Jorj Kyorzon, Kedlstondagi 1-Marks Kurson - George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

Eng sharafli

Kedlstondagi Markes Kyorzon

KG GCSI GCIE Kompyuter FBA
Jorj Curzon2.jpg
Lord Curzon, Hindistonning noibi sifatida
Lordlar palatasining rahbari
Ofisda
1924 yil 3-noyabr - 1925-yil 20-mart
MonarxJorj V
Bosh VazirStenli Bolduin
OldingiViscount Haldane
MuvaffaqiyatliSolsberi markasi
Ofisda
1916 yil 10-dekabr - 1924 yil 22-yanvar
MonarxJorj V
Bosh Vazir
OldingiKru markasi
MuvaffaqiyatliViscount Haldane
Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
Ofisda
1919 yil 23 oktyabr - 1924 yil 22 yanvar
MonarxJorj V
Bosh Vazir
OldingiArtur Balfour
MuvaffaqiyatliRamsay Makdonald
Lord Kengashning Prezidenti
Ofisda
1924 yil 3-noyabr - 1925-yil 20-mart
MonarxJorj V
Bosh VazirStenli Bolduin
OldingiLord Parmoor
MuvaffaqiyatliBalfur grafligi
Ofisda
1916 yil 10 dekabr - 1919 yil 23 oktyabr
MonarxJorj V
Bosh VazirDevid Lloyd Jorj
OldingiKru markasi
MuvaffaqiyatliArtur Balfour
Havo kengashi prezidenti
Ofisda
1916 yil 15 may - 1917 yil 3 yanvar
MonarxJorj V
Bosh Vazir
OldingiDerbi grafligi
MuvaffaqiyatliViscount Cowdray
Viceroy va Hindiston general-gubernatori
Ofisda
6 yanvar 1899 - 18 noyabr 1905 yil
Monarx
O'rinbosarLord Ammpill
OldingiElgin grafi
MuvaffaqiyatliMinto grafligi
Parlamentning tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibining o'rinbosari
Ofisda
1895 yil 20 iyun - 1898 yil 15 oktyabr
MonarxViktoriya
Bosh VazirSolsberi markasi
OldingiSer Edvard Grey
MuvaffaqiyatliSent-Jon Brodrik
Hindiston bo'yicha parlament davlat kotibining o'rinbosari
Ofisda
1891 yil 9-noyabr - 1892 yil 11-avgust
MonarxViktoriya
Bosh VazirSolsberi markasi
OldingiSer Jon Eldon Gorst
MuvaffaqiyatliJorj V. E. Rassell
Lordlar palatasi a'zosi
Lord Temporal
Ofisda
1908 yil 21 yanvar - 1925 yil 20 mart
Irsiy Peerage
OldingiTo'rtinchi Lord Kilmeyn
(Vakil tengdoshi sifatida)
MuvaffaqiyatliIkkinchi baronessa Ravensdeyl
(Baroniyada)
Ikkinchi Viscount Scarsdale
(Viskontiyada)
Parlament a'zosi
uchun Sautport
Ofisda
1886 yil 27-iyul - 1898 yil 24-avgust
OldingiJorj Augustus Pilkington
MuvaffaqiyatliSer Xerbert Naylor-Leyland
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jorj Nataniel Kurzon

(1859-01-11)11 yanvar 1859 yil
Kedlston, Derbishir, Angliya
O'ldi20 mart 1925 yil(1925-03-20) (66 yosh)
London, Angliya
Siyosiy partiyaKonservativ
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
​
(m. 1895; 1906 yilda vafot etgan)​
​
​
(m. 1917)​
Bolalar
Olma materBalliol kolleji, Oksford

Jorj Nataniel Kurzon, Kedlstondagi 1-Marks Kerson, KG, GCSI, GCIE, Kompyuter, FBA (1859 yil 11-yanvar - 1925-yil 20-mart), deb nomlangan Lord Kedlstondan 1898 yildan 1911 yilgacha va boshqalar Kedlstonlik graf Kerzon 1911 yildan 1921 yilgacha bo'lgan va odatda sifatida tanilgan Lord Curzon, ingliz edi Konservativ bo'lib xizmat qilgan davlat arbobi Hindiston noibi 1899 yildan 1905 yilgacha, shu vaqt ichida u hududini yaratdi Sharqiy Bengal va Assam va ingliz harbiy qo'mondoni bilan jang qildi Lord Kitchener. Davomida Birinchi jahon urushi u Bosh vazirning kichik urush kabinetida ishlagan Devid Lloyd Jorj kabi Lordlar palatasining rahbari (1916 yil dekabrdan), shuningdek, urush siyosati qo'mitasi. U xizmat qilgan Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi 1919 yildan 1924 yilgacha.

Ham vitse-prezident sifatida ham muvaffaqiyatlariga qaramay Tashqi ishlar vaziri, 1923 yilda Curzonga bosh vazir lavozimidan voz kechishdi. Bonar qonuni va boshqa Konservativ partiyaning rahbarlari bo'lishni afzal ko'rishdi Stenli Bolduin Curzon o'rniga bosh vazir sifatida va bu qarashlar Kingga ma'lum bo'lgan Jorj V. Devid Gilmur, uning tarjimai holida Curzon: Imperator shtat arbobi (1994), Curzon eng yuqori lavozimga loyiq edi, deb da'vo qilmoqda.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Curzon o'qidi All Souls kolleji, Oksford, u mukofot egasi bo'lgan

Curzon o'n bir farzandning katta o'g'li va ikkinchisi edi Alfred Curzon, 4-baron Skartsdeyl (1831-1916), kim edi Rektor ning Kedlston Derbishirda. Jorj Kyorzonning onasi Blanche (1837–1875), Kambellenddagi Niderxollik Jozef Poklington Senxausining qizi edi. U tug'ilgan Kedlston zali, uning oilasi bo'lgan joyda qurilgan Norman ajdodi, XII asrdan beri yashagan. Tug'ilgandan charchagan onasi Jorj 16 yoshida vafot etdi; eri undan 41 yil tirik qoldi. Hech qanday ota-ona Curzonning hayotiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatmadi. Skarsdeyl - bu er egalari o'z erlarida qolishlari va "butun dunyo bo'ylab roumingda" yurmasliklari kerakligi haqidagi azaliy oilaviy an'analarga ishongan qattiq va iltifotsiz ota edi. Shunday qilib, u 1887-1885 yillarda Osiyo bo'ylab sayohat qilganlarga unchalik hamdard bo'lmagan va bu uning o'g'lini Britaniyadagi kabinetda o'tirgan eng sayohat qilgan odamlardan biriga aylantirgan. Kursonning bolaligida uning shafqatsiz, sadist boshqaruvchisi ishtirok etishi yanada hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega edi, Ellen Meri Paraman, bolalar bog'chasidagi zulm uning jangovar fazilatlarini rag'batlantirdi va tabiatining obsesif tomonlarini rag'batlantirdi. Paraman uni kaltaklagan va vaqti-vaqti bilan so'zlari tushirilgan konusning shapkasini kiyib, qishloq bo'ylab o'tishga majbur qilgan yolg'onchi, yashirinchava qo'rqoq. Keyinchalik Kyorzon: "Yaxshi tug'ilgan va yaxshi joylashtirilgan biron bir bola hech qachon bunchalik va adolatli yig'lamagan".[1][sahifa kerak ]

Etonda Kurson, 1870-yillar

U o'qigan Wixenford maktabi,[2] Eton kolleji,[3] va Balliol kolleji, Oksford.[4] Etonda u eng sevimlisi edi Oskar Braunning, uning tarbiyachisini ishdan bo'shatishga olib kelgan haddan tashqari yaqin munosabatlar.[5][6] A orqa miya shikastlanishi O'smirlik davrida minib yurish Kursonni umr bo'yi og'riqli holatida qoldirdi, bu ko'pincha uyqusizlikka olib keldi va hayoti davomida metall korset kiyishni talab qildi.[7][sahifa kerak ]

Da Oksford, Curzon .ning prezidenti bo'lgan Ittifoq[4] va Oksford konserva klubi kotibi (Tori nomidagi siyosiy klub) Jorj konservasi ): siyosiy va ijtimoiy jamiyatlarga sarflagan vaqtining natijasi sifatida u a ga erisha olmadi birinchi daraja yilda Buyuklar, keyinchalik u Lotian va Arnold mukofotlarini qo'lga kiritgan bo'lsa-da, ikkinchisi insho uchun Ser Tomas More, u haqida u o'qishni boshlashdan oldin deyarli hech narsa bilmaganligini tan oldi). 1883 yilda Curzon universitetdagi eng obro'li do'stona mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Barcha qalblar kolleji. Etonda va Oksfordda bo'lganida, Kerzon zamondosh va yaqin do'st edi Sesil bahorgi guruch va Edvard Grey.[8] Biroq, bahor guruchi ham o'z hissasini qo'shdi Jon Uilyam Makail qismi sifatida nashr etilgan Kurson haqidagi mashhur sardonik doggerelning tarkibiga Balliol maskasi, bu haqda Curzon keyingi hayotda "hech qachon bitta shaxsga menga la'natlangan doggerel qilganidan ko'proq zarar etkazilmagan" deb yozgan.[9] Yugurdi:

