Siyosiy yo'nalish - Political realignment - Wikipedia

A siyosiy qayta qurish, ko'pincha a tanqidiy saylov, tanqidiy muvofiqlashtirish, yoki saylovni qayta tashkil etish, ning akademik sohalarida siyosatshunoslik va siyosiy tarix, bu partiyalar mafkurasi, masalalari, partiyalar rahbarlari, siyosiy partiyalarning mintaqaviy va demografik asoslari hamda tuzilmalar yoki qoidalardagi keskin o'zgarishlarning to'plamidir. siyosiy tizim masalan, saylovchilar huquqini olish yoki moliyalashtirish. O'zgarishlar natijasida eski hukmron koalitsiya o'rnini bosadigan o'nlab yillar davom etadigan yangi siyosiy hokimiyat tuzilishi paydo bo'ldi. Olimlar ushbu kontseptsiyani tez-tez chaqirishadi Amerika saylovlari va vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa mamlakatlarning. Amerika misollariga quyidagilar kiradi 1896 yil AQShda prezident saylovi, qachon masalalari Amerika fuqarolar urushi siyosiy tizim Populist va Progressive Era, va 1932 yil AQSh prezident saylovi, qachon Populist va Progressive Eras Yangi Deal liberalizm va zamonaviy konservatizmning Yangi Deal masalalari bilan almashtirildi.

Saylovlarni qayta tashkil etish odatda alohida (bu sohada ma'lum bo'lgan narsalar) qiyosiy siyosat kabi) partiya tizimlari - masalan, 1828 yil bilan Birinchi partiya tizimi va Ikkinchi partiya tizimi AQShda. Qo'shma Shtatlarda beshta alohida partiyaviy tizim mavjud bo'lib, ularning har biri ikkita asosiy partiyalardan iborat bo'lib, siyosiy koalitsiyani jalb qilmoqda va to'rtta tuzilma bilan ajralib turadigan izchil partiya mafkurasiga amal qilmoqda.

Siyosiy o'zgarishlar to'satdan (1-4 yil) bo'lishi yoki asta-sekin (5-20 yil) amalga oshishi mumkin. Biroq, ko'pincha, ayniqsa V. O. Key Jr. (1955) asl gipotezasi, bu uyg'unlikni belgilaydigan yagona "tanqidiy saylov". Aksincha, bosqichma-bosqich jarayon a deb nomlanadi dunyoviy tuzatish. Siyosatshunoslar va tarixchilar ko'pincha qaysi saylovlar qayta o'tkazilishi va qayta tuzilishni belgilaydigan narsa, hatto qayta tuzilishlar bo'lib o'tishi to'g'risida hamfikrlar. Shunga qaramay, atamalar o'zboshimchalik bilan yaratilgan va siyosatshunoslar va tarixchilar orasida bu turlicha qo'llaniladi. AQShda, Uolter Din Burnxem qayta tuzilishlarning 30-38 yillik "tsikli" uchun bahslashdi. "Byorxem" ning 38 yillik tsikliga kiritilgan ko'plab saylovlar turli sabablarga ko'ra "real" deb hisoblanadi.

Boshqa siyosatshunoslar va saylovlar bo'yicha tahlilchilar uzoq muddatli naqshlar mavjud emasligini ta'kidlab, realizatsiya nazariyasini umuman rad eting. Siyosatshunos Devid R. Mayxyu "Saylov siyosati birin-ketin muhim ahamiyatga ega ... Saylovlar va ularning asosiy sabablari avlodlar davomida foydalidir ... Bu Rip Van Vinkl ko'rinishi demokratiya saylovchilar bir avlodda faqat bir marta uyg'oq kelishlari ... Bu juda silliq, ikkilik va apokaliptik bo'lib, u juda boshi berk ko'chaga aylandi ".

Shon Trende, katta saylovlar bo'yicha tahlilchi RealClearPolitics, u qayta qurish nazariyasi va jurnalist tomonidan ilgari surilgan "paydo bo'layotgan Demokratik ko'pchilik" tezisiga qarshi chiqadi Jon Judis va siyosatshunos Ruy Teyseira uning 2012 yilgi kitobida Yo'qotilgan ko'pchilik "Realizatsiya nazariyotchilari tomonidan ilgari surilgan nazariyalarning deyarli hech biri vaqt sinoviga dosh bermagan ... Ko'rinib turibdiki," qayta tashkil etiladigan "saylovni topishga o'xshaydi panjara pishloqli sendvichdagi Isoning tasviri – agar siz etarlicha uzoq va qattiq qarab tursangiz, oxir-oqibat siz izlagan narsangizni topasiz."^[1] 2015 yil may oyida statistik va FiveThirtyEight bosh muharrir Neyt Kumush a ga qarshi bahslashdi ko'k devor Saylov kolleji uchun afzalligi Demokratik partiya ichida 2016 yil AQSh prezident saylovi,^[2] va saylovdan keyingi tahlilda Kumush Trendening ta'kidlashicha, "doimiy ko'pchilik bo'lsa, ular kam" va ikkala Kumush ham, Trend ham "paydo bo'layotgan Demokratik ko'pchilik" tezisi saylovlar oldidan aksariyat yangiliklar va sharhlarni haddan tashqari oshirib yuborishiga olib keldi deb ta'kidladilar. Hillari Klinton saylanish ehtimoli.^[3][4][5]

Reignment nazariyasi

Birinchi marta siyosatshunosda rivojlangan realizatsiya nazariyasining markaziy tutilishi V. O. Key Jr. 1955 yildagi "Muhim saylovlar nazariyasi" maqolasi shundan iboratki, Amerikadagi saylovlar, partiyalar va siyosat ishlab chiqaruvchilari tezkor va keskin tozalashlarni muntazam ravishda o'zgartiradilar.

Kalit, E. E. Shattschneider, Jeyms L. Sundquist, Uolter Din Burnxem odatda qayta qurish nazariyasini ishlab chiqish va takomillashtirish bilan bog'liq.^[6] Garchi ba'zi tafsilotlar bo'yicha ular bir-biridan farq qilsalar-da, avvalgi tuzilmalar olimlari odatda Amerikaning milliy saylovlarida tsikllar muntazam jadvalda: 36 yilda bir marta yoki shunga o'xshash tarzda sodir bo'ladigan tarzda aniqlanishi mumkin degan xulosaga kelishgan. Taxminan 30 yillik davr ushbu tsikllar avlodlar almashinuvi bilan chambarchas bog'liq degan tushunchaga mos keladi. Ba'zilar, masalan, Shafer va Reyxli, naqshlar uzoqroq, davomiyligi 50-60 yilga yaqinroq, deb ta'kidlaydilar, 1800-1860 yillarda demokratiya hukmronligini va 1860-1932 yillarda respublikachilar hukmronligini qayd etadilar. Reyxli yagona haqiqiy saylovlar bo'lib o'tgan deb ta'kidlaydi. 1800, 1860 va 1932 yillarda.^[7] 1932 yilda qabul qilingan so'nggi qayta tuzilishdan beri ancha uzoqroq vaqtni hisobga olgan holda, yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotchilar nazariyalar haqiqatan ham biron bir vaqt oralig'ida ishlamaydi, aksincha zarur siyosiy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy o'zgarishlar yuz berganda yuz beradi, deb taxmin qilishdi.^[8]

1860 yilgi kelishuv, respublikachilar bir qator yaqin prezidentlik saylovlarida g'alaba qozonganligi sababli, 1896 yilda kutilmaganda GOP nazorati yanada keskinlashdi, aksariyat prezidentlik saylovlari tez-tez bo'lib turadigan va Demokratik Kongresslar kam va qisqa bo'lib o'tdi. O'ttiz olti yil o'tgach, ushbu tizim butun yil davomida davom etadigan Demokratik hukmronlik tsikli bilan almashtirildi Katta depressiya 1980 yilda Ronald Reygan prezident etib saylangunga qadar va respublikachilar 40 yil ichida birinchi marta ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritgan 1994 yilgi Vakillar palatasi sayloviga qadar.^[9]

Saylovchilarni qayta yo'naltirish

Ovoz berish guruhlarining xatti-harakatlaridagi o'zgarishlarni qayta tashkil etishning asosiy tarkibiy qismi. Qayta tashkil etish, aksincha, saylovchilarning afzalliklarini bir partiyadan boshqasiga o'tishini anglatadi kelishuv (bu erda saylovchilar guruhi mustaqil bo'lish yoki ovoz bermaslik uchun partiyadan voz kechganda). AQSh va Avstraliyada partiyalar mafkurasi saylovchilar hayotining ko'p jihatlari va ular qabul qilayotgan qarorlarni belgilab bergani sababli, saylovchilar tomonidan qayta belgilanishi uzoq muddatli ta'sirga ega.^[10][11]

Boshqa tomondan, Buyuk Britaniya va Kanadada saylovchilar partiyalarni xohish-irodaga almashtirishga moyil, ehtimol faqat bitta saylov uchun, chunki ma'lum bir partiyaga nisbatan sodiqlik juda kam.^[12][13]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tarixidagi siyosiy qayta qurish

Bu erda ko'pincha saylovlar ro'yxati keltirilgan, ular kelishmovchiliklar bilan birga "real" deb nomlanadi:

