Qizil palataning orzusi - Dream of the Red Chamber

Qizil palataning orzusi
紅樓夢

Syu Baozhuan (1810–1873) tomonidan suratga olingan roman sahnasi
Muallif	Cao Xueqin
Mamlakat	Xitoy
Til	Xitoycha xitoycha
Janr	Roman, Oilaviy doston
Nashr qilingan sana	18-asr o'rtalari (qo'lyozmalar) 1791 (birinchi bosma nashr)
Ingliz tilida nashr etilgan	1868, 1892; 1973–1980 (1-to'liq inglizcha tarjima)
Media turi	Skribal nusxalar / Chop etish

Qizil palataning orzusi
"Qizil palataning orzusi (Hong lou meng) "an'anaviy (yuqori) va soddalashtirilgan (pastki) xitoycha belgilarda
An'anaviy xitoy	紅樓夢
Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili	红楼梦
Transkripsiyalar Standart mandarin Xanyu Pinyin Hóng lóu mèng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Horng lou menq Ueyd-Giles Osildi2 lou2 mêng4 IPA [xʊ̌ŋ lǒu mə̂ŋ] Vu Suzxun Ghón léu môn Yue: Kanton Yelni rimlashtirish Hùhng làuh muhng Jyutping Osildi4 lau4 mung6 IPA [hȍŋ lɐ̏u mòŋ] Janubiy Min Tai-lô Âng lâu bāng
Muqobil xitoycha ism
An'anaviy xitoy	石頭記
Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili	石头记
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'no	"Tosh yozuvlari"
Transkripsiyalar Standart mandarin Xanyu Pinyin Shítóu jì Ueyd-Giles Shih2- sen2 chi4 IPA [ʂɨ̌tʰǒu tɕî] Vu Rimlashtirish Sah入 deu平 ji平 Yue: Kanton Yelni rimlashtirish Sehk-tàuh gei Jyutping Sek6 Tau4 Gey3 Janubiy Min Tai-lô Tsio̍h-thâu kì

Qizil palataning orzusideb nomlangan Tosh haqida hikoya, yoki Hongloumeng (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 红楼梦; an'anaviy xitoy : 紅樓夢; pinyin : Hónglóumèng) tomonidan tuzilgan Cao Xueqin, Xitoyning biridir To'rt ajoyib klassik roman. Bu XVIII asr o'rtalarida yozilgan Tsing sulolasi. Uzoq vaqt davomida bir asar deb hisoblangan Xitoy adabiyoti, roman odatda Xitoy fantastika cho'qqilaridan biri sifatida tan olingan.^[1] "Redologiya "faqat ushbu ish uchun bag'ishlangan o'quv sohasi.^[2]

Sarlavha shuningdek tarjima qilingan Qizil palata orzusi va Qizil uylarning orzusi. Roman 1791 yilda bosma nashrga qadar turli nomdagi qo'lyozma nusxalarida tarqaldi. Gao E sherigi Cheng Veyuan bilan birinchi va ikkinchi bosma nashrlarni tayyorlagan (程偉 元) 1791–92 yillarda romanni to'ldirish uchun qo'shimcha 40 bob qo'shdi.^[3]

Qizil palata yarim deb ishoniladiavtobiografik, muallif Cao Xueqinning oilasi va Tsing sulolasining o'sishi va pasayishini aks ettiradi.^[4] Muallif birinchi bobda batafsil bayon qilganidek, u yoshligida bilgan ayollari: do'stlari, qarindoshlari va xizmatkorlari uchun yodgorlik bo'lishi kerak. Roman nafaqat o'zining ulkan xarakterlari va psixologik doirasi, balki 18-asr Xitoy jamiyatiga xos bo'lgan hayot va ijtimoiy tuzilmalarni aniq va batafsil kuzatish bilan ham ajoyibdir.^[5] U o'z sahifalarida Xitoy adabiy an'analarining barcha asosiy uslublari va janrlaridan namunalarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[6]

