Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit - Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit - Wikipedia

"B-2" va "Stealth Bomber" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang B2 (ajralish) va Yashirin samolyot.

B-2 ruhi
B-2 Spirit (kesilgan) .jpg
2006 yil may oyida Tinch okeani ustidan uchib o'tgan AQSh havo kuchlari B-2 Spirit
RolYashirin strategik og'ir bombardimonchi
Milliy kelib chiqishiQo'shma Shtatlar
Ishlab chiqaruvchiNorthrop korporatsiyasi
Northrop Grumman
Birinchi parvoz1989 yil 17-iyul; 31 yil oldin (1989-07-17)
Kirish1997 yil 1-yanvar
HolatXizmatda
Asosiy foydalanuvchiAmerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari
Ishlab chiqarilgan1987–2000
Raqam qurilgan21[1][2]
Dastur narxi44,75 milliard AQSh dollari (2004 yilgacha)[3]
Birlik narxi
  • 737 million dollar (1997 yil taxminan uchib ketish narxi ),[3] (2019 yilda 1,11 milliard dollarga teng)
  • O'rtacha narx $ 2.1B[3] (2019 yilda 3,17 milliard dollarga teng)

The Northrop (keyinroq Northrop Grumman) B-2 ruhi, deb ham tanilgan Yashirin bombardimonchi, amerikalik og'ir strategik bombardimonchi, past darajada kuzatiladigan xususiyatlarga ega yashirincha uchun mo'ljallangan texnologiya kirib boruvchi zich zenit mudofaasi. Sovuq urush davrida ishlab chiqilgan, bu a uchuvchi qanot ikki kishilik ekipaj bilan dizayn.[1][4] Bombardimonchi ikkalasini ham joylashtirishi mumkin an'anaviy va termoyadro qurollari masalan, sakson 500 kilogrammgacha bo'lgan vazn (230 kg) MK 82 JDAM Global joylashishni aniqlash tizimi - boshqariladigan bombalar yoki o'n oltita 2400 funt (1100 kg) B83 yadro bombalari. B-2 katta samolyotni tashiy oladigan yagona tan olingan samolyotdir havo-sirt qarama-qarshi qurollar maxfiy konfiguratsiyada.

"Advanced Technology Bomber" (ATB) loyihasi doirasida rivojlanish boshlandi Karter ma'muriyati; uning kutilgan ko'rsatkichi prezidentning Mach 2 qobiliyatining bekor qilinishining sabablaridan biri bo'ldi B-1A bombardimonchi. ATB loyihasi davomida davom etdi Reygan ma'muriyati, lekin uning kiritilishining kechikishidan xavotir B-1 dasturining tiklanishiga olib keldi. Rivojlanish davomida dastur xarajatlari ko'tarildi. Tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan Northrop, keyinroq Northrop Grumman, har bir samolyotning narxi o'rtacha 737 million AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi (1997 yilda).[3] Jami xaridlar o'z ichiga olgan har bir samolyot uchun o'rtacha 929 million dollar turadi ehtiyot qismlar, uskunalar, jihozlash va dasturiy ta'minotni qo'llab-quvvatlash.[3] Loyihalash, muhandislik va sinovlarni o'z ichiga olgan dasturning umumiy qiymati 1997 yilda har bir samolyot uchun o'rtacha 2,1 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi.[3]

Uning ahamiyati tufayli poytaxt va operatsion xarajatlar, loyiha da munozarali edi AQSh Kongressi. Ning pastga tushishi Sovuq urush 1980-yillarning ikkinchi qismida Sovetlarga kirib borish niyatida ishlab chiqarilgan samolyotlarga bo'lgan ehtiyoj keskin kamayadi havo maydoni va yuqori darajadagi maqsadlarga hujum qilish. 1980 va 1990-yillarning oxirlarida Kongress 132 bombardimonchi samolyotlarini 21 ga sotib olish rejasini bekor qildi. 2008 yilda B-2 samolyotda yo'q qilindi. parvozdan ko'p o'tmay qulab tushish ekipaj bo'lsa ham chiqarildi xavfsiz.[5] 2018 yilga kelib, yigirma B-2 samolyotlari xizmat ko'rsatmoqda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari, ularni 2032 yilgacha ishlashni rejalashtirmoqda Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider uni almashtirishdir.[6]

B-2 50000 fut (15000 m) gacha bo'lgan balandlikdagi hujum vazifalarini bajarishga qodir, ichki yoqilg'ida 6000 dengiz milidan (6900 milya; 11000 km) ko'proq va 10 000 dan ortiq dengiz miliga (12000 mil; 19000). km) biri bilan midair yonilg'i quyish. 1997 yilda u samolyotdan keyin ilg'or yashirin texnologiyalarga ega bo'lgan ikkinchi samolyot sifatida xizmatga kirdi Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk hujum samolyotlari. Dastlab asosan yadroviy bombardimonchi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lsa-da, B-2 birinchi marta odatiy, yadroviy bo'lmaganlarni tashlashda ishlatilgan qurol ichida Kosovo urushi 1999 yilda. Keyinchalik xizmat qilgan Iroq, Afg'oniston va Liviya.[7]

Rivojlanish

Kelib chiqishi

1970-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib, harbiy samolyot dizaynerlari raketa va tutuvchi vositalardan saqlanishning yangi usuli haqida bilib oldilar, bu esa bugungi kunda "yashirincha ". Kontseptsiya buzilib ketgan yoki singib ketgan samolyot samolyotini qurish edi radar signallari shundan iboratki, radar bo'linmasiga ozgina aks ettirilgan. Yashirin radar xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan samolyot deyarli aniqlanmagan uchishi mumkin edi va unga faqat radarga ishonmaydigan qurol va tizimlar hujum qilishi mumkin edi. Odamni kuzatish kabi boshqa aniqlash choralari mavjud bo'lsa ham, infraqizil skanerlar, akustik qidiruvchilar, ularning nisbatan qisqa aniqlanish doirasi yoki kam rivojlangan texnologiyasi ko'pchilik samolyotlarning aniqlanmagan yoki hech bo'lmaganda kuzatilmagan holda parvoz qilishiga imkon berdi, ayniqsa tunda.[8]

1974 yilda, DARPA AQSh aviatsiya firmalaridan eng kattasi haqida ma'lumot so'radi radar kesmasi radarlar uchun ko'rinmaydigan bo'lib qoladigan samolyot.[9] Dastlab, Northrop va McDonnell Duglas yanada rivojlantirish uchun tanlangan. Lokid rivojlantirish tufayli ushbu sohada tajribaga ega bo'lgan Lockheed A-12 va SR-71 qator maxfiy xususiyatlarni o'z ichiga olgan, xususan uning vertikal stabilizatorlari, asosiy joylarda kompozit materiallardan foydalanish va yuzaning umumiy qoplamasi radar yutuvchi bo'yoq. Yig'ilgan ma'lumotlar "qirrali" samolyotning dizaynini boshqargan tekis yuzalardan radar aks ettirishni bashorat qilish uchun foydalaniladigan kompyuter modellarini joriy etish asosiy yaxshilanish bo'ldi. Birinchi shunday dizaynlarni ishlab chiqish 1975 yilda "the Umidsiz olmos ", Lockheed modeli kontseptsiyani sinab ko'rish uchun qurilgan.[10]

Rejalar 1975 yil yozida, DARPA Experimental Survivability Testbed (XST) loyihasini boshlaganda yaxshi rivojlangan edi. Sinovlarning birinchi bosqichida Northrop va Lockheed shartnomalari imzolandi. 1976 yil aprel oyida Lockheed ikkinchi sinov bosqichi uchun yagona mukofotni oldi Moviy rangga ega bo'ling dastur va oxir-oqibat F-117 yashirin hujum samolyotlari.[11] Northrop shuningdek, tasniflangan texnologik namoyish samolyotiga ega edi Tosit ko'k 1979 yilda rivojlanishda 51-maydon. U maxfiy texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqdi, LO (past kuzatiladigan), sim bilan uchish, egri yuzalar, kompozit materiallar, elektron razvedka (ELINT) va Battlefield Surveillance Aircraft Experimental (BSAX). "Dasturdan ishlab chiqilgan maxfiy texnologiyalar keyinchalik boshqa operatsion samolyotlar konstruktsiyalariga, shu jumladan B-2 yashirin bombardimonchi samolyotiga kiritildi".[12]