Mening ismim Jorj Nataniel Curzon,
Men eng ustun odamman.
Yonoqim pushti, sochlarim silliq,
Men ovqatlanaman Blenxaym xaftada bir marotaba.[9]

Spring-Rays Buyuk Britaniyaning AQShdagi elchisi bo'lganida, u Kurson Kursonning amerikalik Meri Leyter bilan aloqasini oldini olishga urinishda gumon qilingan edi, u Kurson shunga qaramay turmushga chiqdi.[10] Biroq, Bahor Rays, Kyorzonning boshqa ko'plab do'stlari singari, Kursonning muqarrar ravishda aylanib ketishiga ishongan. Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi: u 1891 yilda Kurzonga shunday yozgan edi: "Siz tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi bo'lganingizda, Angliyaning yo'q bo'lib ketgan shon-sharafini tiklaysiz, Evropa kontsertiga rahbarlik qilasiz, xalqlar taqdirini hal qilasiz va menga ikki emas, uch oylik ta'til berasiz deb umid qilaman". .[11]

Garter bilan o'ralgan qurol-yaroqli qalqon, Kedlston shahridagi 1-marks Kerson, Jorj Kyorzon, uning Sankt-Jorj ibodatxonasidagi Garter stend plastinkasida ko'rsatilgan.

Dastlabki siyosiy martaba

Curzon xususiy kotibning yordamchisi bo'ldi Solsberi 1885 yilda va 1886 yilda kirib keldi Parlament a'zosi sifatida Sautport janubi-g'arbiy qismida Lankashir.[4] Uning birinchi nutq, bu asosan hujum edi uy qoidasi va Irland millatchiligi, uning notiqlik san'ati bilan bir xil tarzda qabul qilingan Oksford ittifoqi: yorqin va ravon, ammo o'zboshimchalik bilan va o'ziga juda ishongan. Keyinchalik Irlandiyadagi yoki Lordlar palatasining islohoti bilan shug'ullanadigan jamoatlarning keyingi chiqishlari (u qo'llab-quvvatlagan) shunga o'xshash hukmlarni oldi. U edi Davlat kotibining Hindiston bo'yicha o'rinbosari 1891–92 yillarda va Davlat kotibining tashqi ishlar bo'yicha o'rinbosari 1895–98 yillarda.[12][sahifa kerak ]

Osiyo sayohatlari va yozuvlari

Bu orada u butun dunyo bo'ylab sayohat qildi: Rossiya va Markaziy Osiyo (1888–89), uzoq safari Fors (1889 yil sentyabr - 1890 yil yanvar), Siam, Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy va Koreya (1892) va jasoratli yo'l Afg'oniston va Pomir (1894). U Markaziy va Sharqiy Osiyo va shu bilan bog'liq siyosat masalalarini tavsiflovchi bir nechta kitoblarni nashr etdi.[4] Jasur va majburiy sayohatchi, sharqona hayotga mahliyo va geografiya, u mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Patronning oltin medali ning Qirollik geografik jamiyati manbasini o'rgangani uchun Amudaryo (Oxus). Uning sayohatlari unga Osiyo muammolari va ularning oqibatlarini o'rganishga imkon berdi Britaniya Hindistoni o'z millati va uning imperatorlik missiyasi bilan faxrlanishini kuchaytirar ekan.

Kurson Rossiyani eng katta tahdid deb hisoblagan Hindiston 19-asrdan 20-asr boshlariga qadar Britaniyaning eng qimmatli mustamlakasi.[13] 1879 yilda Rossiya qurilishini boshladi Zakaspiy temir yo'li bo'ylab Ipak yo'li, rasmiy ravishda faqat mahalliy nazoratni amalga oshirish uchun. Chiziq Kzyzl Su (Krasnovodsk) shahridan boshlanadi (hozirgi kunda) Turkmanboshi ) (ustida Kaspiy dengizi ), bo'ylab janubi-sharqqa sayohat qiladi Qoraqum sahrosi, orqali Ashxobod, bo'ylab davom etmoqda Kopet Dag U yetguncha tog'lar Tejen. Curzon o'z kitobida butun bobni bag'ishladi Rossiya Markaziy Osiyoda Britaniyaning Hindiston ustidan nazorati ostida bo'lgan tahlikani muhokama qilish.[14] Ushbu temir yo'l Rossiyani o'sha paytdagi O'rta Osiyoning eng badavlat va nufuzli shaharlari, shu jumladan Fors viloyati bilan bog'lab turardi Xuroson,[15] va ushbu hududga rus materiallari va qo'shinlarini tezda joylashtirishga imkon beradi. Bundan tashqari, Kurson Rossiya va Markaziy Osiyo o'rtasidagi katta iqtisodiy o'zaro bog'liqlik Britaniya manfaatlariga zarar etkazadi deb hisoblagan.[16]

Fors va fors savoli, 1892 yilda yozilgan, Curzonniki deb hisoblanadi magnum opus va davomi sifatida qaralishi mumkin Rossiya Markaziy Osiyoda.[17] Curzon tomonidan buyurtma qilingan The Times Fors siyosiy muhiti to'g'risida bir nechta maqola yozish uchun, lekin u erda butun mamlakat haqida kitob yozishga qaror qildi. Ushbu ikki jildli asar Fors tarixi va hukumat tuzilishini, shuningdek, grafikalar, xaritalar va rasmlarni o'z ichiga oladi (ularni Kerzonning o'zi olgan). Kyorzonga general yordam bergan Albert Xoutum-Shindler va Qirollik geografik jamiyati (RGS), ikkalasi ham unga chet ellik sifatida kirish huquqiga ega bo'lmagan materiallarga kirishga yordam berdi. General Shindler Kursonga Forsning geografiyasi va manbalari to'g'risida ma'lumot berdi, shuningdek norasmiy muharrir sifatida xizmat qildi.[18]

Kurson o'z hukumatining Forsga bo'lgan befarqligidan, Rossiyaning tajovuzidan Hindistonga qimmatbaho mudofaa tamponi sifatida dahshatga tushdi.[19] Yillar o'tib, Kerzon: "Fors muqobil ravishda ilgarilab ketdi va ingliz davlat arboblarining taxminiga ko'ra orqaga chekindi, endi g'ayrioddiy mavqega ega, ekstravagant mavqega ega" deb xafa qiladi.[20]

Birinchi nikoh (1895-1906)

Meri Viktoriya Leyter tomonidan Aleksandr Kabanel, 1887

1895 yilda u turmushga chiqdi Meri Viktoriya Leyter, qizi Levi Zigler Leyter, amerikalik millioner[4] nemis Mennonit kelib chiqishi va Chikagodagi "Field & Leiter" do'konining asoschilaridan biri (keyinchalik) Marshall Field ). Dastlab, u o'z mol-mulkini saqlab qolish uchun unga pullari uchun shunchaki uylangan edi, ammo oxir-oqibat unga mehr-muhabbat hissi bilan qarashdi. Meri 1904 yil yozining oxirlarida uzoq va o'limga olib keladigan kasallikka chalingan edi, u hech qachon tuzalmadi. 1906 yil iyul oyida yana kasal bo'lib, u o'sha oyning 18-kuni erining qo'lida, 36 yoshida vafot etdi.[21] Bu uning hayotidagi eng katta shaxsiy yo'qotish edi.

U Kedlstondagi cherkovga dafn etilgan, u erda Kerzon o'zining yodgorligini loyihalashtirgan, nefning shimoliy tomoniga gotik cherkov qo'shilgan. Garchi u na dindor va na oddiy cherkov xodimi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Kerzon oddiy diniy e'tiqodni saqlab qoldi; keyingi yillarda u ba'zida o'limdan qo'rqmasligini aytdi, chunki bu unga osmonda Maryamga qo'shilish imkonini beradi.

Qattiq va baxtli nikoh paytida ularning uchta qizi bor edi: Meri Irene, kim otasining merosini olgan Ravensdeylning baroni va yaratilgan a hayot tengdoshi o'z huquqida; Sintiya, u fashist siyosatchining birinchi rafiqasi bo'ldi Ser Osvald Mozli; va Aleksandra Naldera ("Baba"), kim turmushga chiqdi Edvard "Meva" Metkalf, eng yaxshi do'st, eng yaxshi odam va tenglik ning Edvard VIII. Mosley kurzonlik ayollar uchun g'alati hayratni namoyon etdi: Irene u bilan turmush qurishdan oldin u bilan qisqa romantikaga ega edi; Baba uning bekasi bo'ldi; va Curzonning ikkinchi xotini, Inoyat, u bilan uzoq vaqt ishqiy munosabatda bo'lgan.

