Trent daryosi - River Trent

Trent daryosi
Trent ko'prigi, ortda Nottingem
The drenaj havzasi Trent daryosi
Manzil
Mamlakat	Birlashgan Qirollik
Buyuk Britaniya tarkibidagi mamlakat	Angliya
Grafliklar	Staffordshire, Derbishir, Lestershir, Nottingemshir, Linkolnshir, Yorkshir
Shaharlar	Stok-on-Trent, Nottingem
Shaharlar	Tosh, Rugli, Berton-Trent, Nyark-on-Trent, Geynsboro
Jismoniy xususiyatlar
Manba
• Manzil	Biddulf Mur, Staffordshire, Angliya
• koordinatalar	53 ° 06′58 ″ N. 02 ° 08′25 ″ V / 53.11611 ° N 2.14028 ° Vt / 53.11611; -2.14028
• balandlik	275 m (902 fut)
Og'iz
• Manzil	Trent sharsharasi, Humber Estuary, Linkolnshir, Angliya
• koordinatalar	53 ° 42′03 ″ N. 00 ° 41′28 ″ V / 53.70083 ° N 0.69111 ° Vt / 53.70083; -0.69111Koordinatalar: 53 ° 42′03 ″ N. 00 ° 41′28 ″ V / 53.70083 ° N 0.69111 ° Vt / 53.70083; -0.69111
• balandlik	0 m (0 fut)
Uzunlik	298 km (185 milya)
Havzaning kattaligi	10,435 km2 (4,029 kvadrat milya)[1][a]
Chiqish
• Manzil	Kolvik[3]
• o'rtacha	84 m3/ s (3000 kub fut / s)[3]
• eng kam	15 m3/ s (530 kub fut / s)[3][b]
• maksimal	1018 m3/ s (36000 kub fut / s)[4][c]
Chiqish
• Manzil	Shimoliy Muskham
• o'rtacha	88 m3/ s (3100 kub fut / s)
Havzaning xususiyatlari
Daryolar
• chap	Bleyt, Qasamyod qilish, Kabutar, Derwent, Erewash, Leen, Salom, Bo'sh, Torn
• to'g'ri	Sow, Tame, Mease, Parvoz, Devon, Eau
Progression: Trent daryosi - Humber — Shimoliy dengiz

Trent Xollin Vuddagi sun'iy palapartishlikdan o'tib, uning manbaidan pastda joylashgan.

The Trent daryosi bo'ladi eng uzun uchinchi daryo ichida Birlashgan Qirollik. Uning manba ichida Staffordshire janubiy chekkasida Biddulf Mur. U metropolitenning markaziy va shimoliy qismidan oqib o'tadi va quritadi Midlands manbalaridan janub va sharqda Stok-on-Trent shimolida joylashgan. Daryo bo'ronlar va bahorgi qor eritishidan keyin keskin toshqin bilan mashhur bo'lib, o'tgan vaqtlarda daryoning yo'nalishini o'zgartirishga olib kelgan.

Daryo o'tadi Stok-on-Trent, Tosh, Rugli, Berton-Trent va Nottingem ga qo'shilishdan oldin Ouse daryosi da Trent sharsharasi shakllantirish Humber Ichiga quyiladigan Estuariya Shimoliy dengiz o'rtasida Hull yilda Yorkshir va Immingem yilda Linkolnshir. Daryoning oqimi ko'pincha Midland va Angliyaning shimollari o'rtasidagi chegara deb ta'riflangan.^[5][6]

Ism

"Trent" nomi, ehtimol, "kuchli toshqin" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi roman-inglizcha so'zdan olingan. Aniqrog'i, bu ism ikki romano-inglizcha so'zlarning qisqarishi bo'lishi mumkin, tros ("tugadi") va hynt ("yo'l").^[7] Bu haqiqatan ham toshqinlarga moyil bo'lgan daryoni ko'rsatishi mumkin. Ammo, ehtimol bu asosan daryodan o'tishi mumkin bo'lgan daryo deb hisoblangan bo'lishi mumkin fords, ya'ni daryo katta yo'l marshrutlari bo'ylab oqardi. Bu roman-ingliz elementining mavjudligini tushuntirishi mumkin xalos (Uels) rhid, "ford") Trent bo'ylab turli xil joy nomlarida, masalan Hill Ridware, shuningdek, qadimgi ingliz tilidan olingan ford. Boshqa bir tarjima "buzg'unchi" deb berilgan bo'lib, er usti ustidan suv toshib ketganligi haqida gap boradi.^[8] Kochning so'zlariga ko'ra Uels universiteti,^[9] ism Trent dan kelib chiqadi Romano-ingliz Trisantona, a Romano-ingliz birlashtirilgan elementlarning refleksi *uch marta yuborilgan (o) -on-ā- (o'tish yo'li-kuchaytiruvchi -ayol -) "katta yo'l".^[9] An'anaviy, ammo deyarli shubhali fikr Izaak Uoltonning fikri Kompleat baliqchisi (1653) Trent "... unda uchraydigan o'ttiz turdagi baliqlardan shunday nomlangan yoki buning uchun u o'ttiz kamroq daryolarni qabul qiladi".^[10]

Kurs

Trent balandlikda ko'tariladi Staffordshire Murlands tuman, Biddulf Moor qishlog'i yaqinida, Trent Xed qudug'i, shu jumladan bir qator manbalardan. Keyin u boshqa kichik oqimlar bilan birlashib, Trent boshini hosil qiladi, u janubdan oqib o'tadigan yo'nalish bo'yicha yagona suv omboriga boradi. Kypersli. Suv omborining quyi qismida u Stok-on-Trent orqali o'tib, Lyma, Foulea va boshqa "oltita shaharni" quritadigan ariqlarga qo'shilib ketadi. Staffordshire kulolchilik idishlari Trent daryosiga aylanish. Stokning janubiy chekkalarida u peyzajlangan park maydonidan o'tadi Trentham bog'lari.^[11]

Swarkestone ko'prigi

Keyin daryo toshbo'ron shaharchasi orqali janubda davom etadi va qishloqni bosib o'tganidan keyin Tuz, etib boradi Buyuk Xeyvud, bu erda u 16-asrga to'g'ri keladi Esseks ko'prigi yaqin Shugboro zali. Shu nuqtada Daryo ekish unga qo'shiladi Stafford. Trent hozirgi kunda shaharcha yonidan janubi-sharqqa oqib o'tadi Rugli u yetguncha Shohlar Bromli qaerda u Blithe bilan uchrashadi. Swarbourn bilan birlashgandan so'ng, u o'tadi Alrewas va Vichnorga etib boradi, u erdan kesib o'tgan A38 Rim marshruti bo'ylab harakatlanadigan ikki tomonlama yo'l Ryknild ko'chasi. Daryo shimoliy-sharqqa buriladi va u erga uning eng katta irmog'i The qo'shiladi Tame (bu avvalgi uzunligi qisqaroq bo'lsa-da, aslida bu kattaroq) va darhol keyin Mease, endi keng suv toshqini orqali oqadigan katta daryoni yaratish.

Daryo shimoliy-sharqda davom etib, qishloqdan o'tadi Uolton-on-Trent qadar katta shaharchaga yetguncha Berton-Trent. Bertondagi daryoni ko'plab ko'priklar kesib o'tadi, shu jumladan, bezatilgan 19-asr Parom ko'prigi bu havolalar Stapenhill shaharchaga.^[11] Bertonning shimoliy-sharqida daryo bilan qo'shiladi Daryo kabuti da Nyuton Solni va kiradi Derbishir, ning qishloqlari orasidan o'tmasdan oldin Uillington va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sharqqa burilish uchun Repton Swarkestone ko'prigi. Ko'p o'tmay, daryo Derbishirga aylanadi.Lestershir chegara, an'anaviy o'tish punktidan o'tib Qirol tegirmoni, Donington qal'asi, Veston-on-Trent va Aston-on-Trent.^[11]

Da Shardlo, qaerda Trent va Mersi kanali boshlanadi, daryo ham Derwent Mouth-da Derwent bilan uchrashadi. Ushbu qo'shilishdan keyin daryo shimoliy-sharqqa burilib, bilan qo'shiladi Parvoz tomonidan qo'shilgan Nottingem chetiga etib borishdan oldin Erewash yaqinida Attenboro qo'riqxona va Nottingemshirga kiradi. Shaharga kirib, shahar atrofidan o'tib ketadi Beeston, Klifton va Uilford; unga Leen qo'shilgan joyda. Yetib borayotganda G'arbiy Bridgford u ostidan oqib chiqadi Trent ko'prigi yaqinida kriket maydonchasi shu nom bilan va yonida Shahar maydonchasi, uy Nottingem o'rmoni, Holme shlyuzlariga yetguncha.^[11]

Newark qal'asi

Nottingemning quyi oqimidan o'tadi Radlliff Trentda, Stok Bardolf va Berton Joys yetmasdan oldin Gunthorp ko'prigi, qulfi va g'alati bilan. Endi daryo shimoliy-sharqqa etib bormasdan Tot va Trent tepaliklaridan pastda oqadi Hazelford paromi, Fiskerton va Farndon. Farndonning shimolida, yonida Staythorpe elektr stantsiyasi daryo bo'linadi, bir qo'li o'tib ketadi Averxem va Kelham va boshqa harakatlanuvchi qo'l, Devon tomonidan bozor shaharchasidan o'tmasdan oldin qo'shilgan Nyark-on-Trent va shaharning tagida qal'a devorlar. Ikkala qurol shahar tashqarisidagi Krankli Poytnda birlashadi, u erda daryo o'tishi kerak Shimoliy Muskham va Xolm yetmoq Kromvel Vayr, uning ostida Trent to'lqinga aylanadi.^[11]

Hozirgi suv oqimining daryosi keng toshqin bo'ylab o'tmoqda, uning chekkasida daryolar bo'yidagi qishloqlar joylashgan Karlton va Satr Trentda, Besthorpe va Jirton. Saytidan o'tgandan so'ng Yuqori Marnham elektr stantsiyasi, u Nottingemshir va Linkolnshir o'rtasidagi taxminiy chegaraga aylanadi va o'z yo'nalishi bo'ylab yagona pullik ko'prigiga etadi. Dunham Trentda. Dunhamning quyi oqimidan daryo o'tadi Cherkov Leynem va etadi Torksi, qaerda u Foss Dayk Trentni bog'laydigan navigatsiya Linkoln va Witham daryosi. Keyinchalik shimolda Littleborough bir vaqtlar Rim yo'li daryoni kesib o'tgan Rim Segelocum shahrining joyi.^[11][12]