Til

Roman bastalangan xalq tilida yozilgan (bayxua) dan ko'ra Klassik xitoy (wenyan). Cao Xueqin yaxshi bilardi Xitoy she'riyati va klassik xitoy tilida, yarim traktatlar yozgan.wenyan uslubi, romanning dialogi esa yozilgan Pekin Mandarin lahjasi zamonaviy xitoy tilida so'zlashuvning asosi bo'lishi kerak edi. 20-asr boshlarida leksikograflar matndan yangi so'z boyligini yaratish uchun foydalanganlar standartlashtirilgan til va islohotchilar romanni yozma xalq tilini targ'ib qilishda qo'lladilar.^[7]

Tarix

Matn tarixi

Qizil palataning orzusi'Matn tarixi bilan bog'liq va murakkab va uzoq vaqtdan beri tanqidiy tekshiruv, munozara va taxminlarga sabab bo'lgan.^[8] Cao Xueqin, Tsin sulolasi imperatorlariga xizmat qilgan, ammo omadlari pasayishni boshlagan taniqli oilaning a'zosi, ijod qila boshladi. Qizil palataning orzusi 1740 yillar davomida.^[9] 1763 yoki 1764 yillarda vafot etganida, Cao romanning dastlabki 80 bobini tugatgan va ehtimol qolgan boblarini ham tuzgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[10] Dastlabki 80 bob Cao hayoti davomida qo'lyozma nusxalarida, avval Caoning shaxsiy do'stlari va tobora ko'payib borayotgan havaskorlar orasida, so'ngra ochiq bozorda katta pullarga sotilgan qo'lyozmalarda tarqaldi.^[8][11] 1791 yilda Cheng Veyuan va Gao E tomonidan nashr etilgan birinchi bosma nashr muallif tomonidan ruxsat etilmagan tahrir va tahrirlarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[3] Cao so'nggi boblarni yo'q qilgan bo'lishi mumkin^[12] yoki Cao asl tugashining hech bo'lmaganda qismlari 120-bob Cheng-Gao versiyalariga kiritilganligini,^[13] Gao E-ning Cao loyihasidagi "ehtiyotkor emissiyalari" bilan.^[14]

Rouge versiyalari

Romanning "Jimao qo'lyozmasi" dan (Ruj variantlaridan biri) bir sahifa, 1759 yil.^[15]

1791 yilgacha roman qo'lda ko'chirilgan qo'lyozmalarda tarqaldi. Hatto saqlanib qolgan 12 ta mustaqil qo'lyozmalar orasida ham ba'zi belgilarning kichik farqlari, qayta tuzilishi va qayta yozilishi matnlarning biroz farqlanishiga olib keladi. Dastlabki qo'lyozmalar eng kech 80-bobda to'satdan tugaydi. Oldingi versiyalarida noma'lum sharhlovchilarning qizil yoki qora siyoh bilan izohlari va izohlari mavjud. Ushbu sharhlovchilarning so'zlari muallif haqida shaxs sifatida ko'p narsalarni ochib beradi va endi ularning ba'zilari hatto Cao Syuekinning o'z oilasi a'zolari bo'lishi mumkin deb ishoniladi. Eng taniqli sharhlovchi Chjanjay, asarning ichki tuzilishini va asl qo'lyozma tugashining ko'p qismini ochib bergan, endi yo'qolgan. Ushbu qo'lyozmalar, eng ishonchli matn versiyalari, "Rouge versiyalari" deb nomlangan (zhī běn 本 本).

Dastlabki 80 bobda bashoratlar va dramatik bashoratlar mavjud bo'lib, ular kitobning qanday davom etishi haqida ko'rsatmalar beradi. Masalan, Lin Daiyu oxir-oqibat roman davomida o'lishi aniq; Baoyu va Baochay turmushga chiqishi; Baoyu rohib bo'lishini. Sifatida tanilgan Redologiyaning bir bo'limi tànyì xué (探 佚 學), yo'qolgan qo'lyozma tugashini tiklashga qaratilgan bo'lib, Ruj versiyalaridagi sharhlovchilarning izohlari hamda oldingi 80-boblardagi ichki tasavvurlarga asoslangan.