Hindiston noibi (1899-1905)

Curzon - yurish Sanchi Tope, 1899 yil 28-noyabr.
Curzon va Madho Rao Sindiya, Maharaja ning Gvalior, bilan suratga olish ovlangan yo'lbarslar, 1901.
Kurson va uning rafiqasi va xodimlari 1903 yilda Fors ko'rfaziga sayohat qilishgan

1899 yil yanvar oyida u tayinlandi Hindiston noibi.[4] U yaratildi a Irlandiyaning tengdoshi kabi Kedlstonlik Baron Curzon, Derbi okrugida,[22] uning tayinlanishi to'g'risida. Ushbu tengdoshlik Irlandiyaning Peerage-da yaratilgan (oxirgisi shunday yaratilgan), chunki u otasi vafot etguniga qadar yana ozod bo'lish uchun Jamiyat palatasi Britaniyaga qaytib kelganida.

1897-98 yillardagi chegara ko'tarilishlari bostirilgandan ko'p o'tmay, Hindistonga etib borganida, u shimoliy-g'arbiy chegaradagi mustaqil qabilalarga alohida e'tibor qaratdi va yangi provinsiyani ochdi. Shimoliy G'arbiy Chegara viloyati va yarashtirish bilan aralashtirilgan majburiy nazorat siyosatini olib bordi. Uning ma'muriyati davrida ushbu chegaradagi yagona yirik qurolli hujum bu edi Maxsud –Vaziri 1901 yilgi kampaniya.

Kontekstida Ajoyib o'yin inglizlar va Rossiya imperiyalari Markaziy Osiyoni boshqarish uchun u Rossiya niyatlariga chuqur ishonmas edi. Bu uning ingliz savdosini rag'batlantirishiga olib keldi Fors va u tashrif buyurdi Fors ko'rfazi 1903 yilda. Kerzon Ko'rfazda Britaniyaning eksklyuziv mavjudligini ilgari surgan siyosatni ilgari surdi Jon Malkolm. Britaniya hukumati shu maqsadda Fors ko'rfazi sohilidagi mahalliy shayxlar / qabila rahbarlari bilan allaqachon bitimlar tuzgan edi. Curzon o'z hukumatini 1899 yildagi Angliya-Kuvayt shartnomasi bilan Britaniyani Quvaytning norasmiy himoyachisi sifatida barpo etishga ishontirgan edi. 1903 yildagi Lansdowne deklaratsiyasida Angliya boshqa har qanday boshqa Evropa kuchlarining Fors ko'rfazida harbiy mavjudligini o'rnatishga urinishlariga qarshi turishi aytilgan edi.[23] Faqatgina to'rt yil o'tgach, bu pozitsiyadan voz kechildi va Fors ko'rfazi 1907 yilgi Angliya-Rossiya kelishuvida neytral hudud deb e'lon qildi, bu qisman Hindistonni Rossiya yutuqlaridan himoya qilish uchun katta iqtisodiy xarajatlarga olib keldi.[24]

1903 yil oxirida Curzon a Britaniyaning Tibetga ekspeditsiyasi ostida Frensis Younghusband, go'yo Rossiya avansini to'xtatish uchun. Bilan qonli to'qnashuvlardan so'ng Tibet yomon qurollangan himoyachilar, missiya kirib bordi Lxasa, qaerda Lxasa shartnomasi 1904 yil sentyabr oyida imzolangan.[25]

Ishlagan davrida Curzon qayta tiklanishni o'z zimmasiga oldi Toj Mahal va buni amalga oshirganidan mamnunligini bildirdi.

Hindistonda Curzon ta'lim, irrigatsiya, politsiya va boshqaruvning boshqa tarmoqlarini tekshirish uchun bir qator komissiyalar tayinladi, ularning qonunchiligi uning ikkinchi o'rinbosari lavozimida bo'lganida qonun hujjatlariga asoslangan edi. 1904 yil avgustda general-gubernatorlik lavozimiga tayinlanib, u raislik qildi 1905 yil Bengaliyaning bo'linishi, bu viloyat aholisi orasida shu qadar achchiq qarama-qarshilikni uyg'otdi, keyinchalik u bekor qilindi (1911).[26]

Hindiston armiyasi

Kurson harbiy masalalarga ham faol qiziqish bildirgan. 1901 yilda u Imperator Kadetlar Korpusini yoki ICC ni asos solgan. ICC hind knyazlari va aristokratlariga harbiy tayyorgarlikdan o'tish uchun mo'ljallangan korpus d'elite edi, shundan so'ng bir nechtasiga hind armiyasida ofitser komissiyalari beriladi. Ammo bu komissiyalar "maxsus komissiyalar" bo'lib, ular o'z egalariga biron bir qo'shinni boshqarish huquqini bermadilar. Bashorat qilinishicha, bu ICC muvaffaqiyatiga to'sqinlik qiluvchi asosiy to'siq edi, chunki bu sobiq kursantlar orasida katta norozilikni keltirib chiqardi. ICC 1914 yilda yopilgan bo'lsa-da, bu 1917 yilda to'xtab qolgan Hindiston armiyasining ofitser korpusini hinduizatsiya qilish yo'lidagi hal qiluvchi bosqich edi.

Harbiy tashkilot Hindistonda Kurzon duch kelgan so'nggi masala bo'lib chiqdi. Shaxsiy to'qnashuvlar bilan juda ko'p bog'liq bo'lgan kichik masalalar ko'pincha qatnashgan: Kurson bir marta hujjatida "Men harbiy maslahatchilarimning befarqligi hissi bilan to'ldirilgan ushbu qog'ozlarning o'qishidan kelib chiqaman" deb yozgan va bir marta qo'mondonga yozgan. Hindistondagi bosh Kitchener, unga o'zini "Xartumning oshxonasi" deb imzolash juda ko'p vaqt va makonni talab qilganini maslahat berdi, bu esa Kitchener mayda o'ylardi (Kurson o'zini "Kurson" deb xuddi merosxo'r tengdoshidek imzo chekdi, garchi keyinchalik u o'zini o'zi imzolashga kirishgan bo'lsa ham "Kedlestonning Kersoni") ").[27] Kitchener bilan Hindistondagi kengashning harbiy a'zosi maqomi to'g'risida (Kitchener o'z nazorati ostida istagan armiya ta'minoti va moddiy ta'minotini boshqargan) haqida fikrlarning xilma-xilligi, Kurzonning qo'llab-quvvatlamaganligi sababli tortishuvlarga olib keldi. uy hukumati. U 1905 yil avgustda iste'foga chiqdi va Angliyaga qaytdi.

Hind ochligi

Asosiy maqola: 1899–1900 yillarda hindistonlik ocharchilik

Katta ochlik Kursonning noib bo'lgan davriga to'g'ri keldi, unda 1 dan 4,5 milliongacha odam halok bo'ldi.[28][29][to'liq bo'lmagan qisqa ma'lumot ][30] Hindistonning katta qismlari zarar ko'rdi va millionlab odamlar halok bo'ldi va Curzon ochlik bilan kurashish uchun ozgina ish qilgani uchun tanqid qilindi.[31][sahifa kerak ] Kurson turli xil tadbirlarni amalga oshirdi, jumladan, 3 dan 5 milliongacha bo'lgan ochlikdan qutulish ishlarini ochish, soliqlarni kamaytirish va sug'orish ishlariga katta miqdordagi mablag 'sarflash.[32] Ammo u, shuningdek, "g'ayrioddiy xayriya manfaatlari uchun Hindistonning moliyaviy ahvolini buzgan har qanday hukumat jiddiy tanqidlarga ochiq bo'lishi mumkinligini aytdi; ammo beg'araz sadaqa berish orqali tolani zaiflashtirgan va aholining o'ziga bog'liqligini ruhiy tushkunlikka solgan har qanday hukumat, ommaviy jinoyatda aybdor bo'lar edi. "[33] Shuningdek, u "xavfli darajada yuqori" deb hisoblagan ratsionni qisqartirdi va qayta tiklash orqali relyef huquqini mustahkamladi Ma'bad sinovlari.[34]

Britaniyaga qaytish

Artur Balfour 1905 yilda Curzon uchun quloqchinni tavsiya qilishdan bosh tortish takrorlandi Ser Genri Kempbell-Bannerman, Curzon Angliyaga qaytib kelganidan bir kun o'tib o'z hukumatini tuzgan Liberal Bosh vazir. Qirolning xohish-istaklariga va uning shifokorlari maslahatiga hurmat bilan, Curzon 1906 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda qatnashmadi va shu tariqa yigirma yil ichida birinchi marta o'zini jamoat hayotidan chetlashtirdi. Aynan o'sha paytda u hayotidagi eng katta shaxsiy yo'qotishlarni boshidan kechirgan edi, 1906 yilda Meri vafot etdi va Kerzon o'zini shaxsiy ishlarga, shu jumladan yangi uy qurishga bag'ishladi. Vafotidan keyin Lord Goschen 1907 yilda Oksford universiteti kansleri lavozimi bo'sh qoldi. Kerzon muvaffaqiyatli saylandi Oksford kansleri u Lord Roseberyga qarshi 440 ga qarshi 1001 ovoz bilan g'alaba qozonganidan keyin.[35] U o'zini juda faol kantsler sifatida ko'rsatdi - "u o'zini islohotlar yo'lida shu qadar g'ayrat bilan tashladiki, tanqidchilar uning Oksfordni hind viloyatidek boshqarayotganidan shikoyat qildilar".[36]