ATB dasturi

1976 yilga kelib, ushbu dasturlar uzoq masofaga mo'ljallangan maxfiy bombardimonchi samara beradigan holatga o'tdi. Prezident Karter 1977 yilda sodir bo'lgan voqealardan xabardor bo'ldi va B-1 bekor qilinishining asosiy sabablaridan biri bo'lgan ko'rinadi.[13] 1978 yil boshlarida qo'shimcha tadqiqotlar buyurildi, shu vaqtgacha Have Blue platformasi tushunchalarni uchib chiqdi va isbotladi. Davomida 1980 yilgi prezident saylovi 1979 yilgi kampaniya, Ronald Reygan Karter mudofaada zaif ekanligini bir necha bor ta'kidlagan va B-1 ni eng yaxshi misol sifatida ishlatgan. Bunga javoban, 1980 yil 22-avgustda Karter ma'muriyati deb oshkora Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi yashirin samolyotlarni, shu jumladan bombardimonchi samolyotni ishlab chiqish ustida ish olib borgan.[14]

Binoning oldida turgan quyruqsiz samolyotlarning oldingi ko'rinishi. Binoning yuzida ko'k va qizil to'rtburchaklar bayroq bor. Yulduz shaklidagi badiiy asar samolyot oldida taksi yo'lida.
1988 yilda Kaliforniyaning Palmdeyl shahrida B-2 ning birinchi ommaviy namoyishi: B-2 oldida beshta B-2 silueti bilan shakllangan yulduz shakli.

Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) dasturi 1979 yilda boshlangan.[15] Ning to'liq rivojlanishi qora loyiha va kod nomi bilan moliyalashtirildi "Avrora ".[16] Kompaniyalarning takliflari baholangandan so'ng ATB raqobati shunchaki torayib ketdi Northrop /Boeing va Lokid /Rokvell har biri keyingi ish uchun o'qish shartnomasini olgan jamoalar.[15] Ikkala jamoa ham uchuvchi qanotlarning dizaynidan foydalangan.[16] Northrop taklifi "Katta muz" kodi va "Lockheed taklif kodi" deb nomlanganKatta qoziq ".[17] Northrop avvalgi tajribani egallagan YB-35 va YB-49 uchuvchi qanotli samolyotlar.[18] Northrop dizayni kattaroq edi, Lockheed dizayni esa kichik quyruqni o'z ichiga olgan.[16] 1979 yilda dizayner Hal Markarian samolyotning eskizini ishlab chiqardi va bu yakuniy dizaynga juda o'xshashligini ko'rsatdi.[19] Dastlab Havo kuchlari ATB bombardimonchisining 165 tasini sotib olishni rejalashtirgan.[1]

Northrop jamoasining ATB dizayni Lockheed / Rockwell dizayni bo'yicha 1981 yil 20 oktyabrda tanlangan.[15][20] Northrop dizayni B-2 belgisini va "Spirit" nomini oldi. Bombardimonchi dizayni 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida missiya profilini balandlikdan past balandlikka, relyefga qarab o'zgartirganda o'zgartirildi. Qayta qurish B-2 ning birinchi parvozini ikki yilga kechiktirdi va dastur narxiga taxminan 1 milliard dollar qo'shdi.[14] Taxminan 23 milliard AQSh dollari yashirincha sarflangan tadqiqot va rivojlantirish 1989 yilga qadar B-2da.[21] MIT muhandislar va olimlar samolyotning besh yillik faoliyati samaradorligini baholashga yordam berishdi tasniflangan 1980 yillar davomida shartnoma.[22]

Maxfiylik va josuslik

Cho'l ustida parvoz qilayotgan uchburchak samolyotlarning yuqori qirrasi
1989 yilda B-2 ning birinchi jamoat reysi

Loyihalash va ishlab chiqishda Northrop B-2 dasturi "qora" loyiha bo'lib, jamoatchilikka oshkor bo'lishidan oldin dasturning barcha xodimlari uchun maxfiy tozalashni talab qiladi.[23] Dan farqli o'laroq Lockheed F-117 dasturi, bu ham edi qora loyiha (harbiy loyiha turi, uni ishlab chiqishda va ishlab chiqarishda juda kam odam hatto mavjudligini bilar edi) Qo'shma Shtatlar federal hukumati tarkibida ko'proq odamlar B-2 haqida bilishar edi va loyiha haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olish mumkin edi. Ishlab chiqishda ham, xizmatda ham B-2 dizayni va texnologiyalari xavfsizligini saqlashga katta kuch sarflandi. B-2-da ishlaydigan xodimlarning ko'pi, umuman olganda, barcha imkoniyatlar maxsus kirish joyini tozalash darajasiga erishishi va Havo kuchlarining maxsus bo'limi tomonidan keng miqyosli tekshiruvlardan o'tishi kerak.[24]

Ishlab chiqarish uchun sobiq Ford avtomobil yig'ish zavodi Piko Rivera, Kaliforniya, sotib olingan va katta darajada qayta qurilgan; kombinat ishchilari o'zlarining ishlariga nisbatan sir saqlashga qasamyod qildilar. Shubhalanish ehtimolini oldini olish uchun komponentlar odatda sotib olinadi oldingi kompaniyalar, harbiy amaldorlar forma kiyib tashrif buyurishar edi va xodimlar muntazam ravishda bo'ysundirilardi poligraf imtihonlar. Maxfiylik shu paytgacha kengaytirilganki, dasturdagi deyarli barcha ma'lumotlarga ikkalasi ham kirish huquqiga ega Davlatning hisobdorligi idorasi (GAO) va deyarli barcha Kongress a'zolarining o'zi 1980-yillarning o'rtalariga qadar jiddiy cheklangan edi.[25] Northrop (hozirgi Northrop Grumman) B-2 ning asosiy pudratchisi bo'lgan; yirik subpudratchilar kiritilgan Boeing, Hughes Aircraft (hozir Raytheon ), GE va Vought samolyoti.[7]

1984 yilda a Northrop xodim, Tomas Kavano sotmoqchi bo'lganligi uchun hibsga olingan maxfiy ma'lumotlar uchun Sovet Ittifoqi; ma'lumot Northrop's Pico Rivera, Kaliforniya fabrikasidan olingan.[26] Oxir oqibat Kavano umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi va 2001 yilda shartli ravishda ozod qilindi.

B-2 birinchi bo'lib 1988 yil 22-noyabr kuni namoyish etildi AQSh havo kuchlari zavodi 42 yilda Palmdeyl, Kaliforniya, u qaerda yig'ilganligi. Ushbu tomosha juda cheklangan edi va mehmonlarga B-2 orqasini ko'rishga ruxsat berilmagan. Biroq, Aviatsiya haftaligi tahrirlovchilar taqdimot maydonida havo chegaralarida cheklovlar yo'qligini aniqladilar va samolyotning o'sha paytda yashirin bo'lgan orqa qismining aerosuratlarini olishdi.[27] bostirilgan dvigatel egzozlari bilan.[iqtibos kerak ] B-2 (s / n 82-1066 / AV-1) birinchi jamoat parvozi 1989 yil 17 iyulda Palmdeyldan Edvards AFB tomon bo'lgan.[27]

2005 yil oktyabr oyida, Noshir Govadiya, B-2 qo'zg'atuvchi tizimida ishlagan muhandis-dizayner, B-2 bilan bog'liq maxfiy ma'lumotlarni chet ellarga sotgani uchun hibsga olingan.[28] Govadiya o'z qilmishlari uchun aybdor deb topilib, 32 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum etildi.[29]

