Subhas Chandra Bose - Subhas Chandra Bose

"Netaji" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Netaji (ajralish).

Netaji

Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg
Rahbari Hindiston milliy armiyasi[d]
Ofisda
1943 yil 4-iyul - 1945 yil 18-avgust
OldingiMohan Singx
MuvaffaqiyatliOfis bekor qilindi
Prezident ning Hindiston milliy kongressi
Ofisda
1938 yil 18-yanvar - 1939 yil 29-aprel
OldingiJavaharlal Neru
MuvaffaqiyatliRajendra Prasad
Ofisda
1939 yil 22 iyun - 1941 yil 16 yanvar
OldingiOfis yaratildi
5-chi Kalkutta meri
Ofisda
1930 yil 22-avgust - 1931 yil 15-aprel
OldingiJatindra Mohan Sengupta
MuvaffaqiyatliBidhan Chandra Roy
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Subhas Chandra Bose

(1897-01-23)23 yanvar 1897 yil
Kesik, Bengal prezidentligi, Britaniya Hindistoni (Bugungi kun Odisha, Hindiston )
O'ldi1945 yil 18-avgust(1945-08-18) (48 yosh)
Armiya kasalxonasi Nanmon filiali, Taihoku, Yaponiya Tayvan (hozirgi Taipei shahar kasalxonasi Xeping Fuyou filiali, Taypey, Tayvan )
O'lim sababiUchinchi darajali kuyishlar dan samolyot
FuqarolikBritaniyalik Raj
Turmush o'rtoqlaryoki sherigi,[4] Emili Schenkl
(1937 yilda marosimsiz yoki guvohlarsiz yashirincha uylangan, Bose tomonidan ommaviy ravishda tan olinmagan.[5])
BolalarAnita Bose Pfaff
OnaPrabhavati Dutt
OtaJanakinath Bose
Ta'lim
Olma mater
Ma'lumHind millatchiligi
ImzoSubhas Chandra Bose imzosi

Subhas Chandra Bose[talaffuzmi? ] (1897 yil 23-yanvar - 1945 yil 18-avgust)[11][h] edi Hindistonlik millatchi uning vatanparvarligi uni Hindistonda qahramonga aylantirdi,[12][men][13][j][14][k] ammo kimning urinishi Ikkinchi jahon urushi Hindistonni qutqarish Britaniya hukmronligi yordamida Natsistlar Germaniyasi va Imperial Yaponiya muammoli meros qoldirdi.[15][l][16][m][12][n] Hurmatli Netaji (Hindustani: "Hurmatli Rahbar"), 1942 yil boshida Germaniyaning Bose shahriga hind askarlari tomonidan murojaat qilingan Indische Legion Germaniya va Hindiston rasmiylari tomonidan Hindiston uchun maxsus byuro Berlinda, keyinchalik butun Hindistonda ishlatilgan.[17][o]

Bose yoshroq, radikal, qanotning etakchisi bo'lgan Hindiston milliy kongressi 1920-yillarning oxirlarida va 1930-yillarda, 1938 va 1939 yillarda Kongress prezidenti bo'lishga ko'tarildi.[18][p] Biroq, u 1939 yilda bilan farqlar ortidan Kongress rahbariyatidan chetlashtirildi Maxatma Gandi va Kongress oliy qo'mondonligi.[19] Keyinchalik u 1940 yilda Hindistondan qochishdan oldin inglizlar tomonidan uy qamog'iga olingan.[20]

Bose 1941 yil aprel oyida Germaniyaga keldi, u erda rahbariyat Hindistonning mustaqilligi uchun kutilmagan, ba'zida ikkilangan bo'lsa hamdardlik bildirdi, boshqa mustamlaka qilingan xalqlar va etnik jamoalarga bo'lgan munosabatidan keskin farq qildi.[21][22] 1941 yil noyabrda Germaniya mablag'lari bilan "Ozod Hindiston" markazi tashkil etildi Berlin Va tez orada Bose tunda efirga uzatadigan Ozod Hindiston radiosi. 3000 kishilik Ozod Hindiston Legioni, tomonidan hibsga olingan hindular Ervin Rommel "s Afrika Korps, shuningdek, kelajakda nemislarning Hindistonga quruqlik kiritishiga yordam berish uchun tuzilgan.[23] 1942 yilning bahorida Yaponiyaning janubi-sharqiy Osiyodagi g'alabalari va Germaniyaning ustuvor yo'nalishlarini o'zgartirishi munosabati bilan Germaniyaning Hindistonga bostirib kirishi o'zgarmas bo'lib qoldi va Bose janubi-sharqiy Osiyoga ko'chib o'tishga intildi.[24] Adolf Gitler, 1942 yil may oyining oxirida Bose bilan bo'lgan yagona uchrashuvida, xuddi shu narsani taklif qildi va suvosti kemasini tashkil qilishni taklif qildi.[25] Shu vaqt ichida Bose ham ota bo'ldi; uning xotini, [5] yoki sherigi,[4][q] Emili Schenkl, u 1934 yilda uchrashgan, tug'di qiz bola 1942 yil noyabrda.[5][21] Bilan kuchli aniqlash Eksa kuchlari 1943 yil fevral oyida Bose kechirim so'ramay, nemis suvosti kemasiga tushdi.[26][27] Madagaskardan tashqarida u Yaponiyaning dengiz osti kemasiga ko'chirildi va u tushdi Yaponiya qo'lida Sumatra 1943 yil may oyida.[26]

Yaponiya ko'magi bilan Bose yangilangan Hindiston milliy armiyasi (INA), keyinchalik Angliya hind armiyasining hibsga olingan hind askarlaridan iborat edi Singapur jangi.[28] Bose kelganidan so'ng, ularga Malaya va Singapurdagi hind fuqarolarini jalb qilish qo'shildi. Yaponlar qo'lga kiritilgan mintaqalardagi qo'g'irchoqbozlik va vaqtinchalik hukumatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun kelishgan edi, masalan Birma, Filippinlar va Manchukuo. Ko'p o'tmay Erkin Hindistonning muvaqqat hukumati, Bose raisligida, tashkil topgan Yaponlar tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan Andaman va Nikobar orollari.[28][2][r] Bose ajoyib hirs va xarizmaga ega edi - hindlarning mashhur shiorlaridan foydalanib, "Jai Xind, "- va Bose boshchiligidagi INA mintaqa, etnik kelib chiqishi, dini va hattoki jinsi bo'yicha xilma-xillikning namunasidir. Biroq yaponlar Boseni harbiy mahoratga ega emas deb hisoblashgan,[29][lar] va uning harbiy harakati qisqa muddatli edi. 1944 yil oxiri va 1945 yil boshlarida Britaniya hind armiyasi avval to'xtab, keyin yaponlarni vayronagarchilik bilan qaytarib oldi Hindistonga hujum. Yaponiya kuchlarining deyarli yarmi va ishtirok etgan INA kontingentining to'liq yarmi o'ldirildi.[30][t] INA Malay yarim orolini haydab chiqarildi va taslim bo'ldi Singapurni qaytarib olish. Bose oldinroq o'z kuchlari yoki yaponlar bilan taslim bo'lishni emas, aksincha kelajakda kelajakni qidirish maqsadida Manjuriyaga qochishni tanlagan edi. Sovet Ittifoqi u anti-inglizlarni aylantiradi deb ishongan. U uchinchi darajali kuyishdan vafot etdi uning samolyoti qulab tushganda qabul qilingan Tayvan.[31][u] Biroq, ba'zi hindular halokat yuz berganiga ishonishmadi,[14][v] Bose Hindiston mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritish uchun qaytib kelishiga ishonib, ularning ko'plari bilan, ayniqsa Bengaliyada.[32][w][33][x][34][y]