Lordlar palatasi

1908 yilda Curzon a vakil tengdosh Irlandiya uchun va shu tariqa jamoalar uyiga qaytish haqidagi har qanday fikrdan voz kechdi.[4] 1909-1910 yillarda u Liberal hukumatga qarshi faol ishtirok etdi[4] Lordlar palatasining qonunchilik vetosini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi taklif va 1911 yilda yaratilgan Baron Ravensdeyl, Derbi okrugidagi Ravensdeyldan, qolganlari (merosxo'r erkak sifatida) qizlariga, Viscount Scarsdale, Derbi okrugidagi Skarsdeyldan, qolgan qismi (merosxo'r erkak sifatida) otasining merosxo'r erkaklariga va Kedlstonlik graf Kerzon, Derbi okrugida, normal qoldiq bilan, barchasi Buyuk Britaniyaning tengdoshligi.[37]

U tejash bilan shug'ullangan Tattershall qasri, Linkolnshir, halokatdan. Ushbu tajriba uning merosni muhofaza qilish qarorini kuchaytirdi. U homiylaridan biri edi Qadimgi yodgorliklarni birlashtirish va o'zgartirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1913 yil.[38]

1914 yil 5-mayda u Lordlar palatasida mahalliy saylovlarda ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo'lgan ayollarga parlament a'zolari uchun ovoz berish huquqini beradigan qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqdi.

Birinchi jahon urushi

Lord Kedlston tomonidan Jon Singer Sargent, 1914. Qirollik geografik jamiyati

Curzon vazirlar mahkamasiga a'zo bo'ldi Lord Privy Seal, Asquith tashkil etilganida uning koalitsiyasi 1915 yil may oyida.

Boshqa siyosatchilar singari (masalan. Ostin Chemberlen, Artur Balfour ) Kerzon Britaniya imperiyasining sa'y-harakatlarini ma'qul ko'rdi Mesopotamiya, Britaniyaning obro'sining oshishi Hindistonda nemislar ilhomlantirgan musulmonlar qo'zg'oloniga to'sqinlik qiladi deb ishongan.[39]

Curzon Dardanel qo'mitasining a'zosi edi va ushbu organga (1915 yil oktyabr) yaqinda aytdi Salonika ekspeditsiya "kixotik ritsarlik" edi.[40]

1916-yil boshlarida Kerzon Sirga tashrif buyurdi Duglas Xeyg (Frantsiyadagi ingliz kuchlarining yangi bosh qo'mondoni etib tayinlangan) Frantsiyadagi shtab-kvartirasida. Xeyg Kersonning vitse-prezidentlik davridan beri (o'sha paytda general-mayor Xeyg Hindistonning otliq askarlari bosh inspektori bo'lgan) muloyim bo'lganini va "eski dabdabali yo'llarini" yo'qotganligini hisobga olib, Kursonning miyasi va qat'iyatliligidan ta'sirlandi.[41]

Curzon xizmat qilgan Lloyd Jorj sifatida kichik Urush kabineti Lordlar palatasining rahbari 1916 yil dekabrdan va u shuningdek, urush siyosati qo'mitasida ishlagan. Ittifoqchilarning Germaniya ustidan g'alaba qozonishi aniq bo'lganidan so'ng, Kurzon urush kabinetiga (1917 yil 12-may) Buyuk Britaniyaning Falastinni va ehtimol Suriyani egallab olishga chaqirdi.[42] Biroq, Urush vazirlar mahkamasining boshqa a'zolari singari, Kurzon ham G'arbiy frontning hujumlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, chunki Rossiyaning urushga sodiqligi, Frantsiya va Italiya alohida sulh tuzishga intilishadi. Urush siyosati qo'mitasida (1917 yil 3-oktabr) Kurson Suriyaga o'tish va Turkiyani urushdan butunlay chiqarib tashlash maqsadida Falastinga ikkita bo'linishni qayta joylashtirish rejalariga behuda qarshi chiqdi. Kursonning majburiyati yo'qotishlar kabi biroz pasayib ketdi Uchinchi Ypres o'rnatilgan.[43] 1917 yil yozida CIGS General Robertson Xaygga hamma Lloyd Jorjdan qo'rqqanini aytgan Urush kabineti a'zolarining achchiq ta'rifini yubordi; u Curzonni "gaz yostig'i" deb ta'rifladi.

1918 yil fevral inqirozi paytida Curzon Robertsonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan kam sonli hukumat a'zolaridan biri bo'lib, agar u olib tashlansa, iste'foga chiqishni bekorga tahdid qilgan.[44]

Uning doimiy qarshiliklariga qaramay ayollar uchun ovoz berish (u hamraisi prezident bo'lgan Ayollarning saylov huquqiga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha milliy liga ), Lordlar palatasi uning foydasiga qat'iy ovoz berdi.

Ikkinchi nikoh (1917)

Greys Elvina, ikkinchi xotin

Romantik roman yozuvchisi bilan uzoq vaqt ishqiy aloqadan keyin Elinor Glin, Curzon avvalgisiga uylandi Grace Elvina Hinds 1917 yil yanvarda. U boy edi Alabama - Alfredo Xuberto Dugganning bevasi (1915 yilda vafot etgan), birinchi avlod Irlandiyalik argentinalik 1905 yilda Londonda Argentina legatsiyasiga tayinlangan. Elinor Glin unashtirilgan paytda Kursonda bo'lgan va bu haqda ertalabki gazetalarda o'qigan.

Greysning birinchi turmushidan uchta farzandi bor edi, ikkita o'g'il, Alfred va Xubert va qizi Greys Lusil. Alfred va Gyubert Kursonning o'gay o'g'illari sifatida uning nufuzli doiralarida o'sgan. Curzonning birinchi turmushidan uch qizi bo'lgan, ammo u va Greys (tug'ish bilan bog'liq operatsiyalarga va bir nechta tushishlarga qaramay) birgalikda hech qanday farzand ko'rishmagan, bu ularning turmushida og'irlik tug'dirgan. 1920-yillarning boshlarida ular o'rtasida yozilgan xatlar shuni anglatadiki, ular hali ham birga yashagan va bir-biriga sadoqatli bo'lib qolishgan. 1923 yilda Curzon qisman maslahati bilan Bosh vazir lavozimiga topshirildi Artur Balfour Kurson "shon-sharaf umididan mahrum bo'ldi, lekin u baribir inoyat vositalariga ega" deb hazillashgan (Angliya cherkovining taniqli "Umumiy minnatdorchilik" ibodatiga kulgili ishora, bu "inoyat vositasi" uchun Xudoga minnatdorchilik bildiradi, va ulug'vorlikka umid uchun ").[45]

1917 yilda Curzon sotib oldi Bodiam qal'asi 14-asrda qurilgan Sharqiy Sasseksdagi bino Ingliz fuqarolar urushi. U buni keng miqyosda tikladi va keyin vasiyat qilib qoldirdi Milliy ishonch.[46]

Tashqi ishlar vaziri (1919–24)

Kalkutta Viktoriya yodgorligi oldida Kurson haykali

Lloyd Jorj bilan aloqalar

Curzonda yo'q edi Devid Lloyd Jorj qo'llab-quvvatlash. O'shandan beri Kurson va Lloyd Jorj bir-birini yoqtirmas edilar 1911 yilgi parlament inqirozi. Bosh vazir uni haddan tashqari dabdabali va o'zini o'zi muhim deb o'ylardi va u uni xuddi Rolls-Roysdan posilkani bekatga etkazib berayotgandek ishlatgani aytilgan; Lloyd Jorj ancha vaqt o'tgach, Cherchill o'z vazirlariga Lloyd Jorj hech qachon bunday munosabatda bo'lmaydigan darajada munosabatda bo'lganligini aytdi: "Ularning hammasi mohiyatli odamlar edilar, Kursondan tashqari".[47][sahifa kerak ] Ayni paytda Curzon vafotidan so'ng yozilgan bir nechta iste'fo arizalarining loyihalari topilgan. Qarama-qarshiliklarga qaramay, ikkalasi ko'pincha hukumat siyosati bo'yicha kelishib turar edilar.[48] Lloyd Jorj Kursonga juda katta tanqidchi va shu bilan birga uning eng katta tarafdori bo'lgan juda ko'p bilimga muhtoj edi. Shunga o'xshab, Kerzon Lloyd Jorj tomonidan Yaqin Sharqdagi ishlarni ko'rib chiqishda ruxsat berganligi uchun minnatdor edi.[49]