Keyin shaharchaga etib boradi Geynsboro o'zi bilan Trent ko'prigi. Shahar ichidagi daryo chekkalari bir vaqtlar shahar ichki port bo'lganida ishlatilgan omborxonalar bilan o'ralgan, ularning aksariyati zamonaviy foydalanish uchun ta'mirlangan. Shaharning quyi oqimida qishloqlar ko'pincha ikkitadan nomlanadi, bu ularni bir vaqtlar ikkita aholi punkti o'rtasida daryo paromi bilan bog'lab turganligini anglatadi. Ushbu qishloqlar qatoriga kiradi G'arbiy Stokvit va Sharqiy Stokvit, Owston feriboti va Sharqiy parom va G'arbiy Buttervik va Sharqiy Buttervik.^[13][14][15] G'arbiy Stokvitda Trent qo'shiladi Chesterfild kanali va Daryo bo‘shligi va ko'p o'tmay kiradi Linkolnshir to'liq, g'arbga o'tib Skanhorp. Daryo ustidagi so'nggi ko'prik joylashgan Kedbi u erda ikkalasi ham qo'shiladi Steynfort va Kedbi kanali va Torn daryosi.^[11]

Kedbidan quyi oqim daryo o'tgan sayin kengayib boradi Amkotts va Fliksboro yetmoq Berton Steyton va nihoyat Trent sharsharasi. Shu nuqtada, o'rtasida Alkboro va Faxfleet daryo Yorkshir bilan chegaraga etadi va daryoga qo'shiladi Ouse ga tushadigan Humberni hosil qilish uchun Shimoliy dengiz.^[11]

Albatta, tarixiy davrlarda migratsiya

An uchun g'ayrioddiy Ingliz tili daryo, tarixiy davrlarda kanal sezilarli darajada o'zgargan va shunga o'xshash deb ta'riflangan Missisipi bu jihatdan, ayniqsa uning qadimgi ko'p sonli o'rta oqimida meanders va qirqib tashlash ko'chadan.^[16] Da qoldirilgan kanal Repton qadimgi xaritada 'Old Trent Water' deb tasvirlangan, yozuvlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu bir vaqtlar asosiy navigatsiya yo'li bo'lgan, daryo XVIII asrda shimoliy yo'nalishga o'tgan.^[17] Keyinchalik quyi oqimda Xemington, arxeologlar tashlandiq bo'lgan boshqa kanal bo'ylab o'rta asr ko'prigining qoldiqlarini topdilar.^[18][19] Tadqiqotchilar foydalanmoqda havo fotosuratlari va tarixiy xaritalar bularning ko'pini aniqladi paleokanal xususiyatlari, yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan misol meandr kesimi da Savli.^[20][21] Daryoning oqimini o'zgartirishga moyilligi haqida gap boradi Shekspir o'yin Genri IV, 1-qism:

Bertondan shimolda, bu erda mening qismimga qo'shilishadi
Miqdor sizning birortangizga teng emas:
Qarang, bu daryo qanday qilib meni tanovul qiladi,
Va meni butun erimning eng yaxshisidan kesadi
Katta yarim oy, dahshatli kant.
Men bu erda oqimni xohlayman;
Va bu erda oqlangan va kumush Trent ishlaydi
Yangi kanalda adolatli va teng ravishda;
Bunday chuqur chuqurlik bilan shamol bo'lmaydi,
Bu erda boyligimni o'g'irlash uchun.

— Uilyam Shekspir, Genri IV, 1-qism, 3-akt, I sahna^[22]

Genri Hotspurning daryoga shikoyat qilgan nutqi yaqin atrofdagi meandrlar bilan bog'liq G'arbiy Berton,^[23] Biroq, fitnachilar qo'zg'olondan keyin Angliyani uchga bo'lishni taklif qilayotgan sahnaning yanada keng kontekstini hisobga olgan holda, Hotspurning niyatlari daryoning sharqini Vash tomon yo'naltirganligi uchun juda katta foyda keltiradigan dizaynga ega bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi. bo'lingan Shohlikning katta ulushi. Quyi oqim Berton-Trent, daryo tobora shimolga qarab, Trent shimolidan Nottingemshirning bir qismini va deyarli barcha Linkolnshirni o'z ulushidan uzib qo'ydi.^[24][25] Ushbu sahna g'oyasi, yaqin atrofdagi tegirmon g'alati haqidagi kelishmovchiliklarga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin Shelford Manor, mahalliy er egalari Gilbert Talbot o'rtasida, Shrewsbury grafligi va Ser Tomas Stenxop bu tegirmonni chetlab o'tish uchun qazilgan uzoq burilish kanali bilan yakunlandi.^[26] Bu 1593 yilda sodir bo'lgan, shuning uchun Shekspir davrida zamonaviy mavzu bo'lishi mumkin edi.^[24]

Tarix

Davomida Pleystotsen davr (1,7 million yil oldin), Trent daryosi Uels tepaliklarida ko'tarilgan va deyarli sharqqa Nottingemdan hozirgi kunga qadar oqib o'tgan. Belvoirning vodiysi da ohaktosh tizmasi orqali bo'shliqni kesish uchun Ancaster va u erdan Shimoliy dengizga.^[27] Oxirida Volstoniyalik sahna (taxminan 130 000 yil oldin) Belvoir Vale'sida qolgan turg'un muz muzligi daryoning shimoliy yo'nalishini eski Linkoln daryosi bo'ylab, Linkoln bo'shliq, hozirgi yo'nalish bo'ylab Witham. Keyingi muzlik paytida (Devensian, Miloddan avvalgi 70000 yil) muz suvning keng maydonlarini ushlab turdi Gumper ko'lining muzligi - hozirgi pastki Trent havzasida. Bu orqaga chekingach, Trent Humberga hozirgi yo'nalishini tanladi.^[28]

Tutish

Angliya tarkibidagi Trent daryosi

Trent havzasi Midlendning katta qismini qamrab oladi va okruglarining aksariyat qismini o'z ichiga oladi Staffordshire, Derbishir, Lestershir, Nottingemshir va G'arbiy Midlend; balki qismlarini ham o'z ichiga oladi Linkolnshir, Janubiy Yorkshir, Warwickshire va Rutland. Suv ombori drenaj havzalari o'rtasida joylashgan Severn va uning irmog'i the Avon janubi va g'arbida, To'quvchi shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida Yorkshirning irmoqlari Ouse shimolga va havzalariga Velland, Witham va Ancholme sharq tomon^[29][30]

Suv omborining o'ziga xos xususiyati landshaft relyefi va xarakterining sezilarli o'zgarishi bo'lib, u dengiz sathidan baland tog 'boshlaridan farq qiladi. Dark Peak, bu erda suv yig'ishning eng yuqori nuqtasi Kinder skaut 634 metr balandlikdagi plato (2080 fut); er osti sathlari dengiz sathiga teng bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan quyi oqim bilan birga mavjud bo'lgan intensiv ravishda dehqonchilik qilinadigan va quritilgan tekis fenland maydonlariga. Ushbu quyi oqimlar suv oqimidan bir qator himoya qiladi toshqinlar va mudofaa.^[31][32][33]

Qaerda bo'lmasin ochiq ohaktosh zonalari o'rtasida aniq farq bor Oq cho'qqisi Dove tutilishida va shu jumladan katta o'rmonzorlar Sherwood Forest ichida Hukmdorlar bo'sh suv yig'adigan joy, balandlik Charnwood Forest, va Milliy o'rmon navbati bilan Soar va Mease drenaj havzalarida.^[29]

Erlardan foydalanish asosan qishloqlarga xos bo'lib, Trent suv omborining taxminan to'rtdan uch qismi qishloq xo'jaligiga berilgan. Bu tog'li hududlarda qo'ylarni boqishdan tortib to sut etishtirish muhim bo'lgan o'rta oqimlarda yaxshilangan yaylov va aralash fermer xo'jaliklariga qadar. Donli va ildizli sabzavotlarni, asosan kartoshka va qand lavlagi intensiv ravishda dehqonchilik qilish pasttekisliklarda, masalan, Belvoirning vodiysi va Trent, Torn va Idlning quyi oqimlari.^[34]Ushbu pasttekisliklarda suv sathini boshqarish muhim ahamiyatga ega va mahalliy suv oqimlari odatda tomonidan ta'minlanadi ichki drenaj plitalari va ularning vorislari, yaxshilangan drenajdan foydalanish yordam beradi nasos stantsiyalari suvni qirg'oqqa ko'tarish tashuvchi daryolar keyinchalik Trentga tushiriladi.^[29]:29[35]

Aholisi kam qishloq joylarni bir qator yirik shaharlashgan joylar, shu jumladan notinchliklar ning Stok-on-Trent, Birmingem va atrof Qora mamlakat G'arbiy Midlendda; va Sharqiy Midlendda yirik universitet shaharlari va tarixiy okruglar joylashgan "Lester", Derbi va Nottingem. Bularning barchasi birgalikda suv omborida yashovchi 6 million kishining aksariyatini o'z ichiga oladi.^[29]

Shunisi diqqatga sazovorki, ushbu shahar hududlarining aksariyati Stokda yoki irmoqlarda bo'lgani kabi Trentning o'zi ham yuqori qismida joylashgan. Masalan, Birmingem Tame yuqori qismida joylashgan va "Lester" Soar boshiga qarab joylashgan. Bu ingliz daryosi uchun noyob narsa bo'lmasa-da, bu bilan bog'liq masalalar doimiy ravishda meros bo'lib qolganligini anglatadi shahar oqimi, ifloslanish hodisalari va chiqindi suvlar kanalizatsiya tozalash, sanoat va ko'mir qazib olish. Tarixiy jihatdan, ushbu masalalar ahvolning sezilarli darajada yomonlashishiga olib keldi suv sifati ham Trent, ham uning irmoqlari, xususan Tame.^[34] West Midlandsga toza suv olib kelish uchun Birmingem korporatsiyasi a katta suv omborlari zanjiri va suv o'tkazgich tizimi dan suv olib kelish Elan vodiysi.

