.Litl yana bir La-7 samolyotini urib tushirdi. C-54 samolyot xavfsiz qochib qutulishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Shimoliy Koreyaning beshta samolyotidan uchtasi urib tushirildi, uchuvchi leytenant Uilyam G. "Skayter" Xadson va radar operatori leytenant Karl Freyzer Koreya urushi paytida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi birinchi "o'ldirish" ni amalga oshirdi.^[6]

Ushbu ekipajlar havodan o'q otish bo'yicha keng o'qitilmaganligini hisobga olib, ular jangdan juda yaxshi ko'rinishga ega bo'lishdi. Odatda o'sha kuni Hudson va Freyzer uchgan samolyot F-82G "Bolt paqiri" deb nomlangan ()46-383), chunki ularning odatdagi samolyotlari ta'mirga tushgan. "Bolt paqiri" Koreya urushidan omon qoladi va oxir-oqibat Alyaskadagi xizmatni eskort qilish uchun tayinlanadi. Bu vayron qilingan deb ishoniladi Ladd AFB, 1953 yilda Alyaska.

Itazuke AB-dagi 68-FSdan 46-371.

Keyingi haftalarda F-82 uchuvchilari havo hujumida barcha kutilgan natijalardan oshib ketishadi. 28-iyun kuni barcha F-82 samolyotlari oldingi chiziqlar va 38-Parallel o'rtasida topilgan Shimoliy Koreyaning har qanday harakatlariga qarshi og'ir erlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashda foydalanishga buyurtmalar tushdi. Parvozga tayyor bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan har bir F-82 jangovar xizmatga tushirildi. Shimoliy Koreyaning bosqinchi kuchini sekinlashtirish uchun Beshinchi Havo kuchlari mavjud bo'lgan har qanday samolyotga muhtoj bo'lishiga qaramasdan, Yaponiyadagi ko'plab asosiy bazalar uchun barcha F-82 samolyotlarini mudofaa majburiyatlaridan ozod qilishni oqlash qiyin edi. Okinavadagi 4-F (AW) S dan Yaponiyaga jo'natilgan parvoz va F-80 samolyotlarining havo hujumidan mudofaasi uchun tashqari barcha F-82 samolyotlarini jangovar harakatga chiqarish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. 30 iyun kuni FEAF talab qildi AQSh shtabi qo'shimcha ravishda 21 ta F-82 samolyoti uchun rad etildi. Bundan tashqari, FEAFning jangovar foydalanish darajasida ta'minlanishi mumkin bo'lgan qo'llab-quvvatlash darajasi ehtiyot qismlar etishmasligi sababli 60 kundan ortiq bo'lmagan. Gap shundaki, 1948 yil aprel oyida F-82 ishlab chiqarilishi tugagach, ehtiyot qismlarni etarli darajada etkazib berish to'g'risida hech qanday chora ko'rilmagan edi, chunki samolyot reaktiv dvigatelli samolyotlar mavjud bo'lgandan keyin ekspluatatsiya qilinmaydi. Bundan tashqari, Havo kuchlari birinchi navbatda shunchalik ko'p F-82 samolyotlariga ega emas edilar (jami 182 ta operatsion samolyot) va Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy yoki Atlantika qirg'og'iga sodiq qolgan F-82 birliklarini kuchsizlantirishni xohlamadilar. Alyaskada o'n to'rtta F-82H.^[1][6]

Bu FEAF rejalashtiruvchilariga og'ir zarba bo'ldi, chunki ular F-82 dan eskort uchun foydalanmoqchi edilar B-26 bosqinchilar chuqur ichiga Shimoliy Koreya va bo'ylab joylashgan maqsadlarni qidirish uchun Xan daryosi. O'zlarida bo'lgan narsalarni bajarish kunning tartibi edi va texnik guruhlar F-82 samolyotlari sonini maksimal darajada ushlab turish uchun hamma narsani yirtib tashladilar. 26-30 iyun kunlari davomida 68-otryad 35 jangovar parvozni amalga oshirdi, o'rtacha har bir turda besh soat, 339-sonli esa shu kabi missiyalarni amalga oshirdi.^[6]