Vazirlar mahkamasining boshqa vazirlari ham uning Markaziy Osiyo haqidagi ulkan bilimlarini hurmat qilishdi, ammo uning takabburligi va ko'pincha ochiq tanqidlarini yoqtirmadilar. Tashqi ishlar vazirining partiyasiz bo'lishi kerakligiga ishongan holda, u tegishli qarorga kelish uchun hamkasblariga ishonganidek, mavzu bo'yicha barcha ma'lumotlarni Vazirlar Mahkamasiga xolisona taqdim etadi. Aksincha, Kerzon shaxsan o'zini tutadi va har qanday tanqidga agressiv javob qaytaradi.[50]

Kursonning mudofaa qobiliyati umuman Tashqi ishlar vazirligi tomonidan institutsional xavfsizlikni aks ettirgan deb taxmin qilingan. 20-asrning 20-yillarida Tashqi ishlar vazirligi ko'pincha reaktiv va Bosh vazir hukmron bo'lgan qarorlarning passiv ishtirokchisi bo'lgan.[51] Mustamlaka kotibi, Vazirlar Mahkamasi Kotibiyati va Millatlar Ligasi ishining tashkil etilishi Tashqi ishlar vazirligining ishonchsizligini yanada oshirdi.[52]

Lloyd Jorj davridagi siyosat

Polshaning hududiy o'zgarishlari. Ochiq ko'k chiziq: 1919 yilda Lord Curzon tomonidan taklif qilingan "B" chizig'i. To'q ko'k chiziq: Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan 1940 yilda taklif qilingan "A" chiziq "Curzon". Pushti: Ilgari Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan keyin Polsha tomonidan qo'shib olingan Germaniya viloyatlari. Kulrang: Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan oldingi Polsha hududi urushdan keyin Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan qo'shib olingan Kyorzon chizig'idan sharqda.
Polshaning hududiy evolyutsiyasi
20-asrda

To'qqiz oydan keyin Balfur ish paytida kotib vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ishladi Parij tinchlik konferentsiyasi,[53] Kurzon 1919 yil oktyabr oyida tashqi ishlar vaziri etib tayinlandi. U o'z nomini Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining Sovet-Polsha chegarasiga, ya'ni Curzon liniyasi 1919 yil dekabr. Keyingi davrda bo'lsa ham Polsha-Sovet urushi, Polsha sharqda yerni bosib oldi, keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Polsha g'arbga qarab siljib, Polsha va uning sharqiy qo'shnilari o'rtasidagi chegarani bugun taxminan Kurzon chizig'ida qoldirdi.[54]

1919 yil 19 iyuldagi Tinchlik kuni tantanalari uchun asosan Kerzon mas'ul bo'lgan. Bularga gips ham kirgan Senotaf, taniqli ingliz me'mori tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Ser Edvin Lyutyens, Londonda bo'lib o'tgan Ittifoqchilar G'alabasi paradiga. U shunchalik muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganki, u toshga o'ralgan va hozirgacha turibdi.

1918 yilda, Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida, kabi Angliya Mesopotamiyani (zamonaviy Iroq) bosib oldi., Curzon Hindiston hukumatini Fors uchun tuzgan rejasini qayta ko'rib chiqishga ishontirishga urindi (Eron ) Rossiya yutuqlariga qarshi bufer bo'lish.[55] Angliya va Hindiston qo'shinlari Forsda neft konlarini himoya qilishgan Abadan Afg'oniston chegarasini tomosha qilgan Kurson Angliyaning Hindiston orqali yuborgan iqtisodiy va harbiy yordami Fors hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatlashi va uni Buyuk Britaniyaning mijoziga aylantirishi mumkinligiga ishongan. Biroq, 1919 yil avgustdagi kelishuv hech qachon ratifikatsiya qilinmadi va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati rejani rad etdi, chunki Rossiya geografik ustunlikka ega edi va mudofaa foydalari yuqori iqtisodiy xarajatlarni oqlamaydi.[56]

Kichik ingliz kuchlari ikki marta bosib olgan edi Boku 1918 yilda Kaspiy bo'yida, butun ingliz diviziyasi ishg'ol qilgan edi Batum Qora dengizda, Germaniya va Turkiyaning chiqib ketishini nazorat qilgan. Kyorzonning xohishlariga qarshi, ammo ser maslahatiga ko'ra Jorj Milne, qo'mondon joyida, CIGS Genri Uilson, Buyuk Britaniyada, Irlandiyada, Hindistonda va Misrda qo'shin to'plashni xohlagan,[57] va Cherchilldan (urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi) inglizlar Bokudan chiqib ketishdi (inglizlarning kichik dengiz kuchlari Kaspiy dengizidan ham olib chiqilgan), 1919 yil avgust oyining oxirida Batumda faqat 3 ta batalonni qoldirdi.

1920 yil yanvar oyida Kurson Britan qo'shinlari Uilson va Bosh vazirning xohishlariga qarshi Batumda qolishini talab qildi. Fevral oyida Kurson ta'tilda bo'lganida, Uilson Vazirlar Mahkamasini chekinishga ruxsat berishga ko'ndirdi, ammo Kurson qaytib kelganida qarorni bekor qildi, garchi Kursonning g'azabiga (u buni "vakolatni suiiste'mol qilish" deb o'ylagan bo'lsa)) Uilson Milnega agar u o'ylagan taqdirda, chiqib ketishga ruxsat berdi. kerak. 1920 yil 5-mayda Vazirlar Mahkamasida Kurson "uzun jag 'bilan" (Uilson tavsifida) Batumda qolish to'g'risida bahslashdi. Britaniya garnizonidan keyin Enzeli (Fors Kaspiy qirg'og'ida) 1920 yil 19 mayda bolshevik kuchlari tomonidan asirga olingan, Lloyd Jorj nihoyat Batumdan 1920 yil iyun boshida chiqib ketishni talab qildi. 1920 yil qolgan qismida Curzon tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Milner (Mustamlaka kotibi), Angliya Fors ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolishi kerak, deb ta'kidladi. Uilson Mesopotamiya va Irlandiyadagi isyonni bostirish uchun Forsdan qo'shinlarni olib chiqib ketishni so'raganda, Lloyd Jorj Kurson "bunga toqat qilmayman" deb bu harakatni to'sib qo'ydi. Oxir oqibat, moliyaviy qisqarish Buyuk Britaniyaning 1921 yil bahorida Forsdan chiqib ketishiga majbur qildi.[58]

Curzon Yaqin Sharqning bir necha muammolari ustida ishlagan. U dizayn qildi Sevr shartnomasi (1920 yil 10-avgust) g'olib Ittifoqchilar va Usmonli Turkiya o'rtasida. Shartnoma Usmonli imperiyasini bekor qildi va Turkiyani Arab Osiyo va Shimoliy Afrika ustidan barcha huquqlardan voz kechishga majbur qildi. Ammo Turkiyada yangi hukumat ostida Kamol Otaturk shartnomani rad etdi. Yunonlar Turkiyani bosib olishdi. Curzon yunonlarni Smyrna maqomi bo'yicha murosaga kelishga undaydi va muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va turklarni o'zlarining milliy dasturidan voz kechishga majbur qila olmadi. Lloyd Jorj Chanakda kuch ishlatishga urindi, ammo qo'llab-quvvatlashni yo'qotdi va bosh vazir lavozimidan ketishga majbur bo'ldi. Kyorzon tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib qoldi va Lozannadagi tinchlik konferentsiyasida Yaqin Sharqdagi erkin yo'nalishlarga yordam berdi.[59]

U Misr mustaqilligi to'g'risida muzokaralarda yordam berdi (1922 yilda berilgan ) va ning bo'linishi Falastinning Britaniya mandati, u o'zidan oldingi Artur Balfurning siyosati bilan qat'iy kelishmovchiliklarga qaramay,[60] va yaratishda yordam berdi Transjordaniya amirligi Faysalning akasi uchun, u ham u erdagi muammolarni kechiktirgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ga binoan Ser Devid Gilmour, Curzon "o'sha paytda Britaniya hukumatidagi siyosat o'nlab yillar davomida arab-yahudiylarning dushmanligiga olib kelishini oldindan bilgan yagona shaxs edi".[60]

Davomida Irlandiya mustaqillik urushi, ammo 1920 yil dekabrida harbiy holat joriy etilishidan oldin Kurson qishloqlarni blokirovka qilish va politsiya va armiyaga hujum qilish uchun jamoaviy jarimalar solishni "hindu" hal qilishni taklif qildi.[61]

1921 yilda Curzon yaratildi Kedlston grafligi, Derbi okrugida va Markes Kerson Kedlstondan.[62]

1922 yilda u ittifoqchilar ittifoqining bosh muzokarachisi edi Lozanna shartnomasi bilan urushni rasman tugatgan Usmonli imperiyasi va chegaralarini aniqladi kurka.