Geologiya

Trentning yuqori oqimi ostida shakllanishlar mavjud Tegirmon toshi va Karbonli Ko'mir bo'yicha tadbirlar tarkibiga qumtoshlar, mergel va ko'mir qatlamlari kiradi. Daryo bir qatorni kesib o'tadi Trias Sherwood qumtoshi Sandonda va u yana xuddi shu qumtosh bilan uchrashganda, Kannok Chayz yonidan o'tib, Buyuk Xeyvud va Armitaj o'rtasida, shuningdek, Veston-on-Trent va King's Mill o'rtasida yana bir chiqish mavjud.^[36][37]

Mercia loyqasi hosil bo'lishi Gunthorp^[38]

Armitage quyi oqimida qattiq geologiya asosan Mercia loy toshlari, Midlandladan Xumbergacha o'tayotganda ushbu tosh toshlar kamonidan keyin daryoning oqimi. Loy toshlari daryoning tubi bilan ta'sirlanmaydi, chunki tosh toshi qatlami va keyin toshning ustida allyuviy bor. Biroq, joylarda tosh toshqini daryo jarliklarini hosil qiladi, ayniqsa Trentdagi Radkliff yaqinidagi Gunthorp va Stok Lokda, qishloq o'ziga xos qizil rangli qatlamlar nomi bilan atalgan.^[37][39]

Skanhorp va Alkboro o'rtasidagi Trentga qaragan tik jarlik to'plamiga aylangan pasttekisliklar ham tosh toshlardan tashkil topgan, ammo yoshroq Raetik Penarth guruhi.^[36][37]

Keng ko'lamda geologiya turli xil bo'lib, Prekambriyen hosil bo'lgan Yura ohaktoshigacha bo'lgan Charnwood o'rmonining jinslari Linkolnshir chekkasi va Trentning sharqiy suv havzasi. Daryo nuqtai nazaridan eng muhimi, ko'plab irmoq suv yig'ishmalarining asosini tashkil etgan keng qumtosh va ohaktosh qatlamlari. Bularga Sharqiy Nottingemshirning aksariyat qismida sodir bo'lgan Sherwood qumtoshlari kiradi Permian Quyi Magnesiya ohaktoshi va Derbishirdagi uglerodli ohaktosh. Bular nafaqat yirik irmoqlarga bazaviy oqimlarni etkazib beradi, balki er osti suvlari ham umumiy suv ta'minoti uchun muhim manba hisoblanadi.^[37]

Tog'li tosh asosini qoplagan qum, shag'al va allyuviy yotqiziqlari deyarli daryoning butun uzunligi bo'ylab uchraydi va o'rta va quyi oqimlarning muhim xususiyati bo'lib, allyuvial daryo loyidan Trentda intensiv qishloq xo'jaligi uchun ishlatiladigan unumdor tuproqlar hosil bo'ladi. vodiy. Allyuvium ostida keng tarqalgan qum va shag'al yotqiziqlari mavjud bo'lib, ular hozirgi daryo sathidan balandlikdan shag'al teraslar shaklida ham uchraydi. Daryo bo'yida kamida oltita alohida shag'al teras tizimining murakkab vorisligi mavjud bo'lib, mavjud vodiydan ancha katta Trent o'tganida va uning ota-bobolari yo'llari bo'ylab Linkoln va Ancasterdagi suv bo'shliqlari bo'ylab yotqizilgan.^[41][42]

Ushbu tekis zinapoyalar ketma-ket cho'kish davrlari natijasida hosil bo'lgan va keyinchalik daryoning pastga kesilishi natijasida hosil bo'lgan muzlik davrining oxirida muzlik qatlamlaridan hosil bo'lgan erigan suv va muzlik eroziyasi natijasida hosil bo'lgan pleystotsen davri. 450,000 va 12,000 BP. Ushbu teraslarda mavjud bo'lgan dalillar mega faunasi bir vaqtlar daryo bo'yida yashagan, sovuq davrlarda mavjud bo'lgan junli mamont, bizon va bo'rilar kabi hayvonlarning suyaklari va tishlari aniqlangan.^[43] Derbi yaqinidagi teras tizimidagi yana bir diqqatga sazovor topilma, muzlararo intervalgacha bo'lgan davr edi Allenton gippopotami.^[41]

Shag'al qazib olish Besthorpe

Ushbu teraslarning quyi ketma-ketliklari qum va shag'al uchun keng tarqalgan bo'lib ishlangan va ushbu minerallarni qazib olish har yili Trent vodiysida muhim sanoat bo'lib qolmoqda, har yili uch million tonna agregatlar ishlab chiqarilmoqda.^[40] Ishlab chiqilgandan so'ng, odatda nisbatan baland suv sathidan toshgan qolgan shag'al chuqurlari turli maqsadlarda qayta ishlatilgan. Bunga tabiat qo'riqxonalari va botqoqli joylar sifatida qayta tiklangan suvni rekreatsion tadbirlar kiradi.^[44]

Oxirgisi oxirida Devensian muzlik davri daryoning eng quyi oqimlarida Humer ko'li hosil bo'lishi natijasida ko'l tubining loy va loylari yotqizilib, tekis landshaftni hosil qildi. Humberhead darajalari. Ushbu darajalar Trent vodiysi bo'ylab cho'zilib, Eau, Torne va Idle ning quyi oqimlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Ba'zi joylarda, holotsen davrida lakustrin yotqiziqlari ustida ketma-ket hijob qatlamlari qurilgan, bu esa pasttekislik botqoqlarini yaratgan, masalan Torn va Xetfild Murlari.^[45]

Gidrologiya

Trent suv omborining relyefi, geologiyasi va erdan foydalanishning barchasi daryo gidrologiyasiga bevosita ta'sir qiladi. Ushbu omillarning o'zgarishi, shuningdek, qarama-qarshi oqim xususiyatlarida va asosiy irmoqlarning keyingi oqimlarida ham aks etadi. Ulardan eng kattasi - Trent daryosi oqimining deyarli to'rtdan bir qismini tashkil etadigan Tame daryosi, boshqa muhim irmoqlari Derwent 18%, Soar 17%, Dove 13% va Sow 8%.^[46]:36–47 Ushbu to'rtta irmoqning to'rttasi, shu jumladan, tepalikdagi Tepalik okrugini quritadigan Dove va Derwent hammasi o'rta oqimga qo'shilib, Buyuk Britaniya uchun nisbatan baquvvat daryo tizimini vujudga keltirdi.^[47]

Trent vodiysida yog'ingarchilik

Yomg'ir

Suv omboridagi yog'ingarchilik odatda relyefga mos keladi^[48] eng ko'p yillik yog'ingarchilik 1450 mm (57 dyuym) va undan yuqori bo'lgan Derwent daryosining baland tog 'cho'qqilarida shimol va g'arbiy qismida, eng pasti 580 mm (23 dyuym) bilan pasttekislik zonalarida shimol va sharqda. .^[49] Tamedagi yog'ingarchilik miqdori mo''tadil relyefda kutilganidek yuqori emas yomg'ir soyasi Uels tog'larining g'arbga ta'siri, irmoq havzasi uchun o'rtacha 691 mm (27,2 dyuym) gacha kamayadi.^[48][50]Butun Trent suv havzasi uchun o'rtacha 720 mm (28 dyuym) ni tashkil etadi, bu Birlashgan Qirollik uchun o'rtacha 1101 mm (43.3 dyuym) ko'rsatkichidan ancha past va Angliyaga nisbatan 828 mm (32.6 dyuym) dan past.^[51][52][53]

Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa yirik pasttekislik daryolari singari, Trent ham past bosimli ob-havo tizimlari tomonidan havzani Atlantika okeanidan qayta-qayta kesib o'tishi natijasida, ayniqsa, kuz va qish paytida bug'lanish eng past darajaga etganligi sababli uzoq muddatli yog'ingarchiliklarga qarshi himoyasiz. Ushbu birikma har qanday qo'shimcha yog'ingarchiliklarga tez oqishi mumkin bo'lgan suv havzasini hosil qilishi mumkin. Bunday sharoit 1977 yil fevral oyida sodir bo'lgan edi, Trentning quyi oqimida keng toshqin bo'lib, kuchli yomg'ir 1000 m ga yaqin yuqori oqimni keltirib chiqardi.³/ s (35000 kub fut / s) Nottingemda. 2000 yilda yana shunga o'xshash holatlar yuzaga keldi, kuzda o'rtacha yog'ingarchilikdan keyin yana yog'ingarchiliklar paydo bo'ldi va shu yilning noyabr oyida toshqin sharoitlari paydo bo'ldi.^[54][55][56]

Yana bir meteorologik xavf, kam uchraydigan bo'lsa ham, havzada yotgan qorning tez erishi bilan bog'liq. Bu uzoq davom etgan sovuq davrdan keyin haroratning keskin ko'tarilishi yoki ko'p miqdordagi yog'ingarchilik bilan birlashishi natijasida bo'lishi mumkin. Ko'pgina tarixiy toshqinlarning ko'pi qorning erishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan, ammo oxirgi bunday epizod achchiq bo'lganda yuz bergan 1946-7 yil qish 1947 yil mart oyida yomg'ir tufayli tez erishi kuzatildi va Trent vodiysi bo'ylab kuchli toshqinlarni keltirib chiqardi.^[54][57]

Yomg'irning haddan tashqari uzoq davom etishi ham muammolarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Davomida daryo uchun eng past oqimlar qayd etilgan 1976 yilgi qurg'oqchilik, 1975/6 yilgi quruq qishdan keyin. Nottingemda o'lchangan oqimlar avgust oyining oxiriga kelib juda past bo'lib, qurg'oqchilikka duch keldi qaytish davri yuz yildan katta.^[58]

Chiqish

Trent daryosining turli joylarga tashlanishi
O'lchash Stantsiya	Tuman	Chiqish (o'rtacha)		Chiqish (maksimal)		Tutish Maydon
		m3/ s	cfs	m3/ s	cfs	km2	mil2
Stokda Trentda	Xodimlar	0.6	21	55	1,900	53	20	[59][60]
Buyuk Xeyvud	Xodimlar	4.4	160	98	3,500	325	125	[59][61]
Yoxall	Xodimlar	12.8	450	206	7,300	1,229	475	[59][62]
Drakelow	Xodimlar	36.1	1,270	385	13,600	3,072	1,186	[59][63]
Shardlo	Derbis	51.6	1,820	480	17,000	4,400	1,700	[59][64]
Kolvik	Notlar	83.8	2,960	1,018	36,000	7,486	2,890	[55][59]
Shimoliy Muskham	Notlar	88.4	3,120	1,000	35,000	8,231	3,178	[59][65]

Daryoning oqimi uning bo'ylab bir necha nuqtada, bir qatorda o'lchanadi o'lchash stantsiyalari. Yuqori oqimdagi Stok-on-Trentda o'rtacha oqim atigi 0,6 m³/ s (21 kub fut / s), bu esa 4,4 metrgacha sezilarli darajada oshadi³/ s (160 kub fut / s), da Buyuk Xeyvud, chunki u Kulollar konursatsiyasini quritadigan yuqori irmoqlarning oqimini o'z ichiga oladi. Da Yoxall, oqim 12,8 m gacha ko'tariladi³/ s (450 kub fut / s), Sow va Blithe kabi yirik irmoqlarning kiritilishi hisobiga. Da Drakelow Bertonning yuqori qismida oqim deyarli uch baravar ko'payib, 36,1 m ga etadi³/ s (1,270 kub fut / s), bu Tomning eng katta irmog'idan qo'shimcha oqim tufayli. Da Kolvik Nottingem yaqinida o'rtacha oqim 83,8 m gacha ko'tariladi³/ s (2,960 kub fut / s), boshqa yirik irmoqlarning, ya'ni Dove, Derwent va Soar qo'shma kirishlari tufayli. Oxirgi o'lchov nuqtasi Shimoliy Muskham bu erda o'rtacha oqim 88,4 m³/ s (3,120 kub fut / s), Devonning kiritilishi tufayli nisbatan kichik o'sish va boshqa kichik Nottingemshir irmoqlari.^[59][66]