O'sha dastlabki kunlarda ekipajni zo'riqish va zo'riqish kuchli edi. Biroq, iyul oyining boshlariga kelib F-82 samolyotlarining havo-havo janglarida qatnashish ehtimoli sezilarli darajada kamaydi, chunki F-80 otish yulduzlari Shimoliy Koreyaning havo kuchlarini 38-paraleldan pastroqqa tushishini to'xtatdi. F-82 samolyotlari tungi bosqinchilarni parvoz qilish bilan birga, uchish va eskort vazifalarini bajarishni boshladi. Bir nechta F-82 samolyotlari kunduzgi qiruvchilarga aylanib, ularni almashtirish qiyin bo'lgan radar radomalarida xitlar oldi va radomlar olib tashlandi. Yerdan qo'llab-quvvatlash rolida F-82 samolyotlari Koreyaning jang maydonining istalgan qismiga 1800 kg (4000 funt) dan ortiq o'q-dorilarning yukini ko'tarishi mumkin edi. Oltitaning har biri .50 dyuym machine guns carried 400 rounds. This firepower was well-used against numerous ground targets. The escort missions flown with the B-26s took F-82s deep into North Korea. Flying with external fuel tanks, it was necessary on many occasions for the Twin Mustangs to drop tanks, owing to the risk of fire or explosion if enemy fire hit one of the empty tanks. On 10 July, F-82s from the 4th and 68th squadrons participated in one of the biggest strikes of the war against ground targets. Joined by B-26s and F-80s, the aircraft hit massive amounts of North Korean road traffic. An estimated 117 trucks, 38 tanks and seven personnel carriers were destroyed, along with a large number of enemy troops killed when the B-26s destroyed a bridge at Pyongtaek, causing a massive jam.^[6]

46-363 and unidentified 68th FS F-82G on the alert ramp at Kimpo AB, South Korea.

On 5 July, the 339th Squadron was pulled out of combat and returned to Johnson AB. Shortly afterwards, the 4th Squadron returned to Okinawa, with the 347th Provisional Group being inactivated and control of the 68th Squadron being turned over to the 8th Fighter Group. The 339th had been in combat a total of 10 days (26 June – 5 July), flying a total of 44 combat sorties for which they had been given no training. The 68th Squadron was left to carry on the battle. Throughout July and August 1950, F-82s from the 68th Squadron attacked enemy trains, vehicles, and numerous buildings, and constantly strafed North Korean troops on the roads. On the night of 27 August, an element of F-82s was patrolling over South Korea over a thick overcast when they received an urgent request for air support from some hard-pressed ground troops. Darkness was approaching when they reached the area and found UN ground troops pinned down by a concentration of mortars. The F-82 pilots made several passes to get set up with the ground controller, and as soon as the enemy target was pinpointed, the heavily armed aircraft commenced an attack that would last 45 minutes and use up all their ordnance. When the aircraft pulled up for the last time, the mortar positions were silent and ground forces later showed over 300 enemy dead.^[6]

Beginning in October 1950, F-82s would start flying weather reconnaissance pre-dawn missions over North Korea. At the same time, the squadron would also be responsible for keeping at least three aircraft on alert on airfields in the Seoul area (K-13 (Suwon) and K-14 (Kimpo)) during the hours of darkness and bad weather. This would become the main mission for the F-82s for the balance of 1950, as the F-51s, F-80s and F-84s took on most of the combat ground attack missions which the F-82s had been pressed into at the beginning of the war. With the entry of the Chinese Communist forces into the war, the situation on the ground began to deteriorate rapidly. By late December, the 68th had begun flying two-aircraft missions during daylight and single-aircraft missions at night from Kimpo AB. On 7 January, FEAF ordered the 68th to start flying armed reconnaissance missions to check roads over southern North Korea as UN forces were rapidly withdrawing south before the Chinese onslaught. This was a nightmare as the Chinese were pouring south, and it appeared that the situation was becoming as it had been the previous June. On 26 January, the armed reconnaissance missions were discontinued and the F-82s were placed on continuous combat air patrols over Kandong Airfield near Pxenyan and over both of Pyongyang's main airfields, (K-23, Pyongyang va K-24, Pyongyang East ) to monitor enemy air activity. This was essential as any Chinese aircraft operating out of these bases would be in easy range of the UN front lines. The 68th's efforts claimed 35 trucks destroyed, with damage to many others.^[6]