Dastur xarajatlari va xaridlar

132 samolyotni sotib olish 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo keyinchalik 75 ga qisqartirildi.[30] 1990-yillarning boshlarida Sovet Ittifoqi tarqatilib yuborildi va Ruhning asosiy Sovuq Urush missiyasini samarali ravishda yo'q qildi. Byudjet tazyiqlari va Kongress oppozitsiyasi ostida, 1992 yilda Ittifoq manzili, Prezident Jorj H. V. Bush e'lon qilingan B-2 ishlab chiqarish 20 ta samolyot bilan cheklanadi.[31] Ammo 1996 yilda Klinton ma'muriyati, dastlab 20 samolyotda bombardimonchi samolyotlarni ishlab chiqarishni tugatishni o'z zimmasiga olgan bo'lsa-da, 21-bombardimonchi samolyotni konvertatsiya qilishga ruxsat berdi. prototip sinov modeli, deyarli 500 million dollarga teng 30 ta to'liq ish holatini blokirovka qilish.[32]

1995 yilda Northrop USAFga a bilan 20 ta qo'shimcha samolyot ishlab chiqarish to'g'risida taklif qildi uchib ketish narxi har biri 566 million dollardan.[33]

Ushbu dastur Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga etkazilgan xarajatlar uchun jamoatchilikning tortishuvlariga sabab bo'ldi. 1996 yilda Bosh buxgalteriya idorasi (GAO) USAFning B-2 bombardimonchilari "har bir samolyot asosida ishlash uchun eng qimmatbaho bombardimonchi" bo'lishini, ularning narxi uch baravarga oshishini ma'lum qildi. B-1B (Yiliga 9,6 million AQSh dollari) va B-52H (yiliga 6,8 million AQSh dollari) dan to'rt baravar ko'p. 1997 yil sentyabr oyida B-2 parvozining har bir soati o'z navbatida 119 soat xizmat ko'rsatishni talab qildi. B-52 va B-1B texnik xizmatlarining taqqoslanadigan ehtiyojlari parvozning har bir soati uchun mos ravishda 53 va 60 soatni tashkil qiladi. Ushbu xarajatlarning asosiy sababi - bu samolyotning yashirin xususiyatlarini, xususan uning "kam kuzatiladigan" yashirin terilarini saqlab qolish uchun zarur bo'lgan bombardimonchining qanotlarini ochish uchun etarli bo'lgan konditsionerli angarlar bilan ta'minlash.[34][35] Texnik xizmat ko'rsatish har bir samolyot uchun oyiga taxminan 3,4 million dollarni tashkil etadi.[36] 1995 yil avgust oyida GAO hisobotida B-2 kuchli yomg'irda ishlashda muammolar bo'lganligi, chunki bu yomg'ir samolyotning yashirin qoplamasiga zarar etkazishi va etarli darajada himoya qoplamasi topilguncha xaridlarni kechiktirishga olib kelishi mumkinligi aytilgan. Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, B-2 relyefi erni kuzatuvchi / erni saqlaydigan radar yomg'irni boshqa to'siqlardan ajratib olishda qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va yomg'ir paytida quyi tizim ishlamay qoldi.[37] Biroq 1996 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan keyingi hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, havo kuchlari radar bilan bog'liq muammolarni dasturiy ta'minotni tuzatish orqali hal qilishda bir muncha yutuqlarga erishgan va bu tuzatishlar 1997 yil bahorigacha sinovlardan o'tkaziladi.[38]

Dastur bilan bog'liq "harbiy qurilish" ning umumiy qiymati 1997 yilda 553,6 million AQSh dollarini tashkil etishi taxmin qilingan. Har bir B-2 ni sotib olish qiymati 1997 yildagi 737 million AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi, faqat parkning narxi 15,48 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil qildi.[3] Ehtiyot qismlar va dasturiy ta'minotni o'z ichiga olgan GAO hisobotlarida batafsil bayon qilingan samolyotni sotib olish qiymati har bir samolyot uchun 1997 dollarga 929 million dollarni tashkil etdi.[3]

2004 yilgacha prognoz qilingan dasturning umumiy qiymati 1997 yilda 44,75 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi. Bunga rivojlanish, xaridlar, inshootlar, qurilish va ehtiyot qismlar kiradi. Jami dastur har bir samolyot uchun o'rtacha 2,13 milliard AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi.[3] B-2 2010 yilda bir parvoz soatiga 135000 dollarga tushishi mumkin, bu B-52 va B-1 samolyotlaridan ikki baravar ko'p.[39][40]

Qarama-qarshilik

1990 yilgi mudofaa byudjetini ko'rib chiqishda Vakillar palatasining Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi B-2 dan 800 million dollar ajratdi tadqiqot va rivojlantirish byudjet, shu bilan birga loyihani tugatish to'g'risidagi taklifni to'xtatish. Qo'mita va Kongressdagi qarama-qarshiliklar asosan keng va ikki partiyali bo'lib, kongressmenlar bilan bo'lgan Ron Dellums (D-CA), Jon Kasich (R-OH) va Jon G. Roulend (R-CT) loyihani tugatish to'g'risidagi iltimosnomani, shuningdek Senatdagi boshqalar, shu jumladan Jim Exon (D-NE) va Jon Makkeyn (R-AZ) ham loyihaga qarshi chiqmoqda.[41] Dellums va Kasich, xususan, 1989 yildan 1990 yillarning boshigacha birgalikda ishlab chiqarishni 21 ta samolyot bilan cheklashdi va oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishdi.[42]

B-2 dasturining oshib borayotgan narxi va samolyotning radar yordamida aniqlashdan qochib qutulish qobiliyatidagi kamchiliklarning dalili[41] dasturni davom ettirishga qarshi chiqishga sabab bo'lgan omillar qatorida edi. 1989 yilda belgilangan eng yuqori ishlab chiqarish davrida, jadval bo'yicha yiliga 7 milliarddan 8 milliard dollargacha 1989 dollar sarflash kerak edi. Les Aspin (D-WI) "moliyaviy jihatdan uchmaydi" dedi.[43] 1990 yilda Mudofaa vazirligi Northrop-ni parvozlarni boshqarish tizimi; shuningdek, qushlarni yutish natijasida dvigatelning fanatlarining pichoqlariga zarar etkazish xavfini kamaytirish uchun qayta ishlash ishlari olib borilishi kerakligi aniqlandi.[44]

Vaqt o'tishi bilan Kongressning bir qator taniqli a'zolari dasturning kengayishiga qarshi chiqa boshladilar, shu jumladan keyinchalik demokratlar nomzodi sifatida prezidentlikka nomzod Jon Kerri, 1989, 1991 va 1992 yillarda AQSh senatori sifatida qatnashgan B-2 ga qarshi ovoz bergan Massachusets shtati. 1992 yilga kelib respublikachilar prezidenti Jorj X. V. Bush B-2 ni bekor qilishga chaqirdi va Sovet Ittifoqi qulashi munosabati bilan harbiy xarajatlarni 30 foizga qisqartirishga va'da berdi.[45] 1995 yil oktyabrda, avvalgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari shtabi boshlig'i, General Mayk Rayan, va shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan sobiq raisi general Jon Shalikashvili, har qanday qo'shimcha B-2 sotib olishni moliyalashtirish bo'yicha Kongressning harakatlariga qarshi qat'iyan tavsiya qildi va buni amalga oshirish uchun odatdagi va yadro qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan samolyotlarni qabul qilib bo'lmaydigan qisqartirishni talab qiladi, deb ta'kidladi;[46] va armiyaning cheklangan byudjetni sarflashda ko'proq ustuvor yo'nalishlari bo'lganligi.[47]

Ba'zi B-2 advokatlari, yigirma qo'shimcha samolyot sotib olish pulni tejashga imkon beradi, chunki B-2 samolyotlari mudofaaga chuqur kirib borishi va qimmat turadigan qurollardan ko'ra arzon, qisqa masofaga hujum qiladigan qurollardan foydalanishi mumkin edi. Biroq, 1995 yilda Kongressning byudjet idorasi (CBO) va uning Milliy xavfsizlikni tahlil qilish bo'yicha direktori qo'shimcha ravishda B-2 mojaroning dastlabki ikki haftasida havo kuchlari bombardimonchilarni bashorat qilgan 1995 yildagi sarflangan o'q-dorilarning narxini 1995 yilda 2 milliard AQSh dollaridan kamroqga kamaytirishini aniqladilar. ularning eng katta hissasini qo'shadi; 26,8 milliard AQSh dollari (1995 yilda) hayot tsiklining ozgina qismi, Markaziy bank qo'shimcha 20 B-2 uchun rejalashtirgan.[48]

1997 yilda, xuddi shunday Ro'yxatdan a'zo ning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi va Milliy xavfsizlik qo'mitasi, kongressmen Ron Dellums (D-CA), bombardimonchining azaliy raqibi, beshta mustaqil tadqiqotni keltirib, o'sha yilgi mudofaaga oid ruxsatnoma loyihasiga bombardimonchi samolyotlarni ishlab chiqarishni 21 ta samolyotga etkazish to'g'risidagi tuzatishni taklif qildi; tuzatish ozgina mag'lubiyatga uchradi.[49] Shunga qaramay, Kongress qo'shimcha B-2 uchun mablag 'ajratishni ma'qullamadi.