Bugungi kunda romanning bir qancha qo'lyozmalarini hali ham Xitoy va Evropada joylashgan joylarda topish mumkin. "Tszaxu qo'lyozmasi" (1754 yilga tegishli) hozirda Shanxay muzeyi, "Jimao qo'lyozmasi" (1759) yilda joylashgan Xitoy Milliy kutubxonasi va "Gengchen qo'lyozmasi" (1760) ning kutubxonasida joylashgan Pekin universiteti. The Pekin normal universiteti va Sharqshunoslik instituti yilda Sankt-Peterburg ikkalasida ham 1791 yil birinchi bosma nashridan oldin yozilgan roman qo'lyozmalari saqlangan.

• 

  "Jiaxu qo'lyozmasi", 1754 yil

• 

  "Gongchen qo'lyozmasi", 1760 yil

Cheng-Gao versiyalari

1791 yilda, Gao E va Cheng Veyuan romanning birinchi bosma nashrini birlashtirdilar. Bu, shuningdek, birinchi "to'liq" nashr edi Tosh haqida hikoya, deb bosib chiqargan Qizil palataning tasvirlangan orzusi (繡像 紅樓夢). Rouge qo'lyozmalarining asl nusxasi sakson bobdan iborat bo'lsa, 1791 yildagi nashr 120 bobda romanni yakunladi. Dastlabki 80 bob "Rouge" versiyasidan tahrir qilingan, ammo oxirgi 40 qismi yangi nashr etilgan.

1792 yilda Cheng va Gao 1791 versiyasining tahririy xatolarini tuzatuvchi ikkinchi nashrni nashr etishdi. 1791-yilgi so'zboshilarida Cheng muallifning ishchi qo'lyozmalariga asoslangan holda yakun yasaganini da'vo qildi.^[14]

So'nggi 40 bob va 1791–92 so'z boshlari bo'yicha bahs-munozaralar bugungi kungacha davom etmoqda. Ko'pgina zamonaviy olimlar ushbu boblar keyinchalik qo'shimcha bo'lgan deb hisoblashadi. Xu Shih, uning 1921 yilgi insholarida Qizil palatadagi tush haqidagi dalillar, tugatish aslida Gao E tomonidan yozilgan deb ta'kidlab, 1791 yilgi Cheng-Gao versiyasining tugashidan farq qiladigan 5-bobda asosiy belgilar taqdirini oldindan aytib berishga ishora qildi. Biroq, 20-asrning o'rtalarida, 1791 yildan ancha oldinroq bo'lgan 120 bobdan iborat qo'lyozma topilishi Gao E va Cheng Veyuanning ishtiroki haqidagi savollarni yanada murakkablashtirdi - ular shunchaki tahrir qiladimi yoki romanning davomini yozganmi.^[16] Topilgan qo'lyozmaning so'nggi 40-bobida Cao ning asl asarlari bo'lganligi noma'lum bo'lsa ham, Irene Eber bu kashfiyot "Cheng va Gaoning ular romanning bir qismini yozishdan ko'ra, 120 bobdan iborat to'liq qo'lyozmani tahrir qilganliklari haqidagi da'vosini tasdiqlayotganday".^[16]

Kitob odatda Cheng Veyuan va Gao E ning 120 bob versiyasida nashr etiladi va o'qiladi. Kabi ba'zi zamonaviy nashrlar Chjou Ruchang So'nggi 40 bobni o'z ichiga olmaydi.

2014 yilda uchta tadqiqotchi foydalanmoqda ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish yozuv uslublari "Bizning uslubimizni Cheng-Gao versiyasiga tatbiq etish Qizil palataning orzusi kitobning dastlabki 80 bobi va oxirgi 40 bobi ikki xil muallif tomonidan yozilganligi to'g'risida inkor etib bo'lmaydigan dalillarga olib keldi. "^[17]

Uchastkaning qisqacha mazmuni

Qing sulolasi rassomi Sun Ven (1818-1904) tomonidan romandan bir voqea tasvirlangan bir qator cho'tka rasmlaridan parcha.