Trent suv oqimining sezilarli o'zgarishlariga ega, Kolvikdagi o'rtacha oylik oqimlari 45 metrdan o'zgarib turadi³/ s (1600 kub fut / s) iyul oyida yoz davomida va 151 m gacha ko'tarildi³/ s (5300 kub fut / s) yanvarda.^[67][68]Pastki oqimlar paytida Trent va uning irmoqlariga kanalizatsiya ishlaridan chiqadigan oqava suvlarning ta'siri katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi, ayniqsa yozgi oqimlar 90% oqava suvlaridan iborat bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan Tame. Trent uchun bu nisbat pastroq, ammo past oqimlarning deyarli yarmi ushbu oqava suvlar oqimidan tashkil topganligi sababli, bu hali ham ahamiyatlidir. Shuningdek, asosiy yo'nalishdan asosiy oqim hissalari mavjud suv qatlamlari suv omborida.^[69][70][71]

Kolvenda (Nottingem) o'lchangan Trentning sekundiga kubometrdagi o'rtacha oylik oqimlari.^[68]

Cho'kma

Trent oqimining quyi oqimida yuqori cho'kindi yukga ega bo'lib, "mayoq" deb ham ataladigan bu mayda loy tuproq jarayonini tuproqni yaxshilash uchun ishlatilgan. burish Bu bilan daryoning suvi qo'shni dalalarga bir qator chayqaladigan drenajlar orqali toshib ketishiga yo'l qo'yilib, loyning er bo'ylab joylashishiga imkon berdi. Bir mavsumda 0,3 metrgacha cho'kindi hosil bo'lishi mumkin va ba'zi joylarda vaqt o'tishi bilan 1,5 metr chuqurlik to'planib qolgan. Bir qator kichik Trent irmoqlari hali ham Gainsboro yaqinidagi Morton jangovar drenaji kabi jangovar drenaj deb nomlangan.^[72]

Warp, shuningdek, tijorat mahsuloti sifatida ishlatilgan, daryo bo'yidan past oqimda to'plangandan so'ng, u Chesterfild kanali bo'ylab Walkeringhamga etkazilgan va u quritilgan va oxir-oqibat pichoq ishlab chiqaruvchilari uchun kumush jilo sifatida sotilishi kerak bo'lgan.^[73][74]

To'fonlar

Trent o'z yo'nalishi bo'ylab katta toshqinlarni keltirib chiqarish tendentsiyasi bilan keng tanilgan va 900 yilga cho'zilgan yaxshi hujjatlashtirilgan toshqin tarixi mavjud. Nottingemda 1852 yildagi muhim tarixiy toshqinlarning balandliklari Trent ko'prigi yonidagi ko'prik tayanchiga o'yilgan. toshqin izlari mavjud bo'lgan 19-asrning o'tish joyidan oldinroq bo'lgan O'rta asrlarning Xetbet ko'prigidan ko'chiriladi. Tarixiy toshqin sathi Jirton va cherkov hovlisidagi devorda ham qayd etilgan Kollingem.^[23][75][76]

Trent ko'prigi toshqin izlari

Trent bo'yidagi dastlabki toshqinlardan biri 1141 yilda bo'lgan va boshqa ko'plab yirik tarixiy voqealar singari kuchli yog'ingarchilikdan keyin qorning erishi ham shu sababli tashqi toshqin sohilini buzishga sabab bo'lgan. Spalford. Spalford bankidan ma'lum toshqin hajmini o'rnini bosuvchi o'lchov sifatida foydalangan holda ba'zi dastlabki toshqinlarni baholash mumkin, chunki taxmin qilinishicha bank faqat oqimlar 1000 m dan katta bo'lganda ishlamay qolgan.³/ s (35000 kub fut / s), bank 1403 va 1795 yillarda ham buzilgan.^[77]

Dastlabki ko'priklar toshqinlarga duchor bo'lgan va 1309 yilda ko'plab ko'priklar qattiq qishki toshqinlar oqibatida yuvilgan yoki buzilgan, jumladan Xetbet ko'prigi. 1683 yilda xuddi shu ko'prik toshqin tufayli qisman vayron bo'lgan, bu Nyuarkdagi ko'prikning yo'qolishini ham anglatadi. Tarixiy arxivlar ko'pincha toshqinlardan keyin sodir bo'lgan ko'prikni ta'mirlash tafsilotlarini, ushbu ta'mirlash xarajatlari yoki pontaj qarz olish va mahalliy bojni yig'ish orqali ko'tarilishi kerak edi.^[23][77]

Ma'lum bo'lgan eng katta toshqin bu edi Shamlar 1795 yil fevraldagi toshqin, sakkiz haftalik qattiq qish ob-havosidan keyin, daryolar muzlab qoldi, bu tegirmonlar makkajo'xori maydalashga qodir emasligini, keyin esa tez muzdan tushgan erishni ta'qib qildi. Toshqinning kattaligi va oqimga qo'shilib qolgan muz tufayli Trent bo'ylab deyarli har bir ko'prik jiddiy shikastlangan yoki yuvilgan. Uolsli, Vichnor va Svarkestondagi asosiy oraliqdagi ko'priklar vayron qilingan.^[78][79] Nottingemda, tor marsh aholisi birinchi qavatdagi xonalarida toshqin suvi ostida qolib ketishgan, qayiqda qolib ketganlarga etkazib berish uchun foydalanilgan. Chorvachilik jiddiy zarar ko'rdi, Uilfordda 72 qo'y cho'kib ketdi va Bridgfordda o'nta sigir yo'qoldi.^[80] Spalforddagi zaif toshqinlar banki yana buzildi, toshqin suvlar pasttekislik bo'ylab tarqaldi, hatto Witham daryosiga etib borib, Linkolnni suv bosdi. 20000 akr (81 km)²; 31 kvadrat milya) uch haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida suv ostida qoldi.^[23][81][82]

To'fon belgilari Jirton 1795 yilgi toshqin balandligini va boshqalarni ko'rsatmoqda

Buzilishning tavsifi quyidagicha berilgan:

Sohil qumli tabiat tekisligida tashkil topgan va 1795 yilda buzilganida, suv juda katta buzilishga majbur bo'lgan, uning o'lchamiga ko'ra saksonta yuk va to'rt yuz tonna erning yuqorisida bo'lganligi sababli baholanishi mumkin. tuynukni to'ldirish uchun zarur bo'lgan, bu operatsiya bir necha hafta davom etgan.

Keyinchalik, 1824 va 1852 yillardagi toshqinlardan so'ng toshqin qirg'og'i mustahkamlandi va ta'mirlandi.^[81]

19-asrning asosiy toshqini va ikkinchi eng katta toshqin 1875 yil oktyabr oyida sodir bo'lgan. Nottingemda Uilford yo'li yaqinidagi toshqin suvda bir arava ag'darilib ketgan va olti kishi cho'kib ketgan, yaqin atrofdagi uylar 6 metr (1,8 m) chuqurlikda suv ostida qolgan. Ushbu toshqin 1795 yilgacha unchalik katta bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, daryo bo'yidagi ko'plab joylarni vayron qilgan bo'lsa-da, Berton-apt-Trent shahrida shaharning katta qismi suv ostida qolgan, ko'chalar va uylar toshqin ostida bo'lgan va o'lik hayvonlar toshqin ostida suzib yurgan. Oziq-ovqat kam edi, "odamlarni ochlikdan qutqarish uchun bir kun ichida shaharga 10 ming dona non yuborilishi va bepul tarqatilishi kerak edi".^[83] Nyarkda suv to'rtta gimnaziya o'quvchilarining qishloq bo'ylab Kelxemga borishiga imkon beradigan darajada chuqur edi. Jirtondagi toshqin izlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu toshqin 1795 yilga nisbatan atigi 4 dyuym (100 mm) past bo'lgan, qishloq 3 metr (0,91 m) chuqurlikda suv bosgan.^[23]

G'arbiy Bridgford 1947 yil martdagi toshqinlarda

Yoqilgan 1947 yil 17-18 mart tobora yuqoriga ko'tarilgan Trent Nottingemdagi banklaridan oshib ketdi. Shaharning katta qismlari va uning atrofidagi joylar 9000 ta mulk bilan suv bosgan va yuzga yaqin sanoat binolari ba'zilarining birinchi qavat balandligigacha ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Ning shahar atrofi Long Eaton, G'arbiy Bridgford va Beestonning barchasi juda yomon azob chekishdi.^[57][84][85] Ikki kundan so'ng, daryoning quyi oqimida, toshqin cho'qqisi balandlik bilan birlashdi bahor fasllari Geynsborodagi qishloqlarni va 2000 ta mulkni suv bosishi uchun. Daryo sathi toshqin qirg'og'ida bo'lganida pasaygan Morton buzilib, natijada 78 km kv (200 km) suv toshqini bo'lgan²; Trent vodiysidagi 50 ming gektar) qishloq xo'jaligi erlari.^[33][85]

Trentdagi suv toshqini oqibatlari ham sabab bo'lishi mumkin bo'ron ko'tarilishi 1954 yil oktyabr va noyabr oylarida sodir bo'lgan fluvial oqimlardan mustaqil ravishda, quyi oqim bo'ylab suv toshqini yomonlashdi. Ushbu toshqinlar 1947 yilda sodir bo'lgan oqimlarni va 1954 yildan boshlab suv oqimlarini engib chiqadigan suv oqimlaridan himoya qilish sxemasining zarurligini aniqladi va keyinchalik quyi daryo bo'yidagi toshqinlar va himoya joylari ushbu standartga muvofiq 1965 yilda tugallangan ishlar bilan yaxshilandi.^[33][86] 2013 yil dekabr oyida, 1950-yillardan buyon eng katta bo'ron ko'tarilishi Trentda yuz berdi, o'shanda yuqori bahor fasllari kuchli shamollar va past bosimli ob-havo tizimi bilan birlashib, quyi oqimlarda daryo sathining ko'tarilishini keltirib chiqardi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan to'lqin Kedbi va Burringem yaqinidagi suv toshqini himoyasini engib, 50 ta mulkni suv bosdi.^[87]

Holme shlyuzlari: Nottingem toshqinlaridan himoya qilishning bir qismi

Nottingemda qayd etilgan beshinchi yirik toshqin sodir bo'ldi 2000 yil noyabr, Trent vodiysi bo'ylab pasttekisliklarni, shu jumladan ko'plab avtomobil va temir yo'llarni keng suv bosishi bilan. 1947 yilgi voqeadan so'ng, 1950-yillarda qurilgan Nottingem va Berton atrofidagi toshqinlardan himoya har qanday yirik shahar suv toshqinlarini to'xtatdi, ammo muammolar Uillington va Gunthorp kabi himoyasiz joylarda va yana 19 uy suv ostida qolgan Jirtonda yuzaga keldi.^[56]Nottingemdagi suv toshqini himoyasi 16000 ta uyni va Berton shahridagi 7000 ta mulkni suv bosishini oldini oladigan uylarni himoya qiladi, ushbu toshqindan keyin qayta ko'rib chiqildi va keyinchalik 2006 va 2012 yillarda yaxshilandi.^[84][88]