• 1800 prezident saylovi — Tomas Jefferson
  • Ushbu saylov hokimiyat aylanmasini yakunladi Birinchi partiya tizimi dan Federalistlar partiyasi, boshchiligida Aleksandr Xemilton, Jeffersonga va unga Respublika partiyasi. Quvvat markazi Yangi Angliyadan Janubga va Jefferson demokratiyasi hukmron mafkuraga aylandi.
  • Respublikachilar 1800 yilda Vakillar o'rinlarining 19,7 foizini, 1802 yilda 9,4 foizni va 1804 yilda 9,7 foizni egallab oldilar, 3 saylovda umumiy daromad 38,8 foizni tashkil etdi.
  • 1812 yildayoq federalistlar g'alaba qozonish uchun bitta shtat tarkibiga kirdilar. 1812–1816 yillarda saylovlar siyosatidagi katta siljish yuzaga keldi, chunki Federallar saylovchilarga qarshi chiqqandan keyin obro'sizlanib qolishdi. 1812 yilgi urush.
• 1828 yilgi prezident saylovi — Endryu Jekson
  • Ushbu saylov Qo'shma Shtatlardagi partiya tizimini qayta belgilab, tashkil etdi Ikkinchi partiya tizimi ustunlik qilgan Jekson demokratiyasi. Demokratik-respublikachilar ikki partiyaga bo'linib, keyinchalik nomi o'zgartirildi Demokratik partiya va Whig partiyasi. Demokratlar rahbarlik qilgan Endryu Jekson Tennesi shtati va Martin Van Buren Nyu-York. 1834 yilga kelib Whiglar boshchiligidagi Endryu Jeksonga qarshi bo'lib chiqdi Genri Kley Kentukki shtati.^[14]
• 1860 yilgi prezident saylovi — Avraam Linkoln
  • Viglar 1852 yildan keyin qulab tushgandan so'ng, partiyalarning kelishuvi notinch bo'lib, bir nechta uchinchi tomonlar bilan, masalan Nothingsni biling va Muxolifat partiyasi. Tizim 1858 yilda barqarorlashdi va prezident saylovlari yuksalishni belgiladi Respublika partiyasi. Avraam Linkoln yana uchta da'vogarni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi - ammo ular qandaydir birlashgan bo'lsa ham, u saylovchilarning ko'pchiligining ovoziga ega edi. Respublikachilar partiyasi qullikning uzoq muddat tugashiga va'da bergan edi, bu ajralishga yaqin sabab bo'lgan. Respublikachilar 1861 yilda millatchilik atrofida to'planib, kurashdilar Amerika fuqarolar urushi ajralib chiqishni tugatish uchun. Urush paytida respublikachilar Linkoln boshchiligida qullikni qisqa muddatli tugatish maqsadiga o'tdilar.^[14] 1864 yilga kelib respublikachilar "erkin mehnat" mafkurasi tarafdorlari, shuningdek, askarlar va faxriylar atrofida koalitsiya tuzdilar. Ittifoq armiyasi. (O'shandan beri harbiy muassasa respublikachilarga ma'qul keldi.)
    • Respublikachilar partiyasi 1854 yilda Palataning 18,3 foizidan 1856 yilda 38,0 foizigacha, 1858 yilda 48,7 foiz va 1860 yilda 59,0 foizgacha etib bordi, 4 saylovda umumiy daromad 40,7 foizni tashkil etdi.^[15]
• 1896 yilgi prezident saylovi — Uilyam Makkinli
  • Ushbu saylovning maqomi qizg'in bahsli; Jerom Klub kabi ba'zi siyosatshunoslar buni haqiqiy saylov deb hisoblamaydilar. Kleppner va Burnxem kabi boshqa siyosatshunoslar va tarixchilar buni yakuniy kelishuv deb hisoblashadi va o'yin qoidalari o'zgarganligini, etakchilar yangi bo'lganligini, ovoz berish hizalanishi o'zgarganini va butunlay yangi muammolar to'plami eskicha hukmronlik qilganligini ta'kidlaydilar. Fuqarolar urushi davridagi muammolar o'chib ketdi. 1896 yilda idora egalarining mablag'lari biznesdan tashqarida mablag 'yig'ish bilan almashtirildi - bu siyosiy tarixdagi katta o'zgarish. Bundan tashqari, MakKinlining mag'lubiyatdagi taktikasi Uilyam Jennings Bryan (tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Mark Xanna ) zamonaviy kampaniya evolyutsiyasida dengiz o'zgarishini belgiladi. MakKinli biznes manfaatlaridan katta miqdordagi pul yig'di va Bryanni 10 dan 1 gacha oshirdi. Shu bilan birga, Bryan yaqin bahsli shtatlarda kuchli tashviqot olib borishning zamonaviy uslubini ixtiro qildi va buni amalga oshirgan birinchi nomzod.^[16] Bryanning xabari populizm va sinfiy ziddiyat demokratlar uchun yangi yo'nalishni belgilab berdi. MakKinlining 1896 yildagi g'alabasi va 1900 yildagi takroriy g'alabasi bo'ldi plyuralizm Barcha sanoat tarmoqlari va guruhlari uning jadal sanoat o'sishi siyosati olib kelgan yangi farovonlikka qo'shilishgan.^[17][18]
  • Respublikachilar 1896 yilda Vakillar o'rindig'idan mahrum bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, bu ikki saylovda katta yutuqlarga erishdi: 1890 yildagi 25,9% dan 1892 yilda 34,8% gacha va 1894 yilda 71,1%, jami 45,2% daromad bilan. Respublikachilar 1896 yilda 13,4% yo'qotgan, ammo baribir 57,7% uydagi o'rindiqlarga egalik qilishgan.
  • Grafliklar o'rtasidagi o'zaro bog'liqlik nuqtai nazaridan 1896 yilgi saylovlar qayta tuzilish flopidir, ammo agar bu qayta tuzish yagona saylovlarda sodir bo'ladi deb hisoblansa, bu shunchaki muammo. Aksincha, agar qayta tuzish avlodlar yoki uzoq muddatli siyosiy harakatlar deb hisoblansa, unda yangi yo'nalishni belgilaydigan bitta "muhim" saylov bo'lsa ham, bir nechta saylovlar davomida o'zgarishlar yuz beradi. Shunday qilib, yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek, 1896 yilda qayta qurish 1892 yilda boshlangan va 1894 yilda GOPning 130 o'rindagi yutug'i, uy saylovlari bo'yicha eng rekord bo'lganligi, 1896 yilda olish uchun deyarli joy qolmaganligini anglatadi. 1896 yildagi saylovlar odatda yangi kelishuvning boshlanishi deb hisoblanadi, chunki milliy saylovlar millatga sanoat siyosatining kelajagi to'g'risida ongli ravishda qaror qabul qilishga imkon berdi, chunki Brayan ustidan Makkinlini tanladi va bu tanlovni belgilaydigan saylovga aylantirdi.^[19] The 1876 ​​yilgi saylov 1896 yilga nisbatan raqamlar sinovidan ancha yaxshi o'tdi va Mayhew (2004) bu AQSh siyosatidagi keskin o'zgarishlarga olib keldi deb ta'kidlamoqda: Qayta qurish to'satdan to'xtadi, janubdagi afroamerikaliklar tez orada to'liq huquqsiz qoladilar va siyosatchilar kabi yangi masalalarga e'tibor qarata boshladi (masalan tariflar va davlat xizmatini isloh qilish).
• 1932 yilgi prezident saylovi — Franklin D. Ruzvelt
  • O'tkazilayotgan barcha saylovlar orasida bu siyosatshunoslar va tarixchilarning eng katta kelishuvini talab qiladi; bu arxetiplarni qayta tashkil etuvchi saylov.^[19] Kabi FDR muxlislari Artur Shlezinger, kichik buni ta'kidladilar Yangi bitim 1929 yildagi halokat va ularning kulfatlariga javoban ishlab chiqilgan siyosat Katta depressiya ostida Gerbert Guver, Amerika siyosatidagi mutlaqo yangi hodisani namoyish etdi. Kabi tanqidiy tarixchilar Karl Degler va Devid Kennedi Guvverning baquvvat, ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz iqtisodiy siyosati bilan katta davomiylikni ko'ring. Ko'p jihatdan, Ruzvelt merosi hali ham Demokratik partiyani belgilaydi; u sabr-toqatni to'qib chiqardi Yangi bitim koalitsiyasi katta shahar mashinalari, Oq Janub, ziyolilar, mehnat jamoalari, Katoliklar, yahudiylar va g'arbliklar. 1936 yilda, Afroamerikaliklar koalitsiyaga qo'shildi (afroamerikaliklar ilgari ovoz berishdan bosh tortgan yoki respublikachi deb saylangan). Masalan; misol uchun, Pitsburg, dan respublikachilarning tayanch punkti bo'lgan Fuqarolar urushi shu paytgacha kutilmaganda Demokratik tayanchga aylandi va shu vaqtdan beri har bir saylovda Demokratik shahar meri lavozimiga saylandi.
  • Demokratlar 1928 yildagi 37,7% Vakillar o'rindig'ini nazorat qilishdan 1930 yilda 49,6% gacha va 1932 yilda 71,9% gacha nazorat qildilar, ikkita saylovda jami 34,2% daromad olishdi.
  • Senatda demokratlar 1928 yildagi 40,6% o'rinlarni nazorat qilishdan 1930 yildagi 49% gacha va 1932 yildagi 61,5% gacha bo'lgan ikkita saylovda jami 20,9% daromad olishdi.

Boshqa mumkin bo'lgan siyosiy o'zgarishlar

• 1874 saylovlari
  • 1874 yilgi saylovlar Demokratik partiyaning tiklanishini ko'rdi. Bilan norozilik Uliss S. Grant prezidentligi va o'sha paytda tanilgan iqtisodiy depressiya 1873 yilgi vahima va umidsizlikni sekin qaytarish Liberal respublikachilar 1872 yilgi uchinchi chiptasidan, barchasi demokratlarga kuch bag'ishladi. Demokratlar urushdan oldin Kongressning ikkala palatasini ham nazorat qilmagan. Qayta qurish Demokratlar Vakillar Palatasini 1875 yildan 1894 yilgi yirik mag'lubiyatiga qadar umuman nazorat qilganligini anglatadi. Respublikachilar o'sha davrdagi prezidentlik saylovlarining aksariyat qismida juda tor g'alabalarni qo'lga kiritdilar. The 1875 yildagi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun, yilda qabul qilingan oqsoq o'rdak sessiyasi 1874 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng Kongressning eng so'nggi qayta qurish qonuni bo'lib, u asosan ramziy ahamiyatga ega edi. Demokratlarning yangi kuchi qayta qurish qonunchiligini tugatdi. Qayta qurish tugashi bilan Konfederatsiyaning sobiq 11 davlati a dominant-partiyaviy tizim nomi bilan tanilgan Qattiq janubiy. The tarif va ayniqsa pul-kredit siyosati 1874 yildan keyin buyuk g'oyaviy bahslar sifatida paydo bo'ldi.^[20][21]

Bugungi kunda qandaydir saylovlar (agar mavjud bo'lsa) 1932 yildan keyin saylovlarni qayta tashkil etish deb hisoblanishi mumkinligi to'g'risida ba'zi munozaralar mavjud.^[22] Bir nechta nomzodlar taklif qilingan bo'lsa-da, keng kelishuv mavjud emas:

• 1964 va 1968 yil prezident saylovlari — Lyndon B. Jonson va Richard Nikson
  • 1968 yilgi saylovlar Niksonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi strategiyasi tufayli tez-tez keltiriladi.^[23] Yugurishda Xubert Xamfri, deb nomlangan narsadan foydalangan Janubiy strategiya. U janubdagi oq tanli saylovchilarga "davlatlarning huquqlari ", ular buni federal hukumat endi talab qilmasligini anglatadi majburiy avtobus federal sudlarning buyrug'iga binoan maktab o'quvchilarining. Demokratlar Nikson oq janubiy va shimoliy oq etniklarning qo'llab-quvvatlashiga erishish uchun irqiy qo'rquvdan foydalanganiga norozilik bildirdilar.^[24] Ruzveltning "Yangi bitim" koalitsiyasi 30 yildan ortiq davom etgan, ammo 1960-yillarning o'rtalaridagi shahar tartibsizliklari va Vetnam inqirozidan so'ng koalitsiya sheriklari birin-ketin tozalanib, faqat bo'sh yadro qolguncha GOPning tiklanishiga zamin yaratdilar. Niksonning qulashi Reygan davrida yuzaga kelgan tuzilishni keyinga qoldirdi, chunki hatto "liberalizm" atamasi ham obro'sizlanib qoldi.
  • Buni tuzatish sifatida, taxminan 30 yillik tsiklik naqsh saqlaydi: 1896 yildan 1932 yilgacha, 1932 yildan 1964 yilgacha va 1964 yildan 1994 yilgacha.
  • Siyosatshunoslar uchun 1964 yil birinchi navbatda muammoga asoslangan yo'nalish edi. 1964 yilgi saylovlarni Karmines va Stimson (1989) tomonidan olib borilgan klassik tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, faollar va elitalarning irq bilan bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha qutblanishi har bir partiyaning Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha pozitsiyasining tarixiy o'zgarishi to'g'risida keng jamoatchilikka qanday aniq signallar berdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, 1960 yilgi Milliy saylovlar tadqiqotida afroamerikaliklarning atigi 50% o'zini demokratlar deb atagan bo'lsa, 82% i 1964 yilda qatnashgan va ularning soni 21-asrda ko'proq. Ushbu saylovning ahamiyatliligining eng aniq ko'rsatkichi shundaki, Missisipi singari chuqur Janubiy shtatlar Respublikachilarga ovoz berishdi. Aksincha, Shimoliy-Sharqiy va Yuqori O'rta G'arbiy respublikachilarning an'anaviy tayanch punktlarining aksariyati Demokratik partiyaga ovoz berishdi. 1936 yilda yakka o'zi FDRga qarshi ovoz bergan Vermont va Meyn, 1964 yilda LBJga ovoz berishdi.
  • Ko'pgina tahlilchilar 1968 yildagi saylovni qayta qurish deb hisoblamaydilar, chunki nazorat Kongress o'zgarmadi; Demokratlar nazorat qiladilar Senat 1980 yilgacha (va yana 1986 yildan 1994 yilgacha) va Uy 1994 yilgacha.^[19] Shuningdek, elektoratning partiyaviy yo'nalishidagi sezilarli o'zgarish etishmayotgan edi. Muhimi, ushbu ikki saylov eski Yangi Bitim masalalari o'rniga Fuqarolik huquqlari masalalari bilan almashtirilganligi, fuqarolarning har bir partiya bilan nima uchun birlashishini tushuntirib beruvchi asosiy omil bo'lganligi haqidagi nazariyaga mos keladi. Boshqa olimlar^[25] bu o'ttiz yillik kelishuvning boshlanishi bo'lib, fuqarolar umuman 1994 yilgi saylovlar bilan yakunlangan siyosiy mustaqillikka intilishgan deb da'vo qilmoqdalar.
• 1980 yilgi prezident saylovi — Ronald Reygan
  • Ushbu saylovda Ronald Reygan demokratni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Jimmi Karter, faqat oltita davlatni yutgan (ortiqcha Kolumbiya okrugi ), bu saylovchilarning atigi 10% ovozini tashkil etdi. Respublikachilar, shuningdek, 25 yil ichida birinchi marta Senat boshqaruvini o'z qo'liga oldi. (Qarang Reyganning kostyumlari.)
  • 1980 yilgi saylovni mafkuraviy qayta qurish deb hisoblash mumkin, chunki u boshlangan edi Reygan davri tomon yo'nalishni belgilab qo'ydi konservatizm va konservativ siyosat.^[26][27][28] Bunga qo'chimcha, Reygan demokratlari uning prezidentligi va kampaniyalarining natijasidir.^[28] Ko'pgina olimlar Reyganning siyosatini ushbu haqiqiy saylov deb hisoblash uchun etarlicha yangi deb hisoblashdi.^[29]
  • Boshqa tomondan, Mayhew (2004) singari tanqidchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, hozirgi paytda uyni boshqarish o'zgargani yo'q va hatto o'zgarishga yaqin ham emas. Respublikachilar haqiqatan ham 1983 yilda Vakillar palatasidagi o'rindiqlarni 1973 yildagiga qaraganda kamroq egallashgan. Bundan tashqari, olti yildan so'ng respublikachilar yana Senatdan mahrum bo'lishdi, natijada ba'zilar senatorlar shunchaki minib kelishgan degan xulosaga kelishdi. Reyganning kostyumlari va o'z saylovchilarining g'oyaviy afzalliklarining haqiqiy o'zgarishini anglatmadi. Shuningdek, partizanlarning kelishuvida o'zgarish bo'lmagan jamoatchilik fikri bo'yicha so'rovlar.^[30] Ikkalasi ham liberallar, kabi Nobel mukofoti sovrindori Pol Krugman va konservatorlar, masalan, Reygan aloqa bo'yicha direktor Pat Byukenen, deb ta'kidlaydi 1968 yilda Niksonning g'alabasi Reyganning g'alabasi uchun zamin yaratdi va Reyganning Janubiy shtatlarda yaxshi natijalarga erishgani, an'anaviy ravishda Demokratik tayanch, shuningdek, Reyganning ba'zi ritorikalari bilan bog'liqligi qonun va tartib va davlatlarning huquqlari Niksonnikiga o'xshash edi Janubiy strategiya bu haqiqatni tasdiqlaydi.^[31][32]
• 1992 yilgi prezident saylovi — Bill Klinton
  • Klinton ilgari shimoliy-sharqda ham, G'arbiy sohilda ham respublikachi bo'lgan yoki belanchak shtatlar bo'lgan. Eng muhimi, eng katta davlat Kaliforniya ishonchli respublika davlatidan doimiy demokratiyaga o'tdi: uni o'sha paytdan beri demokrat nomzodlar olib borishmoqda. O'tgan va demokratlar tarkibida qolgan boshqa davlatlar Konnektikut, Delaver, Illinoys, Meyn, Merilend, Nyu-Jersi va Vermont. Aksincha, Klinton janubdan kelganiga qaramay, u faqat sobiq Konfederatsiya davlatlaridan to'rttasini olib yurgan: Arkanzas (uning uyi), Luiziana, Tennessi (uning vitse-prezident uy shtati) va Gruziya, uni respublikaning qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasi sifatida tasdiqlaydi.
  • 1992 yildan beri Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzod prezident saylovlaridan tashqari har qanday saylovda umumxalq ovozini qo'lga kiritdi 2004, 1970-80-yillarda Respublikachilar hukmronligidan uzoqlashib, qandaydir milliy tuzilishni taklif qilmoqda. Demokratik prezidentlikka nomzodlarga bo'lgan ushbu milliy tendentsiya Kongress saylovlaridagi Demokratik g'alabalarga olib kelmasligi shart edi. Ammo respublikachilar milliy miqyosda raqobatbardosh bo'lib, tarixiy yutuqlarga erishdilar 1994 va 2010 oraliq nazorat, ammo prezidentlik sayloviga nisbatan oraliq saylovlarda elektorat tarkibi sezilarli darajada farq qiladi.^[33]
• 1994 yil Vakillar palatasi va Senat saylovlari^[34]
  • Hozirda ushbu saylovni siyosatshunoslar odatda haqiqiy saylov sifatida baholamoqdalar.^[34] Respublikachilar 1954 yildan beri birinchi marta ikkala palata ustidan nazoratni qo'lga olib, palatada ham, senatda ham ko'pchilik ovozlarni qo'lga kiritishdi. Bundan tashqari, palatani boshqarish 2007 yilgacha davom etdi. Nyut Gingrich, kim "Amerika bilan shartnoma ", mamlakat bo'ylab irqlarni muvofiqlashtirish orqali kampaniyani muvaffaqiyatli milliylashtirdi. Respublikachilarning g'alabasining katta tabiati qayta tuzilishga ishora qilmoqda; partiya 54 o'ringa ega bo'ldi, shu bilan birga 2006 yilgacha biron bir saylovda biron bir partiya bir nechta joylarga ega bo'lmaydi.
  • GOP 46 ta davlat uyining 43tasida o'rin egalladi. Ushbu yutuqlar keyingi o'n yillikda ham davom etdi, shuning uchun 2002 yilga qadar GOP ellik yil ichida birinchi marta shtatlarning qonun chiqaradigan ko'pchilik o'rindiqlarini egallab oldi.^[34]
  • Ta'kidlash joizki, partiyalarning tanazzulga uchrashi va ommaviy kelishuv davri 1990 yillarda tugagan ko'rinadi. Milliy saylovlar tadqiqotida aniqlangan partiyaviylik kuchi 1990-yillarda, har bir partiya o'rtasidagi muhim farqlarni sezadigan ommaviy jamoatchilik ulushi ortdi.^[34]
  • Ushbu saylov diniy masalalar eng muhimlaridan biri sifatida ko'tarilganligini ham ko'rsatadi dekolte Amerika siyosatida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Reyganning saylanishi diniy huquqning muhimligi to'g'risida ishora qilgan bo'lsa-da, 1990-yillarning boshlarida xristian koalitsiyasining (axloqiy ko'pchilik vorisi) tashkil etilishi respublikachilarga, xususan, davlat darajasida tashkiliy va moliyaviy mushaklar berdi.^[35] 2004 yilga kelib, ommaviy axborot vositalari siyosiy millatni "bo'lingan holda tasvirlashdi"qizil "(Respublika) va"ko'k "(Demokratik) davlatlar, ikki blok o'rtasidagi madaniy munosabat va siyosatdagi taniqli farqlar bilan.
  • Respublikachilar tarixiy qadam tashladilar Qattiq janubiy u erda jami 19 ta o'rindiqni egallab olishdi. Saylovga borib, Vakillar Demokratlari Vakillar partiyasidan respublikachilardan ustun keldi. Shundan keyin respublikachilar shu vaqtdan beri birinchi marta demokratlardan ustun keldi Qayta qurish.^[36]
• 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi — Barak Obama
  • 2008 yilgi saylovlarda Demokratlar o'zlarining asosiy yo'nalishlarini kengaytirdilar Kongress va prezidentlikka qat'iy ravishda erishdi. Bunga demokratlarning 2006 yildagi yutuqlaridan olingan sur'at hamda Prezidentning doimiy ravishda noma'lumligi sabab bo'lgan. Jorj V.Bush, uning ma'muriyati endi moliyaviy inqiroz va iqtisodiy tanazzulga duch keldi. Ba'zi odamlar, ehtimol 2008 yilgi saylovlar singari, uzoq muddatli ta'sirga ega bo'lgan haqiqiy saylov deb o'ylashadi Franklin D. Ruzvelt ichida edi 1932 va saylovi Ronald Reygan yilda 1980 edi.^[37][38] Prezident Obama qayta saylandi 2012 saylovda ham, bir necha bor xalq ovozining mutlaq ko'pchiligini qo'lga kiritgan uchinchi uchinchi demokrat bo'lish^[39] 2008 yilda g'alaba qozongan ikkita butun shtatni yo'qotganda.^[40]
  • Boshqa tomondan, Respublikachilar partiyasi tajribali ikki yildan so'ng 2010 yilda katta yutuqlar, uyni qaytarib olish 63 o'rindagi yutuq bilan, respublikachilarning so'nggi 80 yildagi eng katta yutug'i. Bundan tashqari, Respublikachilar partiyasi 6 o'ringa ega bo'ldi Senatda, demokratlarning ko'pchiligini ingichka qilib. 2012 yilda Obamaning qayta saylanishiga qaramay, respublikachilar ushbu musobaqada yana bir kuchli ko'rsatkichga ega bo'lishdi 2014 yil oraliq nazorat; ular nafaqat ko'pchilikni ko'paytirdilar uyda va Senatni qayta egallab oldi, shuningdek, yutuqlarni qo'lga kiritdi gubernatorlik poygalari va boshqa shtat miqyosidagi va mahalliy irqlar natijasida 31 respublika gubernatorligi va respublika nazorati ostidagi 68 shtat qonunchilik palatalari paydo bo'ldi va shu tariqa o'zlarining ta'sirini butun mamlakatdagi qariyb asrdagi eng yirik respublikachilar ko'pchiligiga oshirdi.^[41][42][43]
• 2016 yilgi prezident saylovi — Donald Tramp
  • Ushbu saylovda Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzod Donald Tramp g'alaba qozondi Viskonsin, Michigan va Pensilvaniya, barcha O'rta G'arbiy va / yoki Zang kamari ba'zi birlari ilgari xavfsiz demokratik deb hisoblashgan, ammo bu shtatlar bir necha oldingi saylovlarda yaqin bo'lgan. Tramp ham g'alaba qozonishga yaqinlashdi Nyu-Xempshir, Minnesota va Meyn va oldingi respublikachi nomzodlardan ustun keldi Konnektikut va Rod-Aylend, Shimoliy-Sharqdagi har qanday respublikachidan ko'ra ko'proq tuman va shaharlarni yutib olish 1988.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}
  • Respublikachilar partiyasi Vakillar palatasida ham, Senatda ham etakchilikni saqlab qolishdi.
    • Respublikachilar 33 gubernatorlik lavozimini egallash va 32 shtat qonun chiqaruvchisini to'liq nazorat qilish bo'yicha zamonaviy rekord o'rnatdilar.^[44]
  • Biroq, 2008 yilgi Obama saylovlari singari, ikki yildan so'ng 2018 yil AQSh saylovlari, Respublikachilar partiyasi 40 o'rindan mahrum bo'lganligi sababli Palata ustidan nazoratni yo'qotdi, ammo Senatda ikkita o'ringa ega bo'ldi, shuning uchun 2016 yilgi saylovlar va Tramp prezidentligining tanqidiy saylov sifatida to'liq samarasini ko'rish kerak.
  • Bundan tashqari, Donald Tramp sobiq vitse-prezident va demokratlardan nomzodga yutqazdi Jo Bayden ichida 2020 yil AQSh prezident saylovi. Xususan, Tramp 2016 yilgi g'alabasining kaliti sifatida ko'rsatilgan uchta Michigan, Pensilvaniya va Viskonsin shtatlaridan mahrum bo'ldi, garchi nisbatan kam farq bilan.