The Hindiston milliy kongressi, hind millatchiligining asosiy vositasi, Bozening vatanparvarligini maqtagan, ammo uning taktikasi va mafkurasidan uzoqlashgan,[35][z] ayniqsa, uning fashizm bilan hamkorligi.[36] The Britaniyalik Raj, hech qachon INA tomonidan jiddiy tahdid qilinmasa ham,[37][aa][38][ab] 300 INA zobitlarini xiyonat qilishda ayblashdi INA sinovlari, lekin oxir-oqibat ham xalqning fikri va ham o'z maqsadi oldida orqaga qaytdi.[39][ak][36][12]

Biografiya

1897–1921: erta hayot

Subhas Bose, o'ta o'ngda, 14 aka-ukadan iborat oilasi bilan Kesik, taxminan 1905 yil

Subxas Chandra Bose 1897 yil 23-yanvarda (soat 12.10 da) tug'ilgan Kesik, Bengal viloyati, Orissa bo'limi, ga Prabhavati Dutt Bose va Janakinath Bose ga tegishli advokat Bengaliyalik Kayasta[40][reklama] oila.[41] U 14 farzandli oilada to'qqizinchi edi. Uning oilasi yaxshi edi.[40]

U 1902 yil yanvar oyida ukalari va singillari singari Kuttakdagi protestant Evropa maktabiga (hozirgi Styuart o'rta maktabiga) qabul qilindi. U 1909 yilgacha Baptistlar Missiyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan ushbu maktabda o'qishni davom ettirdi va keyin Ispaniyaga ko'chib o'tdi. Ravenshaw kolleji maktabi. 1913 yilda matritsiya imtihonida ikkinchi pozitsiyani ta'minlaganidan so'ng, u qabul qilindi Prezidentlik kolleji u erda qisqacha o'qigan.[42]U 16 yoshida ularning asarlarini o'qigach, Swami Vivekananda va Ramakrishnaning ta'limotlari ta'sirida bo'lgan, u o'z dinini o'qishdan ko'ra muhimroq deb bilgan.[40]

O'sha kunlarda Kalkuttadagi inglizlar tez-tez jamoat joylarida hindularga haqoratli so'zlar aytishgan va ularni ochiqchasiga haqorat qilishgan. Inglizlarning bunday xatti-harakatlari va Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi uning fikrlashiga ta'sir qila boshladi.[40]

Uning millatchilik fe'l-atvori, professor Oatenga hujum qilgani uchun haydalganida (ba'zi hind talabalarini boshqargan) paydo bo'ldi.[40]) ikkinchisining Hindistonga qarshi izohlari uchun. U faqat hujumga guvoh bo'lganligi va aslida u ishtirok etmaganligi to'g'risida shikoyat qilgan bo'lsa-da, u haydab chiqarildi.[40] Keyinchalik u qo'shildi Shotlandiya cherkov kolleji da Kalkutta universiteti va uning B.A. 1918 yilda falsafada.[43]

Subhas Bose (tik, o'ngda) Angliyadagi do'stlari bilan, 1920 yil

Bose 1919 yil 15 sentyabrda Hindistondan Evropaga yo'l oldi va Londonga 20 oktyabrda etib keldi.[44] U otasiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish va paydo bo'lish uchun va'da bergan edi Hindiston davlat xizmatlari (ICS) ekspertizasi, buning uchun uning otasi 10000 rupiya olgan.[44] Londonda Bose ICSga arizasini tayyorladi va u erda qoldi Belsize Park advokatlik imtihoniga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan ukasi Satish bilan.[45] Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Leonard A. Gordon:

"Subhasning Davlat xizmatiga oid arizasi uning oilasining Bengaliyaning kichik, o'zaro bog'liq elitasiga aloqadorligini namoyish etadi. Ma'lumot uchun u Britaniya-Hindiston tashkiloti kengashlarida ikkita eng yuqori martabali hindlarning ismlarini berdi, Lord Sinha Raypur, Davlat kotibining Hindiston bo'yicha muovini va Raj huzuridagi viloyat hokimi bo'lib ishlagan birinchi hindiston va janob Bupendranat Basu, boy Kalkutta advokati va Londonda Hindiston Kengashi a'zosi. "[44]

Bose kollejga o'qishga kirishni juda xohlardi Kembrij universiteti.[46] Biroq, allaqachon qabul qilish muddati o'tgan edi.[46] U erdagi hindistonlik talabalar va senzor janob Reddauining yordami bilan Fitsvilliam zali, universitetning kollejga kirmaydigan talabalar kengashi tomonidan boshqariladigan tashkilot, Bose kollejga rasmiy qabul qilinmasdan, iqtisodiy xarajatlar evaziga universitet ta'limini olish uchun. reestrga kirdi 1919 yil 19-noyabrda universitetning.[46] U aqliy va axloqiy fanlar Triposini tanladi va bir vaqtning o'zida davlat xizmati imtihonlariga tayyorgarlik ko'rishga kirishdi.[46]

U ICS imtihonida to'rtinchi o'rinni egalladi va tanlandi, ammo u inglizlarga xizmat qilishni anglatadigan begona hukumat ostida ishlashni xohlamadi. U 1921 yilda Hindiston davlat xizmatidan iste'foga chiqib, suvga cho'mish arafasida turganida, u akasiga maktub yozdi Sarat Chandra Bose: "Faqatgina qurbonlik va azob-uqubatlar zaminida biz milliy imoratimizni ko'tarishimiz mumkin."[47]

U 1921 yil 23 aprelda davlat xizmatidan voz kechdi va Hindistonga qaytib keldi.[48]

1921–1932: Hindiston milliy kongressi

(chapda) Bose Hindiston Jamiyatining ochilish marosimida Praga 1926 yilda; (o'ngda) Subhas Bose, Bosh ofitser qo'mondonligi, Kongressning ko'ngillilar korpusi (harbiy kiyimda) Kongress prezidenti bilan, Motilal Neru, salomni qabul qilish. Yillik yig'ilish, Hindiston Milliy Kongressi, 1928 yil 29-dekabr

U gazetani boshladi Swaraj va Bengal viloyati Kongress qo'mitasi uchun reklama qilishni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[49] Uning ustozi edi Chittaranjan Das kim tajovuzkor millatchilikning vakili bo'lgan Bengal. 1923 yilda Bose Butun Hindiston Yoshlar Kongressining Prezidenti va shuningdek Bengaliya shtati Kongressining kotibi etib saylandi. U Chittaranjan Das tomonidan asos solingan "Oldinga" gazetasining muharriri ham bo'lgan.[50] Bose kompaniyasining bosh direktori bo'lib ishlagan Kalkutta munitsipal korporatsiyasi Das uchun ikkinchisi 1924 yilda Kalkutta meri etib saylanganda.[51] 1925 yilda millatchilar yig'ilishida Bose hibsga olingan va qamoqxonaga yuborilgan Mandalay, qaerda u shartnoma tuzgan sil kasalligi.[52]

1927 yilda qamoqdan chiqqanidan so'ng Bose Kongress partiyasining bosh kotibi bo'ldi va u bilan ishladi Javaharlal Neru mustaqillik uchun. 1928 yil dekabr oyi oxirida Bose The yillik yig'ilishini tashkil etdi Hindiston milliy kongressi Kalkuttada.[53] Uning eng esda qolarli o'rni Bosh ofitser qo'mondonligi (GOC) ko'ngillilar korpusi edi.[53] Muallif Nirad Chaudhuri uchrashuv haqida yozdi:

Bose forma kiygan ko'ngillilar korpusini tashkil qildi, uning zobitlari hattoki temirdan yasalgan polatlar bilan ta'minlandi ... uning formasi Xarmantning Kalkuttadagi ingliz tikuvchilik firmasi tomonidan tayyorlangan. GOC sifatida unga yuborilgan telegramma Fort Uilyamdagi Britaniya generaliga etkazilgan va (Britaniya hindulari) matbuotida juda ko'p zararli g'iybatlarga sabab bo'lgan. Maxatma Gandi samimiy pasifist sifatida zo'ravonlik qilmaslikka qasamyod qildi, oyoq kiyimi, botinka bosish va salomlashishni yoqtirmadi va keyinchalik Kongressning Kalkutta sessiyasini Bertram Mills tsirki, bu Bengaliyaliklar orasida katta g'azabga sabab bo'ldi.[53]

Birozdan keyin Bose yana hibsga olingan va qamoqqa tashlangan fuqarolik itoatsizligi; bu safar u shahar hokimi bo'ldi Kalkutta 1930 yilda.[52]

1933–1937: kasallik, Avstriya, Emili Schenkl

(chapda) Bose bilan Emili Schenkl, Bad Gastein shahrida, Avstriya, 1936; (o'ngda) Bose, INC saylangan prezident, markaz, Bad Gastein, Avstriya, 1937 yil dekabr, bilan (chapdan o'ngga) A. C. N. Nambiar (Bose-ning ikkinchi qo'mondoni, Berlin, 1941-1945), Heidi Fulop-Miller, Shenkl va Amiya Bose.