As 1951 progressed, the F-82s of the 68th Squadron continued its mission of air defense over Seoul and flying weather reconnaissance flights; however, its combat duties became more and more limited. The end of the line was rapidly approaching for the F-82 in Korea. By the end of August 1951, there were only eight operational F-82s with the 68th, with its replacement, the Lockheed F-94 Starfire arriving in Japan, taking over missions previously flown by the Twin Mustangs. In March 1952, the Starfire-equipped 319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron arrived from Moses Lake AFB, Vashington and took up residence at K-13. On 28 March 1952, the last F-82G was sent for cold-weather modification, and then deployed to Alaska. By mid-April 1952, the F-82s in Okinawa were also sent to Japan for modification and were also sent to Alaska. All-weather responsibilities in FEAF were now in the hands of the F-94 and the jet era.^[6]

F-82G operational losses during the Korean War^[7]

• 46-357 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) MIA 28 May 1951, 32 km (20 mi) N of 38th parallel.
• 46-364 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) destroyed on ground at Suwon, Korea, 29 June 1950 by enemy aircraft.
• 46-373 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) crashed 8 km (5 mi) NW of Brady AB, Japan, 12 February 1951.
• 46-375 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) crashed 16 December 1950.
• 46-378 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) shot down by AAA 3 July 1951.
• 46-391 (51st FIG, 4th FAWS) in midair collision with F-80C 49-704 between Fukuoka and Ashiya AB, Japan, 29 September 1950.
• 46-394 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) MIA 14 March 1951.
• 46-399 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) MIA 27 January 1951.
• 46–400 (6160th ABW, 68th FAWS) crashed near K-14 7 December 1950.
• 46-402 (51st FIG, 68th FAWS) MIA 6 July 1950.

1951 was the last full year of F-82 operations in Korea, as they were gradually replaced by the jet-powered F-94 Starfire. USAF claimed the Twin Mustangs destroyed 20 enemy aircraft, four in the air and 16 on the ground during the conflict.^[1]

During the Korean war, 22 F-82s were lost, including 11 in combat missions and 11 non-combat losses^[8]

Alaskan Air Command

USAF operational F-82 Twin Mustang, F-82F AF Ser. No. 46-0415, on the ramp at Ladd AFB, just before going to salvage at Elmendorf AFB, May 1953.

Modified F-82F/Gs for cold weather were designated as F-82H. Six were assigned initially to the 449th F(AW)S at Adak oroli in December 1948 to replace their P-61 Black Widows in the Alaska Air Defense mission. The Twin Mustang was well-suited for the air defense mission in Alaska due to its long-range flying ability. In March 1949, the squadron was reassigned to Ladd AFB, yaqin Feyrbanks, where an additional eight (14 total) arrived.^[4]

In Alaska, the squadron would constantly patrol over wide areas of Alaska as the Sovetlar flying from airfields in Sibir would constantly test the air defenses. Beginning in August 1950, the 449th began receiving the F-94 Starfire jet interceptor, and the F-82s were assigned to a separate detachment within the squadron. With the outbreak of the Korean War, tensions were high in Alaska, as it was feared that it would become a "back door" to Soviet aircraft striking North America. The Soviets were constantly testing the Alaskan air defenses, with the F-94s responding when radar stations alerted them to incoming aircraft. Intercepts were rare, with only a few instances of eye-to-eye contact with Soviet aircraft. The slower F-82s had a longer range than the F-94s, and the Twin Mustangs constantly patrolled over many Alaskan villages and towns. Periodically, the F-82s were used for long-range visual reconnaissance near several known rough airstrips on the Chukchi yarim oroli that the Soviets had used during World War II as landing fields for lend-lease aircraft and checking for any activity. In addition, flights around the Nom area and along the western Alaskan coastline were made. Squadron records show the Twin Mustangs were flown over some of the most remote areas of the Territory, along what today is known as the "North Slope" and over very rugged interior regions.^[9]

The final flight crew and maintenance support personnel of F-82 46-415, May 1953.