Romanda boylarning, aristokratlarning ikki tarmog'idagi hayot haqida batafsil, epizodik ma'lumotlar keltirilgan Jia (賈) klani - poytaxtdagi ikkita katta, qo'shni oilaviy birikmalarda yashovchi Rongguo uyi (榮 國 府) va Ningguo uyi (寧 國 府). Ularning ajdodlari yaratilgan Gersoglar va imperatorlik unvonlarini berdilar va roman boshlanganda ikkita uy shaharning eng taniqli oilalaridan biri. Klan avlodlaridan biri Qirollik konsortsiumi bo'lib, uning tashrifini kutib olish uchun obodonlashtirilgan bog 'qurilgan. Romanda Jiasning boyligi va ta'siri katta darajada tasvirlangan tabiiy tafsilotlar va jadvallar Jiasning obro'si balandligidan tushib, o'ttizga yaqin asosiy va to'rt yuzdan ziyod kichik qahramonlarga ergashdi. Oxir oqibat Jia klani norozilikka uchraydi Imperator, va ularning qasrlari bosqin qilinadi va musodara qilinadi.

Romanda kadrlar tarixi, ma'buda tomonidan tashlab qo'yilgan, sezgir tosh Nuva ilgari u osmonni aonlardan oldin ta'mirlaganida, yolvoradi a Daosist ruhoniy va a Buddist rohib dunyoni ko'rish uchun o'zlari bilan olib borish. Tosh, sherigi bilan birga (ichida.) Cheng-Gao versiyalari ular bir xil belgiga birlashtirildi), so'ngra inson mavjudligidan o'rganish imkoniyati beriladi va o'lim doirasiga kiradi.

Romanning asosiy xarakteri - bu oilaning beparvo o'spirin erkak merosxo'ri, Jia Baoyu. U og'zida sehrli "yashma" bo'lagi bilan tug'ilgan. Bu hayotda u kasal qarindoshi bilan alohida aloqada Lin Daiyu, musiqa va she'riyatga bo'lgan muhabbatini kim baham ko'radi. Biroq, Baoyu boshqa amakivachchaga uylanishni oldindan belgilab qo'ygan, Syu Baochay, uning inoyati va aql-zakovati misolida an ideal ayol, lekin kim bilan u hissiy aloqaga ega emas. The romantik raqobat Oilaning pasayib borayotgan omadlari fonida uch personaj o'rtasidagi do'stlik va romandagi asosiy voqeani tashkil etadi.

Belgilar

1889 yilda Tsinning sulolasi tomonidan yozilgan romandan bir voqea tasvirlangan yog'ochdan yasalgan bosma nashr Syu Baochay kapalaklar ortidan quvmoqda (27-bob).

Qizil palataning orzusi favqulodda juda ko'p sonli belgilarni o'z ichiga oladi: qirqqa yaqin asosiy belgilar, to'rt yuzdan ortiq qo'shimcha belgilar mavjud.^[18] Roman shuningdek, ko'plab ayol obrazlarining murakkab portretlari bilan mashhur.^[19] Ga binoan Lu Xun ga ilovada Xitoy fantastikasining qisqacha tarixi, Qizil palataning orzusi an'anaviy xitoy fantastikasidagi har qanday o'ylab topilgan fikr va texnikani buzdi; uning realistik xarakteristikasi "umuman yaxshi ham, umuman yomon ham" bo'lmagan, lekin haqiqiy dunyoning bir qismida yashaydigan tuyulgan insoniy obrazlarni to'liq namoyish etadi.^[20]

Xizmatkorlar va xizmatkorlarning ismlari berilgan pinyin transkripsiya va Devid Xoks 'tarjima.