1930-yillarning o'rtalarida Bose Evropaga sayohat qildi, hind talabalari va evropalik siyosatchilarga, shu jumladan Benito Mussolini. U partiya tashkilotini kuzatdi va kommunizm va fashizmni amalda ko'rdi.[iqtibos kerak ] Bu davrda u ham kitobining birinchi qismini tadqiq qildi va yozdi Hindiston kurashi, 1920-1934 yillarda mamlakatning mustaqillik harakatini qamrab oldi. Garchi u 1935 yilda Londonda nashr etilgan bo'lsa-da, Britaniya hukumati bu tartibsizlikni rag'batlantirishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib, koloniyada kitobni taqiqlagan.[54]

1937–1940: Hindiston milliy kongressi

1938 yilda Bose o'zining fikriga ko'ra, INC "siyosiy erkinlikni qo'lga kiritish va sotsialistik rejimni o'rnatish uchun ikki tomonlama maqsad bilan eng keng anti-imperialistik jabhada tashkil etilishi kerak".[55] 1938 yilga kelib Bose milliy qadr-qimmatning etakchisiga aylandi va nomzodni Kongress prezidenti sifatida qabul qilishga rozi bo'ldi. U malakasizlarga qarshi turdi Swaraj (o'z-o'zini boshqarish), shu jumladan inglizlarga qarshi kuch ishlatish. Bu aslida Bozening prezidentligiga qarshi bo'lgan Mohandas Gandi bilan to'qnashuvni anglatadi,[56] bo'linish Hindiston milliy kongressi ziyofat.

AQShning saylangan prezidenti Bose, Avstriyada ikki oylik ta'tildan so'ng, 1938 yil 24 yanvarda Kalkuttaga keladi.[ae][af]

Bose birlikni saqlashga harakat qildi, ammo Gandi Bosega o'zining kabinetini tuzishni maslahat berdi. Bu yoriq Bose va Neruni ikkiga ajratdi. Bose 1939 yilgi Kongress yig'ilishida zambilda paydo bo'ldi. U Gandining afzal ko'rgan nomzodi bo'yicha yana prezident etib saylandi Pattabhi Sitaramayya.[59] U. Muturamalingam Thevar Kongress ichidagi tortishuvda Bosni qattiq qo'llab-quvvatladi. Thevar Hindistonning barcha janubiy ovozlarini Bose uchun safarbar qildi.[60] Biroq, Kongress Ishchi qo'mitasidagi Gandi boshchiligidagi klik manevrlari tufayli Bose o'zini Kongress prezidentligidan ketishga majbur qildi.[iqtibos kerak ]

1939 yil 22 iyunda Bose tashkil etdi Butun Hindiston forvardi bloki Hindiston Milliy Kongressidagi fraksiya,[61] siyosiy chapni mustahkamlashga qaratilgan, ammo uning asosiy kuchi uning vatani Bengaliyada edi. Boshidanoq Bose-ni qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatlagan U Muturamalingam Thevar Forward Block-ga qo'shildi. 6 sentyabrda Bose Madurayga tashrif buyurganida, Thevar o'zining ziyofati sifatida katta miting uyushtirdi.

Subhas Chandra Bose taklifiga binoan Madurayga ketayotganida Muturamalinga Thevar Forward Blokni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun u Madrasdan o'tdi va Gandi cho'qqisida uch kunni o'tkazdi. Uning yozishmalaridan ko'rinib turibdiki, Britaniyaning bo'ysundirilishini yoqtirmasligiga qaramay, u ularning uslubiy va tizimli yondashuvi va hayotga qat'iy intizomiy qarashlari bilan chuqur taassurot qoldirdi. Angliyada u inglizlar bilan Hindiston kelajagi to'g'risida fikr almashdi Mehnat partiyasi kabi rahbarlar va siyosiy mutafakkirlar Lord Galifaks, Jorj Lansberi, Klement Attlei, Artur Grinvud, Xarold Laski, J.B.S. Haldene, Ivor Jennings, G.D.H. Koul, Gilbert Myurrey va janob Stafford Cripps.

1939 yilgi Kongressning yillik sessiyasiga kelgan Bose u qayta saylangan, ammo keyinchalik Gandi va Kongress Oliy qo'mondonligi bilan kelishmovchiliklardan so'ng iste'foga chiqishi kerak edi.

U mustaqil Hindistonga sotsialistik zarur deb ishondi avtoritarizm, Turkiya chizig'ida Kamol Otaturk, kamida yigirma yil davomida. Siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra Bosega Otaturk bilan uchrashish uchun ingliz hukumati tomonidan ruxsat berilmadi Anqara. Angliyada bo'lganida Bose bir nechta siyosatchilar bilan uchrashuvlarni rejalashtirishga urindi, lekin faqat Leyboristlar partiyasi va Liberal siyosatchilar u bilan uchrashishga rozi bo'lishdi. Konservativ partiya rasmiylar u bilan uchrashishdan yoki unga muloyimlik ko'rsatishdan bosh tortdilar, chunki u koloniyadan kelgan siyosatchi edi. 30-yillarda Konservativ partiyaning etakchi arboblari hatto qarshi chiqishgan Dominion Hindiston uchun maqom. Aynan 1945–1951 yillardagi Leyboristlar partiyasi hukumati davrida, Atleti Bosh vazir bo'lib, Hindiston mustaqillikka erishdi.

Urush boshlanganda Bose Viceroyga qarshi norozilik namoyishi uchun ommaviy fuqarolik itoatsizligi kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi Lord Linlithgow Kongress rahbariyati bilan maslahatlashmasdan Hindiston nomidan urush e'lon qilish to'g'risidagi qaror. Gandini buning zarurligiga ishontira olmagan Bose, ommaviy norozilik namoyishlarini uyushtirdi Kalkutta "Xolvel yodgorligi" ni yodga olishga chaqirmoqda Kalkuttaning qora tuynugi, keyin burchakda turgan Dalhousie maydoni, olib tashlanishi kerak.[62] U inglizlar tomonidan qamoqxonaga tashlangan, ammo etti kunlik ochlik e'lonidan keyin ozod qilingan. Bose-ning Kalkuttadagi uyi tomonidan kuzatuv ostida bo'lgan CID.[63]

1941–1943: fashistlar Germaniyasi

(chapda) Bose bilan Geynrix Ximmler, fashistlarning ichki ishlar vaziri, boshlig'i SS, va Gestapo 1942 yil; (o'ngda) Bose yig'ilishi Adolf Gitler

Bosening hibsga olinishi va keyinchalik ozod qilinishi uning Germaniyaga qochib o'tishiga imkon yaratdi Afg'oniston va Sovet Ittifoqi. Qochishidan bir necha kun oldin u yolg'izlikni izladi va shu bahona bilan ingliz qo'riqchilari bilan uchrashishdan qochib, soqolini o'stirdi. 1941 yil 16-yanvar kuni kechqurun, qochib qutulgan kuni, u kiyinib oldi Patan (jigarrang uzun ko'ylagi, qora fez turidagi palto va keng pijamalar). Bose 1941 yil 17 yanvarga o'tar kechasi Kalkuttadagi Elgin Road uyidan Britaniyaliklar nazorati ostida jiyani Sisir Kumar Bose bilan birga, keyinchalik Gomoh temir yo'l stantsiyasiga (hozirgi Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh stantsiyasiga) o'sha paytdagi Bihar shtatida ( endi Jarxand), Hindiston.[64][65][66][67]