Navigatsiya tarixi

[ v t e ] Trent daryosi
Afsona
Ouse daryosi va Humber Estuary Orol qumi Steynfort va Kedbi kanali A18 Keadbi ko'prigi (ko'prikni rly bilan bo'lishadi) Janubiy Humberside magistral liniyasi M180 ko'prik Eau daryosi Daryo bo‘shligi (vertikal shlyuz) Chesterfild kanali, G'arbiy Stokvit A631 Trent ko'prigi, Geynsboro Sheffild - Linkoln temir yo'li G'arbiy Burton elektr stantsiyalari Kottam elektr stantsiyalari avvalgi Temir yo'l ustida Torksi Viaduct Fossdyke navigatsiyasi, Torksey Lock A57 Dunham pullik ko'prigi avvalgi Chesterfild - Linkoln Rli Yuqori Marnham elektr stantsiyasi (sayt) Cromwell Lock va g'alati A1 Winthorpe ko'prigi Sharqiy sohil magistral liniyasi Newark Nether Lock Nottingem - Linkoln temir yo'li A46 Nyuark Ko'prikni aylanib o'tish Marina B6326 Buyuk Shimoliy Rd. Ko'prik Newark Town Lock A616 Ko'prik A617 Ko'prik Marina A46 Newark Bypass ko'prigi Nottingem - Linkoln temir yo'li Averham Vayr Devon daryosi Hazelford qulfi va vayronalar Gunthorpe qulfi va g'alati A6097 Gunthorp ko'prigi Stok qulfi va g'alati Nottingem-Grantem Rli ustida Rektory Junction Viaduct Xolm qulfi, Milliy suv sportlari markazi Grantem kanali Meadow Lane Lock Qal'aning qulfi Nottingem Nottingem kanali Beeston Lock Beeston Weir Cranfleet Lock Kirish Rd. / Thrumpton Weir Trent Viadukts To'fonni qulflash Erewash kanali va Daryo parvozi Temir yo'l ko'priklari Savli qulflari Savli Marinas B6540 ko'prik To'fonni qulflash Savli Vayr M1 ko'prik Derwent daryosi Trent va Mersi kanali B5010 Kavendid ko'prigi (navigatsiya chegarasi) A50 Ko'prik Temir yo'l ko'prigi King's Mills (tegirmon va qulf sayti) Ishdan chiqqan temir yo'l ko'prigi A514 Qilich tosh Ko'prik B5008 Uillington ko'prigi Daryo kabuti Trent va Mersi kanali Burton tegirmoni (ishlatilmaydigan tegirmonlar va qulflangan joy) g'alati A511 Berton ko'prigi Bond End filiali (ilgari olib borgan Trent va Mersi kanali ) A5189 Sent-Piter ko'prigi manbaga

Nottingem gacha qadimgi navigatsiya rahbari bo'lgan ko'rinadi Qayta tiklash, qisman qiyin navigatsiya tufayli Trent ko'prigi. Keyinchalik navigatsiya yaqinda joylashgan Wilden Feribotigacha uzaytirildi Kavendid ko'prigi, Fosbrooke oilasining sa'y-harakatlari natijasida Shardlo.

Keyinchalik, 1699 yilda baron Uilyam Paget (Lord Paget ), kim ko'mir konlariga egalik qilgan va shu hududda er bo'lgan bo'lsa, an Parlament akti Nottingem aholisining qarshiliklariga qaramay, Berton shahridagi Fleetstones Bridge-ga qadar navigatsiyani kengaytirish. Lord Paget bu ishni shaxsiy ravishda moliyalashtirganga o'xshaydi Qirol tegirmoni va Burton Mills va bir nechta kesmalar va havzalar. Qonun unga Nottingem ko'prigi ustidagi har qanday iskala va omborlarni qurish ustidan mutlaqo nazorat qilish huquqini berdi. Lord Paget Bertondagi navigatsiya va iskala ijaraga oldi Jorj Xeyn, Vildendagi iskala va omborlar parom huquqiga ega bo'lgan va Xeynning biznes hamkori bo'lgan Leonard Fosbrook tomonidan ijaraga olingan. Ikki kishi o'z qayiqlarida tashilmaydigan har qanday yukni qo'ndirishga ruxsat berishdan bosh tortdilar va monopoliyani yaratdilar.^[89]

1748 yilda Nottingem savdogarlari ushbu monopoliyani banklarga va aravalarga mollarni tushirish orqali tugatishga urinishdi, ammo Fosbruk o'z parom arqonidan foydalanib daryoni to'sib qo'ydi, so'ngra kanal bo'ylab qayiqlarni bog'lab ko'prik yaratdi va ularni himoya qilish uchun odamlarni jalb qildi. . Keyinchalik Xeyn King's Lock-da barjani olib qochdi va keyingi sakkiz yil davomida uning atrofida yuklarni olib o'tish kerak edi. Ularga qarshi Kantseriya buyrug'iga qaramay, ikki kishi o'z harakatlarini davom ettirdilar. Xeynning ijarasi muddati 1762 yilda tugagan va Lord Pagetning o'g'li Uxbridge grafligi Burton Boat kompaniyasiga yangi ijarani bergan.^[89]

The Trent va Mersi kanali 1766 yilda parlament qonuni bilan va Shardlovdan Preston Brukgacha bo'lgan qurilish bilan shug'ullangan va u erda unga qo'shilgan Bridgewater kanali, 1777 yilga qadar yakunlandi.^[90] Kanal yuqori daryo bilan parallel ravishda Berton-Trentgacha o'tdi, u erda Xorningloudagi yangi iskala va omborlar shaharga xizmat ko'rsatdi va Burton Boat Company o'zlaridan avvalgilar tomonidan yaratilgan daryoning buzilgan obro'sini tiklay olmadi.^[91] Oxir-oqibat, 1805 yilda ular etakchi kanal tashuvchilar Henshall & Co bilan Uaylden Feromining yuqorisidagi daryoni yopish to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdilar. Shubhasiz, daryo Shardlovdan yuqorida yurib yurishi shubhasiz, ammo bu kelishuv daryoning ushbu qismidan tijorat navigatsiyasi sifatida foydalanish tugaganligini bildiradi.^[92]

Quyi daryo

Quyi daryoning birinchi yaxshilanishi bo'lgan Nyuark, bu erda kanal ikkiga bo'linadi. Shahar aholisi o'zlariga eng yaqin bo'linmadan foydalanishni ko'paytirmoqchi edilar va shu sababli 1772 yilda ishni tasdiqlash uchun parlament akti qabul qilindi. Ikki qulf qurilishini moliyalashtirish uchun pul qarz olish va ulardan foydalangan qayiqlar uchun haq to'lash vakolatiga ega bo'lgan Newark Navigation Komissarlari yaratildi. Ish 1773 yil oktyabrda yakunlandi va alohida pulliklar 1783 yilgacha amal qildi, ular qayiqlardan qaysi kanalda foydalangan bo'lsa, bitta shilling (5p) pullik bilan almashtirildi.^[91]

Trent va Mersi kanali, Loughborough kanali va Erewash kanali Keyinchalik Gainsboroga boradigan daryoda katta yaxshilanishlarni talab qildilar, shu jumladan yangi kesmalar, qulflar, chuqurlarni qazish va otlarga mos keladigan tortish yo'li. Trent va Mersi kanalida muhandis bo'lgan Dadfordlar uning narxini 20000 funt sterlingga baholashdi, ammo bu taklif daryo bo'yidagi er egalari va savdogarlar tomonidan qarshi chiqildi, Navigator1788 yilda nashr etilgan, taxminan qayiqda ishlaydigan 500 ga yaqin erkak ishsiz qolishi mumkin edi. Shartnoma tuzilmadi va shu sababli Uilyam Jessop vaziyatni qayta baholashni so'radi. He suggested that dredging, deepening, and restricting the width of the channel could make significant improvements to the navigable depth, although cuts would be required at Wilford, Nottingham bridge and Holme. This proposal formed the basis for an Act of Parliament obtained in 1783, which also allowed a horse towing path to be built. The work was completed by September 1787, and dividends of 5 per cent were paid on the capital during 1786 and 1787, increasing to 7 per cent, the maximum allowed by the Act, after that. Jessop carried out a survey for a side cut and lock at Sawley in 1789, and it was built by 1793.^[91]

At the beginning of the 1790s, the Navigation faced calls for a bypass of the river at Nottingham, where the passage past Trent Bridge was dangerous, and the threat of a canal running parallel to the river, which was proposed by the Erewash and the Trent and Mersey Canal companies. In order to retain control of the whole river, they supported the inclusion of the Beeston Cut in the bill for the Nottingem kanali, which prevented the Erewash Canal company from getting permission to build it, and then had the proposal removed from the Nottingham Canal company's bill in return for their support of the main bill. The parallel canal was thwarted in May 1793, when they negotiated the withdrawal of the canal bill by proposing a thorough survey of the river which would result in their own legislation being put before parliament. William Jessop performed the survey, assisted by Robert Uitvort, and they published their report on 8 July 1793. The major proposals included a cut and lock at Cranfleet, where the Daryo parvozi joins the Trent, a cut, locks and weirs at Beeston, which would connect with the Nottingham Canal at Lenton, and a cut and lock at Xolm Perrepont. An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1794, and the existing proprietors subscribed the whole of the authorised capital of £13,000 (equivalent to £1,500,000 in 2019),^[93] o'zlari.^[94]

The aim of the improvements was to increase the minimum depth from 2 feet (0.6 m) to 3 feet (0.9 m). By early 1796, the Beeston cut was operational, with the Cranfleet cut following in 1797, and the Holme cut in 1800, with the whole works being finished by 1 September 1801. The cost exceeded the authorised capital by a large margin, with the extra being borrowed, but the company continued to pay a 7 per cent dividend on the original shares and on those created to finance the new work. In 1823 and again in 1831, the Newark Navigation Commissioners proposed improvements to the river, so that larger vessels could be accommodated, but the Trent Navigation Company were making a good profit, and did not see the need for such work.^[94]

Musobaqa

The arrival of the railways resulted in significant change for the company. Tolls were reduced to retain the traffic, wages were increased to retain the workforce, and they sought amalgamation with a railway company. The Nottingham and Gainsborough Railway offered £100 per share during 1845, but this was rejected. Tolls decreased from £11,344 (equivalent to £1,010,000 in 2019),^[93] during 1839 to £3,111 (equivalent to £290,000 in 2019),^[93] in 1855. Many of the connecting waterways were bought by railway companies, and gradually fell into disrepair. In an attempt to improve the situation, the company toyed with the idea of cable-hauled steam tugs, but instead purchased a conventional steam dredger and some steam tugs. The cost of improvements was too great for the old company, and so an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1884 to restructure the company and raise additional capital. Failure to raise much of the capital resulted in another Act being obtained in 1887, with similar aims and similar results. A third Act of 1892 reverted the name to the Trent Navigation Company, and this time, some improvements were performed.^[95]