Keyingi o'zgarishlar

B-2-ga bir qator yangilangan paketlar qo'llanildi. 2008 yil iyul oyida B-2 bortidagi hisoblash me'morchiligi keng ko'lamda qayta ishlangan; u hozirda yangi o'rnatilgan protsessor (IPU) ni o'z ichiga oladi, u samolyot bo'ylab tizimlar bilan yangi o'rnatilgani orqali aloqa o'rnatadi optik tolali tarmoq; operatsion parvoz dasturi dasturining yangi versiyasi ham ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, eskirgan kod JOVIAL dasturlash tili standartga muvofiq C.[50][51] Qurolni boshqarish tizimlari, shuningdek, quruqlikdagi transport vositalari kabi harakatlanayotgan nishonlarga zarba berish imkoniyatini beradigan yangilanishlar amalga oshirildi.[52]

B-2 pastdan

2008 yil 29 dekabrda Havo kuchlari vakillari Northrop Grummanga B-2 flotining radarlarini modernizatsiya qilish bo'yicha 468 million AQSh dollarlik shartnoma imzolashdi.[53] Radar chastotasini o'zgartirish kabi talab qilingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo vazirligi ushbu radio spektrni boshqa operatorga sotgan edi.[54] 2009 yil iyul oyida B-2 yirik USAF auditidan muvaffaqiyatli o'tganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[55] 2010 yilda jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'ldi Havo kuchlari tadqiqot laboratoriyasi dvigatelning egzoziga duchor bo'lgan qanotning orqa tomoni tomonidan ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan yangi material ishlab chiqardi va tezda buzilib ketgan mavjud materialni almashtirdi.[56]

2010 yil iyul oyida siyosiy tahlilchi Rebekka Grant B-2 dushman mudofaasiga ishonchli kira olmasa, u Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II ish tashlashi mumkin /taqiq missiya, tashish B61 yadro bombalari taktik bombardimonchi sifatida.[57] Biroq, 2012 yil mart oyida Pentagon 2 milliard dollarlik 10 yillik B-2 parkini modernizatsiya qilishni boshlashini e'lon qildi. Obodonlashtirishning asosiy yo'nalishi eskirgan avionika va uskunalarni almashtirish bo'ladi.[58]

2011 yilda Pentagon yaqin kelajakda uning o'rnini bosishi mumkin bo'lgan "mini-B-2" sifatida tavsiflangan uchuvchisiz yashirin bombardimonchini baholagani haqida xabar berilgan edi.[59] 2012 yilda Harbiy-havo kuchlari shtabi boshlig'i Norton Shvarts B-2 ning 1980-yillardagi yashirincha texnologiyalari kelajakdagi bahsli havo maydonlarida uni kamroq saqlab qolish imkoniyatini yaratishini ta'kidladi, shuning uchun USAF Yangi avlod bombardimonchisi byudjetning umumiy qisqartirilishiga qaramay.[60] 2012 yilgi prognozlarda, keyingi avlod bombardimonchining umumiy qiymati 55 milliard dollarga teng bo'lishi taxmin qilingan.[61]

2013 yilda USAF B-2 chastotasi to'g'risida xabardorligini oshirish uchun antenna tizimini va boshqa elektronikalarni almashtirish uchun Defence Management System Modernization dasturi bilan shartnoma tuzdi.[62] Umumiy juda past chastotali qabul qiluvchining yangilanishi B-2 samolyotlaridan bir xil foydalanishga imkon beradi juda past chastota sifatida uzatmalar Ogayo shtati- sinf osti kemalari qadar yadroviy missiyani davom ettirish uchun Mobil foydalanuvchi ob'ektiv tizimi maydonga qo'yilgan.[63] 2014 yilda USAF yadroviy urushga qarshi kurash, yangi birlashtirilgan protsessor qurilmasi, qanotli raketalarni tashish qobiliyati va tahdidni ogohlantirishni takomillashtirishni o'z ichiga olgan bir qator yangilanishlarni bayon qildi.[64]

Harbiy-havo kuchlari ilgari B-2 ni 2058 yilgacha boshqarishni rejalashtirgan bo'lishiga qaramay, ularning 2019 yil moliyaviy byudjeti nafaqasini "2032 yildan kechiktirmay" ko'targan. Bundan tashqari, B-52 xizmat muddatini 2050-yillarga uzaytirganda, B-1 nafaqasini 2036 yilga ko'chirdi, chunki uning texnik xarajatlari pastligi, odatiy foydali yuk va yadroviy qanotli raketalarni olib yurish qobiliyati (B-1 shartnomasi) - qilish taqiqlangan). B-2 ni muddatidan oldin iste'foga chiqarish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi, chunki 20 kishilik kichik flot bir samolyot uchun ushlab turish uchun juda qimmat deb hisoblanadi, chunki u yashirin bombardimonchi sifatida joylashtirilgan. B-21 Raider 2020 yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab.[6]

Dizayn

B-2 Spiritning yon ko'rinishi

Umumiy nuqtai

B-2 Spirit USAFning muhim penetratsion missiyalarini qabul qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, ularni joylashtirish uchun dushman hududiga chuqur kirib borishi mumkin edi. qurol o'z ichiga olishi mumkin yadro qurollari.[65] B-2 a uchuvchi qanot samolyot, ya'ni uning fyuzelyaji yoki dumi yo'q.[65] U yuqori aerodinamik samaradorlik va katta yukga ega kam kuzatiladigan texnologiyalar aralashmasi tufayli avvalgi bombardimonchilarga nisbatan sezilarli ustunliklarga ega. Kam kuzatuvchanlik yuqori balandliklarda harakatlanish erkinligini ta'minlaydi, shu bilan bortdagi datchiklar uchun masofa ham, ko'rish maydoni ham ko'payadi. AQSh havo kuchlari taxminan 6000 kishini tashkil qiladi dengiz millari (6,900 mil; 11,000 km).[7][66] Kruiz balandligida B-2 yoqilg'i har olti soatda, bir vaqtning o'zida 50 qisqa tonnagacha (45000 kg) yoqilg'i oladi.[67]

B-2 ni ishlab chiqish va qurish kashshof foydalanishni talab qildi kompyuter yordamida loyihalash va ishlab chiqarish texnologiyalari, murakkab uchish xususiyatlari va dizayn talablari tufayli bir nechta aniqlash vositalariga juda past ko'rinishni saqlab qolish uchun.[65][68] B-2 avvalgi Northrop samolyotlariga o'xshaydi; The YB-35 va YB-49 ikkalasi ham 1950-yillarning boshlarida rivojlanishda bekor qilingan uchuvchi qanotli bombardimonchilar edi.[69] go'yoki siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra.[70] O'xshashlik qanotlari bir xil bo'lgan B-2 va YB-49 ga teng.[71][72] YB-49 ham kichik bo'lgan radar kesmasi.[73][74]

Taxminan 80 nafar uchuvchi B-2 samolyotini boshqaradi.[67] Har bir samolyotda ekipaj ikki kishidan iborat, chap o'rindiqda uchuvchi va o'ng tomonda missiya qo'mondoni,[7] va agar kerak bo'lsa, ekipajning uchinchi a'zosi uchun qoidalar mavjud.[75] Taqqoslash uchun, B-1B ekipaji to'rt kishidan, B-52 ekipaji besh kishidan iborat.[7] B-2 yuqori darajada avtomatlashtirilgan va ekipajning bir a'zosi a ichida uxlashi mumkin lager to'shagi, hojatxonadan foydalaning yoki issiq ovqat tayyorlang, boshqalari esa samolyotni kuzatadi, aksariyat ikki o'rinli samolyotlardan farqli o'laroq. Keng uyqu tsikli va charchoq ekipajning uzoq turlarda ishlashini yaxshilash bo'yicha tadqiqotlar o'tkazildi.[67][76][77] Malaka oshirish USAF qurollar maktabi.[78]

Qurol-yarog 'va jihozlar

2000 funt (910 kg) BDU-56 bombasi bomba joylashtiriladigan rotorga yuklanmoqda, 2004 y.