U sayohat qildi Peshovar yordamida Abver, u erda Akbar Shoh, Muhammad Shoh va Bagat Ram Talvar. Bose Akbar Shohning ishonchli do'sti Obod Xonning uyiga olib ketildi. 1941 yil 26-yanvarda Bose Rossiyaga etib boradigan sayohatini boshladi Britaniya Hindistoni "s Shimoliy G'arbiy chegara Afg'oniston bilan. Shu sababli, u o'sha paytda Shimoliy-G'arbiy Chegara viloyatida "Forward Blok" rahbari bo'lgan Mian Akbar Shohdan yordam so'radi. Shoh Sovet Ittifoqiga boradigan yo'lda Hindistondan chiqib ketgan va Bosega taxmin qilish uchun yangi niqobni taklif qilgan. Bose bir so'z ham gapirolmagani uchun Pashto, bu uni inglizlar uchun ishlaydigan pashto ma'ruzachilarining oson nishoniga aylantiradi. Shu sababli Shoh Bosega kar va soqov harakat qilib, soqolini qabila odamlariga taqlid qilib o'stirishni tavsiya qildi. Bosening qo'llanmasi, unga noma'lum bo'lgan Bagat Ram Talvar Sovet agenti bo'lgan.[66][67][68]

Ning tarafdorlari Og'a Xon III unga chegaradan o'tishda yordam berdi Afg'oniston u erda uni Abver bo'limi o'zini yo'l qurilish muhandislari partiyasi deb tanishtirdi Todt tashkiloti keyin kim uning orqali Afg'oniston bo'ylab o'tishiga yordam berdi Kobul bilan chegaraga Sovet Rossiyasi. A ko'rinishini olganidan keyin Pashtun tili sug'urta agenti ("Ziaudddin") Afg'onistonga etib borish uchun Bose qiyofasini o'zgartirib, italiyalik zodagon "Graf Orlando Mazzotta" ning Italiya pasporti bilan Moskvaga yo'l oldi. Moskvadan u etib keldi Rim va u erdan u sayohat qildi Germaniya.[66][67][69] Bir marta Rossiyada NKVD Bose shahriga ko'chirildi Moskva u Rossiyaning Hindistondagi Angliya hukmronligiga bo'lgan an'anaviy dushmanligi uning Hindistonda xalqning ko'tarilishi rejalarini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga olib keladi deb umid qilgan. Biroq, Bose Sovetlarning javobini umidsiz deb topdi va tezda Germaniyaning Moskvadagi elchisiga topshirildi, Graf fon der Shulenburg. U Bosega uchib ketgan Berlin aprel oyining boshida u yanada qulayroq eshitishlari kerak bo'lgan maxsus kuryer samolyotida Yoaxim fon Ribbentrop va Tashqi ishlar vazirligi rasmiylari Wilhelmstrasse.[66][67][70]

Germaniyada u bilan bog'langan Hindiston uchun maxsus byuro ostida Adam von Trott zu Solz Germaniya homiyligida efirga uzatilishi uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Ozod Hind radiosi.[71] U Berlinda "Ozod Hindiston" markazini tashkil etdi va uni yaratdi Hind legioni ilgari inglizlar uchun jang qilgan hind harbiy asirlaridan (taxminan 4500 askardan iborat) Shimoliy Afrika ularni eksa kuchlari qo'lga olishidan oldin. Hind legioni Vermaxtga biriktirilgan va keyinchalik Waffen SS. Uning a'zolari Gitler va Bosega quyidagi sodiqlik bilan qasamyod qildilar: "Xudo bilan qasam ichamanki, men nemis irqi va davlati rahbariga bo'ysunaman," Adolf Gitler, Hindiston uchun kurashda nemis qurolli kuchlarining qo'mondoni sifatida, uning rahbari Subhas Chandra Bose ". Bu qasamyod Hindiston legioni ustidan nazoratni nemis qurolli kuchlariga bekor qilishni bekor qiladi, shu bilan birga Bose Hindistonga umuman rahbarlik qilganini aytadi. boshchiligidagi fashistlar qo'shinlari tomonidan SSSR orqali Hindistonga bostirib kirishni nazarda tutishga tayyor Ozod Hind Legioni; ko'pchilik bu erda uning hukmiga shubha bilan qarashgan, chunki nemislar bunday bosqindan keyin ketishga osonlikcha ishontirilishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, bu ham urushda o'qi g'alabasiga olib kelishi mumkin edi.[69]

Hammasi bo'lib 3000 hind harbiy asirlari Ozod Hindiston legioniga ro'yxatdan o'tdilar. Ammo quvonish o'rniga Bose xavotirda edi. Rossiyaning chapparast muxlisi, u Gitler tanklari Sovet chegarasi bo'ylab ag'darilib tushganida, u juda xafa bo'lgan. Endi orqaga chekinayotgan nemis armiyasi unga inglizlarni Hindistondan haydashda yordam berishga qodir emasligi masalasi yomonlashdi. 1942 yil may oyida Gitler bilan uchrashganida, uning shubhalari tasdiqlandi va fashistlar etakchisi harbiylardan ko'ra tashviqot g'alabalarini qo'lga kiritish uchun odamlarini ishlatishdan ko'proq manfaatdor ekanligiga ishondi. Shunday qilib, 1943 yil fevral oyida Bose nemisga o'tirdi U-qayiq va Yaponiyaga jo'nab ketdi. Bu Germaniyada yollangan odamlarni etakchisiz va ruhiy tushkunlikka tushirdi.[69][72]

Bose 1941 yildan 1943 yilgacha Berlinda yashagan. 1934 yilda Germaniyaga bo'lgan avvalgi tashrifi davomida u uchrashgan edi Emili Schenkl, 1937 yilda turmushga chiqqan avstriyalik veterinarning qizi. Ularning qizi Anita Bose Pfaff.[73] Bose partiyasi, "Forward Block" bu faktga qarshi chiqdi.[74]

1943–1945: Yaponiya tomonidan bosib olingan Osiyo

Asosiy maqolalar: Azad Hind Fauj va Arzi hukumati-ozod Hind
Yaponiyaning I-29 suvosti kemasining ekipaji Germaniyaning U-180 suvosti kemasi bilan uchrashuvdan keyin 300 sm janubi-sharqda Madagaskar; Bose oldingi qatorda o'tirgan (1943 yil 28-aprel)

1943 yilda Germaniya Hindiston mustaqilligini qo'lga kiritishda har qanday yordam berishi mumkinligidan hafsalasi pir bo'lganidan so'ng, Bose Yaponiyaga jo'nab ketdi. U nemis suvosti kemasi bilan sayohat qilgan U-180 atrofida Yaxshi umid burni Madagaskarning janubi-sharqida, u erda ko'chirilgan I-29 qolgan sayohat uchun Imperial Yaponiya. Bu Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi ikki xil dengiz flotining ikkita suvosti kemasi o'rtasidagi yagona fuqarolik uzatmasi edi.[66][67]

The Hindiston milliy armiyasi (INA) yapon mayorining (va urushdan keyingi general-leytenant) ishi edi. Ivaychi Fujivara, Yaponiya razvedka bo'limi boshlig'i Fujivara Kikan. Fujivaraning vazifasi "Yaponiya armiyasi bilan bir qatorda jang qiladigan qo'shin yaratish" edi.[75][76] U birinchi marta uchrashdi Pritam Singx Dhillon, prezidenti Bangkok bob Hindiston mustaqillik ligasi va Pritam Singxning tarmog'i orqali hibsga olingan hind armiyasining kapitanini yolladi, Mohan Singx, g'arbda Malay yarimoroli 1941 yil dekabrda Birinchi hind milliy armiyasi 1941 yil dekabr oyining ikkinchi yarmida Fujivara va Mohan Singx o'rtasidagi munozaralar natijasida tashkil topgan va ular tomonidan 1942 yil yanvar oyining birinchi haftasida birgalikda tanlangan nom.[77]