Kanada

Kanadada ham milliy, ham viloyatlardagi tanqidiy qayta o'tkaziladigan saylovlar tarixi Argil tomonidan yoritilgan (2011).^[45]

Behiels (2010) Kanada siyosati bo'yicha mutaxassislarni taklif qiladi^[46] Endi suv havzasida siyosiy qayta qurish jarayoni yuz berayotgani, ammo asrda bir marta sodir bo'layotgan o'zgarish haqida xabar berishmoqda. 2004, 2006 va 2008 yillardagi ozchiliklar hukumatiga bo'lib o'tgan saylovlar va muvaffaqiyatlarning natijalariga ko'ra Stiven Xarper, ko'plab jurnalistlar, siyosiy maslahatchilar va siyosatchilar yangi siyosiy paradigma paydo bo'lmoqda, deb ta'kidlaydilar va bu Harperning davlatning - federal va viloyatning - yigirma birinchi asrdagi rolini qayta tuzishga qodir bo'lgan o'ng siyosiy partiyaga intilishiga asoslanadi. .^[47] Bloomfield va Nossal (2007) yangi siyosiy kelishuv Kanada tashqi siyosatini, ayniqsa, AQSh bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilash, Yaqin Sharqdagi mojarolarga nisbatan qattiqroq nuqtai nazar va boshqa yo'nalishlardan qaytadan boshlaganligini ta'kidlamoqda. Kioto protokoli global isish haqida.^[48]

Federal

Partiya tizimlari modeli

So'nggi stipendiyalarga ko'ra to'rttasi bor edi partiya tizimlari Konfederatsiyadan beri federal darajada Kanadada, ularning har biri o'ziga xos ijtimoiy qo'llab-quvvatlash uslubiga ega, homiylik munosabatlar, etakchilik uslublari va saylov strategiyalari.^[49] Stiv Patten Kanadaning siyosiy tarixidagi to'rtta partiya tizimini ajratib ko'rsatdi^[50]

• Birinchi partiya tizimi Konfederatsiyadan oldingi mustamlakachilik siyosatidan kelib chiqib, 1896 yildan 1911 yilgacha "gullab-yashnagan" davrni boshdan kechirgan va 1917 yildagi harbiy majburiyat inqirozi, va ikkita eng yirik partiyalar tomonidan boshqariladigan mahalliy homiylik bilan ajralib turardi Liberallar va Konservatorlar.
• Ikkinchi tizim Birinchi Jahon urushidan so'ng paydo bo'ldi va 1935 yildan 1957 yilgacha eng gullab yashnadi, mintaqachilik bilan ajralib turdi va bir nechta norozilik partiyalari paydo bo'ldi, masalan Progressivlar, Ijtimoiy kredit partiyasi, va Hamdo'stlik federatsiyasi.
• Uchinchi tizim 1963 yilda paydo bo'lgan va 1968 yildan 1983 yilgacha eng gullab yashnagan va keyinchalik echila boshlagan. Ikkala eng yirik partiyalarga kuchli uchinchi tomon qarshi chiqdi Yangi Demokratik partiya. Ushbu davrdagi kampaniyalar tufayli milliy miqyosga aylandi elektron ommaviy axborot vositalari va etakchilikka ko'proq e'tibor qaratishni o'z ichiga olgan. Davrning hukmron siyosati edi Keynscha iqtisodiyot.
• To'rtinchi partiya tizimi ko'tarilish bilan bog'liq Islohot partiyasi, Québécois bloki va ning birlashishi Kanada alyansi bilan Progressiv konservatorlar. Aksariyat partiyalar bir a'zodan bitta ovozga o'tadigan etakchilik musobaqalariga o'tdilar va 2004 yilda moliya to'g'risidagi qonunlarni targ'ib qilish bo'yicha katta islohot o'tkazdilar. To'rtinchi partiya tizimi bozor siyosatidan voz kechdi Keynscha siyosati, lekin farovonlik holatini saqlab qoldi.

Klarkson (2005) Liberal partiyaning barcha partiyalar tizimida qanday hukmronlik qilganini, turli xil yondashuvlardan foydalanganligini ko'rsatadi. Bu "klientelistik yondashuv" ostida boshlandi Laurier, ostida 1920, 1930 va 1940 yillarda "vositachilik" tizimiga aylandi Makkenzi King. O'tgan asrning 50-yillarida 1990-yillarga qadar davom etgan "umumiy Kanada tizimi" paydo bo'ldi. 1993 yilgi saylovlar - Klarkson tomonidan partiyaviy tizimni "parchalab tashlagan" "zilzila" deb tasniflanib, mintaqaviy siyosat to'rtta partiya tizimida paydo bo'ldi, bunda turli guruhlar mintaqaviy masalalar va tashvishlarni himoya qildilar. Klarkson xulosa qilishicha, avvalgi post-post tizimiga o'rnatilgan ajralmaslik asosan liberallarga foyda keltirdi.^[51]

1896

1896 a ko'rdi Liberal g'alaba; Janob Uilfrid Laurier Bosh Vazir. Dan 1867 yilgi saylov 1896 yilgacha Konservativ partiya ning Ser Jon A. Makdonald 1873 yildan 1878 yilgacha bo'lgan bitta muddatni hisobga olmaganda Kanadani boshqargan. Liberallar Laurier va uning salafi davrida o'z lavozimini qayta egallashga qiynalgan, Edvard Bleyk. 1896 yil 1891 yilda Makdonald vafotidan keyin o'tkazilgan birinchi saylov bo'lib, keyingi yillarda konservatorlar to'liq tartibsizlikda bo'lib, kamida to'rtta etakchidan iborat edi. Liberallar shu kungacha o'z lavozimlarida qoladilar 1911. Bundan tashqari, siyosatshunoslar Liberal partiyani Kanada siyosatida hukmron kuchga aylantirgan va 1896 yildan 2006 yilgacha bo'lgan vaqtning uchdan ikki qismidan ko'prog'iga ega bo'lgan ushbu saylovni tez-tez ko'rib chiqmoqdalar.^[52]

1984

1984 yil g'alabani ko'rdi Progressiv konservatorlar ostida Brayan Myulroni. 1984 yildagi saylovlar nafaqat Brayan Myulronining "Progressiv konservatorlari" Kanada tarixidagi eng ko'p o'rinlarni (282 dan 211 ta) va ikkinchi o'rinda (ikkinchi o'rinda) ko'pchilikni egallagan. John Diefenbaker 265 dan 208 ning 1958 ), bu yigirma yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida tugadi Liberal qoida, qisqacha hisoblanmasdan 1979 –1980 muddati Djo Klark. Liberal partiya bosh vazir boshchiligida Jon Tyorner o'sha paytdagi eng yomon mag'lubiyatga uchradi va 40 o'ringa ega bo'ldi. O'sha paytda, bu Kanada tarixidagi o'tirgan hukumatning eng dahshatli mag'lubiyati edi. Tyorner muvaffaqiyatga erishdi Per Trudeau Saylovni tayinlashga qaror qilganida bosh vazir sifatida, va liberallar iqtisodiyotning tanazzulga uchrashi va Trudoning so'nggi daqiqada homiylik lavozimiga tayinlanishi tufayli mashhurligini yo'qotmoqdalar.

Kompyuterlarning g'alabasiga ko'p jihatdan Kvebekdagi katta yutuq yordam berdi va 1980 yilda qo'lga kiritilgan Kvebekdagi o'ringa nisbatan 58 o'ringa ega bo'ldi; Mulroney Kvebekda muvaffaqiyatli ravishda Trudeau liberallari viloyatni "sotib yuborgan" degan xabarni targ'ib qildi. patriating The Kanada konstitutsiyasi 1982 yilda, Kvebek hech qachon rasmiy ravishda imzolamaganligi sababli yangi konstitutsiya. Liberallar faqat 17 o'ringa qisqartirildi, ularning to'rttasidan tashqari Monrealda. Kvebek 1896 yildan beri (1958 yil bundan mustasno) liberal tayanch bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, 1984 yildan to 2015 yil Kanada federal saylovlari liberallar viloyatdagi eng ko'p o'rinlarni ololmadilar (ular yaqinlashib qolishdi) 2000 va bir nechta qo'shimcha saylovlarda g'alaba qozonish orqali ko'pchilikni egalladi), bu viloyatni ushbu saylovdagi eng uzoq muddatli tuzilishga aylantirdi.

Mulroney ko'pincha zamonaviy bilan birlashtirilgan bo'lsa-da konservativ rahbarlar Margaret Tetcher va Ronald Reygan va 1984 yildagi saylov Kanadaning 1979 yildagi Buyuk Britaniya va 1980 yildagi Qo'shma Shtatlardagi saylovlar versiyasi sifatida qaraladi, Mulroney amalda nisbatan markazchi lider ekanligini isbotladi.

1993

1993 yil nafaqat liberallarning katta yutuqlarini ko'rdi Jan Kretien, shuningdek, yorilish Progressiv konservatorlar 'Kvebek va g'arbiy viloyatlarda mintaqaviy partiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasi; natijada hukmron partiya sifatida liberallar bilan beshta partiyaviy siyosiy tizim yuzaga keldi.^[53] Butun davomida Kanada tarixi ikki partiya navbat bilan hukumat va muxolifatda bo'lgan: liberallar va Progressiv konservatorlar (ba'zida liberal-konservatorlar, konservatorlar, ittifoq va milliy hukumat deb nomlanadi). Saylovda g'olib chiqqan Konservativ ko'pchilik 1984 va 1988 G'arbdan kelgan ijtimoiy-konservativ populistlar, Kvebek millatchilari va Ontario va Dengiz davridagi fiskal konservatorlar o'rtasidagi "Buyuk koalitsiya" ga asoslanib, bu Mulroney hukumati ushbu xilma-xil manfaatlarni muvozanatlash. Ikkinchi muddat davomida Mulroneyning siyosati yoqmadi, muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi Meech ko'li va Sharlottaun Kelishuvlar Kvebekni puchga chiqardi va G'arbning begonalashuvini qo'zg'atdi. Mulroney hukumatiga norozilik sifatida tashkil etilgan yangi mintaqaviy partiyalar Québécois bloki Kvebek va Islohot partiyasi yilda g'arb milliy qo'llab-quvvatlashning etishmasligiga qaramay, ilgari shaxsiy kompyuterlar egallab turgan ko'plab joylarni egalladi. The Yangi Demokratik partiya, parlamentdagi uzoq yillik uchinchi partiya 43 o'rindan to'qqiztaga tushdi. Ontario va Miloddan avvalgi viloyat NDP hukumatlarining mashhurligi federal NDPga yomon ta'sir ko'rsatdi, shuningdek, ularning Sharlottaun kelishuvi va Kvebek millatchiligini ma'qullashlari ularni G'arbdagi uyushgan mehnat va qishloq saylovchilari orasida qo'llab-quvvatlashga olib keldi, bu esa ularni qo'llab-quvvatlashni islohotga aylantirdi. Ayni paytda Progressive Conservatives deyarli yo'q qilindi, 151 o'rindan atigi ikkitasiga tushib qoldi - federal darajada o'tirgan hukumatning eng yomon mag'lubiyati.