Bonar qonuni bo'yicha

Lloyd Jorjning koalitsiya kabinetining ko'plab etakchi konservativ a'zolaridan farqli o'laroq, Curzon Lloyd Jorjni qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatdi Chanak inqirozi va endigina iste'foga chiqqan edi, konservativ orqaga qaytuvchilar ovoz berganda Carlton Club uchrashuvi 1922 yil oktyabrda koalitsiyani tugatish uchun. Kerzon qachon tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib qolishi mumkin edi Bonar qonuni sof konservativ vazirlikni tashkil qildi.

1922–23 yillarda fransuz qo'shinlaridan keyin Kurson Frantsiya bilan muzokaralar olib borishi kerak edi Rurni egallagan nemis to'lovlarini to'lashni amalga oshirish; u Frantsiya Bosh vazirini (va sobiq prezidentni) tasvirlab berdi Raymond Puankare "dahshatli kichkina odam" sifatida. Kurson keng ambitsiyalarga ega edi va tashqi siyosati "qisqartirish va chekinish" ga asoslangan Bonar Loydan Lloyd Jorj bilan bo'lganidan ancha mamnun emas edi. Ammo u Yaqin Sharq to'g'risida bebaho tushuncha berdi va bu mintaqada Britaniyaning tashqi siyosatini shakllantirishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[63]

Bosh vazir lavozimiga o'tdi, 1923 yil

Curzon v. 1920–1925

Yoqilgan Bonar qonuni 1923 yil may oyida bosh vazir lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqan Curzon bu ish uchun foydasiga o'tdi Stenli Bolduin, bu ishga bo'lgan ishtiyoqiga qaramay.

Ushbu qaror partiyaning etakchi a'zolari, jumladan sobiq bosh vazir Artur Balfurning shaxsiy maslahati bilan qabul qilingan. Balfur monarxga demokratik davrda bosh vazirning a'zosi bo'lishi noo'rin ekanligini maslahat berdi Lordlar palatasi, ayniqsa qachon Mehnat partiyasi kam tengdoshlari bo'lgan, jamoatdagi asosiy oppozitsiya partiyasiga aylangan. Shaxsiy Balfour Kursonga nisbatan xurofotli ekanligini tan oldi, uning fe'l-atvori ba'zilariga yoqimsiz edi. Jorj V ushbu xurofot bilan o'rtoqlashdi. Bonar qonunining fikrlarini batafsil bayon qilgan, lekin aslida Baldvin tarafdorlari tomonidan yozilgan maktub qirolning shaxsiy kotibiga etkazilgan Lord Stemfordxem, ammo bu yakuniy natijaga qanchalik ta'sir qilgani noma'lum. Curzon o'zini aldaganini his qildi, chunki J. C. C. Devidson - Bolduin kimga sodiq edi va ser Charlz Voterxaus[bahsli (uchun: Mozlining ismi noto'g'ri) – muhokama qilish] "Stemfordxem" ga yolg'on ravishda da'vo qilishicha, Qonun V Jorjoni Kursonni emas, balki Stenli Boldvinni tayinlashni tavsiya qilgan.[64] Garri Bennettning aytishicha, Kurzonning takabburligi va mashhurligi uni yorqinligi, ish qobiliyati va oldingi yutuqlariga qaramay bosh vazir bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qilgan bo'lsa kerak.[65]

Uinston Cherchill Kursonning asosiy raqiblaridan biri Kurson "o'z yo'lida minnatdorchilik va g'azabni bir xil darajada dabdabali qo'llar bilan ekkaniga" aniq qarshi chiqdi.[66] Biroq, Bolduin singari Kursonga hasad qilgan zamondoshlari ham Kurson, uning biografining so'zlari bilan, Leonard Mozli, "Imperiya g'oyasiga bag'ishlangan sadoqatli va charchamaydigan davlat xizmatchisi".[67]

Stemfordxem tomonidan chaqirilgan Kurson, tayinlanishi kerak deb Londonga yugurdi. Haqiqatni aytganda u yig'lab yubordi. Keyinchalik u Baldvinni xizmatida bo'lgan va Konservativ partiyaning rahbarligiga taklif qilgan bo'lsa-da, u "juda ahamiyatsiz odam" deb masxara qildi. Kurson 1924 yil yanvarida hukumat qulaguniga qadar Bolduin huzurida tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib qoldi. Boldvin 1924 yil noyabrda yangi hukumat tuzganida u Kersonni tayinladi Lord Kengashning Prezidenti.

Kyorzonning rad etilishi xalqning siyosiy tarixidagi burilish nuqtasi bo'ldi. Bundan buyon Lordlarga etakchi siyosiy partiyalar va bosh vazir bo'lish taqiqlandi. Endi demokratiya asri bosh vazirning tanlanmagan va asosan kuchsiz xonada bo'lishini qabul qilib bo'lmaydigan holga keltirdi.[68]

O'lim

Kursondan hukumat yig'ilishida qatnashish uchun ketayotgan so'nggi fotosurat (1925)

In March 1925 Curzon suffered a severe haemorrhage of the bladder. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died in London on 20 March 1925 at the age of 66. His coffin, made from the same tree at Kedleston that had encased his first wife, Mary, was taken to Vestminster abbatligi and from there to his ancestral home in Derbishir, where he was interred beside Mary in the family vault at Barcha avliyolar cherkovi 26 martda. In his will, proven on 22 July, Curzon bequeathed his estate to his wife and his brother Francis; his estate was valued for probate at £343,279 10s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £19,723,149 in 2019)[69].[70]

Upon his death the Barony, Earldom and Marquessate of Curzon of Kedleston and the Earldom of Kedleston became extinct, whilst the Viscountcy and Barony of Scarsdale were inherited by a nephew. The Barony of Ravensdale was inherited by his eldest daughter Meri and is today held by his second daughter Cynthia's great-grandson, Daniel Nikolas Mozli, 4-baron Ravensdeyl.

There is now a ko'k blyashka on the house in London where Curzon lived and died, No. 1 Carlton House Teras, Vestminster.[71]

Sarlavhalar

On his appointment as Hindiston noibi in 1898, he was created Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby. This title was created in the Irlandiyaning tengdoshligi to enable him to potentially return to the Jamiyat palatasi, as Irish peers did not have an automatic right to sit in the Lordlar palatasi. His was the last title to be created in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1908, he was elected a representative of the Irish peerage in the British House of Lords, from which it followed that he would be a member of the House of Lords until death; indeed, his representative peerage would continue even if (as proved to be the case) he later received a United Kingdom peerage entitling him to a seat in the House of Lords in his own right.

1911 yilda u yaratildi Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Viscount Scarsdale va Baron Ravensdale. All of these titles were in the Buyuk Britaniyaning tengdoshligi.

Upon his father's death in 1916, he also became 5th Baron Scarsdale, ichida Buyuk Britaniyaning tengdoshligi. The title had been created in 1761.

In 1921 yil tug'ilgan kun sharaflari, he was created Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.[72] The title became extinct upon his death in 1925, as he was survived by three daughters and no sons.[73]

Baholash

Few statesmen have experienced such changes in fortune in both their public and their personal lives. Devid Gilmur concludes:

Curzon's career was an almost unparalleled blend of triumph and disappointment. Although he was the last and in many ways the greatest of Victorian viceroys, his term of office ended in resignation, empty of recognition and barren of reward.... he was unable to assert himself fully as Foreign Secretary until the last weeks of Lloyd George's premiership. And finally, after he had restored his reputation at Lausanne, his last ambition was thwarted by George V.[36]

Critics generally agreed that Curzon never reached the heights that his youthful talents had seemed destined to reach. This sense of opportunities missed was summed up by Uinston Cherchill uning kitobida Great Contemporaries (1937):

The morning had been golden; the noontide was bronze; and the evening lead. But all were polished till it shone after its fashion.

Churchill also wrote there was certainly something lacking in Curzon:

it was certainly not information nor application, nor power of speech nor attractiveness of manner and appearance. Everything was in his equipment. You could unpack his knapsack and take an inventory item by item. Nothing on the list was missing, yet somehow or other the total was incomplete.[74]

His Cabinet colleague Krouford grafligi provided a withering personal judgment in his diary; "I never knew a man less loved by his colleagues and more hated by his subordinates, never a man so bereft of conscience, of charity or of gratitude. On the other hand the combination of power, of industry, and of ambition with a mean personality is almost without parallel. I never attended a funeral ceremony at which the congregation was so dry-eyed!"[75]

The first leader of independent India, Javaharlal Neru, paid Curzon a surprising tribute, referring to the fact that Curzon as Viceroy exhibited real love of Indian culture and ordered a restoration project for several historic monuments, including the Toj Mahal:[76]

After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will be remembered because he restored all that was beautiful in India.[77]

Meros

By special remainders, although he had no son, two of Curzon's peerages survive to the present day. His barony of Ravensdale went first to his eldest daughter, Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale, and then to his grandson Nikolas Mozli, both of whom sat in the Lordlar palatasi, uning esa Viscount Scarsdale title went to a nephew. Uning nabirasi Daniel Mosley, 4-baron Ravensdeyl, is a current member of the House of Lords, having been elected as a representative hereditary peer.