Jia Baoyu va Jinlingning o'n ikki go'zalligi

• Jia Baoyu (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾宝玉; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈寶玉; pinyin : Jiǎ Bǎoyù; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Pao-yu; Ma'nosi: qimmatbaho nefrit)
  Asosiy qahramon romanda tanishtirilganda taxminan 12 yoki 13 yoshda.^[21] Ning o'spirin o'g'li Jia Zheng va uning rafiqasi, Lady Vang Va og'zida lyuminestsent nefrit parchasi bilan tug'ilgan (Tosh), Baoyu Rongguo uyining merosxo'ridir. Uning qattiqqo'lligi bilan qoshlarini chimirdi Konfutsiy ota, Baoyu o'qiydi Chjantszi va G'arbiy palataning romantikasi emas, balki hiyla-nayrangda To'rt kitob klassik xitoy ta'limi. Baoyu juda zukko, ammo otasining uyida tez-tez uchib yuradigan kambag'al mutasaddilarni yoqtirmaydi. Nozik va rahmdil shaxs, u uydagi ko'plab ayollar bilan alohida munosabatda bo'ladi.
• Lin Daiyu (Xitoy : 林黛玉; pinyin : Lín Dàiyù; Ueyd-Giles : Lin Tai-yu; Ma'nosi: ko'k-qora jade)
  Jia Baoyuning kenja birinchi amakivachchasi va uning haqiqiy sevgisi. U Lin Ruhayning (林如海) qizi, a Yangzhou tuzni boshqaruvchi olim-rasmiy va Baoyuning otasi xolasi Ledi Jia Min (賈敏). U Xitoy mumtoz adabiyotidagi ma'naviyat va aql-zakovatning obrazidir: ilohiy go'zal, sentimental, istehzoli va o'zini o'zi yuqori baholagan. Shuningdek, u nafas olish kasalligidan aziyat chekmoqda. 3-bobdan roman Daiyu onasining o'limidan ko'p o'tmay Rongguo uyiga kelishi bilan boshlanadi. Romandagi kadrlar hikoyasida Daiyu - bu Fairy Crimson Pearl-ning reenkarnatsiyasi va uning o'limidan tug'ilishining maqsadi, Baoyu-ni avvalgi mujassamlashganda uni osmonda ilohiy Shenying sifatida sug'organi uchun ko'z yoshlari bilan to'lashdir. Kasallik va hasadga moyil bo'lgan Daiyu, baribir, nihoyatda iste'dodli va mohir shoirdir.
• Syu Baochay (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 薛宝钗; an'anaviy xitoy : 薛寶釵; pinyin : Xuē Bochāi; Ueyd-Giles : Hsueh Pao-chay; Ma'nosi: zargarlik sochlari uchun pin)
  Jia Baoyuning boshqa birinchi amakivachchasi. Baoyuning onasi singari Xue xolaning (薛姨媽) yagona qizi Baochay a folga Daiyuga. Daiyu noan'anaviy va samimiy bo'lgan joyda, Baochai dunyoviy dono va juda muloyim: namunali xitoy feodal qizi. Roman uni go'zal va shuhratparast sifatida tasvirlaydi. Baochayning dumaloq yuzi, och terisi, katta ko'zlari va ba'zilarining aytishicha, Daiyu ning ingichka majnuntol bo'yog'idan farqli o'laroq, ko'proq shahvatlidir. Baochay yonida buddist rohib tomonidan bolaligida unga berilgan so'zlardan iborat oltin shkafchani olib yuradi. Baochayning oltin shkafi va Baoyu yashirida moddiy dunyoda bir-birini mukammal ravishda to'ldirib turadigan yozuvlar mavjud. Uning Baoyu bilan nikohi kitobda oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan.
• Jia Yuanchun (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾元春; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈元春; pinyin : Jiǎ Yuánchūn; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Yuan-chun; Ma'nosi: birinchi bahor)
  Taxminan o'n yil ichida Baoyuning katta singlisi. Dastlab imperator saroyida kutib turgan ayollardan biri bo'lgan Yuanchun keyinchalik imperatorni fazilati va ilmliligi bilan hayratga solib, imperatorning konsortsiga aylanadi. Uning imperatorning sevimlisi sifatida taniqli mavqei Jia oilasining qudratining balandligini anglatadi. O'zining obro'li mavqeiga qaramay, Yuanchun o'zini imperator saroyida qamoqqa tashlangan deb biladi va qirq yoshida vafot etadi. To'rt opa-singilning "Yuan-Ying-Tan-Xi" ning ismi a gomofon "Xo'rsinish kerak" bilan.