Bu keyinchalik "deb nomlanuvchi" tushunchasi bo'ylab edi va qo'llab-quvvatlandi Hindiston mustaqillik ligasi chet ellik millatchi lider boshchiligida Rash Behari Bose. Birinchi INA 1942 yil dekabrida ular o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklardan so'ng tarqatib yuborilgan edi Hikari Kikan va Moxan Singx, ular Yaponiya Oliy qo'mondonligi INAni oddiy piyon va targ'ibot vositasi sifatida ishlatganiga ishonishdi. Mohan Singh hibsga olingan va qo'shinlar harbiy asirlar lageriga qaytarilgan, ammo 1943 yilda Subhas Chandra Bose Uzoq Sharqqa kelishi bilan mustaqillik armiyasi g'oyasi qayta tiklangan. Iyul oyida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda Singapur, Rash Behari Bose tashkilot boshqaruvini Subhas Chandra Bosega topshirdi. Bose endigina paydo bo'lgan armiyani qayta tashkil eta oldi va Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyodagi muhojir hind aholisi orasida katta qo'llab-quvvatlashni tashkil etdi, ular hind milliy armiyasiga qo'shilish orqali, shuningdek, Bose mustaqilligi uchun qurbon bo'lishga da'vat qilishlariga yordam berishdi. sabab. INAda alohida ayollar bo'limi mavjud edi Jansi polkining Rani (Rani nomidan Lakshmi Bai ) kapit boshchiligida. Lakshmi Svaminatan, bu Osiyoda birinchi bo'lib ko'rilgan.[78][79]

Hatto harbiy vaziyatga duch kelganida ham, Bose qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettira oldi Ozod Hind harakat. Hindiston milliy armiyasi uchun hindlarning mitingdagi motivatsion nutqining bir qismi sifatida Birma 1944 yil 4-iyulda Bozening eng mashhur taklifi "Menga qon bering, men sizga erkinlikni beraman!" Bu bilan u Hindiston xalqini unga qo'shilib, Britaniyalik Rajga qarshi kurashda ishtirok etishga chaqirdi.[iqtibos kerak ] Hose tilida aytilgan Bose so'zlari juda ta'sirchan. INA qo'shinlari o'z pullarini, pochta markalarini, sud va fuqarolik kodlarini ishlab chiqarishga kelgan va Hindistonning to'qqizta eksperti - Germaniya, Yaponiya, tomonidan tan olingan vaqtincha hukumat - Ozod Hind hukumati homiyligida edi. Italiya ijtimoiy respublikasi, Xorvatiyaning mustaqil davlati, Vang Tszinvey rejimi yilda Nankin, Xitoy, Birmaning vaqtinchalik hukumati, Manchukuo va Yaponiya nazorati ostida Filippinlar. Ushbu mamlakatlarning beshtasi Axis bosqini ostida tashkil etilgan hokimiyat edi. Ushbu hukumat deb atalmish ishtirok etdi Buyuk Sharqiy Osiyo konferentsiyasi 1943 yil noyabrda kuzatuvchi sifatida.[80]

INAning birinchi majburiyati Yaponiyaning Sharqiy Hindiston chegaralariga yo'naltirilgan harakatida edi Manipur. INA maxsus kuchlari, Bahodir guruhi, Arakandagi diversion hujumlar paytida ham, shuningdek, yaponlarning yo'naltirilgan hujumida ham dushman saflari ortidagi operatsiyalarda qatnashgan. Imphal va Kohima.

Bose 1943 yilda Tokioda nutq so'zlagan

The Yaponlar Andaman va Nikobar orollarini ham egallab olishdi 1942 yilda va bir yil o'tgach, Muvaqqat hukumat va INA tashkil etildi Andaman va Nikobar orollari podpolkovnik bilan A. Loganatan uning general-gubernatorini tayinladi. Orollarning nomi o'zgartirildi Shahid (Shahid) va Swaraj (Mustaqillik). Biroq, Yaponiya harbiy-dengiz kuchlari orol ma'muriyatini muhim nazorat ostida saqlab qolishdi. 1944 yil boshlarida Bozening orollarga yagona tashrifi paytida, aftidan, Bosega Yaponiyaning niyatlari to'g'risida to'liq ma'lumot olishdan himoya qilish uchun, Bose yapon xostlari uni mahalliy aholidan ehtiyotkorlik bilan ajratib qo'yishdi. O'sha paytda orolning Yaponiya ma'muriyati orolning Hindiston Mustaqillik Ligasi rahbarini qiynoqqa solgan edi, Doktor Diwan Singx, keyinchalik jarohati tufayli vafot etgan Uyali qamoq. Bosening orollarga tashrifi chog'ida bir nechta mahalliy aholi Dokni Singxning ahvoli to'g'risida Bozeni ogohlantirishga urinishgan, ammo bu muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan ko'rinadi. Shu vaqt ichida podpolkovnik Loganatan o'zining haqiqiy ma'muriy nazorati yo'qligidan xabardor bo'lib, general-gubernator lavozimidan norozilik sifatida iste'foga chiqdi va keyinchalik hukumatning Rangundagi qarorgohiga qaytib keldi.[81][82]

Hindiston materikida hind trikolori, undan keyin yaratilgan Hindiston milliy kongressi, shahrida birinchi marta ko'tarilgan Moirang, yilda Manipur, Hindistonning shimoliy-sharqida. Keyinchalik Kohima va Imphal shaharlari Birma milliy armiyasi va Gandi va Neru brigadalari deb nomlanuvchi INA brigadalari bilan birgalikda ish olib borgan Yaponiya armiyasining bo'linmalari tomonidan o'rab olingan va qamalga olingan. Ushbu hind materikini zabt etishga urinish Axis kod nomiga ega edi U-Go operatsiyasi.

Ushbu operatsiya davomida 1944 yil 6-iyul kuni Ozod Hind radiosi Singapurdan Bose Maxatma Gandiga "millatning otasi" deb murojaat qilib, o'zi olib borgan urush uchun baraka va ezgu tilaklarini so'radi. Ushbu apellyatsiya tomonidan Gandi birinchi marta eslatilgan edi.[83] Yaponiyaning ushbu ikki shaharni egallashga bo'lgan uzoq davom etgan urinishlari yapon resurslarini tugatdi va U-Go operatsiyasi oxir-oqibat natija bermadi. Yaponiyaning bir necha oylik ushbu ikki shaharga qarshi hujumi natijasida Hamdo'stlik kuchlari shaharlarda mustahkam turdilar. Keyinchalik Hamdo'stlik kuchlari qarshi hujumga o'tib, eksa boshchiligidagi kuchlarga jiddiy yo'qotishlarni etkazishdi va ular birma hududiga qaytishga majbur bo'ldilar. Yaponlarning Kohima va Imphal janglaridagi mag'lubiyatidan so'ng, Bosening Muvaqqat hukumatining materik Hindistonda baza yaratishga bo'lgan maqsadi abadiy yo'qoldi.

Hali ham INA Birma hududida Angliya hind armiyasiga qarshi muhim janglarda qatnashgan, bu Meiktilla shahrida taniqli bo'lgan. Mandalay, Pegu, Nyangyu va Popa tog'i. Biroq, tushishi bilan Rangun, Bose hukumati samarali siyosiy tashkilot bo'lishni to'xtatdi.[iqtibos kerak ] INA qo'shinlarining katta qismi podpolkovnik Loganatan boshchiligida taslim bo'ldi. Qolgan qo'shinlar Bose bilan birga chekinishdi Malaya yoki uchun qilingan Tailand. Urush oxirida Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lishi, shuningdek, Hindiston milliy armiyasining qolgan elementlarining taslim bo'lishiga olib keldi. Keyin INA mahbuslari Hindistonga qaytarilgan va ba'zilari xiyonat qilish uchun sud qilingan.