Curzon zali, the home of the faculty of science at the Dakka universiteti, uning nomi bilan atalgan. Lord Curzon himself inaugurated the building in 1904.

Curzon Gate, a ceremonial gate, was erected by Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab in the heart of Burdwan town and was renamed to commemorate Lord Curzon's visit to the town in 1904, which was renamed as Bijay Toran after the independence of India in 1947.

In Kolkata, which was, as Calcutta, the capital of British India during Curzon's tenure as viceroy, Curzon park was named in his honour. It has since been renamed as Surendranath Park, but the old name is still in popular use.[shubhali – muhokama qilish]

Curzon Road, the road connecting India Gate, the memorial dedicated to the Indian fallen during the Great War of 1914–18, and Connaught Place, in New Delhi was named after him. It has since been renamed Kasturba Gandi Marg. The apartment buildings on the same road are still named after him.

Izohlar

  1. ^ Imperiya, Niall Ferguson
  2. ^ Philip Holden, Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-state (2008), p. 46
  3. ^ Eton, the Raj and modern India; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC yangiliklari.
  4. ^ a b v d e f g h Ushbu maqola hozirda nashrdagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki: Chisholm, Xyu, nashr. (1911). "Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron ". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. 7 (11-nashr). Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. p. 665.
  5. ^ Davenport-Xines, Richard (3 January 2008). "Browning, Oscar". Milliy biografiyaning Oksford lug'ati (onlayn tahrir). Oksford universiteti matbuoti. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32128. His intimate, indiscreet friendship with a boy in another boarding-house, G. N. Curzon [...] provoked a crisis with [Headmaster] Hornby [….] Amid national controversy he was dismissed in 1875 on the pretext of administrative inefficiency but actually because his influence was thought to be sexually contagious (Obuna yoki Buyuk Britaniya jamoat kutubxonasiga a'zolik talab qilinadi.)
  6. ^ "... Oscar Browning (1837–1923), who had been sacked from Eton in September 1875 under suspicion of paederasty, partly because of his involvement with young George Nathaniel Curzon" in Michael Kaylor, Secreted Desires 2006 p.98
  7. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch. Longmans, Green and Co. p. (need page).
  8. ^ Burton, David Henry (1990). Cecil Spring Rice: A Diplomat's Life. Page 22: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN  978-0-8386-3395-3.CS1 tarmog'i: joylashuvi (havola)
  9. ^ a b "Lord Curzon | Biography & Facts". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. Olingan 2 iyun 2020.
  10. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch. Longmans, Green and Co. p.26.
  11. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch. Longmans, Green and Co. p.43.
  12. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch.
  13. ^ Curzon, Russia in Central Asia (1967), p. 314.
  14. ^ Curzon, Russia in Central Asia (1967), p. 272.
  15. ^ Denis Rayt, "Curzon and Persia," Geografik jurnal 153#3 (November 1987): 343.
  16. ^ Curzon, Russia in Central Asia p. 277.
  17. ^ Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia," Geografik jurnal 153#3 (November 1987):346.
  18. ^ Wright, "Curzon and Persia," pp 346–7
  19. ^ Brockway, Thomas P (1941). "Britain and the Persian Bubble, 1888–1892". Zamonaviy tarix jurnali. 13 (1): 46. doi:10.1086/243919. S2CID  144405914.
  20. ^ George N. Curzon, Fors va fors savoli (1-jild). New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966, p 605.
  21. ^ Maximilian Genealogy Master Database, Mary Victoria LEITER, 2000 Arxivlandi 6 March 2008 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  22. ^ "No. 27016". London gazetasi. 21 October 1898. p. 6140.
  23. ^ M. E. Yapp, "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India," Zamonaviy Osiyo tadqiqotlari 21#4 (1987): 655.
  24. ^ Yapp, pp 655, 664.
  25. ^ Matless, David (28 September 2006). "Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward". Milliy biografiyaning Oksford lug'ati (onlayn tahrir). Oksford universiteti matbuoti. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37084. (Obuna yoki Buyuk Britaniya jamoat kutubxonasiga a'zolik talab qilinadi.)
  26. ^ "First Partition of Bengal". www.indhistory.com.
  27. ^ Reid 2006, p116
  28. ^ Fagan, Brian (2009), Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations, Basic Books. p. 13
  29. ^ Fieldhouse 1996 yil, p. 132 Quote: "In the later nineteenth century there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"
  30. ^ Davis, Mike. Kechki Viktoriya qirg'inlari. 1. Verso, 2000. ISBN  1-85984-739-0 pg 158
  31. ^ Mayk Devis: Kechki Viktoriya qirg'inlari
  32. ^ Devid Gilmurniki Curzon va Ruling Caste. Yilda Curzon he writes that 3.5 million were on famine relief, in Ruling Caste he writes it was over five million.
  33. ^ Davis, Mike. Kechki Viktoriya qirg'inlari. 1. Verso, 2000. ISBN  1-85984-739-0 pg 162
  34. ^ Davis, Mike. Kechki Viktoriya qirg'inlari. 1. Verso, 2000. ISBN  1-85984-739-0 pg 164
  35. ^ The Rt. Hurmat bilan. The Earl of Ronaldshay. The Life of Curszon Vol.3.
  36. ^ a b Gilmour, David (6 January 2011). "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". Milliy biografiyaning Oksford lug'ati (onlayn tahrir). Oksford universiteti matbuoti. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680. (Obuna yoki Buyuk Britaniya jamoat kutubxonasiga a'zolik talab qilinadi.)
  37. ^ "No. 28547". London gazetasi. 3 November 1911. p. 7951.
  38. ^ Winterman, Denise (7 March 2013). "The man who demolished Shakespeare's house". BBC yangiliklari.
  39. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp113, 118–9
  40. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.16
  41. ^ Groot 1988, p.226–7
  42. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp.155–7
  43. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp134, 159–61,
  44. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.200
  45. ^ The Church of England. "Prayers and Thanksgivings". The Book of Common Prayer (1662). Olingan 29 may 2020.
  46. ^ 4-kanal history microsites: Bodiam qal'asi
  47. ^ Michael Foot: Aneurin Bevan
  48. ^ Johnson, Gaynor "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January- October 1919." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 56.
  49. ^ G.H. Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22," Avstraliya Siyosat va Tarix jurnali 45#4 (1999): 479.
  50. ^ Bennett, G.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". Avstraliya Siyosat va Tarix jurnali. 45 (4): 472. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
  51. ^ Sharp, Alan "Adapting to a New World? British Foreign Policy in the 1920s." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 76.
  52. ^ Bennett, G.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22". Avstraliya Siyosat va Tarix jurnali. 45 (4): 473. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
  53. ^ Gaynor Johnson, "Preparing for Office: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January–October 1919", Zamonaviy Britaniya tarixi, vol. 18, n°3, 2004, pp. 53–73.
  54. ^ Sarah Meiklejohn Terry (1983). Poland's Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939–1943. Prinston universiteti matbuoti. p. 121 2. ISBN  9781400857173.
  55. ^ Yapp, p. 654.
  56. ^ Yapp, p. 653.
  57. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 251–252.
  58. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 233–234, 247–251.
  59. ^ Domna Visvizi-Dontas, "The Allied powers and the Eastern Question 1921-1923." Bolqonshunoslik 17.2 (1976): 331-357 onlayn.
  60. ^ a b Gilmour, David (1996). "The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question". Falastin tadqiqotlari jurnali. 25 (3): 60–68. doi:10.2307/2538259. JSTOR  2538259.
  61. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 266–267.
  62. ^ "No. 32376". London gazetasi. 1 July 1921. p. 5243.
  63. ^ Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22," p. 477.
  64. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch. pp.264–275.
  65. ^ Harry Bennett, "Lord Curzon of Kedleston: 'Easily misunderstood' and 'Easily misrepresented'," Tarixchi, No. 49, 1996. pp. 17-19.
  66. ^ Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries,
  67. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch. p.288.
  68. ^ Chris Cooper, "Heir not Apparent: Douglas Hailsham, the role of the House of Lords, and the Succession to the Conservative Leadership 1928–31." Parlament tarixi 31.2 (2012): 206-229.
  69. ^ Buyuk Britaniya Chakana narxlar indeksi inflyatsiya ko'rsatkichlari ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi Klark, Gregori (2017). "1209 yilgacha Buyuk Britaniyaning yillik RPI va o'rtacha daromadi (yangi seriya)". Qiymat. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
  70. ^ "Curzon of Kedleston". probatesearchservice.gov. Buyuk Britaniya hukumati. 1925 yil. Olingan 7 avgust 2019.
  71. ^ "George Nathaniel Curzon blue plaque". openplaques.org. Olingan 13 may 2013.
  72. ^ "№ 32346". London gazetasi (Qo'shimcha). 1921 yil 4-iyun. P. 4529.
  73. ^ "Lord Curzon: A Great Career". The Times. Times raqamli arxivi. 21 March 1925. p. 7.
  74. ^ Churchill, Great Contemporaries, Chapter on Curzon
  75. ^ Lindsay, p. 507.
  76. ^ Roy, Amit (15 January 2005). "Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India". telegraf.co.uk. Olingan 29 avgust 2017.
  77. ^ "When Curzon rescued Ahmedabad's icon". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Olingan 5 iyul 2017.