• Jia Tanchun (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾 探春; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈 探春; pinyin : Jiǎ Tanchūn; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Tan-chun; Ma'nosi: Bahorni qidirmoq)
  Baoyu kanizak Chjaoning kenja singlisi. U nihoyatda ochiqchasiga, u deyarli qobiliyatli Vang Xifeng. Van Xifenning o'zi uni alohida iltifot bilan aytadi, lekin u "noto'g'ri qornida tug'ilgan", deb kuyinadi, chunki kanizak bolalar birinchi xotinlarnikidek hurmat qilinmaydi. U shuningdek juda iste'dodli shoir. Tanchun o'zining go'zalligi va tikanli xususiyati uchun "Atirgul" laqabini oldi. Keyinchalik u Janubiy dengizdagi uydan ancha uzoqdagi harbiylar oilasiga uylanadi.
• Shi Sianyun (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 史湘云; an'anaviy xitoy : 史湘雲; pinyin : Shi Xiangyun; Ueyd-Giles : Shix Syan-yun; Ma'nosi: Syan daryosi Bulutlar)
  Jia Baoyuning kenja ikkinchi amakivachchasi. Jia buvimning nabirasi. Bolaligida etim bo'lib, u badavlat otasi amakisi va unga yomon munosabatda bo'lgan xolasi ostida o'sadi. Shunga qaramay, Szyanyun ochiq va quvnoq. Nisbatan androjin go'zalligi bilan Syangyun erkaklar kiyimida yaxshi ko'rinadi (bir marta u Baoyu kiyimini kiygan va Jia buvi o'zini erkak deb o'ylagan) va ichishni yaxshi ko'radi. U to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va muloyim emas, lekin uning kechirimli xususiyati beparvolik bilan haqiqat so'zlaridan kelib chiqadi. U Daiyu yoki Baochay singari yaxshi bilimli va iste'dodli shoirdir. Uning yosh eri turmush qurgandan ko'p o'tmay vafot etdi. U butun hayoti davomida sodiq beva bo'lishga qasamyod qiladi.
• Miaoyu (Xitoy : 妙玉; pinyin : Miàoyù; Ueyd-Giles : Miao-yu; Xoks / Minford tarjimasi: Adamantina; Ma'nosi: Ajoyib / Aqlli Jade)
  Rong-guo uyining buddist cherkovlaridan kelgan yosh rohib. U chiroyli va ilmli bo'lsa-da, yolg'iz, mag'rur, o'zini o'zi tutib turmaydigan va ega poklik bilan ovora bo'lish. Romanda u kasalligi tufayli rohiba bo'lishga majbur bo'lganligi va siyosiy ishlardan qochish uchun ruhoniy ostida o'zini panoh topgani aytilgan. Uning taqdiri qaroqchilar tomonidan o'g'irlab ketilganidan keyin ma'lum emas.
• Jia Yingchun (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾迎春; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈迎春; pinyin : Jiǎ Yíngchūn; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Ying-chun; Ma'nosi: Bahorni kutib olish)
  Yuanchundan keyingi Jia oilasi avlodining ikkinchi ayol oilasi a'zosi Yingchun Baoyuning amakisi Jia She qizi va shu sababli uning birinchi qarindoshi. Yaxshi qalbli, irodasi zaif odam Yingchun "yog'och" xarakterga ega va barcha dunyoviy ishlarga nisbatan beparvo bo'lib tuyuladi. U juda chiroyli va yaxshi o'qigan bo'lsa-da, aql-idrok va aql-idrokni hech bir qarindoshiga taqqoslamaydi. Yingchunning eng taniqli xususiyati, uning oilasi ishlariga aralashishni istamasligidir. Oxir-oqibat Yingchun imperator sudining amaldoriga uylanadi, uning turmushi shunchaki otasining Jia oilasining pasayib borayotgan boyliklarini ko'tarish uchun qilgan urinishlaridan biri edi. Yangi turmush qurgan Yingchun shafqatsiz, shafqatsiz erining qo'lidan uy sharoitida zo'ravonlik va doimiy zo'ravonlik qurboniga aylanadi.
• Jia Xichun (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾 惜春; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈 惜春; pinyin : Jiǎ Xīchūn; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Xsi-chun; Ma'nosi: xazina bahor)
  Baoyuning Ningguo uyidan bo'lgan kichik amakivachchasi, ammo Rongguo uyida tarbiyalangan. Iqtidorli rassom, u shuningdek dindor buddist. U Ningguo uyining rahbari Jia Zhenning yosh singlisi. Roman oxirida, Jia uyi qulaganidan so'ng, u dunyoviy tashvishlaridan voz kechadi va buddist rohibga aylanadi. U Jinlingning "O'n ikki go'zallik" ning ikkinchi eng yoshi, romanning aksariyat qismlarida o'spiringacha tasvirlangan.