Newark Town Lock

With traffic still between 350,000 and 400,000 tonnes per year, Frank Rayner became the engineer in 1896, and the company were persuaded that major work was necessary if the navigation was to survive. The engineer for the Manchester kema kanali, Sir Edward Leader Williams, was commissioned to survey the river, while negotiations with the North Staffordshire Railway, who owned the Trent and Mersey Canal and had maintained its viability, ensured that some of the clauses from previous Acts of Parliament did not prevent progress. A plan to build six locks between Cromwell and Holme, and to dredge this section to ensure it was 60 feet (18 m) wide and 5 feet (1.5 m) deep was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1906. Raising finance was difficult, but some was subscribed by the chairman and vice-chairman, and construction of Cromwell Lock began in 1908. The Newark Navigation Commissioners financed improvements to Newark Town lock at the same time, and dredging of the channel was largely funded by selling the 400,000 tonna of gravel removed from the river bed. At 188 by 30 feet (57.3 by 9.1 m), Cromwell lock could hold a tug and three barges, and was opened on 22 May 1911. The transport of petroleum provided a welcome increase to trade on the river, but little more work was performed before the beginning of the Birinchi jahon urushi.^[95]

Modernizatsiya

Increased running costs after the First World War could not be met by increasing the tolls, as the company had no statutory powers to do so, and so suggested that the Ministry of Transport should take over the navigation, which they did from 24 September 1920. Tolls were increased, and a committee recommended improvements to the river. Nottingham Corporation invested some £450,000 on building the locks authorised by the 1906 Act, starting with Holme lock on 28 September 1921, and finishing with Hazelford lock, which was formally opened by Nevill Chemberlen on 25 June 1926. A loan from Nottingham Corporation and a grant from the Unemployment Grants Committee enabled the company to rebuild Newark Nether lock, which was opened on 12 April 1926.^[95]

During the early 1930s, the company considered enlarging the navigation above Nottingham, in conjunction with improvements to the River Soar Navigation, between Trent Lock and Leicester. There were also negotiations with the London va Shimoliy Sharqiy temir yo'l, who were responsible for the Nottingham Canal between Trent Lock and Lenton. Plans for new larger locks at Beeston and Wilford were abandoned when the Trent Catchment Board opposed them. The Grand Union refused to improve the Soar Navigation, because the Trent Navigation Company could not guarantee 135,000 tons of additional traffic. The company also considered a plan to reopen the river to Burton, which would have involved the rebuilding of Kings Mills lock, and the construction of four new locks. An extra set of gates were added to Cromwell lock in 1935, effectively creating a second lock, while the Lenton to Trent Lock section was leased from the LNER in 1936, and ultimately purchased in 1946.^[95]

Barges near Hoveringham 1954 yilda

Frank Rayner, who had been with the company since 1887, and had served as its engineer and later general manager since 1896, died in December 1945. Sir Ernest Jardine, who as vice-chairman had partly funded the first lock at Cromwell in 1908, died in 1947, and the company ceased to exist in 1948 when the waterways were nationalised. The last act of the directors was to pay a 7.5 per cent dividend on the shares in 1950. Having taken over responsibility for the waterway, the Transport Commission enlarged Newark Town lock in 1952, and the flood lock at Holme was removed to reduce the risk of flooding in Nottingham. More improvements followed between 1957 and 1960. The two locks at Cromwell became one, capable of holding eight Trent barges, dredging equipment was updated, and several of the locks were mechanised. Traffic increased from 620,000 tonnes during 1951 to 1,017,356 tonnes during 1964, but all of this was below Nottingham. Commercial carrying above Nottingham ceased during the 1950s, to be replaced by pleasure cruising.^[95]

Although commercial use of the river has declined, the lower river between Cromwell and Nottingham can still take large motor barges up to around 150 feet (46 m) in length^[90] with a capacity of approx 300 tonnes.^[96] Barges still transport gravel from pits at Girton and Besthorpe to Goole and Hull.^[97]

Navigation today

The aggregate carrier Tinno o'tish Kedbi 2002 yilda

The river is legally navigable for some 117 miles (188 km) below Berton-Trent. However, for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the Trent va Mersi kanali (da Shardlo ) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself. The canal connects the Trent to the Kulollar va ustiga Runcorn va Bridgewater kanali.^[98][99]

Down river of Shardlow, the non-tidal river is navigable as far as the Cromwell Lock yaqin Nyuark, except in Nottingham (Beeston Cut & Nottingem kanali ) and just west of Nottingham, where there are two lengths of canal, Sawley and Cranfleet cuts. Below Cromwell lock, the Trent is tidal, and therefore only navigable by experienced, well-equipped boaters. Navigation lights and a proper anchor and cable are compulsory. Birlashgan Britaniya portlari, the navigation authority for the river from Gainsborough to Trent Falls, insist that anyone in charge of a boat must be experienced at navigating in tidal waters.^[90]

Between Trent Falls and Keadby, coastal vessels that have navigated through the Humber still deliver cargoes to the wharves of Grove Port, Neap House, Keadby, Gunness and Flixborough. Restrictions on size mean that the largest vessels that can be accommodated are 100 m (330 ft) uzoq va 4500 tonna.^[100][101]The use of a maritime pilot on the Trent is not compulsory for commercial craft, but is suggested for those without any experience of the river. Navigation can be difficult, and there have been a number of incidents with ships running aground and in one case, striking Keadby Bridge. The most recent occurrence involved the Celtic Endeavour being aground near Gunness for ten days, finally being lifted off by a high tide.^{[102][103][104]}

Trent Aegir

G'arbiy Stokvitdan ko'rilgan Trent Aegir, Nottingemshir, 2005 yil 20 sentyabr

At certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the Trent experience a moderately large suv oqimi (up to 5 feet [1.5 m] high), commonly known as the Trent Aegir (named after the Norse sea god ). The Aegir occurs when a high bahor fasllari meets the downstream flow of the river.^[105] The funnel shape of the river mouth exaggerates this effect, causing a large wave to travel upstream as far as Geynsboro, Linkolnshir, and sometimes beyond. The Aegir cannot travel much beyond Gainsborough as the shape of the river reduces the Aegir to little more than a ripple, and weirs north of Nyark-on-Trent, Nottingemshir, stop its path completely.

The literal North/South divide

The Trent historically marked the boundary between Shimoliy Angliya va Janubiy Angliya. For example, the administration of qirollik o'rmonlari was subject to a different justice in eyre north and south of the river, and the jurisdiction of the medieval Shimol kengashi started at the Trent.^[106] Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, Oksford universiteti was formerly divided into a northern millat and a southern nation, the former consisting of Inglizlar north of the River Trent and the Shotlandiya and the latter consisting of English people south of the Trent, the Irland, va Uelscha.^[107][108]

Some traces of the former division remain: the Trent marks the boundary between the provinces of two English Arms Shohlari, Norroy va Clarenceux.^[109][110] This divide was also described in Maykl Dreyton doston topographical poem, Poly-Olbion, The Sixe and Twentieth Song, 1622:

And of the British floods, though but the third I be,
Yet Thames and Severne both in this come short of me,
For that I am the mere of England, that divides
The north part from the south, on my so either sides,
that reckoning how these tracts in compasse be extent,
Men bound them on the north, or on the south of Trent^[111]

Pollution history

It is not clear when pollution first became an issue for the River Trent, but in the late 1880s, it had a thriving go'shti Qizil baliq fishery, with the river producing an annual catch of some 3,000 fish, a decade later, this had fallen to 100.^[112] The collapse of the fishery was due to the rapid population increase of the towns that developed following the Sanoat inqilobi. The tipping point being the introduction of piped water and a basic sewer network, which meant that effluent, which was previously stored in cesspits, was carried away through drains into the nearest brook.^[112][113]

This was a particular problem in Stoke-on-Trent and the growing towns of the Potteries. Due to the relatively small size of the Trent and its tributaries such as the Fowlea Brook, which drained these towns, the river and brooks were unable to dilute the inflow of domestic sewage and soon became overwhelmed and badly polluted.^[115]

At the downstream end of the Potteries was Trentem Xoll, here pollution became so bad that the owner, the Sutherland gersogi, made a claim against the local Fenton council in 1902. He also took out an injunction against the council to prevent the ongoing contamination causing a "most foul and offensive stench", the river not even being suitable to water grazing cattle on the estate.^[114]

Fowlea Brook - once a very heavily polluted tributary of the Trent

Although he provided land for a kanalizatsiya ishlari nearby at Strongford, the problems continued such that in 1905 the Levenson-Gower family left Trentham altogether and moved to their other properties, including Dunrobin qasri Shotlandiyada.^[116]

Until the outbreak of the Second World War, the main source of pollution continued to be the Potteries, although there was contamination from the Tame and other lower tributaries it was not as prominent. During the 1950s, however, the same problem of effluent dilution that occurred in Stoke began to become significant in Birmingham and the Black Country. Domestic effluent and polluting discharges from the metal working industries in the upper reaches, combined to affect the whole length of the tributary River Tame.^[115]

The Tame pollution also reached the Trent as well, with one of the worse affected reaches being that downstream of the confluence with the Tame through Burton, this being exacerbated by its late introduction of sewage treatment, and the substantial wastewater arising from the breweries in the town.^[117] Angling clubs in Burton used the Dove or local lakes for fishing, as the Trent through the town was absent of any fish. Downstream, the inflow of cleaner water from the Dove and then the Derwent meant that conditions improved enough to allow recreational coarse fishing in the lower reaches.^[115][118]

The pollution of the "Trent catchment was probably at its worst in the late 1950s",^[115] this being the result of the ongoing industrialisation of the urban areas, combined with the interruption and under investment caused by two world wars, which lead to only piecemeal improvements of the sewerage treatment infrastructure taking place. One effect of this pollution was that the upper and middle reaches were completely devoid of any fish life.^[115]

John Jennings, the local MP for Burton highlighted these problems in a speech to the House when he stated in 1956, that as in previous years the river had been declared unsafe for swimming on advice from the medical officer, and how its unhealthy condition affected a local rowing club.^[119]

From the 1960s onwards, there were gradual but steady improvements to the inadequate kanalizatsiya ishlari and sewers built during the Victorian era in the urban areas, but this was expensive, and took time to complete. The changes were helped by the introduction of more stringent pollution control legislation, which required industrial waste to be discharged to sewers, and the formation of the Trent River Authority, which had new duties relating to managing water quality issues. Other changes, such as the replacement of shahar gazi with natural gas, saw the end of the polluting and toxic coal tar emissions to rivers in 1963.^[120][121]

In 1970, Mr Jennings again raised the issue of pollution through Burton, the River Tame continuing to be a source of the problem, and further improvements were promised.^[122] The responsibility for sewage treatment works still belonged primarily to local authorities, which often meant an uncoordinated approach and a proliferation of small works. In 1974, these works were transferred to the regional water authorities, with the Severn Trent suv idorasi taking over the role for the Trent catchment. This led to increased investment, the closure of older and smaller works, with sewage treatment being combined at larger modern works such as Strongford and Minvort.^[115]