B-2, nazarda tutilgan Sovuq Urush stsenariyida, missiyalar davomida aniqlanish va ushlanishdan saqlanish uchun yashirin imkoniyatlaridan foydalanib, chuqur yadroviy zarba berish vazifalarini bajarishi kerak edi.[79] Ikkita ichki bomba joylari mavjud, ularda o'q-dorilar aylanuvchi raketada yoki ikkita bomba javonida saqlanadi; qurol-yarog 'tashish ichki tomondan o'q-dorilarni tashqi o'rnatishga qaraganda kamroq radar ko'rinishini keltirib chiqaradi.[80][81] B-2 40,000 funt (18000 kg) o'q-dorilarni ko'tarishga qodir.[7] Yadro qurollari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi B61 va B83 yadro bombalari; The AGM-129 ACM qanotli raketa, shuningdek, B-2 platformasida foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan edi.[81][82]

Sovet Ittifoqi tarqatib yuborilishi munosabati bilan B-2 ni odatiy aniq hujumlar uchun va yadroviy zarbaning strategik roli uchun jihozlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi.[79][83] B-2 samolyotlardan foydalanadigan zamonaviy GPS-quvvatlangan nishonlash tizimiga (GATS) ega APQ-181 sintetik diafragma radar joylashtirishdan oldin maqsadlarni xaritalash uchun GPS bombali bomba (O'YINLAR ), keyinchalik Qo'shma to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujum o'q-dorilar (JDAM). B-2 ning asl konfiguratsiyasida 16 ta GAM yoki JDAM joylashtirilishi mumkin;[84] 2004 yilda yangilangan dastur maksimal tashish qobiliyatini 80 JDAM ga oshirdi.[85]

B-2 qurol-yarog'ida jihozlash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan turli xil an'anaviy qurollar mavjud Mark 82 va 84 ta bombani belgilang, CBU-87 Birlashgan effektlar o'q-dorilar, GATOR minalari, va CBU-97 datchigi bilan qurollangan qurol.[86] 2009 yil iyulda Northrop Grumman B-2 30,000 funt (14,000 kg) tarqatish uchun zarur bo'lgan uskunalar bilan mos ekanligini xabar qildi. Katta miqdordagi zararsizlantiruvchi vosita (MOP), bu hujumni kuchaytirish uchun mo'ljallangan bunkerlar; B-2 bomba uyalarida ikkita MOP o'rnatilgan bo'lishi mumkin,[87] B-2 - bu 2012 yilga kelib MOP bilan mos keladigan yagona platformadir.[58] 2011 yildan boshlab AGM-158 JASSM qanotli raketa B-2 va boshqa platformalarda joylashtiriladigan yaqinlashib kelayotgan o'q-dorilar.[88] Buning ortidan Uzoq masofaga turuvchi qurol bu birinchi marta B-2ga yadro qobiliyatini to'xtatishi mumkin.[89]

Avionika va tizimlar

B-2 ni avvalgi bombardimonchilarga qaraganda samaraliroq qilish uchun ko'plab zamonaviy va zamonaviy avionik tizimlar uning dizayniga kiritilgan; odatiy urush missiyalariga o'tishdan keyin ular o'zgartirildi va takomillashtirildi. Bitta tizim ushlash ehtimoli past AN / APQ-181 ko'p rejimli radar, to'liq integratsiyalangan raqamli navigatsiya tizimi relyef va Global joylashishni aniqlash tizimi (GPS) qo'llanmasi, NAS-26 astro-inertial navigatsiya tizimi (birinchi bunday tizim Northropda sinovdan o'tgan SM-62 Snark qanotli raketa)[90] va mudofaa boshqaruv tizimi (DMS) parvoz ekipajini yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tahdidlar to'g'risida xabardor qilish.[85] Bortli DMS avtomatik ravishda aniqlangan tahdidlarni va belgilangan maqsadlarni aniqlash imkoniyatlarini baholashga qodir.[91] DMS 2021 yilga kelib, parvoz paytida avtoulov yo'riqnomasining rejalashtirish ma'lumotlarini o'zgartirishga imkon berish uchun havoga qarshi mudofaadan chiqadigan radiolokatsion chiqindilarni aniqlash uchun yangilanadi, shuning uchun xavfni kamaytirishni kamaytiradigan marshrutni rejalashtirish uchun yangi ma'lumotlar tezda qabul qilinadi.[92]

B-2-ga xizmat ko'rsatadigan texnik brigada Andersen AFB, Guam, 2004

Xavfsizlik va nosozliklarni aniqlash maqsadida, B-2 samolyotlarining ko'pchiligi bilan sinov tizimi, minglab komponentlar va sarf materiallarining ishlashi va holatini doimiy nazorat qilish uchun bog'langan; shuningdek, quruqlik ekipajlari uchun xizmatdan keyingi xizmat ko'rsatmalarini taqdim etadi.[93] 2008 yilda ko'plab 136[94] B-2 bortidagi avtonom tarqatilgan kompyuterlar, shu jumladan, parvozlarni boshqarish uchun asosiy kompyuter, yagona o'rnatilgan tizim bilan almashtirilayotgandi.[95] Avionika 13 tomonidan boshqariladi EMP - chidamli MIL-STD-1750A 26 orqali o'zaro bog'liq bo'lgan kompyuterlar MIL-STD-1553 B-avtobuslar; boshqa tizim elementlari orqali ulanadi optik tolalar.[96]

Dasturiy ta'minotni vaqti-vaqti bilan yangilash va parkda yangi radar-changni yutish materiallarini joriy etish bilan bir qatorda, B-2 o'zining avionikasi va jangovar tizimlarini bir necha bor yaxshilagan. Jang maydoni aloqalari uchun, ikkalasi ham Havola-16 va yuqori chastotali sun'iy yo'ldosh aloqasi o'rnatildi, turli xil yangi o'q-dorilar bilan moslik o'rnatildi va AN / APQ-181 radarining operatsion chastotasi boshqa operatorlarning uskunalariga aralashmaslik uchun o'zgartirildi.[85] Yangilangan radar funktsiyalari massivlari AN / APQ-181 ni an holatiga keltirish uchun butunlay o'zgartirildi faol elektron skanerlangan massiv (AESA) radar.[97] B-2 kompozitsion tuzilishi tufayli undan 64 mil uzoqlikda yurish talab etiladi momaqaldiroq, oldini olish uchun statik razryad va chaqmoq chaqmoqda.[78]

Parvozlarni boshqarish

Vitse prezident Dik Cheyni Whiteman AFBga tashrifi chog'ida uchuvchi kapitan Lyuk Jeyn bilan B-2 kabinasi ichida, 2006 y

Parvozning o'ziga xos beqarorligini bartaraf etish uchun uchuvchi qanot samolyot, B-2 kompyuter tomonidan boshqariladigan murakkab to'rtburchakdan foydalanadi sim bilan uchish samolyot barqarorligini ta'minlash uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uchuvchi kirishlarsiz parvoz yuzalari va sozlamalarini avtomatik ravishda boshqaradigan parvozlarni boshqarish tizimi.[98] Parvoz kompyuteri tashqi sharoitlar haqida ma'lumot oladi, masalan, samolyotning hozirgi havo tezligi va hujum burchagi pitot - an'anaviy farqli o'laroq, statik sezgir plitalar pitot naychalari bu samolyotning yashirin qobiliyatiga putur etkazadi.[99] Parvozni boshqarish tizimi gidravlik va elektr bilan ishlaydigan qismlarni o'z ichiga oladi va u yuqori darajadagi ortiqcha va xatolarni diagnostika qilish qobiliyatlari bilan ishlab chiqilgan.[100]

Northrop samolyotning radar profiliga imkon qadar kamroq ta'sir ko'rsatadigan yo'naltirilgan boshqaruvni qo'llashning bir nechta usullarini o'rganib chiqdi va oxir-oqibat ikkiga bo'lingan tormoz-rullar va differentsial bosimning kombinatsiyasiga joylashdi.[91] Dvigatelning kuchi B-2 aerodinamik dizayn jarayonining asosiy elementiga aylandi; Bosish nafaqat tortish va ko'tarishga, balki pitching va aylanishga ham ta'sir qiladi.[101] To'rt juft boshqaruv yuzasi qanotning orqasida joylashgan; aksariyat sirtlar samolyotning parvoz konvertida ishlatilgan bo'lsa, ichki balandliklar odatda faqat past tezlikda, masalan, qo'nish paytida foydalaniladi.[102] Parvoz paytida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan shikastlanishlarga yo'l qo'ymaslik va burundan pastga tikilganlik munosabatini ta'minlash uchun barcha balandliklar havoga ko'tarilish tezligi yetguncha ko'tarilish vaqtida osilib turadi.[102]

Yashirin

B-2 dvigatellari dvigatellarning muxlislarini yashirish va ularning egzoz imzolarini minimallashtirish uchun uning qanotiga ko'milgan.