The Twin Mustangs in Alaska operated further north than any other USAF aircraft at the time. In April 1952, they were flying escort duty for SAC B-36 Peacemaker bombers near Barter Island ichida Bofort dengizi, near the most northerly tip of Alaska, about 1,000 mi (1,600 km) south of the North Pole.^[9] The F-82H made a brief but memorable appearance in the movie "Top of the World" (1955).^[10]

Another mission of the 449th was to act as a simulated invasion force during AQSh armiyasi combat maneuvers during the summer months. Army ground units in Alaska were very limited in their movements due to the geography of the land. Most movements were up and down roads and paths and railroad rights-of-way. The F-82s would fly low along the terrain then pop up and initiate simulated strafing runs against them, causing the troops to take cover by hitting the muddy tundra. On occasions, the Twin Mustangs would also drop tear gas canisters, simulating gas attacks on the units.^[9]

The 449th would also assist the local government by bombing ice jams on the Tanana, Kuskokwim va Yukon Rivers. This helped avert disastrous floods in the region, by dropping 500 lb (230 kg) bombs and firing 127 mm (5 in) rockets at the ice, thus allowing the rivers to keep flowing and not get clogged up.^[9]

Two F-82Hs and one F-82G on the ramp at Ladd AFB, late summer 1952

Beginning in spring 1950, Strategik havo qo'mondonligi began replacing their F-82E bomber escorts and throughout the year, several were transferred to the 449th in Alaska. In February 1951, the Air Force ordered Alaskan Air Command that all the remaining F-82s in the Air Force inventory would all be transferred to Alaska. The Twin Mustangs would be used to support Army units in air-to-ground operations, and to use the F-94 Starfires for interceptor duty.^[11]

During 1951 and 1952, F-82Fs from the Havodan mudofaa qo'mondonligi 52d Fighter Group da McGuire AFB va 325th Fighter Group da McChord AFB were winterized and flown to Ladd AFB as replacements when those units transitioned to the F-94.^[9]

F-82Gs from Far East Air Force were also sent to Alaska, as jets took over combat duties over the skies of Korea. The FEAF F-82s, however, arrived in a badly corroded condition. Also, many of these aircraft which were sent to the 449th had high time on their airframes from long bomber escort and air defense flights, as well as the stress from combat duty in Korea causing many of them to be difficult to maintain.^[9] After four months at the 39th Air Depot Wing at Elmendorf, most were scrapped.^[11]

All in all, this provided AAC with a total of 36 various E, F, G and H model F-82s. By 1952, attrition had claimed many of the Twin Mustangs which were assigned to the squadron. The occasional long-range reconnaissance flight over the Bering Sea was still flown, given that the range of the Twin Mustang was much greater than that of the F-94. The right seat of the aircraft was usually occupied by an experienced flight mechanic. With the long patrol flights with high-hour aircraft, pilots began having more and more mechanical problems that forced them to land on crude flight strips. The mechanic usually could repair the aircraft well enough to get airborne and head straight back to Ladd AFB.^[9][11]

Iste'fo

The Twin Mustang had a very short operational life. About two years after its introduction to SAC, the F-82E was phased out of service in favor of the jet-powered Republic F-84E Thunderjet for bomber escort duties beginning in February 1950; the F-82Es were declared surplus by the end of the summer. Some were modified into F-82Gs and sent to Korea for combat as replacement aircraft, others were converted to F-82Hs and sent to Alaska, but most were sent to storage at Robins AFB, Georgia and ultimately reclamation.

F-82H Twin Mustang 46-377 at the end of the line, Elmendorf AFB, fall 1953

In the Pacific, the F-82Gs flown in combat over Korea were replaced by the Lockheed F-94A Starfire starting in April 1951 with the last being sent to the Tachikawa Air Depot in early 1952. There, they were either scrapped or sent to Alaska after being modified to the F-82H configuration in Japan for cold-weather use. Air Defense Command's F-82Fs began to be replaced by F-94As in June 1951, with most being declared excess by the end of the year and were sent to storage and ultimately reclamation at McChord AFB, Washington, although a few Twin Mustangs remained in ADC service towing aerial targets.

In Alaska, attrition and a lack of spare parts led to the withdrawal of the F-82 from the USAF inventory. Initially, 16 of the 36 aircraft became hangar queens and were the main source for spare parts to keep the others operational.^[11] By the spring of 1953, the number of aircraft available had dwindled to a handful, with two or three operational aircraft kept flying by cannibalizing others which were incapable of being repaired.^[11] Each aircraft was flown about 48 hours per month until it was impossible to keep them in the air on a reliable basis.