The economic recession in the 1970s meant that there was a considerable contraction of heavy industrial sectors, reducing pollution loadings from factories and foundries. Later improvements such as the series of purification lakes that were constructed on the Tame in the 1980s, which allowed contaminated sediment to settle out from the river, also reduced pollution levels, and lessened the impact of first flush runoff events in the lower Tame and the middle Trent.^[115][123]

Xursandchilik bilan larva, intolerant of pollution, are used as an ko'rsatkich turlari in the Trent Biotic index

The improvements in water quality along the Trent were recorded through the chemical monitoring of the river from the 1950s. Polluting substances such as ammiak showed a reduction, as did the biokimyoviy kislorodga bo'lgan talab, an indicator of the contamination present in the river. There were corresponding increases in dissolved oxygen, an indicator of a healthy river environment.The programme of monitoring also extended to taking biological samples, and one of the first biotic indices used for assessing the ecological rather than the chemical quality of rivers was developed by the local daryo taxtasi 1960-yillarda. Foydalanish umurtqasizlar as an indicator of pollution levels, it was appropriately named the Trent Biotic index.^[112][124]

By 2004, it was reported that the Trent was cleaner than it had been in the last 70–80 years, and that episodic incidents of pollution had also reduced considerably since the 1970s.^[125] The river remains vulnerable to these pollution events, such as the one that occurred in October 2009 when an accidental release of siyanid from a factory into the sewer system in Stoke-on-Trent, affected the treatment works at Strongford. This resulted in the release of raw sewage and the chemical into the river, killing thousands of fish, and posing a health risk to river users as far south as Burton.^[126][127]

Although now considered cleaner, there are still problems with diffuse pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas, as well as point source contamination from sewage works.^[128] The improvements that have taken place mean that the Trent can be used for public water consumption. Riverside lakes near Shardlow act as a reserve water source for Nottingham and Derby, and water is also abstracted at Torksey and Newton-on-Trent for supplies in Lincolnshire.^[125][129]

Wildlife and ecology

Artificial changes along the Trent, due to navigation, farming, mineral extraction and drainage works, mean that much of the riparian landscape has been altered, reducing the amount of natural habitat. The river channel links the remaining, but fragmented wetland areas and nature reserves, providing a refuge for native and migrant species.^{[130][131][132]} Bunga quyidagilar kiradi yovvoyi qushlar va suzuvchi qushlar that use the Trent Valley as a migratsiya yo'lagi, with the river also being used as a wildlife route by mammals such as suvarilar va mahalliy bo'lmagan Amerika norki.^[132][133] Bu qismni tashkil qiladi Severn-Trent flyway, a route used by ko'chib yuruvchi qushlar kesib o'tmoq Buyuk Britaniya.^[134]

Kulrang pusht fishing in the Trent

Additional nature conservation areas were created beside the river in the 20th century, when a number of disused gravel pits, were rehabilitated as nature reserves.^[132][135] One of the most important of these is Attenborough Nature Reserve, a 226-hectare (560-acre) Maxsus ilmiy qiziqishlar sayti (SSSI) which is visited by wildfowl such as vigon va choyshab. Kabi qush qushlari istiridye va achchiq have also been observed at the reserve; bor kabi qirg'oqchilar, qamish jangchilari va suv relslari.^[136][137]

Other managed wetland sites along the river include Beckingham Marshes, Croxall Lakes, Drakelow va Willington Gravel Pits. Da Besthorpe near Newark, breeding pairs of kichik egretlar va kulrang pushtlar kuzatilgan.^{[138][139][140][141]}

The Trent valley also links together other SSSI and mahalliy qo'riqxonalar, which have varying habitats not only for birds, but also mammals, insects and fish, a good example is the tributary River Mease where the entire watercourse has been designated both as a SSSI and a European tabiatni muhofaza qilishning maxsus maydoni.^[142]

One of the more unusual ecological sites is Pasturefields nature reserve near Xixon, an inland saltmarsh, which is a rare habitat for the UK. A vestige of the saline marshes created by the brine springs that seep from the groundwater of the Mercia mudstones, the reserve contains salt tolerant species normally found on the coast, such as sea plantain, arrowgrass and milkwort.^[143]

Improvements in water quality and subsequent fish stocks, in combination with the ban on the use of certain doimiy pestitsidlar have meant that otters have now returned to the Trent system, having been absent as recently as the 1980s. A survey in 2003 showed a doubling in the number of sites where evidence, such as spraints and footprints of these elusive animals were found. They have also now been sighted at locations such as Wolseley, Willington, and Attenborough.^{[125][144][145][146]} Seals have been reported up to near the head of the tidal section at Newark.^[147]

Baliq ovlash

Fishing on the Trent near Inglebi tomonidan Jorj Tyorner, 1850

Evidence of fishing along the Trent can be traced back to the Neolithic period, with the possible remnants of a baliq g'alati discovered in the abandoned river channels at Hemington.^[47][148] More definitive finds from the medieval period were also found at this site and near Colwick. These consisted of V shaped alignments of stakes; wattle panels and a large wicker trap and demonstrate that passive fishing techniques were in use on the river.^[149]

The Domesday catalogue showed that there were many successful mills and fisheries along the Trent. Mills were important locations for fish and eel traps, the eels being caught during ‘quill time’ between mid-August and early September.^[118] Written records show that in the 12th century landlords were paid in salmon, in lieu of rent at Burton upon Trent.^[118]

17-asrda Izak Uolton described the River Trent as 'One of the finest rivers in the world and the most abounding with excellent salmon and all sorts of delicate fish.'^[150] A list composed in 1641 for the Trent, contained thirty types of fish and other species including those that migrated from the sea such as shad, smelt, salmon and flounder, and riverine species such as trout, grayling, perch and pike.^[151]

The largest of those listed was the sturgeon, which at one time were caught in the Trent as far upstream as King's Mill, but only in low numbers. Particular examples included one of 8 feet (2.4 m) taken near Donington castle in 1255, and another at King's Mill of 7 feet (2.1 m) in 1791.^[152] The last known catch was in 1902 near Xolm, the fish was 8 ¹⁄₂ feet (2.6 m) and weighed 250 pounds (110 kg).^[153]

The effluent and industrial pollution of the early 20th century, led to a rapid decline in fish stocks, large stretches of the river became fishless and species such as salmon almost disappeared. As water quality improved from the 1960s onwards, fish numbers recovered, and recreational coarse fishing became more popular.^[154]

Fishing on the Trent near Hazelford paromi, 2009

By the 1970s the Trent was regarded as 'one of the most productive rivers in the British Isles'.^[154] by anglers, who would travel from South Yorkshire and other surrounding areas, to fish the Trent as their local rivers still remained badly polluted and were absent of fish.^[155]

Analysis of catch returns from 1969 to 1985, showed that the fish caught most often by anglers were barbel, bream, bleak, carp, chub, dace, eel, gudgeon, perch, and roach. Over the study period the returns revealed that there was a variation in the species caught, with a shift from roach and dace based catches, to one of chub and bream, a change that was perceived by anglers to represent a ‘serious detriment’ to the fishery.^[154] This led to comments that the river had become ‘too clean for its fish’, and its popularity, especially for match fishing, declined from the mid 1980s.^[156] Competition from other fisheries such as well stocked ponds and lakes with better amenities and more consistent catches of fish also meant a reduction in the appeal of fishing the Trent.^[157]

Recreational fishing is still popular, although anglers no longer line the banks as they once did. There are many fishing clubs that use the river, with catches including barbel, bream, carp, chub, dace, pike, and roach.^[158]

Salmon, a species that became virtually extinct due to historic pollution, have been progressively reintroduced on the tributaries since 1998, with thousands of salmon parr being released into the Dove and its tributary the Churnet each year.^[159] Returning adult salmon have been seen leaping over weirs on the river^[159] and in 2011 a large salmon weighing over 10 pounds (4.5 kg) was caught at an undisclosed location, and was 'thought to be the biggest caught on the Trent in the last thirty years'.^[160]

Places along the Trent

Nottingem

Geynsboro

Berton-Trent

Tosh

Stok

Nyuark

Rugli

Map showing riverside towns and cities along the course of the Trent

Cities and towns on or close to the river include:

• Stok-on-Trent
• Tosh
• Rugli
• Berton-Trent
• Donington qal'asi
• Long Eaton
• Beeston
• Nottingem
• Nyark-on-Trent
• Geynsboro

Crossing the Trent

Prior to the mid-18th century there were few permanent crossings of the river with only four bridges downstream of the Tame confluence: the old medieval bridges at Berton, Qilich tosh, Nottingham (known as Hethbeth Bridge ) va Nyuark, all first built by 1204. There were, however, over thirty ferries that operated along its course, and numerous fords, where passage was possible, their locations indicated by the suffix ‘ford’ in many riverside place-names such as Hanford, Bridgford, and Wilford.^[116][161]

Barton Ferry 1949 yilda

Glover noted in 1829 that all three types of crossing were still in use on the Derbyshire section of the Trent, but that the fords were derelict and dangerous. These fording points only allowed passage across the river when water levels were low; when the river was in flood a long detour could be required. He reported that they could be treacherous to the unwary, since there were few gauges to show if the river had become too deep to cross, and that they were rarely used except by locals who knew them well.^[162] One of the earliest known fords was the crossing at Littleborough, constructed by the Romans it was paved with bayroq toshlari, and supported by substantial yog'och qoziqlar.^[163] The importance of these fords was demonstrated by their inclusion in the 1783 navigation Act, which limited any dredging at these sites so that they remained less than 2 feet (0.61 m) deep.^[164]

Farndon ferry in 1907 showing the white frontage of the Britannia Inn

Ferries often replaced these earlier fording points, and were essential where the water was too deep, such as the tidal section of the lower river. As they were a source of income, they were recorded in the Domesday kitobi at a number of locations including Weston on Trent and Fiskerton, both of which were still in operation in the middle of the 20th century. The ferry boats used along the Trent ranged in size from small rowing boats, to flat decked craft that could carry livestock, horses, and in some case their associated carts or wagons.^[116][165]