B-2 kam kuzatiladigan yoki "yashirincha ", xususiyatlar zenitlarga qarshi mudofaaning aniqlanmagan kirib borishiga va hatto qattiq himoyalangan nishonlarga hujum qilishga imkon beradi. Bu maxfiylik qisqartirilgan kombinatsiyadan kelib chiqadi akustik, infraqizil, ingl va radar imzolari (ko'p spektrli kamuflyaj ) samolyotga qarshi hujumlarni aniqlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan turli xil aniqlash tizimlaridan qochish. B-2 ning yashirinligi havo qopqog'ini ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan qo'llab-quvvatlovchi samolyotlarni kamaytirishga imkon beradi, Dushmanning havoga qarshi mudofaasini bostirish va elektron qarshi choralar, bombardimonchini "qilishkuch multiplikatori ". 2013 yil sentyabr holatiga ko'ra, B-2-da raketa uchirilishi holatlari bo'lmagan.[67]

Kunduzgi parvozlar paytida optik ko'rinishni kamaytirish uchun B-2 an aks ettiruvchi bo'yoq.[81] Pastki tomoni qorong'i, chunki u baland balandlikda (15000 m) uchadi va shu balandlikda quyuq kulrang rasm osmonga yaxshi aralashadi. Taxminlarga ko'ra yuqoriga qaragan bo'lishi mumkin yorug'lik sensori osmonning o'zgaruvchan yoritilishiga mos keladigan balandlikni oshirish yoki kamaytirish haqida uchuvchini ogohlantiradi.[103] Asl dizaynda a uchun tanklar bo'lgan ziddiyatli - kimyoviy moddalarni taqiqlovchi, ammo bu ishlab chiqarish samolyotlarida ekipaj balandligini o'zgartirishi kerakligi to'g'risida ogohlantiruvchi kontra sensori bilan almashtirildi.[104] B-2 20 nmi (23 milya; 37 km) yoki undan kam masofada vizual tutishga zaifdir.[67] B-2 maxfiy qoplamasini saqlab qolish uchun 5 million dollarlik ixtisoslashtirilgan konditsioner angarda saqlangan. Har etti yilda bu qoplama kristallangan bug'doy kraxmal bilan yuvilib ehtiyotkorlik bilan olib tashlanadi, shunda B-2 sirtlari har qanday chuqurlik yoki chizish uchun tekshirilishi mumkin.[105]

Radar

Xabar qilinishicha, B-2da a radar kesmasi (RCS) taxminan 0,1 m2 (1,1 kvadrat fut).[106] Bombardimonchi har doim ham yashirincha uchib ketavermaydi; havo mudofaasiga yaqinlashganda uchuvchilar B-2 ni "yashiradilar", bu tafsilotlari sir bo'lgan manevr. Bomba joyi ochilgandan keyingina, samolyot yashirin. B-2 toza, kam tortadi uchuvchi qanot konfiguratsiya nafaqat ajoyib diapazonni taqdim etadi, balki uning radar profilini kamaytirish uchun ham foydali.[65][107] Parvoz qanotlari dizayni cheksiz tekis plastinkaga o'xshaydi (vertikal boshqaruv sirtlari RCS ni keskin oshiradi), bu mukammal yashirin shakl, chunki orqada radar to'lqinlarini aks ettirish uchun burchaklar etishmasligi kerak edi (dastlab Northrop ATB kontseptsiyasining shakli yassi; u asta-sekin o'ziga xos harbiy talablarga muvofiq hajmini oshirdi).[108] Radarni yon tomonga aks ettiradigan vertikal yuzalarsiz, yon tomonning radar tasavvurlari ham kamayadi.[109] Pastroq chastotali diapazonda (S yoki L diapazonda) ishlaydigan radarlar chastota to'lqinining uzunligi ma'lum bir chegaradan oshib ketishi va rezonans ta'sirini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin bo'lgan konservalar yoki vertikal stabilizatorlar singari bir nechta boshqaruv yuzasiga ega bo'lgan ba'zi yashirin samolyotlarni aniqlash va kuzatishga qodir.[110]

B-2 ning asosiy radar aks ettirish burchaklarining tasviri

Shakl natijasida RCS kamayishi allaqachon kuzatilgan Qirollik havo kuchlari "s Avro Vulkan strategik bombardimonchi,[111] va USAF F-117 Nighthawk. F-117 ishlatilgan tekis yuzalar (yuzma-yuzlik Radar rentabelligini nazorat qilish uchun uning rivojlanishi paytida bo'lgani kabi (qarang) Lockheed ko'k rangga ega ) 1970-yillarning boshlarida texnologiya faqat oddiy, tekis sirtlarda radar aks ettirishni simulyatsiya qilishga imkon berdi; 1980 yillardagi hisoblash yutuqlari yanada murakkab egri sirtlarda radar rentabelligini simulyatsiya qilishga imkon berdi.[112] B-2 radar nurlarini burish uchun ochiq havo doirasi bo'ylab ko'plab kavisli va yumaloq sirtlardan iborat. Sifatida tanilgan ushbu texnika doimiy egrilik, avanslar tufayli amalga oshirildi suyuqlikning hisoblash dinamikasi va birinchi bo'lib sinovdan o'tgan Northrop Tacit Moviy.[113][114]

Infraqizil

Havo qabul qilish ostidagi bo'shliq salqin havoni emish maqsadiga ega

Ba'zi tahlilchilar da'vo qilmoqda infraqizil qidiruv va trek tizimlar (IRST) yashirin samolyotlarga qarshi joylashtirilishi mumkin, chunki har qanday samolyot yuzasi havo ishqalanishi tufayli qiziydi va ikkita kanal IRST bilan CO2 (4.3 um assimilyatsiya maksimal) aniqlanishi mumkin, bu past va yuqori kanal o'rtasidagi farq orqali.[115][116]

Dvigatellarni fyuzelyaj ichiga chuqur ko'mish ham issiqlik ko'rinishini minimallashtiradi infraqizil imzo egzozning.[81][117] Dvigatelni qabul qilishda sovuq havo chegara qatlami asosiy kirish fyuzelyajidan pastga (chegara qatlamining emishi, oldin sinovdan o'tgan Northrop X-21 ) va oldin deyarli issiq havo bilan aralashtiriladi nozullar (ga o'xshash Ryan AQM-91 Firefly ). Ga ko'ra Stefan-Boltsman qonuni, buning natijasida energiya kam bo'ladi (termal nurlanish infraqizil spektrda) ajralib chiqadi va shu bilan issiqlik imzosi kamayadi. Olingan salqin havo issiqlikka bardoshli bo'lgan sirt ustida o'tkaziladi uglerod tolasi bilan mustahkamlangan polimer va titanium qotishmasi uning sovishini tezlashtirish uchun havoni lateral ravishda tarqatadigan elementlar.[96] B-2 yo'q o't o'chiruvchilar chunki issiq egzoz infraqizil imzoni ko'paytiradi; buzish ovoz to'sig'i aniq bir narsani keltirib chiqaradi sonik bom shu qatorda; shu bilan birga aerodinamik isitish ning samolyot terisi infraqizil imzo ham ko'payishiga olib keladi.