• Vang Xifeng (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 王熙凤; an'anaviy xitoy : 王熙鳳; pinyin : Wáng Xīfèng; Ueyd-Giles : Vang Xsi-feng; Ma'nosi: Splendid Feniks), taxallus Feng opa.
  Baoyuning to'ng'ich amakivachchasi, Jia Lianning yosh rafiqasi (u Baoyuning otasining birinchi amakivachchasi), Lady Vanga jiyani. Xifeng shu sababli Baoyu bilan ham qon, ham nikoh bilan bog'liq. Xifeng nihoyatda kelishgan ayol qobiliyatli, aqlli, hazilkash, suhbatdosh va ba'zida yovuz va shafqatsizdir. Romandagi eng dunyoviy ayol, shubhasiz, Xifeng Rongguo uy xo'jaligining kundalik boshqaruvi uchun mas'uldir va oilada siyosiy hokimiyat bilan bir qatorda ajoyib iqtisodiyotni boshqaradi. Jia buvimning sevimlisi bo'lib, Xifeng Ledi Vangni ham, Jia buvini ham doimiy hazillari va kulgili suhbatlari bilan xursand qiladi, mukammal kelin rolini o'ynaydi va Jia buvisini rozi qilish orqali butun uyni temir bilan boshqaradi. musht Romandagi eng ajoyib ko'p qirrali shaxslardan biri bo'lgan Xifeng kambag'al va nochorlarga mehribon bo'lishi mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, Xifeng o'ldirish uchun etarlicha shafqatsiz bo'lishi mumkin. Uning nafis fe'l-atvori, balandparvoz kulgisi va ajoyib go'zalligi 18-asr xitoy adabiyotining zaif, irodali go'zalliklaridan farq qiladi. U kreditni tejash orqali boylik orttiradi va oilaning qulashiga olib keladi. U oilaviy mol-mulk hukumat tomonidan hibsga olinganidan ko'p o'tmay vafot etadi.
• Jia Qiaojie (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾 巧姐; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈 巧姐; pinyin : Jiǎ Qiǎojiě; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Chiao-chieh)
  Van Xifeng va Jia Lianning qizi. U romanning katta qismi orqali bola. Jia uyi qulaganidan so'ng, versiyasida Gao E va Cheng Veyuan, u Liu buvi tanishtirgan boy qishloq oilasining o'g'liga uylanadi va qishloqda beg'ubor hayot kechiradi.
• Li Van (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 李 纨; an'anaviy xitoy : 李 紈; pinyin : Lǐ Wán; Ueyd-Giles : Li Van; Ma'nosi: Oq ipak)
  Baoyuning to'ng'ich opasi, Baoyuning vafot etgan akasi Jia Zhu (賈 珠) ning bevasi. Uning asosiy vazifasi o'g'li Lanni tarbiyalash va uning ayol qarindoshlariga qarashdir. Romanda yigirma yoshlardagi yosh beva Li Van hech qanday istak va istaklarga ega bo'lmagan muloyim ayol sifatida, to'g'ri motam beva ayolining mukammal Konfutsiy idealida tasvirlangan. Oxir-oqibat u o'g'lining Imperatorlik imtihonlarida muvaffaqiyati tufayli yuqori ijtimoiy mavqega ega bo'ladi, ammo roman uni fojiali shaxs sifatida ko'radi, chunki u o'zini tutish qoidalariga rioya qilgan holda yoshligini behuda o'tkazgan.
• Qin Keqing (Xitoy : 秦可卿, a gomofon "sevgiga past nazar bilan"; pinyin : Qin Kěqīng; Ueyd-Giles : Ch'in Ko-ching)
  Jia Zhenga kelin. Romandagi barcha personajlar orasida uning hayoti va erta o'limi eng sirli holatlardandir. Aftidan juda chiroyli va noz-karashma ayol, u qaynotasi bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lib, romanning ikkinchi choragiga qadar vafot etdi. Uning yotoqxonasi juda tarixiy va mifologik ayollarga tegishli bebaho asarlar bilan jihozlangan. To'shagida Bao Yu birinchi bo'lib Illyuziya o'lkasiga boradi va u erda Syu Baochay va Lin Daiyu vakili bo'lgan "Ikki kishida" bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'ladi. Two-in-One-ning ismi ham Keqing, Qin Keqing ham Bao Yu-ning jinsiy tajribasida muhim rol o'ynaydi. O'n ikki qo'shiqning asl nusxasida Qin Keqing o'zini osib qo'yganiga ishora qilmoqda.