Kreten boshchiligidagi liberallar 1997 va 2000 yillarda ketma-ket ikki ko'pchilik g'oliblikni qo'lga kiritadi, ammo hech qachon eng katta partiya sifatida jiddiy e'tiroz bildirilmaydi. Progressiv konservatorlar hech qachon tiklanmadi va 20 (301 dan) o'rindiqlarni yutib oldilar 1997 va 12 dyuym 2000 Islohotlar partiyasi vorisi bilan birlashishdan oldin Kanada alyansi, yangisini shakllantirish uchun Kanadaning konservativ partiyasi 2003 yil oxirida. Liberallar bilan chapparast saylovchilar uchun raqobat tufayli yangi demokratlar keyingi bir nechta saylovlarda turli xil yutuqlarga erishdilar, 1997 yilda 21 g'olib bo'lishdi, ammo 2000 yilda 13 ga tushib qolishdi va shu qadar yuqori suv belgisiga yaqinlasha olmadilar. 2006 yil.

2004

Esa Pol Martin Liberallar hukumat faoliyatini davom ettirish uchun etarli o'rindiqlarni saqlab qolishdi Konservatorlar va qayta tiklanishi Québécois bloki; natijada ozchilik hukumat sifatida hukmron partiya bilan to'rtta partiyaviy tizim yuzaga keldi. Bu uchta saylovning birinchisi edi, unda biron bir partiya ko'pchilik o'ringa ega bo'lmagan.

Martin nafaqaga chiqdi Jan Kretien 2003 yilda va dastlab o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalarda Martin Kvebek va G'arbiy Kanadada harakat qilishni boshlaganligi sababli, liberallar keyingi saylovlarda parlament ustidan nazoratni kengaytirishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan edi, yangi tashkil etilgan Konservativ Partiya esa uning birlashishi borasida tortishuvlarga duch keldi.^[54] Biroq, vahiy homiylik mojarosi, bilan birga Kretyen va Martin o'rtasidagi partiyalararo mojaro liberallarni zaiflashtirdi, birlashgan konservatorlar esa boshqarishning muqobil alternativasiga aylandi va yoshartirilgan Blo Québécois. Saylovoldi kampaniyasining o'rtalarida saylovchilar konservativ partiyaning etakchiligini bashorat qilishdi, ammo liberallar etakchi partiya bo'lib qolish uchun ko'p miqdordagi o'ringa ega bo'lish uchun etarlicha qo'llab-quvvatladilar.

Liberal partiyaning tanazzulga uchrashidan darak beradigan bir necha tendentsiyalar 2004 yilda ham boshlanishi mumkin edi; ayniqsa doimiy partiyalar rahbarlarining katta almashinuvi (odatda ikki yoki undan ortiq saylovlarda ishlagan avvalgisidan farqli o'laroq),^[55] va Chretien korporativ xayriya mablag'larini taqiqlagandan so'ng, uning saylovoldi mablag'larini raqobatbardosh ravishda to'play olmasligi;^[56] va u asta-sekin konservatorlarni, keyinchalik NDPni qo'llab-quvvatlashni yo'qotadi.

2004 yilgi saylovlar bunga yo'l ochib berdi 2006 yilgi saylov bu Kanadalikning birinchi saylov g'alabasini keltirdi konservativ 1988 yildan beri partiya va 1993 yil noyabridan beri Kanadadagi birinchi konservativ hukumat. Bu 13 yil tugadi Liberal 2004-2006 yillarda ozchilik hukumati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan hukumat Yangi Demokratik partiya ular qulab tushgandan keyin qo'llab-quvvatlovlarini qaytarib olmagunlaricha homiylik mojarosi. 1989 yildayoq konservativ Stiven Xarper O'rta toifadagi soliq to'lovchilarni o'rta toifadagi soliq oluvchilarga qarshi qo'yib, qayta kelishuv sodir bo'lishini nazarda tutgan edi.^[57]

2011

Saylov natijasida a Konservativ Bosh vazir rahbarligidagi ko'pchilik g'alaba Stiven Xarper, ketma-ket ikkita ozchilik hukumatini tuzgandan so'ng.^[58][59] Liberallar birinchi marta parlamentda uchinchi tomon maqomiga tushishdi, ular ilgari har doim ham boshqaruvchi partiya yoki rasmiy muxolifat bo'lib kelgan, shuningdek, endi Kvebekda juda ko'p o'rinlarga ega bo'lmagan (ularning 1892 yildan 1984 yilgacha qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan bazasi) yoki Ontario (1993 yildan beri qal'a, ayniqsa Buyuk Toronto hududi). Ba'zilar buni taklif qilishdi Rob Ford 2010 yil noyabrda shahar hokimining g'alabasi Torontodagi federal konservatorlarning muvaffaqiyatlariga yo'l ochdi, o'ng tarafdagi markaziy siyosatchilar liberallarni an'anaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlab kelayotgan muhojirlardan katta qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[60][61] The Yangi Demokratik partiya, boshchiligida Jek Layton partiyalar tarixida birinchi marta rasmiy muxolifat bo'lish uchun 103 o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi, chunki Kvebekdagi saylovoldi tashviqoti ularni boshqa partiyalar hisobiga bitta o'rindan 59 o'ringa olib chiqdi, xususan Québécois bloki ularning o'sha viloyatdagi 47 o'rindig'i to'rt o'ringa tenglashganini ko'rgan. The Bloc had previously won the majority of Quebec's seats from 1993 to 2008. The party leaders of the Liberals and the Bloc, Maykl Ignatieff va Gilles Duceppe, respectively, were personally defeated in their own constituencies. This marked a return to the three party system in parliament which was last seen in the 1988 election.^[53][54]

Commentators after the major shakeup in 2011 stressed the theme of a major realignment.^[62] The Iqtisodchi said, "the election represents the biggest realignment of Canadian politics since 1993."^[63] Lawrence Martin, commentator for the Globe and Mail said, "Harper has completed a remarkable reconstruction of a Canadian political landscape that endured for more than a century. The realignment sees both old parties of the moderate middle, the Progressive Conservatives and the Liberals, either eliminated or marginalized."^[64] Maklin said, the election marked "an unprecedented realignment of Canadian politics" as "the Conservatives are now in a position to replace the Liberals as the natural governing party in Canada." Endryu Koyn proclaimed "The West is in and Ontario has joined it", noting that the Conservatives accomplished the rare feat of putting together a majority by winning in ikkalasi ham Ontario and the western provinces (difficult due to traditionally conflicting interests), while having little representation in Quebec.^[53][65]

2015

After the longest campaign in modern Canadian history, the voters ousted Harper's Conservative government and elected a new national government on October 19, 2015. The new Prime Minister Jastin Tryudo led his Liberal Party to a majority government. The Conservative Party fell to second place with 99 seats, marking a return to previous system with the New Democratic Party returning into a third party status after achieving Official Opposition in 2011. The Liberal Party also won a majority of seats in Quebec for the first time since 1980.^[66]

Alberta

• 1971 yil Alberta shtatidagi umumiy saylov – End of the 36-year unbroken rule of the Ijtimoiy kredit partiyasi, foydasiga Progressiv konservatorlar. Piter Lugid 's Conservatives defeated the Socreds led by Premier Garri E. Strom. Although the Socreds lost only a small share of its popular vote from 1967, their support in the province's two largest cities, Edmonton va Kalgari, almost disappeared. They lost all of their seats in Edmonton, and all but five seats in Calgary.
  • There were ominous signs of Socreds' decline in the 1967 election, in which they failed to win 50% of the popular vote since 1955. Longtime Premier Ernest C. Manning retired a few months later. His successor Strom had been unable to revive a party that had grown tired and complacent, while the collapse of the other opposition parties made the PCs the only credible challenger to the Socreds. The Socreds sank into near-paralysis in opposition, being ill-prepared for that role after being the governing party for virtually all of its history prior to 1971. Their support collapsed in the 1975 election, in which they barely held onto official status. Although the Socreds stayed in the legislature until 1982, they were never a force Albertan politics again.
  • The Progressive Conservatives won every election since 1968, prior to 2015, despite losing some luster during Don Getti 's tenure of 1985–1992, they have regained strength under Ralf Klayn.
• 2015 yil Alberta shtatidagi umumiy saylov - The 44-year unbroken rule of the Progressiv konservatorlar (which begun in 1971) was ended by the Alberta Yangi Demokratik partiyasi, who won a majority government and reduced the PCs to third place in the legislature.

Britaniya Kolumbiyasi

• 1991 yil Britaniya Kolumbiyasidagi umumiy saylov - oxiri Ijtimoiy kredit as an effective political force in British Columbia politics. The Socreds under Premier Rita Jonston was reduced to third party status, while the Yangi Demokratik partiya ning Mayk Xarkurt hukumatni tuzdi. Liberal partiya rahbar Gordon Uilson surprised observers by leading his party to winning one-third of the votes cast. This was enough to not only return them to the legislature, but make them the rasmiy muxolifat.
• The Socreds had been beset by scandals during Bill Vander Zalm 's last term as premier. Party control shifted from urban fiscal conservatives to social conservatives, causing the coalition to unravel and pushing many moderates to eventually switch to the Liberals. After Premier Vander Zalm resigned, Socred members voted the lesser-known Johnston, a close ally of Vander Zalm, over Greys Makkarti. Many viewed this as a mistake, as Johnston was close to the Vander Zalm legacy; even NDP leader Harcourt admitted later that he preferred Johnston over McCarthy. Wilson's party gained gradually but surged after his strong performance in the televised leaders' debates' Wilson was initially not invited and took legal action to overturn his exclusion. However, once he became opposition leader, Wilson proved unable to consolidate the party's leadership; he was eventually deposed and later became a New Democrat.
• 2001 yil Britaniya Kolumbiyasidagi umumiy saylov - The centre-right coalesced around the Miloddan avvalgi liberal partiya, which won 77 of 79 seats and 57.6% of the popular vote. This essentially rebuilt much of the Socred coalition around the BC Liberal Party. At the same time, the NDP faced significant unpopularity after several scandals (such as the Fast Ferry Scandal ), and failed to break the Liberal majority until 2017.