Materiallar

Ga ko'ra Gyuygens-Frenel printsipi, hatto juda tekis plastinka ham radar to'lqinlarini aks ettirishi mumkin edi, ammo signal to'g'ri burchak ostida sakrab chiqqandan ancha kam. Uning radiolokatsion imzosini qo'shimcha ravishda kamaytirishga turli xil vositalardan foydalanish orqali erishildi radar-changni yutish materiallari (RAM) radar nurlarini yutish va zararsizlantirish uchun. B-2 ning aksariyati a dan yasalgan uglerod -grafit kompozit material bu po'latdan kuchliroq, alyuminiydan engilroq va radar energiyasini sezilarli darajada yutadi.[69]

B-2 g'ayrioddiy mahkam bilan yig'ilgan muhandislik tolerantliklari qochqinlarni oldini olish uchun, chunki ular radar imzosini ko'paytirishi mumkin.[76] Alternativa kabi yangiliklar yuqori chastota samolyotning radar-changni yutish xususiyatlarini yaxshilash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish talablarini kamaytirish uchun material (AHFM) va avtomatlashtirilgan materiallarni qo'llash usullari ham kiritilgan.[81][118] 2004 yil boshida Northrop Grumman operatsion B-2 samolyotlariga yangi ishlab chiqilgan AHFMni qo'llashni boshladi.[119] In order to protect the operational integrity of its sophisticated radar absorbent material and coatings, each B-2 is kept inside a climate-controlled hangar (Extra Large Deployable Aircraft Hangar System) large enough to accommodate its 172-foot (52 m) wingspan.[120]

Shelter system

B-2s are supported by portable, environmentally-controlled hangars called B-2 Shelter Systems (B2SS).[121][122] The hangars are built by American Spaceframe Fabricators Inc. and cost approximately US$5 million apiece.[122] The need for specialized hangars arose in 1998 when it was found that B-2s passing through Andersen aviabazasi did not have the climate-controlled environment maintenance operations required.[121][122] In 2003, the B2SS program was managed by the Combat Support System Program Office at Eglin havo kuchlari bazasi.[121] B2SS hangars are known to have been deployed to Dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositasi Diego Garsiya va RAF Fairford.[121][122]

Operatsion tarixi

A B-2 during havo orqali yonilg'i quyish which extends its range past 6,000 nautical miles (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) for intercontinental sorties.

1990-yillar

The first operational aircraft, christened Spirit of Missouri, etkazib berildi Whiteman havo kuchlari bazasi, Missuri, where the fleet is based, on 17 December 1993.[123] The B-2 reached initial operational capability (IOC) on 1 January 1997.[124] Depot maintenance for the B-2 is accomplished by U.S. Air Force contractor support and managed at Oklaxoma Siti havo logistika markazi da Tinker havo kuchlari bazasi.[7] Originally designed to deliver nuclear weapons, modern usage has shifted towards a flexible role with conventional and nuclear capability.[81]

The B-2's combat debut was in 1999, during the Kosovo urushi. It was responsible for destroying 33% of selected Serbian bombing maqsadlar in the first eight weeks of U.S. involvement in the War.[7] During this war, six B-2s flew non-stop to Yugoslavia from their home base in Missouri and back, totaling 30 hours. Although the bombers accounted 50 sorties out of a total of 34,000 NATO sorties, they dropped 11 percent of all bombs.[125] The B-2 was the first aircraft to deploy GPS satellite-guided JDAM "smart bombs" in combat use in Kosovo.[126] The use of JDAMs and precision-guided munitions effectively replaced the controversial tactic of gilam bombasi, which had been harshly criticized due to it causing indiscriminate civilian casualties in prior conflicts, such as the 1991 Ko'rfaz urushi.[127] On 7 May 1999, a B-2 dropped five JDAMs on the Chinese Embassy, killing several staff.[128] By then, the B-2 had dropped 500 bombs in Yugoslavia.[129]

2000-yillar

The B-2 saw service in Afg'oniston, striking ground targets in support of Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi. With aerial refueling support, the B-2 flew one of its longest missions to date from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri to Afghanistan and back.[7] B-2s would be stationed in the Middle East as a part of a US military buildup in the region from 2003.[130]

The B-2's combat use preceded a U.S. Air Force declaration of "full operational capability" in December 2003.[7] The Pentagon's Operational Test and Evaluation 2003 Annual Report noted that the B-2's serviceability for Fiscal Year 2003 was still inadequate, mainly due to the maintainability of the B-2's low observable coatings. The evaluation also noted that the Defensive Avionics suite had shortcomings with "pop-up threats".[7][131]

The Spirit of Missouri da Dyess AFB air show in 2018.

Davomida Iroq urushi, B-2s operated from Diego Garsiya and an undisclosed "forward operating location". Boshqalar navbatlar in Iraq have launched from Whiteman AFB.[7] 2013 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab the longest combat mission has been 44.3 hours.[67] "Forward operating locations" have been previously designated as Andersen aviabazasi yilda Guam va RAF Fairford in the United Kingdom, where new climate controlled hangars have been constructed. B-2s have conducted 27 sorties from Whiteman AFB and 22 sorties from a forward operating location, releasing more than 1,500,000 pounds (680,000 kg) of munitions,[7] including 583 JDAM "smart bombs" in 2003.[85]

2010 yil

In response to organizational issues and high-profile mistakes made within the Air Force,[132][133] all of the B-2s, along with the nuclear-capable B-52s and the Air Force's qit'alararo ballistik raketalar (ICBMs), were transferred to the newly formed Havo kuchlarining Global Strike qo'mondonligi 2010 yil 1 fevralda.[134][135]

In March 2011, B-2s were the first U.S. aircraft into action in "Odisseya tongi" operatsiyasi, the UN mandated enforcement of the Liviyaning uchish taqiqlangan zonasi. Three B-2s dropped 40 bombs on a Libyan airfield in support of the UN no-fly zone.[136] The B-2s flew directly from the U.S. mainland across the Atlantic Ocean to Libya; a B-2 was refueled by allied tanker aircraft four times during each round trip mission.[137][138]

2011 yil avgust oyida, Nyu-Yorker reported that prior to the May 2011 U.S. Special Operations raid into Abbotobod, Pokiston natijada Usama bin Ladinning o'limi, U.S. officials had considered an airstrike by one or more B-2s as an alternative; an airstrike was rejected because of damage to civilian buildings in the area from using a bunker busting bomba.[139] There were also concerns an airstrike would make it difficult to positively identify Bin Laden's remains and so confirming his death would be difficult.[140]

On 28 March 2013, two B-2s flew a round trip of 13,000 miles (21,000 km) from Whiteman Air Force base in Missouri to South Korea, dropping dummy ordnance on the Jik Do target range. The mission, part of the annual South Korean–United States military exercises, was the first time that B-2s overflew the Korean peninsula. Tensions between North and South Korea were high; after the exercise North Korea protested against the participation of the B-2s and made threats of retaliatory nuclear strikes against South Korea and the United States.[141][142]

On 18 January 2017, two B-2s attacked an ISIS training camp 19 miles (30 km) southwest of Sirt, Liviya, killing around 85 militants. The B-2s together dropped 108 500-pound precision-guided Qo'shma to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujum o'q-dorilar (JDAM) bombs. These strikes were followed by an MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aerial vehicle firing Hellfire missiles. Each B-2 flew a 34-hour, round-trip mission from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri with 15 refuelings during the trip.[143][144]

Operatorlar

1994 yilda jonli yong'in mashqlari yaqin Mugu nuqtasi, California, a B-2 drops 47 individual 500 lb (230 kg) Mark 82 bombs, which is more than half of a B-2's total ordnance payload.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari (20 aircraft in active inventory)