Ultimately, all were withdrawn from service. The last remaining F-82Hs were sent to Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, for disposal in June 1953. The last Twin Mustang that remained in the operational inventory (46–377) was originally configured as an F-82G model that had served with two different squadrons in Okinawa and Japan. It was flown to Ladd AFB in 1952 and modified as a winterized F-82H. Bu yuborilgan Elmendorf AFB, being officially retired on 12 November 1953.

Some of the planes in storage at Robins and McChord were turned over to museums as static displays. Also after the end of their USAF service, the Aeronavtika bo'yicha milliy maslahat qo'mitasi (NACA) acquired four surplus F-82s for research work.

EF-82B Twin Mustang 1-NA 44-65168 "Betty Jo" with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), Cleveland, Ohio, 1952.^{[N 1]}

• XP-82-NA 44-83886 (c/n 120-43742) (NACA-14). Operated by NACA from 6 June 1948 to 5 October 1955. This aircraft was ultimately sent to salvage at Langley AFB, Virginia.
• XP-82-NA 44-83887 (c/n 120-43743). Operated from October 1947 to July 1950. Used for ram jet tests, it was damaged during July 1950. The damaged aircraft was sold to Walter Soplata and placed on his farm. In March 2008, it was sold to Tom Reilly and moved to his restoration facility in Douglas, Georgia.^[12]
• P-82B-NA 44-65168 (c/n 123-43754) (NACA-132). Operated from September 1950 to June 1957: This was the Betty Jo distance record holder aircraft and it was used for ram jet tests. Was turned over to the USAF Museum.
• F-82E-NA 46-256 (c/n 144-38141) (NACA-133). Used for high-altitude icing tests beginning in January 1950, re-designated EF-82E. Sold to Walter Soplata for $1,600 in March 1954. Now being restored to flying condition by C&P Aviation in Anoka, Minnesota.

References for NACA F-82s:^[7][13]

Variantlar

NA-123

Basic Development design. The NA-123 design was presented by North American Aircraft to the USAAF in February 1944. The design for the new aircraft was for a long-range fighter to penetrate deep into enemy territory. Its immediate role would be to escort the B-29 Superfortress bombers used in the Pacific Theater of Operations against Japan. The USAAF endorsed it at once. A letter contract to construct and test four experimental XP-82 aircraft (P-82 designation) gave way in the same month to an order for 500 production models.

XP-82 / XP-82A

Prototype. The USAAF accepted the first XP-82 in August 1945 and a second one in September. Both were equipped with Packard Merlin V-1650-23 and −25 engines. The third experimental aircraft, designated XP-82A, had two Allison V-1710-119 engines. It was accepted in October 1945. There is no evidence that the XP-82A was ever actually flown, due to problems with the Allison engines. The fourth XP-82A prototype (44-83889) was canceled.

P-82B

Planned production version. With the end of World War II, production plans were cut back significantly. Against the 500 P-82Bs initially planned, overall procurement was finalized on 7 December 1945 at 270 P-82s. Included were 20 P-82Bs already on firm order and later allocated to testing as P-82Z. The USAAF accepted all P-82Zs in fiscal year 1947. Two aircraft were accepted in January 1946, four in February 1947, and 13 in March 1947. By December 1949, no P-82Bs (by then redesignated F-82Bs) remained in the Air Force inventory. These P-82Bs were basically similar to the XP-82, but differed in having provisions for underwing racks.

P-82C 44-65169 in black night fighter motif. Note the large pod that carries the radar array under the wing

P-82C

Night fighter version. A P-82B, (44-65169) modified in late 1946, for testing as a night interceptor. The P-82C featured a new nacelle (under the center wing section) housing an SCR-720 radar. The SCR-720 was the same radar installation which was carried aboard the Northrop P-61 Black Widow, a considerably larger aircraft. The right-hand cockpit became the radar operator's position. The production version was designated P-82G.

P-82D

Night fighter version. Another P-82B (44-65170) modified with a different radar, the APS-4. The APS-4 was a much smaller set than the SCR-720, and operated in the 3 cm (1.18 in) waveband. As like the P-82C, the right-hand cockpit became the radar operator's position. The production version was designated P-82F.