Kvebek

Ko'p sonli Kvebekdagi umumiy saylovlar have been known characterized by high seat turnovers, with certain ones being considered realigning elections, notably:

• The 1936 yilgi saylov which ended 39 years of Liberal rule, 16 of them recently under Louis-Alexandre Taschereau and saw the rise of Moris Duplessis "s Union Nationale.
• The 1960 yilgi saylov, after the deaths of Duplessis and his successor Pol Suve, which ended 15 continuous years of Union Nationale rule and precipitated its gradual decline. It also ushered in the Jim inqilob ostida Jan Lesaj.
• The 1976 yilgi saylov, ko'rgan Rene Lévesque "s Parti Québécois not only make a breakthrough in the National Assembly, it also drove Robert Bourassa 's Liberals from office. U ham qildi suverenitet the dominant political issue.
• The 1985 yilgi saylov marked the successful political comeback of Bourassa and his Liberals, while also putting sovereignty as an issue to rest until a decade later.
• The 2018 yilgi saylov witnessed the end of the sovereignty-federalist split in Quebec in favour of a Conservative and Nationalist Alternative

The Kvebek Liberal partiyasi (unaffiliated with the federal Liberals since 1955) survived since Confederation but they have faced different opposition parties, several of which had formed the government, often alternating with the Liberals.

• 2007 yil Kvebekdagi umumiy saylov – Ascent of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) to Rasmiy muxolifat holat
  • Da federalist Liberals maintained a plurality in the Kvebek milliy assambleyasi va Jan Charest qoldi Premer, the conservative, Quebec nationalist ADQ successfully replaced the sotsial-demokratik and sovereigntist Parti Québécois as the Official Opposition; prior to this election, the ADQ never had more than five Members of the National Assembly.
• 2008 yil Kvebekdagi umumiy saylov – Return of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ) to third party status
  • The ADQ lost the great majority of the seats they had gained in the previous year. Soon after the election, leader Mario Dyumont resigned and the party fell into a period of disarray.

Since the 1990s, provincial elections in Quebec show increasing voter realignment and volatility in party support.^[67]

Shimoliy Amerikadan tashqarida

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Political realignment"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (Avgust 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Osiyo

• 1977 yil Hindistonda umumiy saylov - Janata partiyasi victory, defeating the Hindiston milliy kongressi
  • Chap qanot Hindiston milliy kongressi, which had led the country to independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 and had won every general election since the first post-independence election in 1952, lost power to the right-wing Janata partiyasi boshchiligidagi Morarji Desai, after the immensely unpopular imposition of Favqulodda vaziyat tomonidan Bosh Vazir Indira Gandi since 1975. Both Indira Gandhi and her son Sanjay o'rindiqlarini yo'qotdilar.
• 1977 yil Isroil qonunchilik saylovi
  • Likud mag'lub bo'ldi Hizalama, boshchiligidagi Isroil Mehnat partiyasi, allowing Likud to lead a government for the first time ever. For the first 29 years of Israel's independence, politics had been dominated by the left-wing parties Labor and its predecessor, Mapai. Prior to this election a hypothetical bloc of right-wing and religious parties would rarely ever approach the threshold of a majority government; however since 1977, a combination of these two blocs have made up the majority of Israel's electorate since then with exceptions of a few elections but no longer running far behind in comparison to pre-1977. Due to corruption in the Labor Party, many former Labor voters defected to the new O'zgarishlar uchun demokratik harakat, which won 15 seats and finished in third place, behind the Likud with 46 seats and Alignment (Labor plus Mapam) with 32 seats. The DMC collapsed within three years, allowing Labor to rebound at the next election. Labor and Likud dominated Israeli politics until 2003 when Labor went into sudden decline due to a backlash against the failed Oslo shartnomalari va kasallikning tarqalishi Ikkinchi intifada.
• 2000 yil Tayvanda prezidentlik saylovi — Chen Shui-bian
  • Though more popular and consistently ranked higher in the polls, Jeyms Soong failed to gain the ruling Gomintang 's (KMT) nomination over incumbent Vice President Lien Chan. As a result, he announced his candidacy as an independent candidate, and was consequently expelled from the party. The split in the KMT vote resulted in a victory for Chen Shui-bian ning Demokratik taraqqiyot partiyasi, even though he won only 39% of the popular vote. After the election, Soong founded the Odamlar birinchi partiyasi, which attracted members from the KMT and the pro-unification Yangi partiya, which was by that time beginning to fade. Angry from the defeat, the KMT expelled chairman Li Teng Xu, who was president until 2000 and was widely suspected of causing the KMT split so that Chen would win. Lee then founded the pro-independence Tayvan birdamlik ittifoqi. The impact of these events changed the political landscape of Taiwan. Not only did the KMT lose the presidency for the first time in half a century, but its policies swung away from Lee's influence and it began intra-party reform. The two newly founded parties became far more viable than other minor parties in the past, and the multi-party nature of Taiwan's politics was confirmed by the legislative elections of 2001. The KMT would not return to power until 2008 under the leadership of Ma Ying-Tsyu.
• 2002 yil Turkiya umumiy saylovi — Adolat va taraqqiyot partiyasi g'alaba
  • This election was notable in that every party in the previous Turkiya Buyuk Milliy Majlisi was ejected from Parliament, as none of them crossed the 10% threshold. This not only included the governing coalition of the Demokratik chap partiya, Vatan partiyasi va Milliyatchi harakat partiyasi, but the largest opposition party, the Haqiqiy yo'l partiyasi. The AKP, which formed the government following this election, has dominated Turkish politics ever since.
• 2006 Palestinian legislative election (Falastin milliy ma'muriyati ) — HAMAS g'alaba; Ismoil Xaniya Bosh Vazir
  • In January 2006 the militant HAMAS organisation, classified as a terrorist group by the United States government and other groups, won a landslide victory over the ruling Fatoh party which had been in power under the leadership of former PLO chairman Yosir Arafat. The Bush ma'muriyati, Kvartet va Isroil all threatened to cut off foreign aid to the Palestinian Authority if Hamas refused to abandon terrorist tactics and recognise the right of the State of Israel to exist. This concession, though discussed in Hamas circles, did not come about soon enough to prevent a serious breakdown in services under Hamas government, and Western (especially American) support of Fatah paramilitaries eventually led to the breakout of the Fath-Xamas to'qnashuvi (termed a "Palestinian Civil War" by some) in December 2006. The Hamas government was suspended by PA President Mahmud Abbos, a member of Fatah, after some weeks of fighting, and installed a caretaker government under the leadership of Salam Fayyod.
• 2020 yil Janubiy Koreyada qonunchilik saylovi — Demokratik g'alaba^[68][69]
  • The ruling liberal Democratic Party of President Mun Chje In and its allies won a landslide victory with the largest number of seats for any political party in South Korean history with 180 of 300 seats in the Milliy assambleya. This was also the worst showing for conservative parties in history and marked a fourth consecutive election defeat with the 2016 Assembly elections, the 2017 presidential election and 2018 local government elections. Previously, liberal administrations governed but in alliances with moderate conservatives or with a divided conservative opposition. Factors leading to this result included: the negative association of conservatives with the 2008-17 rule of Presidents Park Kin Xe va Li Myon Bak who were jailed for corruption and continued division over Park's impeachment between party factions.^[70]

Evropa

• 1918 yil Irlandiyada umumiy saylov — Sinn Feyn g'alaba
  • For the previous four decades, Irish politics had been dominated by the moderate millatchi Irlandiya parlament partiyasi, which sought Uy qoidalari ichida Birlashgan Qirollik. The 1918 general election was a landslide victory for the respublika Sinn Feyn party, which won nearly 70% of the seats. The new Sinn Féin MPs refused to take their seats in the Jamiyat palatasi, and instead set up their own republican assembly called Dail Éireann. This assembly issued a unilateral Declaration of Independence, which led to the start of the Mustaqillik urushi and eventually led to Irish independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. The Irish Parliamentary Party never recovered from this defeat. The two largest parties in Ireland, Fianna Fayl va Nozik Gael, originated from splits in the Sinn Féin party which won the election of 1918.
• 1922 yil Birlashgan Qirollikning umumiy saylovi - Konservativ g'alaba; Bonar qonuni Bosh Vazir
  • This election marked the Conservatives' first general election victory since 1900. Eng muhimi, Mehnat partiyasi passed the two wings of the Liberallar to become the Loyal Opposition for the first time ever. For over 200 years, the Liberals and Conservatives (and their antecedents; Tory and Whig parties) had been the UK's two major parties. However, the 1922 general election saw Labour overtake the Liberals in the political landscape. Labour and the Conservatives have been the UK's two major parties since then, and government has alternated only between the two parties ever since. The Liberals (now the Liberal-demokratlar ) would not become a major force in UK politics again until 2010, when rebranded as the Liberal-demokratlar, they formed a coalition government with the Conservatives. However, the success proved to be an aberration and the Lib Dems were defeated in a landslide at the 2015 yilgi umumiy saylovlar; going from 57 MPs to just 8. They were overtaken as the official UK third party by the Shotlandiya milliy partiyasi (SNP) in terms of seat numbers, following their landslide victory of 56 seats in Scotland.
• 1932 yil Irlandiyada umumiy saylov — Fianna Fayl g'alaba; Éamon de Valera Ijroiya kengashining prezidenti
  • This election resulted in Fianna Fáil, led by Éamon de Valera, becoming the largest party in Dail Éireann birinchi marta. Fianna Fáil remained in power for the next sixteen years and remained the largest party in the lower house of the Oireachtas for the next 79 years, serving as the government more than 58 of those years.
• 1973 yil Daniya umumiy saylovi — Poul Xartling Bosh Vazir
  • The 1973 Danish general election is referred to as the Ko'chkilarga saylov (Daniya: Jordskredsvalget), as five new or previously unrepresented parties won seats, and more than half the members of the parliament were replaced. The Sotsial-demokratik partiya, which had led a minority government until this election, lost one-third of their seats. Saylovdan so'ng, Poul Xartling, the leader of the liberal Venstre, formed the smallest minority government in Danish history with only 22 seats, supported by the Taraqqiyot partiyasi, Konservativ Xalq partiyasi, Ijtimoiy liberal partiya, Markaz demokratlari va Xristian xalq partiyasi.
• 1979 yil Birlashgan Qirollikning umumiy saylovlari — Konservativ g'alaba; Margaret Tetcher Bosh Vazir
  • This election brought the Conservatives into government where they remained for eighteen uninterrupted years. Thatcher's policies of monetarizm va xususiylashtirish represented a very different strand of Conservatism to that of previous governments and a bold shift from the urushdan keyingi kelishuv that had existed since 1945. The shockwaves led to a new centrist party being formed by some disenchanted Labour MPs (the SDP ) in 1981, and a long period in opposition for Mehnat, during which; they abandoned many socialist policies (notably IV modda himoya qilgan umumiy mulk ) and were transformed into "Yangi mehnat " before they returned to government in a landslide victory at the 1997 general election under the leadership of Toni Bler. At a more base level, it led to a shift in voting patterns as the traditional class-based voting started to break down and many of the working classes (in particular skilled workers, homeowners and those in southern England) voted Conservative, whilst at the same time many public sector professionals shifted their support to Labour.
• 1982 yil Ispaniyada umumiy saylov — Ispaniya sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi (PSOE) victory
  • This election saw the ruling Demokratik markaz ittifoqi (UCD), the party that had shepherded the country through its demokratiyaga o'tish, nearly wiped out. The UCD fell to only 11 seats, being replaced as the main non-socialist party by the Xalq alyansi (AP), and would dissolve itself as a party shortly after the election. The PSOE and AP—later transformed into the Xalq partiyasi (PP)—would went on to dominate Spanish politics for the next three decades. At the same time, the PSOE would establish itself as the hukmron partiya of Spanish politics until the 1996 yilgi umumiy saylov.
• 1994 yil Italiyada umumiy saylov — Forza Italia /Ozodlik qutblari g'alaba
  • This election resulted in the near-destruction of the Italiya Xalq partiyasi (qayta nomlandi Xristian-demokratlar ), which had been the largest party in the country since 1946. The Italiya sotsialistik partiyasi, a major coalition partner for the last thirty years, was decimated as well.
• 2005 yil Polsha parlament saylovi
  • The elections resulted in a widely expected heavy defeat for the post-Communist Demokratik chap ittifoq government, with conservative parties such as Qonun va adolat va Fuqarolik platformasi emerging as the dominant parties in Poland.
• 2010 yil Vengriyada parlament saylovi
  • The election resulted the landslide victory of the Fidesz, gaining a two-thirds majority, while long-time rival, the Vengriya sotsialistik partiyasi (MSZP) had drastically weakened, ending the amalda two-party system. Two major parties of the "rejim o'zgarishi ", the MDF va SZDSZ lost their all parliamentary seats.
• 2011 yil Irlandiyada umumiy saylov
  • Fianna Fayl, who had governed Ireland for most of the post-independence era, were heavily defeated at the election following anger over the Irish financial crisis. Birinchi marta, Nozik Gael overtook Fianna Fáil to win the most votes and seats, while Fianna Fáil fell from first place to third place, in terms of both votes and seats. Fine Gael and the second largest party in the Dail, Mehnat partiyasi formed a coalition government.
• 2012 yil may oyida Yunoniston qonunchilik saylovlari
  • Greece's two main political parties since the restoration of democracy in 1974, Yangi demokratiya va Panhellenic sotsialistik harakati (PASOK), saw a combined fall in support from nearly 80% in 2009 to just one-third for their role in supporting austerity measures to alleviate the Greek government-debt crisis. At this election, PASOK fell dramatically from first place to third place. This election also saw the shift of left-leaning support to the Eurosceptic Radikal chap koalitsiya (SYRIZA) which has at been the forefront of opposition to the austerity measures and to the neoliberal economic policies of the Yevropa Ittifoqi.
• 2017 yil Frantsiya prezidenti saylovi
  • Neither the mainstream left Sotsialistik partiya nor the mainstream right Respublikachilar made the second round of voting, the first time since the Ikkinchi jahon urushi that both of the formerly dominant strands of French politics have not been represented. Instead, the two leading candidates – the eventual winner, markazchi liberal Evropa tarafdori Emmanuel Makron ning En Marche va o'ta o'ng Evroseptik Dengiz Le Pen ning Milliy front – were identified by many analysts as representing a new open–closed political spectrum between conservative protectionism and liberal globalism.^[71]