Havo kuchlarining Global Strike qo'mondonligi
13-bomba otryad 2005 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
325th Bomb Squadron 1998–2005
393-sonli bomba otryad 1993 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
394-jangovar tayyorgarlik otryad 1996–2018
Havo jangovar qo'mondonligi
72-sinov va baholash otryadi (Whiteman AFB, Missouri) 1998–present
325-qurolli otryad – Whiteman AFB, Missouri 2005–present
715-qurolli otryad 2003–2005
Air National Guard
110-bomba otryad
Havo kuchlari Materiel qo'mondonligi
419th Flight Test Squadron 1997 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
420-chi parvozlarni sinov otryad 1992–1997
Havo kuchlari tizimlari qo'mondonligi
  • 6510th Test Wing – Edwards AFB, California 1989–1992
6520th Flight Test Squadron

Baxtsiz hodisalar

Asosiy maqola: 2008 yil Andersen havo kuchlari bazasi B-2 avariyasi
Wreckage of the 2008 B-2 crash

On 23 February 2008, B-2 "AV-12" Spirit of Kansas crashed on the runway shortly after takeoff from Andersen aviabazasi yilda Guam.[145] Spirit of Kansas had been operated by the 393-bomba otryad, Bombaning 509-qanoti, Whiteman havo kuchlari bazasi, Missuri, and had logged 5,176 flight hours. The two person crew ejected safely from the aircraft and survived the crash. The aircraft was destroyed, a korpusni yo'qotish valued at US$1.4 billion.[146][147] After the accident, the Air Force took the B-2 fleet off operational status until clearing the fleet for flight status 53 days later on 15 April 2008.[148] The cause of the crash was later determined to be moisture in the aircraft's Port Transducer Units during air data calibration, which distorted the information being sent to the bomber's air data system. As a result, the flight control computers calculated an inaccurate airspeed, and a negative angle of attack, causing the aircraft to pitch upward 30 degrees during takeoff.[149] This was the first crash of a B-2 and the only loss as of 2020.

In February 2010, another serious incident involving a B-2 occurred at Andersen Air Force Base. The aircraft involved was AV-11 Spirit of Washington. The aircraft was severely damaged by fire while on the ground and underwent 18 months of repairs in order to enable it to fly back to the mainland for more comprehensive repairs.[150][151] Spirit of Washington was repaired and returned to service in December 2013.[152][153] At the time of the accident the USAF had no training to deal with tailpipe fires on the B-2s.[154]

Ko'rgazmada samolyotlar

Restored B-2 Spirit full-scale test unit on display at the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlarining milliy muzeyi

No operational B-2s have been retired by the Air Force to be put on display. B-2s have made periodic appearances on ground display at various havo shoulari.

B-2 test article (s/n AT-1000), the second of two built without engines or instruments for static testing, was placed on display in 2004 at the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlarining milliy muzeyi yaqin Dayton, Ogayo shtati.[155] The test article passed all structural testing requirements before the airframe failed.[155] The museum's restoration team spent over a year reassembling the fractured airframe. The display airframe is marked to resemble Spirit of Ohio (S/N 82-1070), the B-2 used to test the design's ability to withstand extreme heat and cold.[155] Ko'rgazma xususiyatlari Spirit of Ohio's nose wheel door, with its Olov va muz artwork, which was painted and signed by the technicians who performed the temperature testing.[155] The restored test aircraft is on display in the museum's "Cold War Gallery".[156]

Specifications (B-2A Block 30)

B-2 Ruhining orfografik proektsiyalangan diagrammasi
A B-2 in formation flight with eight U.S. Navy F / A-18 hornets va Super Hornets

Ma'lumotlar USAF Fact Sheet,[7] Pace,[157] Spick[66]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

  • Ekipaj: 2: pilot (left seat) and mission commander (right seat)
  • Uzunlik: 69 ft 0 in (21.0 m)
  • Qanotlari: 172 ft 0 in (52.4 m)
  • Balandligi: 5 fut 18 dyuym (5,18 m)
  • Qanot maydoni: 5,140 sq ft (478 m2)
  • Bo'sh vazn: 158,000 lb (71,700 kg)
  • Brutto vazni: 336,500 lb (152,200 kg)
  • Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 376,000 lb (170,600 kg)
  • Yoqilg'i hajmi: 167,000 pounds (75,750 kg)
  • Elektr stansiyasi: 4 × General Electric F118 -GE-100 non-afterburning turbofanlar, 17,300 lbf (77 kN) thrust each

Ishlash

  • Maksimal tezlik: 630 mph (1,010 km/h, 550 kn) at 40,000 ft altitude / Mach 0.95 at sea level[157]
  • Kruiz tezligi: 560 mph (900 km/h, 487 kn) at 40,000 ft altitude
  • Qator: 6,900 mi (11,000 km, 6,000 nmi)
  • Xizmat tavanı: 5000 fut (15200 m)
  • Qanotni yuklash: 67.3 lb/sq ft (329 kg/m2)
  • Bosish / og'irlik: 0.205

Qurollanish

  • 2 internal bays for ordnance and payload with an official limit of 40,000 lb (18,000 kg); maximum estimated limit is 50,000 lb (23,000 kg).[66]
    • 80× 500 lb class bombs (MK-82, GBU-38 ) mounted on Bomb Rack Assembly (BRA)
    • 36× 750 lb CBU class bombs on BRA
    • 16× 2,000 lb class bombs (MK-84, GBU-31 ) mounted on Rotary Launcher Assembly (RLA)
    • 16× B61 yoki B83 nuclear bombs on RLA (strategic mission)
    • Standoff weapon: AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) and AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM).[158][159]
    • 2× GBU-57 Massive Ordinance Penetrator[160]

Individual aircraft

Indiana ruhi ustida o'tiradi rampa da Andersen AFB in Guam on 23 June 2006
Spirit of New York
B-2 in flight over the Missisipi daryosi (Sent-Luis, Missouri) with the Gateway Arch va Bush stadioni fonda
Individual aircraft
Air Vehicle No.Block No.[161]USAF s/nRasmiy ismTime in service, status
AV-1Test/3082-1066Amerika ruhi14 July 2000 – Active[162]
AV-2Test/3082-1067Spirit of Arizona4 December 1997 – Active
AV-3Test/3082-1068Spirit of New York10 October 1997 – Active
AV-4Test/3082-1069Indiana ruhi22 May 1999 – Active
AV-5Test/2082-1070Spirit of Ohio18 July 1997 – Active
AV-6Test/3082-1071Spirit of Mississippi23 May 1997 – Active
AV-71088-0328Texas ruhi21 August 1994 – Active
AV-81088-0329Spirit of Missouri31 March 1994 – Active
AV-91088-0330Kaliforniya ruhi17 August 1994 – Active
AV-101088-0331Janubiy Karolinaning ruhi30 December 1994 – Active
AV-111088-0332Spirit of Washington29 October 1994 – Severely damaged by fire in February 2010,[150] ta'mirlangan.[152]
AV-121089-0127Spirit of Kansas17 February 1995 – 23 February 2008, qulab tushdi[145]
AV-131089-0128Spirit of Nebraska28 June 1995 – Active
AV-141089-0129Spirit of Georgia14 November 1995 – Active
AV-151090-0040Alyaskaning ruhi24 January 1996 – Active
AV-161090-0041Spirit of Hawaii10 January 1996 – Active
AV-172092-0700Spirit of Florida3 July 1996 – Active
AV-182093-1085Spirit of Oklahoma15 May 1996 – Active, Flight Test
AV-192093-1086Spirit of Kitty Hawk30 August 1996 – Active
AV-203093-1087Spirit of Pennsylvania5 August 1997 – Active
AV-213093-1088Spirit of Louisiana11 November 1997 – Active
AV-22 through AV-165Bekor qilindi

Sources: B-2 Spirit (Pace),[163] Fas.org[164]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida taniqli namoyishlar

Asosiy maqola: Aircraft in fiction § B-2 Spirit

Shuningdek qarang

Tegishli ro'yxatlar

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Richardson, Dag. Northrop B-2 Spirit (Classic Warplanes). Nyu-York: Smithmark Publishers Inc., 1991 yil. ISBN  0-8317-1404-2.
  • Shirin, Bill. Yashirin bombardimonchi ichida. Sent-Luis, Minnesota: MBI nashriyoti, 1999 yil. ISBN  0-7603-0627-3.
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  • Dunyo bo'ylab yashirin va razvedka samolyoti. Nyu-York: Smithmark, 1991 yil. ISBN  0-8317-9558-1.

Tashqi havolalar