1945 yil 18-avgust: O'lim

Asosiy maqola: Subxas Chandra Bozning o'limi
(chapda) Subhas Chandra Bozening so'nggi samolyot sayohatlari; parvoz yo'llari: ko'k (tugallangan), qizil (tugallanmagan); (o'ngda) Subhas Chandra Bose yodgorligi Renkōji ibodatxonasi, Tokio. Bose kullari ma'badda oltin pagodada saqlanadi

Olimlarning fikri bo'yicha kelishuvga ko'ra, Subhas Chandra Bozening o'limi 1945 yil 18 avgustda uning haddan tashqari yuklangan yapon samolyoti qulab tushgandan keyin uchinchi darajali kuyish natijasida sodir bo'lgan. Yaponlar tomonidan boshqariladigan Formosa (hozir Tayvan ).[11][14] Biroq, uning tarafdorlari orasida, ayniqsa Bengaliyada ko'pchilik o'sha paytda rad etishgan va shu paytgacha uning o'limi faktiga yoki sharoitlariga ishonishdan bosh tortishgan.[11][32][33] Fitna nazariyalari uning o'limidan bir necha soat o'tgach paydo bo'lgan va keyinchalik uzoq umr ko'rgan,[11][ag] Bose haqidagi turli jangovor afsonalarni tiriklayin saqlash.[12]

Yilda Taihoku, soat 2:30 atrofida bmda Bose bo'lgan bombardimonchi samolyot parvoz paytida standart yo'ldan chiqib ketayotganda, ichidagi yo'lovchilar dvigatelning teskari ovoziga o'xshash baland ovozni eshitdilar.[84][85] Asfaltdagi mexaniklar samolyotdan nimadir tushganini ko'rishdi.[86] Bu portning dvigateli yoki uning bir qismi va pervanel edi.[86][84] Samolyot o'ng tomonga vahshiyona siltab tushdi va pastga tushdi, qulab tushdi, ikkiga bo'lindi va alanga ichida portladi.[86][84] Ichkarida bosh uchuvchi, uchuvchi va general-leytenant Tsunamasa Shidei, Manjuriyada Sovet armiyasi bilan Bose uchun muzokaralar olib borishi kerak bo'lgan Yaponiya Kvantung armiyasi bosh shtabining o'rinbosari,[87] darhol o'ldirildi.[86][88] Bose yordamchisi Habibur Rahmon hayron bo'lib, qisqa vaqt ichida o'tib ketdi va Bose, ongli va o'limga zarar etkazmasa ham, benzinga botdi.[86] Rohman kelganida, Bose bilan u orqa eshikdan chiqib ketmoqchi bo'lishdi, lekin uni chamadon to'sib qo'ydi.[88] Keyin ular alanga ichida yugurib, old tomondan chiqishga qaror qilishdi.[88] Hozir samolyotga yaqinlashib kelayotgan yerdagi xodimlar, ikki kishi ular tomon dovdirashayotganini ko'rishdi, ulardan biri inson mash'alasiga aylandi.[86] Inson mash'alasi Bose bo'lib chiqdi, uning benzinga botgan kiyimlari bir zumda yonib ketdi.[88] Rohman va yana bir necha kishi alangani o'chirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, lekin Bose yuzi va boshi juda kuygan ko'rinadi.[88] Joys Chapman Lebraning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Tez yordam mashinasi bo'lgan yuk mashinasi Bose va boshqa yo'lovchilarni Taihoku janubidagi Nanmon harbiy kasalxonasiga olib borgan".[86] Aeroport xodimlari soat 3 lar atrofida kasalxonada mas'ul jarroh doktor Taneyoshi Yoshimiga qo'ng'iroq qilishdi pm.[88] Bose kasalxonaga etib borganlarida va undan keyin bir muncha vaqt ongli va asosan izchil edi.[89] Bose yalang'och edi, faqat uning atrofiga o'ralgan adyoldan tashqari, doktor Yoshimi darhol uning ko'p qismlarida, ayniqsa, ko'kragida uchinchi darajali kuyish dalillarini ko'rdi va u yashashiga shubha bilan qaradi.[89] Doktor Yoshimi darhol Bose bilan davolanishni boshladi va unga doktor Tsuruta yordam berdi.[89] Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Leonard A. Gordon, keyinchalik kasalxonaning barcha xodimlaridan intervyu olgan,

Dezinfektsiyalovchi, Rivamol, tanasining katta qismiga surtilgan, so'ngra oq moy surtilgan va tanasining katta qismiga bog'lab qo'yilgan. Doktor Yoshimi Bosega to'rtta ukol qildi Vita Kofur va ikkitasi Digitamin uning zaiflashgan yuragi uchun. Bu taxminan har 30 daqiqada berilgan. Kuyganida tanasi tezda suyuqlikni yo'qotgani uchun unga ham berishdi Ringer eritmasi vena ichiga. Uchinchi shifokor, doktor Ishii unga qon quydi. Xonada tartibli askar oddiy askar Kazuo Mitsui bo'lgan va bir nechta hamshiralar ham yordam berishgan. Bose hali ham aniq boshi bor edi, uni doktor Yoshimi shunday og'ir jarohat olgan kishi uchun ajoyib deb topdi.[90]

Ko'p o'tmay, davolanishga qaramay, Bose komaga tushdi.[90][86] Bir necha soatdan so'ng, 1945 yil 18-avgust, shanba kuni soat 21.00 dan 22.00 gacha (mahalliy vaqt bilan) Bose 48 yoshida vafot etdi.[90][86]

Bozning jasadi ikki kundan keyin, 1945 yil 20-avgustda, asosiy Taihoku krematoriumida kuydirildi.[91] 1945 yil 23 avgustda Yaponiyaning Do Trzei axborot agentligi Bose va Shidea vafot etganligini e'lon qildi.[86] 7 sentyabr kuni yapon zobiti leytenant Tatsuo Xayashida Bozening kulini ko'tarib Tokioga olib bordi va ertasi kuni ertalab ular Tokio Hindiston mustaqillik ligasi prezidenti Rama Murtiga topshirildi.[92] 14 sentyabr kuni Tokioning Bose shahrini xotirlash marosimi bo'lib o'tdi va bir necha kundan keyin kullar ruhoniyga topshirildi. Renkōji ibodatxonasi ning Nichiren buddizmi Tokioda.[93][94] O'sha paytdan beri ular o'sha erda qoldi.[94]

INA xodimlari orasida ishonchsizlik, shok va travma keng tarqalgan edi. Malaya va Singapurdan kelgan yosh tamil hindulari INAga qo'shilgan tinch aholining asosiy qismini tashkil qilgan erkaklar va ayollar ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[36] INA tarkibidagi professional askarlar, ularning aksariyati panjabiyaliklar bo'lib, kelajakni noaniq kutishdi, aksariyati inglizlardan jazolashni kutishdi.[36] Hindistonda Hindiston milliy kongressi Mohandas Karamchandning maktubida rasmiy yo'nalish qisqacha ifodalangan (Mahatma) Gandi yozgan Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.[36] Said Gandi, "Subhas Bose yaxshi vafot etdi. U shubhasiz vatanparvar edi, garchi adashgan bo'lsa ham."[36] Ko'pgina kongressmenlar Bose bilan Gandi bilan janjallashganligi va ular deb hisoblagan narsalar bilan hamkorlik qilgani uchun kechirmagan edilar Yapon fashizm. Britaniyalik hind armiyasidagi hind askarlari, ularning ikki yarim millioni urush paytida qatnashgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi, INA haqida ziddiyatli bo'lgan. Ba'zilar INAni xoin deb bildilar va ularni jazolashni xohladilar; boshqalari ko'proq xushyoqishni his qilishdi. The Britaniyalik Raj INA tomonidan hech qachon jiddiy tahdid qilinmasa ham, 300 nafar INA ofitserini xiyonat qilgani uchun sud qildi INA sinovlari, lekin oxir-oqibat orqaga qaytdi.[36]

Meros

Yodgorliklar

Bose Hindistonda 1964, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2016 va 2018 yillarda markalarda ko'rsatilgan.[95] Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose xalqaro aeroporti Kolkata shahrida, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose oroli, ilgari Ross orollari va Hindistondagi boshqa ko'plab muassasalar uning nomi bilan atalgan. 2007 yil 23 avgustda, Yaponiya bosh vaziri, Shinzo Abe Subhas Chandra Bose-ga tashrif buyurdi yodgorlik zali yilda Kolkata.[96][97] Abe Bose oilasiga: "Yaponlar Bose-ning etakchiligidagi kuchli irodasiga qattiq ta'sir qilishdi Hindiston mustaqilligi harakati Britaniya hukmronligidan. Netaji Yaponiyada juda hurmatga sazovor ism. "[96][97]

Kreslo oldidagi guruch qalqoniga quyidagi so'zlar yozilgan.

"Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Hindistonni ingliz imperializmi zanjiridan ozod qilish maqsadida 1943 yil 21-oktabrda mamlakat tashqarisidan Ozod Hind hukumatini tashkil qildi. Netaji Mustaqil Hindiston (Ozod Hind) Muvaqqat hukumatini tuzdi va bosh idorasini Rangunga ko'chirdi. 1944 yil 7-yanvarda. 1944 yil 5-aprelda Rangunda "Azad Hind Bank" ning ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi, shu sababli Netaji birinchi marta ushbu stuldan foydalangan, keyinchalik kafedra Netaji qarorgohida saqlangan. 51, University Avenue, Rangoon, where the office of the Azad Hind Government was also housed. Afterwards, at the time of leaving Burma, the Britishers handed over the chair to the family of Mr. AT Ahuja, the well known business man of Rangoon . The chair was officially handed over to the Government of India in January 1979. It was brought to Calcutta on the 17th July, 1980. It has now been ceremonially installed at the Red Fort on July 7, 1981."

  • Bose on a 1964 stamp of India

  • Bose on a 1964 stamp of India

Mafkura

Bose advocated complete unconditional independence for India, whereas the Butun Hindiston Kongress qo'mitasi wanted it in phases, through Dominion holat. Finally at the historic Lahor Congress convention, the Congress adopted Purna Svaraj (complete independence) as its motto. Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Subhas Chandra Bose, travelling with Gandhi in these endeavours, later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. Defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again.[iqtibos kerak ]

Bose was elected president of the Hindiston milliy kongressi for two consecutive terms, but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts with Maxatma Gandi and after openly attacking the Congress' foreign and internal policies. Bose believed that Gandhi's tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India's independence, and advocated violent resistance. He established a separate political party, the Butun Hindiston forvardi bloki and continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times.[iqtibos kerak ]

His stance did not change with the outbreak of the Ikkinchi jahon urushi, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. At the outset of the war, he left India, travelling to the Sovet Ittifoqi, Natsistlar Germaniyasi va Imperial Yaponiya, seeking an alliance with each of them to attack the British government in India. With Imperial Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led the Azad Hind Fauj yoki Hindiston milliy armiyasi (INA), formed with Indian harbiy asirlar and plantation workers from Britaniya Malaya, Singapore, and other parts of Southeast Asia, against British forces.

His political views and the alliances he made with Nazi and other militarist regimes at war with Britain have been the cause of arguments among historians and politicians, with some accusing him of fascist sympathies, while others in India have been more sympathetic towards the realpolitik that guided his social and political choices.[iqtibos kerak ]

Subhas Chandra Bose believed that the Bhagavad Gita was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.[98] Swami Vivekananda 's teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of the India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.[99] Many scholars believe that Hindu spirituality formed the essential part of his political and social thought throughout his adult life, although there was no sense of bigotry or orthodoxy in it.[100] O'zini sotsialist deb atagan Subxas, Hindistondagi sotsializm uning kelib chiqishi Svami Vivekanandaga bog'liq deb ishongan.[101] As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape."[102]

Bose first expressed his preference for "a synthesis of what modern Europe calls sotsializm va fashizm " in a 1930 speech in Calcutta.[103]Bose later criticized Nehru's 1933 statement that there is "no middle road" between kommunizm and fascism, describing it as "fundamentally wrong." Bose believed communism would not gain ground in India due to its rejection of nationalism and religion and suggested a "synthesis between communism and fascism" could take hold instead.[104] In 1944, Bose similarly stated, "Our philosophy should be a synthesis between Milliy sotsializm and communism."[105]

Bose's correspondence (prior to 1939) reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of, and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany: "Today I regret that I have to return to India with the conviction that the new nationalism of Germany is not only narrow and selfish but arrogant."[106] However, he expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods (though not the racial ideologies) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s, and thought they could be used in building an independent India.[62]

Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.[107] The pro-Bose thinkers believe that his authoritarian control of the Ozod Hind was based on political pragmatism and a post-colonial doctrine rather than any anti-democratic belief.[iqtibos kerak ] However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building.[ah][108] Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism, and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported empowerment of women, secularism and other liberal ideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.[62]

His most famous quote was "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".[109] Another famous quote was Dilli Chalo ("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them. Jai Xind, or, "Glory to India!" was another slogan used by him and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittehad, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice"). INA also used the slogan Inquilab Zindobod, which was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani.[110]