lotin Amerikasi

• 2002 yil Braziliyada umumiy saylov — Luis Inácio Lula da Silva Prezident
  • According to political theorist and former spokesman of the Brazilian Presidency (2003–2007) André Singer, the rise to power of the Worker's Party (PT) and the subsequent creation and expansion of income redistribution policies (Bolsa Familiya, minimum wage increases, etc.) has realigned the Brazilian political scene. Even in the event of an PT's electoral defeat, it is argued, no president would risk reverting Lula's programs, for fear of the reaction of the lower classes.^[72] Lula's victory in 2002 marked the beginning of the first left-wing government since 1964.
• 1930 Colombian presidential election - Enrike Olaya Errera Prezident
  • After a 44-year domination in national politics by the Konservativ partiya (since 1886), the division of the conservative ticket (along with the economic crisis and the Banana qirg'ini ) caused the first victory of the Liberal partiya yarim asrda. This was the start of the period known as "Liberal Republic", in which the liberals kept the presidency for 16 years. Furthermore, this also started a winning-strike in legislative elections that would last until 2006, with the liberals winning in all elections they participated in with either a majority or plurality, being the first force in Kongress in 68 out of 75 years.
• 1998 yil Venesuela prezidentlik saylovi — Hugo Chávez Frías Prezident
  • The result meant the end of the Puntofijismo that had dominated the political atmosphere of the country in the last 40 years and the beginning of the dominance of the new MVR party, later renamed PSUV.
• 2018 yil Braziliyada umumiy saylov — Jair Bolsonaro saylandi Prezident, ending 15 years of Ishchilar partiyasi qoida Anger over the previous administration's failure to tackle widespread corruption and other crises engulfing Brazil handed the conservative politician victory. ^{[73] [74]}

Okeaniya

Avstraliya

• 1910 yil Avstraliya federal saylovi — Mehnat g'alaba; Endryu Fisher Bosh Vazir
  • Ning birlashishi Protektsionistlar partiyasi and the Anti-Socialist Party (originally the Erkin savdo partiyasi ) ichiga Hamdo'stlik Liberal partiyasi earlier in 1909 made this election the first under what would become a ikki partiyali tizim. It also marked the first elected ko'pchilik hukumat federally.
• 1949 yil Avstraliya federal saylovi — Liberal g'alaba; Robert Menzies Bosh Vazir
  • The first time the Liberal Party won government federally (predecessors including the Commonwealth Liberal Party and the Birlashgan Avstraliya partiyasi ), and it marked the start of twenty-three years of Liberal government and sixteen years of Menzies kabi Bosh Vazir (he had earlier been PM for two years from 1939). No party has held government continuously for a longer, nor has anybody been Prime Minister for longer O'shandan beri.
• 1972 yil Avstraliya federal saylovi – Mehnat g'alaba; Gou Uitlam Bosh Vazir
  • After twenty-three years of Liberal rule, the Labor Party took power in 1972, with the slogan, 'It's Time'. The significance of this election was broader than merely a change of partisan rule; new issues, such as the environment, Aboriginal affairs, abortion, multiculturalism, and a broader acceptance of state spending, resulted from the Whitlam government, which in many respects created a bipartisan consensus on major issues of social policy. Although the Whitlam government was relatively brief, its policy legacy—in creating new government policies for society and culture—lasted in many respects to the 1996 yilgi saylov, and even to the present day.
• 1983 yil Avstraliya federal saylovi – Mehnat g'alaba; Bob Xok Bosh Vazir
  • Unseating the Freyzer government, thirteen years of Labor government followed, marking the longest continuous Labor government and the longest period of the Koalitsiya oppozitsiyada. During Labor's time in government, policies and economic reforms were enacted that moved Australia to a less protectionist, more globalised economy, which included the Narxlar va daromadlar bo'yicha kelishuv (Unions agreeing to restrict wage demands in return for lower inflyatsiya ); floating the Australian dollar, permitted foreign owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantling the tariff system, and the sale of the state-owned Avstraliya Hamdo'stlik banki, Optus, Qantas va CSL Limited.
• 1996 yil Avstraliya federal saylovi – Liberal g'alaba; Jon Xovard Bosh Vazir
  • The recent Australian political spectrum has consisted of two major parties, the conservative Avstraliya Liberal partiyasi and the democratic socialist Avstraliya Mehnat partiyasi (ALP) although as of late Labor has been more aligned with the uchinchi yo'l. This election followed Labor's re-election in the 1993 yilgi saylov which was termed the "unwinnable election" for the Labor Prime Minister Pol Kitting. Bu oxirini belgilab qo'ydi Xok /Keating Labor government which had been in power for 13 years. During this time the conservative Liberal party had undergone several failed leadership changes including Endryu Tovus yilda 1984 va 1990, John Howard in 1987 va Jon Xevson yilda 1993. The 1996 election saw the ALP lose 31 seats in the Vakillar palatasi bilan ikki tomon afzal result of 46.37%, the lowest for Labor since 1934. The 1996 election was significantly influenced by the demographic coined as the Howard's battlers. These were traditionally lower middle-class Labor party voters who felt that the ALP was no longer giving them the recognition they deserve. Notorious demographics which fell in 1996 were outer suburb ipoteka kamari maydonlar. Howard's battlers played a part in the 2007 yilgi saylov where the ALP under Kevin Rud was returned to power. Large gains made by Labor took place in many of former Liberal strongholds in the mortgage belt due to various issues common with the 1996 election in terms of general dissatisfaction as well as high foiz stavkalari.

Kvinslend

• 1915 yil Kvinslend shtatiga saylov — Mehnat g'alaba; T.J.Rayan Kvinslend Premer-ligasi
  • Labor forms majority government in Queensland for the first time, and would win 13 out of 14 state elections (the exception being in 1929 ) ga qadar ALP-DLP split resulted in the expulsion of Labor Premier Vince Gair from the ALP in 1957.
• 1957 yil Kvinslend shtatiga saylov — Mamlakat /Liberal Coalition victory; Frank Niklin Kvinslend Premer-ligasi
  • The Country Party forms majority government in Queensland in coalition with the Liberal Party after the split of the ruling Labor Party. The Country Party would be in Government in Queensland for the next 32 years and 11 state elections during this period, with 19 years under the premiership of Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen as the longest serving Premier of Queensland. The Country/National Party would even win a parliamentary majority in its own right at the Queensland state elections in 1983 va 1986, the only occasions where the party has governed a State or Territory of Australia without being in Coalition with the Liberal Party.
• 1989 yil Kvinslend shtatiga saylov — Mehnat g'alaba; Ueyn Goss Kvinslend Premer-ligasi.
  • Labor forms majority government in Queensland for the first time since 1957, after the Fitzgerald Inquiry into police and political corruption results in the resignation of Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen and the collapse in support for the National Party which ruled from 1957 until 1989. Labor has won 11 out of the 12 Queensland state elections since 1989, the exception being in 2012, only twice have the Liberal/National coalition formed government under Rob Borbidj (1996-1998) and Kempbell Nyuman (2012-2015).

Yangi Zelandiya

• 1890 yil Yangi Zelandiyada umumiy saylov – Liberal g'alaba; Jon Ballans Bosh Vazir
  • Hokimiyatiga kelishi Liberal partiya is heralded as a major milestone in New Zealand history. It marked the beginning of proper party politics in New Zealand. While groupings of 'Liberal' and 'Conservative' politicians date back to the 1870s they were more akin to loose factions rather than properly organised parties. Massive economic and social reforms took place following 1890 with a progressive land tax partnered with leasehold sponsorship to stimulate agriculture which recovered the country from the Uzoq depressiya. Ballance's successor Richard Seddon carried on reforms concentrating largely on establishing welfare. Arguably the Liberal's most famous and important achievement was the enfranchisement of women, a major social upheaval which saw New Zealand become the first country in the world to allow women to vote.
• 1935 yil Yangi Zelandiyada umumiy saylov – Mehnat g'alaba; Maykl Jozef Savage Bosh Vazir
  • The 1935 election brought Labour to power for the first time. Huge economic change resulted from their entry into office at the height of the Katta depressiya which was to remain in place for half a century. A generous welfare system labeled as "ijtimoiy Havfsizlik "qo'zg'atildi va mamlakatda mavjud bo'lgan erkin bozor iqtisodiyoti a foydasiga butunlay tark etildi Keynscha yuqori ish haqi, ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchun kafolatlangan narxlar va ish joylarini yaratish uchun mahalliy ishlab chiqarishga e'tibor berish asosida tizim. Hukumat siyosati uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, natijada yana bir g'alaba qozondi 1938. Siyosiy manzara ham o'zgarishi kerak edi, chunki uch partiya davri Birlashgan va Islohot partiyalar (1931-1935 yillarda koalitsiya tuzgan) butunlay yangisiga birlashmoqda Milliy partiya Bugungi kunga qadar Leyboristlarning asosiy raqibi bo'lib kelmoqda, ikkalasi ham o'sha paytdan beri na hukumatni, na muxolifatni bosib olgan.
• 1984 yil Yangi Zelandiyada umumiy saylov – Mehnat g'alaba; Devid Lange Bosh Vazir
  • Saylovi Mehnat hukumati Devid Lange rahbarligida va Rojer Duglas, olib keldi tub iqtisodiy islohot, Yangi Zelandiyani, ehtimol, har qanday kapitalistik demokratiyaning eng himoyalangan, tartibga solinadigan va davlat hukmronligi tizimidan biri bo'lgan tizimdan spektrning ochiq, raqobatbardosh va erkin bozorida o'ta mavqega ko'tarish. Ijtimoiy siyosat, shuningdek, Yangi Zelandiyaning asosan ijtimoiy jihatdan konservativ dunyoqarashi, Lange hukumati siyosatining liberal qarashlari bilan qayta shakllanishi bilan keskin o'zgarishga olib keldi, masalan, o'tgan yillar kabi siyosat. yadroga qarshi qonunchilik va gomoseksualizmni qonuniylashtirish. Yangi Zelandiya Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan sodiqligidan voz kechishi, asosan yadroga qarshi siyosat masalasida tashqi aloqalar ham keskin o'zgarib ketdi va bu ularning chetlatilishi bilan yakunlandi. ANZUS AQSh tomonidan ham, Avstraliya tomonidan ham.
• 1996 yil Yangi Zelandiyada umumiy saylov – Milliy –Birinchi Yangi Zelandiya koalitsiya g'alabasi; Jim Bolger Bosh Vazir
  • 1996 yilgi saylov yangi saylovda birinchi bo'lib o'tkazildi aralash a'zolar mutanosibligi (MMP) ovoz berish tizimi, 1992 va 1993 yillarda bo'lib o'tgan ikkita referendumdan so'ng joriy qilingan va ikki partiyali davrdan yangi ko'p partiyaviy davrga o'tishni bildirgan.