F-82E

Escort fighter version. The F-82E followed the F-82B, which it so closely resembled. They were equipped with two counter-rotating Allison liquid-cooled engines, V-1710-143 and V-1710-145. The first four F-82Es were redesignated as F-82As and were allocated for engine testing. After production delays by engine problems and additional testing, F-82Es entered operational service in May 1948. The Air Force accepted 72 F-82Es in fiscal year 1948 (between January and June 1948), and 24 in fiscal year 1949 (22 in July 1948, one in October, and one in December).

North American F-82F Twin Mustang night fighter Serial 46-415

F-82F/G/H

Night fighter versions. A nacelle beneath the center-wing that housed radar equipment (F-82F's AN/APG28 and F-82G's SCR-720C18); automatic pilot; and a radar operator replacing the second pilot. When winterization was added to the F or G, it became an F-82H. Entered operational service in September 1948. One F-82G was accepted in fiscal year 1948 (February 1948), all other F-82s (F, G, and H models) in fiscal year 1949. The last F-82G and six winterized F-82Hs were received in March 1949.

Production totals

The Air Force accepted a total of 272 F-82s (including 22 prototype, test and early production aircraft). All examples were redesignated as F-82 in 1948. Specifically, the F-82 program consisted of two XF-82s, one XF-82A, 10 F-82Bs (known for a while as P-82Zs and all allocated to testing), four F-82As, 96 F-82Es, 91 F-82Fs, 45 F-82Gs and 14 F-82Hs. All models and variants of the P-82 were produced at North American's Inglvud, Kaliforniya manufacturing plant.^[14]

Operatorlar

 Qo'shma Shtatlar^[6][15]

Notes for Korean War Service

Baxtsiz hodisalar va hodisalar

Surviving aircraft

Ushbu bo'lim faqat ma'lum bir auditoriyani qiziqtirishi mumkin bo'lgan juda ko'p miqdordagi murakkab tafsilotlarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Iltimos, yordam bering aylanmoq yoki boshqa joyga ko'chirish tegishli har qanday ma'lumot va qarshi bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ortiqcha tafsilotlarni olib tashlash Vikipediyaning qo'shilish siyosati. (Iyul 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Five F-82s are known to still exist.

Uchish mos

XP-82

North American XP-82 Twin Mustang 44-83887 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2019 yilda

• 44-83887 – restored to flying status by the B-25 Group, headed by aircraft restorer Tom Reilly, at Douglas Municipal Airport yilda Douglas, Georgia. The aircraft's first post-restoration flight occurred on 31 December 2018.^[16] A single fuselage and parts of the second XP-82 were located for many years on the farm of Walter Soplata in Newbury, Ohio; these were sold in April 2008 to Reilly and shipped to his facility in Douglas. With additional airframe parts sourced from Alaska, Colorado, and Florida; a left-turning engine found in Mexico City; control components from California; and other items fabricated at the Douglas facility, Reilly restored the aircraft to flying condition. During the restoration process, a number of written notes and graffiti by the original factory workers were found on internal surfaces. These were preserved and later reapplied to the interior of the finished aircraft.^[17][18] Registered as FAA tail number N887XP,^[19]

Ekranda

F-82B

F-82B Twin Mustang AF s/n 44-65162 at Midland International Airport after 1987 crash. Plane now in NMUSAF collection.

• 44-65162 – Displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force da Rayt-Patterson AFB yilda Dayton, Ogayo shtati.^[20] It had been a "gate guard " for many years outside Lackland AFB in Texas, was acquired by the Commemorative Air Force in 1966 and was operated for many years by its Midlend, Texas squadron. However, it stalled while landing at Valley International Airport yilda Harlingen, Texas in 1987. The aircraft was restorable but its unique props and landing gear were destroyed in the crash and replacement parts could not be obtained. In 2002, the CAF included it with a crashed P-38 in a trade for a flyable P-38 from a private organization, NPA Holdings. The USAF stepped in and demanded the F-82 be returned since it was only loaned to the CAF on the condition that the CAF return the aircraft to the U.S. Air Force if it was no longer wanted. In a published opinion, the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in December 2009 that the F-82B must be returned to the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force from NPA Holdings because the CAF violated the terms of the loan agreement with the U.S. Air Force.^[21] This aircraft arrived at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in late 2009 and underwent an extensive restoration throughout 2010, modifying the aircraft to the appearance of an F-82G. In early 2011, the aircraft was placed on display in the museum's Korean War Gallery, modified and marked as the F-82G crewed by 1st Lt Charles Moran, pilot, and 1st Lt Fred Larkins, radar observer, 68th F(AW)S, when they shot down a North Korean La-7 on 27 June 1950, near Kimpo Air Base, South Korea. The aircraft is displayed without the F-82G's radar "long dong" pod, as none have been located.