Bibliografiya

George Nathaniel Curzon's writings

  • Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (1889) Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London (reprinted Cass, 1967), Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN  978-1-4021-7543-5 (27 February 2001) Reprint (Paperback) Tafsilotlar
  • Curzon, Fors va fors savoli (1892) Longmans, Green, and Co., London and New York.; facsimile reprint:
    • 1-jild (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN  978-1-4021-6179-7 (22 October 2001) Xulosa
    • 2-jild (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN  978-1-4021-6178-0 (22 October 2001) Xulosa
  • Curzon, On the Indian Frontier, Edited with an introduction by Dhara Anjaria; (Oxford U.P. 2011) 350 pages ISBN  978-0-19-906357-4
  • Curzon, Problems of the Far East (1894; new ed., 1896) George Nathaniel Curzon Problems of the Far East. Japan -Korea – China, reprint; ISBN  1-4021-8480-8, ISBN  978-1-4021-8480-2 (25 December 2000) Adamant Media Corporation (Paperback)Xulosa
  • Curzon, The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, 1897, The Royal Geographical Society. Geografik jurnal 8 (1896): 97–119, 239–63. A thorough study of the region's history and people and of the British–Russian conflict of interest in Turkestan based on Curzon's travels there in 1894. Reprint (paperback): Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN  978-1-4021-5983-1 (2002 yil 22 aprel) Xulosa. Unabridged reprint (2005): Elbiron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN  1-4021-5983-8 (pbk); ISBN  1-4021-3090-2 (qattiq qopqoqli).
  • Curzon, The Romanes Lecture 1907, FRONTIERS by the Right Hon Lord Curzon of Kedleston G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., Kompyuter, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., All Souls College, Chancellor of the University, Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, 2 November 1907 to'liq matn.
  • Curzon, Tales of Travel. First published by Hodder & Stoughton 1923 (Century Classic Ser.) London, Century. 1989, Facsimile Reprint; ISBN  0-7126-2245-4; reprint with Foreword by Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, Introduction by Peter King. A selection of Curzon's travel writing including essays on Egypt, Afghanistan, Persia, Iran, India, Iraq Waterfalls, etc. (includes the future viceroy's escapade into Afghanistan to meet the "Iron Emir", Abdu Rahman Khan, in 1894)
  • Curzon, Travels with a Superior Person, London, Sidgwick & Jackson. 1985, Reprint; ISBN  978-0-283-99294-0, Hardcover, illustrated with 90 contemporary photographs most of them from Curzon's own collection (includes Greece in the Eighties, pp. 78–84; edited by Peter King; introduced by Elizabeth, Countess Longford)

Ikkilamchi manbalar

  • Bennet, G. H. (1995). British Foreign Policy During the Curzon Period, 1919–1924. Nyu-York: Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN  0-312-12650-6.
  • Carrington, Michael. Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against ‘collisions’ between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905,Zamonaviy Osiyo tadqiqotlari 47:03, May 2013, pp. 780–819.
  • Carrington, Michael. A PhD thesis, Empire and authority: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Discusses a number of interesting issues raised during Curzon's Viceroyalty (available through British Library).
  • De Groot, Gerard Douglas Haig 1861–1928 (Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
  • Dilks, David; Curzon in India (2 volumes, 1970) online edition
  • Edwardes, Michael. "The Viceroyalty Of Lord Curzon" Bugungi tarix (Dec 1962) 12#12 pp 833-844
  • Edwardes, Michael. High Noon of Empire: India under Curzon (1965)
  • Gilmour, David (1994). Curzon: Imperial Statesman. Farrar, Straus va Jirou. parcha va matn qidirish
  • Gilmour, David. "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)" Milliy biografiyaning Oksford lug'ati 2004; onlayn edn, 2011 yil yanvar accessed 30 Sept 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680
  • Goudie A. S. (1980). "George Nathaniel Curzon: Superior Geographer", Geografik jurnal, 146, 2 (1980): 203–209, doi:10.2307/632861 Xulosa
  • Goradia, Nayana. Lord Curzon The Last of the British Moghuls (1993) full text online free.
  • Jeffery, Keith (2006). Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-19-820358-2.
  • Katouzian, Homa. "The Campaign Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919." British Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (1) (1998): 5–46.
  • Loades, David, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (2003) 1:324-25; tarixshunoslik
  • Lindsay, David (1984). Jon Vinsent (tahrir). The Crawford Papers: The journals of David Lindsay, twenty-seventh Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871–1940 during the years 1892 to 1940. Manchester: Manchester universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-71900-948-8.
  • McLane, John R. "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905", Hindistonning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy tarixi sharhi, 1965 yil iyul, 2-son, № 3, 221-237-betlar
  • Mosley, Leonard Oswald. The glorious fault: The life of Lord Curzon
  • Nicolson, Harold George (1934). Curzon: The Last Phase, 1919–1925: A Study in Post-war Diplomacy. London: Konstable. ISBN  9780571258925
  • Reid, Walter. Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2006.) ISBN  1-84158-517-3
  • Ronaldshay, Earl of (1927). The Life of Lord Curzon. (Two volumes; London)
  • Rose, Kenneth. Superior Person: A Portrait of Curzon and His Circle in Late Victorian England, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, ISBN  1842122339
  • Ross, Christopher N. B. "Lord Curzon and E. G. Browne Confront the 'Persian Question'", Tarixiy jurnal, 52, 2 (2009): 385–411, doi:10.1017/S0018246X09007511
  • Woodward, David R, Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, ISBN  0-275-95422-6
  • Wright, Denis. "Curzon and Persia". Geografik jurnal 153 (3) (1987): 343–350.

Tashqi havolalar

Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Oldingi
Jorj Augustus Pilkington		 Uchun parlament a'zosi Sautport
1886–98		Muvaffaqiyatli
Sir Herbert Naylor-Leyland, Bt
Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Sir John Eldon Gorst		 Davlat kotibining Hindiston bo'yicha o'rinbosari
1891–92		Muvaffaqiyatli
George W. E. Russell
Oldingi
Sir Edward Grey, Bt		 Davlat kotibining tashqi ishlar bo'yicha o'rinbosari
1895–98		Muvaffaqiyatli
Hurmat bilan. St John Brodrick
Oldingi
Derbi grafligi
as Chairman of the Joint War Air Committee		 President of the Air Board
1916–1917		Muvaffaqiyatli
The Viscount Cowdray
Oldingi
Kru markasi		 Lord Privy Seal
1915–1916		Muvaffaqiyatli
Krouford grafligi
Lordlar palatasining rahbari
1916–1924		Muvaffaqiyatli
The Viscount Haldane
Lord Kengashning Prezidenti
1916–1919		Muvaffaqiyatli
Arthur James Balfour
Oldingi
Arthur James Balfour		 Tashqi ishlar vaziri
1919–1924		Muvaffaqiyatli
Ramsay Makdonald
Oldingi
The Lord Parmoor		 Lord Kengashning Prezidenti
1924–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Arthur James Balfour
Oldingi
The Viscount Haldane		 Lordlar palatasining rahbari
1924–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Solsberining 4-Markizi
Davlat idoralari
Oldingi
Elgin grafi		 Hindiston noibi
1899–1905		Muvaffaqiyatli
Minto grafligi
Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Lansdowne markasi		 Konservativ partiyaning etakchisi ichida Lordlar palatasi
1916–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Solsberining 4-Markizi
Oldingi
Bonar qonuni		 Leader of the British Conservative Party
bilan Ostin Chemberlen
1921–1922		Muvaffaqiyatli
Bonar qonuni
Faxriy unvonlar
Oldingi
The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury		 Cinque portlarining lord qo'riqchisi
1904–1905		Muvaffaqiyatli
Uels shahzodasi
Ilmiy idoralar
Oldingi
Viskont Goschen		 Oksford universiteti kansleri
1907–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Viscount Cave
Oldingi
H. H. Asquit		 Glazgo universiteti rektori
1908—1911		Muvaffaqiyatli
Avgustin Birrell
Buyuk Britaniyaning tengdoshligi
Yangi ijod Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
1921–1925		Yo'q
Earl Curzon of Kedleston
1911–1925
Viscount Scarsdale
1911–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Richard Curzon
Baron Ravensdale
1911–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Irene Curzon
Buyuk Britaniyaning tengdoshligi
Oldingi
Alfred Curzon		 Baron Scarsdale
1916–1925		Muvaffaqiyatli
Richard Curzon
Irlandiyaning tengdoshligi
Oldingi
The Lord Kilmaine		 Vakil tengdosh for Ireland
1908–1925		Ofis tugadi