Shuningdek qarang

• 19-asrdagi Amerika saylov kampaniyalari
• Ikkinchi partiya tizimi
• Uchinchi tomon tizimi
• Beshinchi partiya tizimi
• To'lqinli saylov

Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Vagner, Metyu L. va Pol Uayt Jr. Partiyalar va demokratik o'tish: hukmron va gegemon partiyalarning pasayishi (2014).

Evropa

• Xeppell, Tim. "Devid Kemeronning konservativ partiyasi rahbariyati: Heresthetika va Britaniya siyosatining yo'nalishi". Britaniya siyosati 8#3 (2013): 260–284.
• Xetcheson, Derek S. "Psixologiya seysmologiyasi:" Zilzila saylovlari "Folketingdan Dailgacha". Vakillik 47#4 (2011): 471–488.
• Keil, Silke va Oskar Gabriel. "2011 yil Baden-Vyurtemberg shtatidagi saylov: siyosiy ko'chki." Germaniya siyosati 21.2 (2012): 239–246.
• Uayt, Timoti J. "2011 yilgi Irlandiyadagi umumiy saylovlar: tanqidiy, xayoliy, deviatsiya yoki boshqa biron bir narsa?." Irlandiya davlat siyosati jurnali 3.2 (2011).

Kanada

• Jonston, Richard. "Kanadada tekislash, qayta yo'naltirish va kelishuv: yuqoridan ko'rinish". Kanada siyosiy fanlar jurnali 46.02 (2013): 245–271.
• Koop, Roys va Amanda Bittner. "2011 yildan keyingi partiyalar va saylovlar Kanadadagi beshinchi partiya tizimi?." Partiyalar, saylovlar va Kanada siyosatining kelajagi "(2013): 308+
• LeDuk, Lourens. "Kanadadagi federal saylovlar, 2011 yil may." Saylovga oid tadqiqotlar 31.1 (2012): 239–242.

Qo'shma Shtatlar

• Abramovits, Alan I. va Kayl L. Sonders. 1998. "AQSh elektoratidagi mafkuraviy yo'nalish." Siyosat jurnali 60 (3): 634-652.
• Aldrich, Jon H. 1995. Nega partiyalar? Amerikada partiya siyosatining kelib chiqishi va o'zgarishi. Chikago: Chikago universiteti matbuoti.
• Aldrich, Jon H. 2000. "Davlat va millatdagi janubiy siyosat". Siyosat jurnali 62: 643–670.
• Bullok, Charlz S. III, Donna R. Xofman va Ronald Keyt Gaddi, "Amerika siyosatining mintaqaviy o'zgarishlari, 1944-2004", Ijtimoiy fanlar har chorakda v 87 # 3 (2006 yil sentyabr) 494+ bet; 1944 yildan beri har bir mintaqada turli xil naqshlar bilan ish olib borishda tanqidiy va dunyoviy o'zgarishlarni topadi. ​​Shimoliy-sharqiy va Tinch okeanidagi G'arbda respublika gegemoniyasining qulashini ta'kidlaydi. 1994 yilgi saylov haqiqiy saylov edi.
• Bernxem, Valter Dekan. Tanqidiy saylovlar va Amerika siyosatining asosiy manbalari (1970) (ISBN  0-393-09962-8)
• Bernxem, Valter Dekan. "Davriylashtirish sxemalari va" partiyaviy tizimlar ":" 1896 yil tizimi "misol sifatida" Ijtimoiy fanlar tarixi, Vol. 10, № 3, (Kuz, 1986), 263-314 betlar. JSTOR-da
• Chambers, Uilyam Nisbet va Uolter Din Bernxem, nashr. Amerika partiyasi tizimlari: siyosiy rivojlanish bosqichlari (1968) (ISBN  0-19-631662-6)
• Karmines, Edvard G. va Jeyms A. Stimson. 1989 yil. Evolyutsiya soni: irq va Amerika siyosatining o'zgarishi. (ISBN  0-691-07802-5)
• Klub, Jerom M., Uilyam X. Flanigan, Nensi X Zingale. Partizanlarni boshqarish: Amerika tarixidagi saylovchilar, partiyalar va hukumat (1990)
• Kanningem, Shon P. Kovboy konservatizmi: Texas va zamonaviy huquqning ko'tarilishi (2010)
• DiStefano, Frank J. Keyingi kelishuv: Amerikaning partiyalari nima uchun qulab tushmoqda va keyin nima bo'ladi (2019). (ISBN  9781633885080)
• Gerring, Jon. Amerikadagi partiya mafkuralari, 1828–1996 1998. (ISBN  0-521-78590-1)
• Gienap, Uilyam E. Respublikachilar partiyasining kelib chiqishi, 1852–1856 1987. (ISBN  0-19-505501-2)
• Xolt, Maykl F. "Yangi siyosiy tarix va fuqarolar urushi davri", Amerika tarixidagi sharhlar, Vol. 13, № 1 (mart, 1985), 60-69 betlar JSTOR-da </
• Jensen, Richard J.. Grass ildizlari siyosati: partiyalar, masalalar va saylovchilar, 1854-1983. Westport: Grinvud, 1983. (ISBN  0-8371-6382-X)
• Jensen, Richard. O'rta g'arbiy g'alaba: ijtimoiy va siyosiy ziddiyat, 1888–1896 1971. (ISBN  0-226-39825-0)
• Jenkins, Shannon, Duglas D. Roscoe, John P. Frendreis va Alan R. Gitelson. 2006. "Inqilobdan keyin o'n yil: 1994 va hukumatning partiyaviy nazorati" Green and Coffey, Tomonlar davlati, 5-nashr. (ISBN  0-7425-5322-1)
• Kalit, V.O. "Muhim saylovlar nazariyasi". Siyosat jurnali, 1955. 17: 3–18.
• Kleppner, Pol ed. Amerika saylov tizimlari evolyutsiyasi (1981) (ISBN  0-313-21379-8)
• Kichik Ladd, Everett Karl, Charlz D. Xedli bilan. Amerika partiya tizimining o'zgarishi: Yangi bitimdan 1970 yillarga qadar bo'lgan siyosiy koalitsiyalar 2 ed. (1978). (ISBN  0-393-09065-5)
• Lixtman, Allan J. "Tanqidiy saylovlar nazariyasi va Amerika prezident siyosatining haqiqati, 1916–40". Amerika tarixiy sharhi (1976) 81: 317-348. JSTOR-da
• Lichtman, Allan J. "XIX asr oxirida Amerikada siyosiy hayot va" etnomadaniy "ovoz berish". Ijtimoiy tarix jurnali, Jild 16, № 3 (Bahor, 1983), 55-82 betlar JSTOR-da
• Manza, Jeff va Klem Bruks; Ijtimoiy bo'linishlar va siyosiy o'zgarishlar: saylovchilarning kelishuvi va AQSh partiyalari koalitsiyalari, Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 1999 (ISBN  0-19-829492-1)
• Makkormik, Richard P. Ikkinchi Amerika partiya tizimi: Jekson davridagi partiyalarning shakllanishi 1966. (ISBN  0-393-00680-8)
• Maisel, L. Sandy, ed. Qo'shma Shtatlardagi siyosiy partiyalar va saylovlar: Entsiklopediya. 1991. (ISBN  0-8240-7975-2)
• Mayhew, Devid R. Saylovlar: Amerika janrini tanqid qilish. 2004. (ISBN  0-300-09336-5)
• Polson, Artur. Saylovni muvofiqlashtirish va Amerika demokratiyasining istiqboli (2006) (ISBN  1-55553-667-0)
• Rozenof, Teodor. Haqiqat: Amerika siyosati haqida fikrlash tarzimizni o'zgartirgan nazariya (2003) (ISBN  0-7425-3105-8)
• Rapoport, Ronald va Valter Stoun. 2005 yil. Uch kishi olomon: Uchinchi tomonlarning dinamikasi, Ross Perot va respublikachilarning qayta tiklanishi. (ISBN  0-472-11453-0)
• Sonders, Kayl L. va Alan I. Abramovits. 2004. "Amerika elektoratidagi mafkuraviy qayta qurish va faol partizanlar". Amerika siyosati tadqiqotlari 32 (3): 285-309.
• Shafer, Bayron (tahrir). 1991. "Tanqidiy realizatsiya: O'likmi yoki tirikmi?" yilda Hukmronlikning oxiri (Viskonsin universiteti matbuoti)
• Shlozman, Doniyor. Qachonki harakatlar partiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi: Amerika tarixidagi saylovlar bo'yicha kelishuvlar (Princeton University Press, 2015) xiv, 267 bet.
• Shafer, Bayron E. va Entoni J. Badger, nashr. Raqobatdosh demokratiya: Amerika siyosiy tarixidagi modda va tuzilish, 1775–2000 (2001) (ISBN  0-7006-1139-8)
• Sternsher, Bernard. "Yangi bitim partiyasi tizimi: qayta baholash" Fanlararo tarix jurnali v.15 # 1 (Yoz, 1984), 53-81 betlar JSTOR
• Silbey, Joel. Amerika siyosiy millati, 1838–1893. Stenford: Stenford universiteti matbuoti, 1991. (ISBN  0-8047-2338-9)
• Sundquist, Jeyms L. Partiya tizimining dinamikasi: Qo'shma Shtatlardagi siyosiy partiyalarning uyg'unligi va muvofiqlashuvi (1983) onlayn
• Trend, Shon (2012). Yo'qotilgan ko'pchilik: Nima uchun hukumat kelajagi azob chekmoqda - va uni kim oladi. Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN  978-0230116467.

Tashqi havolalar

• Yangi millat ovozi: 1787–1825 yillarda Amerika saylovlarining qaytishi