AF s/n 44-65168 is one of two F-82B's in the NMUSAF collection at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Betty Jo, pictured here, is one of them.

• 44-65168 Betty Jo – Displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force da Rayt-Patterson AFB yilda Dayton, Ogayo shtati in its Cold War gallery.^[22] The aircraft is displayed in the markings of its historic Hawaii to New York flight in 1947, along with clothing and artifacts used in that record-breaking flight. "Betty Jo" was delivered to the Museum on 21 June 1957.

F-82E

• 46-0262 – Displayed as a "gate guard " da Lackland AFB yilda Texas qismi sifatida USAF History and Traditions Museum yilda San-Antonio, Texas.^[23]

Under Restoration

F-82E

• 46-0256 – currently under restoration to flying status by James Harker in Anoka, Minnesota (previously in Birchwood, Wisconsin ). It was an intact airframe formerly located at the Walter Soplata farm.^[24] Previously with the NACA as NACA s/n 133. Registered as FAA tail number N142AM.^[25]

Specifications (F-82G)

Ma'lumotlar The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II,^[26][27]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

• Ekipaj: 2
• Uzunlik: 42 ft 5 in (12.93 m)
• Qanotlari: 51 ft 3 in (15.62 m)
• Balandligi: 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m)
• Qanot maydoni: 408 sq ft (37.9 m²)
• Bo'sh vazn: 15,997 lb (7,256 kg)
• Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 25,591 lb (11,608 kg)
• Elektr stansiyasi: 1 × V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine Allison V-1710-143, 2,250 hp (1,680 kW) in War emergency rating (RH rotation) fitted to port
• Elektr stansiyasi: 1 × V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine Allison V-1710-145, 2,250 hp (1,680 kW) in War emergency rating (LH rotation) fitted to starboard
• Pervaneler: 4-bladed Aeroproducts A-542F-D1 constant-speed fully-feathering propeller (LHS)

Aeroproducts AL-542F-D1 constant-speed fully-feathering propeller (RHS), 10 ft 11 in (3.33 m) diameter

Ishlash

• Maksimal tezlik: 461 mph (742 km/h, 401 kn) at 21,000 ft (6,401 m)
• Kruiz tezligi: 286 mph (460 km/h, 249 kn)
• Qator: 2,240 mi (3,600 km, 1,950 nmi)
• Xizmat tavanı: 38,900 ft (11,900 m)

Qurollanish

• Qurollar: 6 .50 cal (12.7 mm) M3 Browning avtomatlar^[28]
• Rockets: 25 127 mm (5 in) raketalar
• Bomba: 4 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs

Shuningdek qarang

Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish

• North American P-51 Mustang

Taqqoslanadigan roli, konfiguratsiyasi va davridagi samolyotlar

• de Havilland Mosquito
• de Havilland Hornet
• Grumman F7F Tigercat
• Heinkel He 111 Z-1
• Heinkel He 219
• Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning
• Messerschmitt Bf 109Z "Zwilling"
• Messerschmitt Me 609
• Mitsubishi Ki-83
• Northrop P-61 qora beva ayol
• Savoia-Marchetti SM.92

Tegishli ro'yxatlar

• List of twin fuselage aircraft

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Iqtiboslar

Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• North American F-82B Twin Mustang at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
• North American F-82G Twin Mustang at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
• First flight of Tom Reilly's restored XP-82 Twin Mustang kuni YouTube, 28 January 2019
• Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)'s Video on Salvaging and Restoration of the XP-82 Twin Mustang
• Cutaway view of XP-82 restoration