Ommabop ommaviy axborot vositalarida

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ "the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (or Free India Provisional Government, FIPG) was announced on 21 October. It was based at Singapore and consisted, in the first instance, of fiveministers, eight representatives of the INA, and eight civilian advisers representing the Indians of Southeast and East Asia. Bose was head of state, prime minister and minister for war and foreign affairs.[1]
  2. ^ "Hideki Tojo turned over all Japan's Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Free India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs."[2]
  3. ^ "Bose was especially keen to have some Indian territory over which the provisional government might claim sovereignty. Since the Japanese had stopped east of the Chindwin River in Burma and not entered India on that front, the only Indian territories they held were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of these strategic islands to Bose’s forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a ‘jurisdiction’, while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military. Bose eventually made a visit to Port Blair in the Andamans in December and a ceremonial transfer took place. Renaming them the Shahid (Martyr) and Swaraj (Self-rule) Islands, Bose raised the Indian national flag and appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Loganadhan, a medical officer, as chief commissioner. Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed."[3]
  4. ^ His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Erkin Hindistonning muvaqqat hukumati, asoslangan edi Yaponiya tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan Singapur.[a][b] with jurisdiction, but without sovereignty of Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands.[c]
  5. ^ Expelled from the college and rusticated from the university, 15 February 1916;[8] reinstated in the university 20 July 1917.[9]
  6. ^ "When another run-in between Professor Oaten and some students took place on February 15 (1916), a group of students including Subhas Bose, ... decided to take the law in their own hands. Coming down the broad staircase from the second floor, Oaten was surrounded (the) students who beat him with their sandals—and fled. Although Oaten himself was not able to identify any of the attackers, a bearer said he saw Subhas Bose and Ananga Dam among those fleeing. Rumors in student circles also placed Subhas among the group. An investigation was carried out by the college authorities, and these two were expelled from the college and rusticated from the university.[8]
  7. ^ "Upon arriving in Britain, Bose went up to Cambridge to gain admission. He managed to gain entry to Fitzwilliam Hall, a body for non-collegiate members of the University. Bose took the Mental and Moral Sciences Tripos."
  8. ^ "If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.[11]
  9. ^ "His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."[12]
  10. ^ "Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."[13]
  11. ^ "Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."[14]
  12. ^ "The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."[15]
  13. ^ "To many (Congress leaders), Bose's programme resembled that of the Japanese fascists, who were in the process of losing their gamble to achieve Asian ascendancy through war. Nevertheless, the success of his soldiers in Burma had stirred as much patriotic sentiment among Indians as the sacrifices of imprisoned Congress leaders.[16]
  14. ^ "Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an aeroplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. ... It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."[12]
  15. ^ "Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our [soldier] boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo 'Fuehrer "yoki"Duce ', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."[17]
  16. ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support."[18]
  17. ^ "Although we must take Emilie Schenkl at her word (about her secret marriage to Bose in 1937), there are a few nagging doubts about an actual marriage ceremony because there is no document that I have seen and no testimony by any other person. ... Other biographers have written that Bose and Miss Schenkl were married in 1942, while Krishna Bose, implying 1941, leaves the date ambiguous. The strangest and most confusing testimony comes from A. C. N. Nambiar, who was with the couple in Badgastein briefly in 1937, and was with them in Berlin during the war as second-in-command to Bose. In an answer to my question about the marriage, he wrote to me in 1978: 'I cannot state anything definite about the marriage of Bose referred to by you, since I came to know of it only a good while after the end of the last world war ... I can imagine the marriage having been a very informal one ...'... So what are we left with? ... We know they had a close passionate relationship and that they had a child, Anita, born November 29, 1942, in Vienna. ... And we have Emilie Schenkl's testimony that they were married secretly in 1937. Whatever the precise dates, the most important thing is the relationship."[4]
  18. ^ "Tojo turned over all his Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Azad ("Free") India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs. Some two million Indians were living in Southeast Asia when the Japanese seized control of that region, and these emigrees were the first "citizens" of that government, founded under the "protection" of Japan and headquartered on the "liberated" Andaman Islands. Bose declared war on the United States and Great Britain the day after his government was established. In January 1944 he moved his provisional capital to Rangoon and started his Indian National Army on their march north to the battle cry of the Meerut mutineers: "Chalo Delhi!"[2]
  19. ^ "At the same time that the Japanese appreciated the firmness with which Bose's forces continued to fight, they were endlessly exasperated with him. A number of Japanese officers, even those like Fujivara, who were devoted to the Indian cause, saw Bose as a military incompetent as well as an unrealistic and stubborn man who saw only his own needs and problems and could not see the larger picture of the war as the Japanese had to."[29]
  20. ^ "Gracey consoled himself that Bose's Indian National Army had also been in action against his Indians and Gurkhas but had been roughly treated and almost annihilated; when the survivors tried to surrender, they tended to fall foul of the Gurkhas' dreaded kukri."[30]
  21. ^ "The good news Wavell reported was that the RAF had just recently flown enough of its planes into Manipur's capital of Imphal to smash Netaji ("Leader") Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (INA) that had advanced to its outskirts before the monsoon began. Bose's INA consisted of about 20,000 of the British Indian soldiers captured by the Japanese in Singapore, who had volunteered to serve under Netaji Bose when he offered them "Freedom" if they were willing to risk their "Blood" to gain Indian independence a year earlier. The British considered Bose and his "army of traitors" no better than their Japanese sponsors, but to most of Bengal's 50 million Indians, Bose was a great national hero and potential "Liberator." The INA was stopped before entering Bengal, first by monsoon rains and then by the RAF, and forced to retreat, back through Burma and down its coast to the Malay peninsula. In May 1945, Bose would fly out of Saigon on an overloaded Japanese plane, headed for Taiwan, which crash-landed and burned. Bose suffered third-degree burns and died in the hospital on Formosa."[31]
  22. ^ "The retreat was even more devastating, finally ending the dream of gaining Indian independence through military campaign. But Bose still remained optimistic, thought of regrouping after the Japanese surrender, contemplated seeking help from Soviet Russia. The Japanese agreed to provide him transport up to Manchuria from where he could travel to Russia. But on his way, on 18 August 1945 at Taihoku airport in Taiwan, he died in an air crash, which many Indians still believe never happened."[14]
  23. ^ "There are still some in India today who believe that Bose remained alive and in Soviet custody, a once and future king of Indian independence. The legend of 'Netaii' Bose's survival helped bind together the defeated INA. In Bengal it became an assurance of the province's supreme importance in the liberation of the motherland. It sustained the morale of many across India and Southeast Asia who deplored the return of British power or felt alienated from the political settlement finally achieved by Gandhi and Nehru.[32]
  24. ^ "On 21 March 1944, Subhas Bose and advanced units of the INA crossed the borders of India, entering Manipur, and by May they had advanced to the outskirts of that state's capital, Imphal. That was the closest Bose came to Bengal, where millions of his devoted followers awaited his army's "liberation." The British garrison at Imphal and its air arm withstood Bose's much larger force long enough for the monsoon rains to defer all possibility of warfare in that jungle region for the three months the British so desperately needed to strengthen their eastern wing. Bose had promised his men freedom in exchange for their blood, but the tide of battle turned against them after the 1944 rains, and in May 1945 the INA surrendered in Rangoon. Bose escaped on the last Japanese plane to leave Saigon, but he died in Formosa after a crash landing there in August. By that time, however, his death had been falsely reported so many times that a myth soon emerged in Bengal that Netaji Subhas Chandra was alive—raising another army in China or Tibet or the Soviet Union—and would return with it to "liberate" India.[33]
  25. ^ "Subhas Bose was dead, killed in 1945 in a plane crash in the Far East, even though many of his devotees waited—as Barbarossa's disciples had done in another time and in another country—for their hero's second coming."[34]
  26. ^ "The thrust of Sarkar's thought, like that of Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Bose, was to challenge the idea that 'the average Indian is indifferent to life', as R. K. Kumaria put it. India once possessed an energised, Machiavellian political culture. All it needed was a hero (rather than a Gandhi-style saint) to revive the culture and steer India to life and freedom through violent contentions of world forces (vishwa shakti) represented in imperialism, fascism and socialism."[35]
  27. ^ "The (Japanese) Fifteenth Army, commanded by ... Maj.-General Mutuguchi Renya consisted of three experienced infantry divisions – 15th, 31st and 33rd – totalling 100,000 combat troops, with the 7,000 strong 1st Indian National Army (INA) Division in support. It was hoped the latter would subvert the Indian Army's loyalty and precipitate a popular rising in British India, but in reality the campaign revealed that it was largely a paper tiger."[37]
  28. ^ "The real fault, however, must attach to the Japanese commander-in-chief Kawabe. Dithering, ... prostrated with amoebic dysentery, he periodically reasoned that he must cancel U-Go operatsiyasi in its entirety, but every time he summoned the courage to do so, a cable would arrive from Tokyo stressing the paramount necessity of victory in Burma, to compensate for the disasters in the Pacific. ... Even more incredibly, he still hoped for great things from Bose and the INA, despite all the evidence that both were busted flushes."[38]
  29. ^ "The claim is even made that without the Japanese-influenced 'Indian National Army' under Subhas Chandra Bose, India would not have achieved independence in 1947; though those who make claim seem unaware of the mood of the British people in 1945 and of the attitude of the newly-elected Labour government to the Indian question."[39]
  30. ^ "Janakinath was a lawyer of a Kayastha family and was wealthy enough to educate his children well.He recalls being laughed at by his fellow studentsbecause he knew so little Bengali. At the age of fifteen, he first read the works of Swami Vivekananda and found a goal for his life-spiritual salvation foroneself and service to humanity.[40]
  31. ^ "On 4 November 1937, Subhas sent a letter to Emilie in German, saying that he would probably travel to Europe in the middle of November. "Please write to Kurhaus Hochland, Badgastein," he instructed her, "and enquire if I (and you also) can stay there" He asked her to mention this message only to her parents, not to reply, and wait for his next airmail letter or telegram. On 16 November, he sent a cable: "Starting aeroplane arriving Badgastein twenty second arrange lodging and meet me. ... He spent a month and a half—from 22 November 1937, to 8 January 1938—with Emilie at his favourite resort of Badgastein."[57]
  32. ^ "On 26 December 1937, Subhas Chandra Bose secretly married Emilie Schenkl. Despite the obvious anguish, they chose to keep their relationship and marriage a closely guarded secret."[58]
  33. ^ "Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945."[11]
  34. ^ "The Fundamental Problems of India" (An address to the Faculty and students of Tokio universiteti, November 1944): "You cannot have a so-called democratic system, if that system has to put through economic reforms on a socialistic basis. Therefore we must have a political system – a State – of an authoritarian character. We have had some experience of democratic institutions in India and we have also studied the working of democratic institutions in countries like France, England and United States of America. And we have come to the conclusion that with a democratic system we cannot solve the problems of Free India. Therefore, modern progressive thought in India is in favour of a State of an authoritarian character"[108]

Adabiyotlar

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