Bridges over the river were created in Saxon times at Nottingham at least (and for a time just north of Newark at Kromvel, although it is not known how long that bridge site lasted), and formed major centres of trade and military importance.^[166] Qirol Edvard fortified the Nottingham bridge in 920, while a notable battle took place at Burton's bridge in 1322 va another in 1643. The medieval bridges of Burton and Nottingham survived relatively intact until the 1860s, when both were replaced and demolished. The central arches of the medieval Swarkestone bridge were knocked out by the great flood of 1795 and rebuilt, but the bridge's more rural location allowed large portions of the medieval bridge to survive and remain in use today. Crossing a wide flood plain, the bridge is almost one mile (1.6 km) long, a laborious project to allow flood waters to pass under it. At Newark, the last bridge on the Trent until modern times, the bridge was rebuilt in 1775. At least one other medieval attempt was made to bridge the Trent near Wilden at Hemington, but this was gone long before the end of the Middle Ages. The complex of three bridges provides evidence of attempts to keep a crossing open over slightly more than two hundred years from 1097, with three bridges constructed on the same site but felled by scouring, floods and course migration of the river to the south eroding the bridgehead.^[167] The bridge was probably gone by around 1311 when nearby Wilden ferry, near Shardlow was first recorded, and the site thereafter went without a bridge until Kavendid ko'prigi opened around 1760. As no archive sources record that the Hemington bridge existed, there may have been other medieval bridge projects now forgotten. (Until the late 18th century, a long period of stagnation for economic and technical reasons limited the number of bridges over the Trent; it has been noted that relatively few bridges were constructed in England on new sites anywhere between around 1250–1300 and 1750.^[168][169]) Kavendid ko'prigi was itself damaged beyond repair by a flood in March 1947, requiring a temporary Beyli ko'prigi to be used until a new concrete span was constructed in 1957.^[77][170]

When bridge construction resumed, toll bridges were often constructed on the site of ferry routes. Such was the case at Willington, Gunthorpe and Gainsborough.^[116][171]

Parom ko'prigi built in 1889, crosses the river between Stapenhill and Burton

At Stapenhill near Burton, there were similar calls for a new bridge, a tally of usage showed that the foot ferry was being used 700 times per day. Yangi Parom ko'prigi was opened in 1889, although it needed the financial support of the brewer and xayriyachi Maykl Bass to pay for the construction, and later in 1898 to purchase the existing ferry rights so that it became free of tolls.^[172][173]

The toll bridges were mostly bought out by the county councils in the 19th century following government islohotlar, one of the earliest being Willington in 1898, the first toll free crossing was marked by a procession across the bridge and a day of celebration.^[174][175]The only toll bridge that remains across the Trent is at Dunham, although it is free to cross on Christmas and Boxing Day.^[176]

Elektr stantsiyalari

Kottam elektr stantsiyasi

The tall chimneys and concave shaped cooling towers of the many elektr stantsiyalari are a dominant and familiar presence within the open landscape of the Trent valley, which has been widely used for power generation since the 1940s.^[177]

The primary reason for locating so many generating stations beside the Trent was the availability of sufficient amounts of cooling water from the river. This combined with the nearby supplies of fuel in the form of coal from the Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire coalfields, and the existing railway infrastructure meant that a string of twelve large power stations were originally constructed along its banks.^[178] At one time these sites provided a quarter of the electricity needs of the UK, giving rise to the epithet 'Megavatt vodiysi '.^[177]

Once these early stations reached the end of their functional life, they were usually demolished, although in some cases the sites have been retained and redeveloped as gas fired power stations.^[177]

In downstream order, the power stations that continue to use, or have used the river as their source of cooling water are: Meaford, Rugli, Drakelow, Uillington, Donington qal'asi, Ratkliff-on-Soar, Uilford, Staythorp, Baland Marnxem, Kottam, G'arbiy Berton va Kedbi.^[177][179]

The three largest remaining coal-fired stations at Ratcliffe, Cottam and West Burton still use domestic coal supplies, although this is now being replaced by imported coal brought by ship from abroad.^[180][181]

Bittasi bor gidroelektr stantsiyasi on the river, Beeston Hydro da Beeston Weir.^[182]

Recreation on the Trent

Holme Pierrepont milliy suv sportlari markazi in Nottingham next to the River Trent

Along with other major rivers in the Midlands, the Trent is widely used for recreational activities, both on the water and along its riverbanks. The National Watersports Centre at Holme Pierrepont, near Nottingham combines facilities for many of these sports, including rowing, sailing and whitewater canoeing.^[183][184]

The Trent vodiysi yo'li created in 1998 as a long distance footpath, enables walkers to enjoy the combined attractions of ‘the river’s rich natural heritage and its history as an inland navigation’. Extended in 2012, the route now runs from Trent qulfi in the south through to Alkborough where the river meets the Humber. U daryo bo'yidagi va tortib olinadigan yo'llarni, kengroq vodiydagi qishloqlarga va diqqatga sazovor joylarga boshqa yo'llarni birlashtiradi.^{[185][186][187][188]}

Tarixiy ravishda daryoda suzish mashhur bo'lgan, 1770 yilda Nottingemda Trent ko'prigida qarama-qarshi qirg'oqda ikkita cho'milish joyi bo'lgan, ular 1857 yilda o'zgaruvchan shiyponlar va yordamchi bilan yaxshilangan. Shunga o'xshash inshootlar 1870 yilda Berton-on-Trentdagi suv o'tqazmalarida mavjud edi, u ham o'zining suzish klubiga ega edi. Ochiq suvda suzish hanuzgacha o'z ixtiyoriy qutqaruvchilari bilan daryoga tutashgan Kolvik Park ko'li, shu jumladan joylarda sodir bo'ladi.^{[151][184][189][190]} Trentning suzib yuradigan butun uzunligini suzgan birinchi odam 2015 yil iyul oyida to'qqiz kun davomida 139 mil (224 km) suzgan Tom Milner edi.^[191][192]

Avtoulov klublari 1800-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri Berton, Nyuark va Nottingemda mavjud bo'lib, ular orasida turli xil regattalar bo'lib o'tdi, ham daryoda, ham milliy suv sporti markazidagi eshkak eshish maydonida.^{[193][194][195]}

Trent Lock yaqinidagi Trent Valley Sailing Club

Trentda oq suv va tekis suv kanoesi bilan shug'ullanish mumkin, nashr etilgan ko'rsatmalar va sayohatlar marshrutlari daryo ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Stounda kano slalom kursi bor, Xolme Perrepontda 700 m (2300 fut) sun'iy yo'l qurilgan va turli xil begona o'tlar, shu jumladan Nyukark va Souliydagi oq suzish uchun foydalaniladi. Daryo bo'yida kanoeda eshkak eshish va baydarka bilan shug'ullanadigan turli klublar, shu jumladan Stoun, Berton va Nottingemdagi eshkak eshish.^{[196][197][198][199][200][201]}

1886 yilda tashkil etilgan Trent vodiysi suzib yurish klubi daryodan suzib yurish, regattalar va tadbirlar uchun foydalanadigan ikkita klubdan biridir. Xovingem, Jirton va Attenboroni o'z ichiga olgan toshqin toshlar natijasida hosil bo'lgan ochiq suvda suzib yuradigan bir qator klublar mavjud.^[202]

Kruiz qayiqlarida uyushtirilgan sayohatlar azaldan Trentning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lib kelgan, bir paytlar bug 'tashish yo'lovchilarni Trent ko'prigidan Colwick parkiga olib borgan, shunga o'xshash sayohatlar bugun davom etmoqda, ammo teskari yo'nalishda, Kolvikdan boshlab va Nottingemdan o'tib, ular Trent deb nomlanuvchi qayiqlardan foydalanmoqdalar. Malika va Trent xonim. Boshqalar sayohatlari Nyuark qasridan va ikkita konvertatsiya qilingan barjadan; Newark Crusader va Nottingham Crusader, St John Ambulance Waterwing sxemasi orqali nogironlar uchun daryo sayohatlarini ta'minlaydi.^[203][204]

Daryolar

Garchi Spenser "Chiroyli Trent" ni "o'ttiz xil oqim" bilan ta'minladi^[d] daryoga ikki baravar ko'p turli xil irmoqlar qo'shiladi,^[206] shundan oqim jihatidan eng kattasi - G'arbiy Midlandning ko'p qismini quritadigan Tame, shu jumladan Birmingem va Qora mamlakat. Ikkinchi va uchinchi kattalar mos ravishda Derwent va Dove; birgalikda bu ikki daryo Derbishir va Staffordshirning aksariyat qismini, shu jumladan, Peak tumanining tog'li hududlarini quritadi.^[59]

Leyestershir grafligining aksariyat qismini quritadigan Soar daryosi ikkinchi yirik irmoq sifatida ham ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin, chunki u Dovet yoki Derwentdan kattaroq suv yig'ish maydoniga ega, ammo uning oqimi Derwentdan sezilarli darajada past va Kabutar.^[59]

Yomg'ir miqdori jihatidan Derwent o'rtacha yillik o'rtacha eng ko'p yog'ingarchilikni oladi, eng kam o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik darajasi bo'lgan Devon esa jadvalga kiritilganlarning eng quruq yog'inidir.^[59]

Trentning eng yirik irmoqlari statistikasi
Ism	Tuman [e]	Uzunlik		Datchik maydoni		Chiqish		Yomg'ir [f]		Maks. Balandlik		Ref
		km	mil	km2	mil2	m3/ s	cfs	mm	yilda	m	ft
Bleyt	Xodimlar	47	29	167	64	1.16	41	782	30.8	281	922	[g][59][206]
Devon	Notlar	47	29	377	146	1.57	55	591	23.3	170	560	[h][59][206]
Derwent	Derbis	118	73	1,204	465	18.58	656	982	38.7	634	2,080	[men][59][206]
Kabutar	Derbis	96	60	1,020	390	13.91	491	935	36.8	546	1,791	[j][59][206]
Erewash	Derbis	46	29	194	75	1.87	66	708	27.9	194	636	[k][59][206]
Salom	Notlar	18	11	66	25	0.30	11	655	25.8	153	502	[l][59][206]
Bo'sh	Notlar	55	34	896	346	2.35	83	650	26	205	673	[m][59][206]
Leen	Notlar	39	24	124	48	0.67	24	686	27.0	185	607	[n][59][206]
Parvoz	Leyk	95	59	1,386	535	11.73	414	641	25.2	272	892	[o][59][206]
Sow	Xodimlar	38	24	601	232	6.33	224	714	28.1	234	768	[p][59][206]
Tame	G'arbiy Mids	95	59	1,500	580	27.84	983	691	27.2	291	955	[q][59][206]
Torn	Links	44	27	361	139	0.89	31	615	24.2	145	476	[r][59][206]

Irmoqlar ro'yxati

Shuningdek qarang

• Buyuk Britaniyaning daryolari ro'yxati
• Trent daryosi ma'muriyati
• Trent vodiysi chizig'i
• Trent vodiysi yo'li
• Trent daryosidagi baliqlar ro'yxati
• Trent daryosining o'tish joylari ro'yxati
• Trent daryosi (Ontario)

Bibliografiya

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Nottingemdagi Trent bo'ylab Nottingemdagi fotosuratlar21
• Trent daryosining irmoqlari Ingliz merosi va Birmingem universiteti tadqiqot loyihasi.
• Daryo quyilishida ko'p davrli geoarxeologik resurslarni bashoratli modellashtirish Ingliz merosi, Birmingem universiteti va Exeter universiteti tadqiqot loyihasi.
• Trent vodiysi GeoArxeologiya
• Nottingem orqali Trent daryosi. Rasmlar va slayd-shou.