Boshqa asosiy belgilar

• Jia buvisi (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾母; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈母; pinyin : Jiǎmǔ), Shi.
  Shuningdek, Jinlinlik Markiz Shining qizi Matriarx yoki Dowager deb nomlangan. Ham Baoyu, ham Daiyu uchun buvi, u Rongguo uyidagi eng yuqori hokimiyat vakili va butun klanning eng keksa va eng obro'li kishisi, shu bilan birga doting odam. Uning Jia She va Jia Chheng ismli ikki o'g'li va Daiyuning onasi Min ismli qizi bor. Daiyu Jia buvisining talabiga binoan Jiyasning uyiga olib kelinadi va u Daiyu va Baoyu bilan bolalik davridagi sheriklari, keyinchalik esa qarindosh ruhlari sifatida yordam berishga yordam beradi. U o'limidan sal oldin hukumat mulklarini tortib olganidan so'ng, u o'z mablag'larini qarindoshlari o'rtasida taqsimlaydi.
• Jia She (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾赦; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈赦; pinyin : Jiǎ Shè; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Sheh)
  Dowagerning katta o'g'li. U otasi Jia Lian va Jia Yingchun. U xoin va ochko'z erkak va ayol zotdir. U onasi yoqlagan ukasini rashk qiladi. Keyinchalik u unvonidan mahrum qilinadi va hukumat tomonidan quvg'in qilinadi.
• Jia Zheng (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾政; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈政; pinyin : Jiǎ Chen; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Cheng)
  Baoyuning otasi, Dowagerning kenja o'g'li. U intizomiy va Konfutsiyshunos olimdir. Uning tirik qolgan merosxo'ri yomon bo'lib qolishidan qo'rqib, o'g'liga qattiq qoidalar qo'yadi va vaqti-vaqti bilan jismoniy jazoni qo'llaydi. Uning xotini Ledi Vang va bitta kanizagi bor: Chjao. U Konfutsiyshunos olim, hayotni to'g'ri va odobli inson sifatida o'tkazishga harakat qiladi, lekin haqiqat bilan aloqada bo'lmagan va uyda va sudda qo'lini ko'targan odam.
• Jia Lian (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 贾 琏; an'anaviy xitoy : 賈 璉; pinyin : Jiǎ Liǎn; Ueyd-Giles : Chia Lien)
  Xifengning eri va Baoyu otasining katta qarindoshi, taniqli ayol xayrixohi, uning ko'pgina ishlari rashkchi xotiniga juda ko'p muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi, shu jumladan, uning xotini bilmagan erkaklar bilan ishlarni. Uning homilador kanizagi (Ikkinchi singlimiz) oxir-oqibat xotinining muhandisligi tufayli vafot etadi. U va uning rafiqasi yollash va pul ajratish bo'yicha qarorlarning ko'pchiligiga mas'uldirlar va ko'pincha bu hokimiyat uchun kurashadilar. U nomukammal xarakterga ega kadr, ammo baribir vijdoniga ega.
• Sianling (香菱; Xoks / Minford tarjimasi: Caltrop; Ma'nosi: Xushbo'y Suv kaltropi ) - Xuesning xizmatkori, tug'ilgan Zhen Yinglian (s, a gomofon "munosib rahm-shafqat bilan"), o'g'irlab ketilgan va yo'qolgan Zhen Shiyin qizi (gh th, a gomofon "Haqiqatni yashirish" bilan), 1-bobda mamlakat janoblari. Uning ismini Xue Panning buzilgan rafiqasi Xia Tszinu (夏金桂) unga rashk qilib, uni zaharlamoqchi bo'lganligi sababli Tsyuling (秋 菱) deb o'zgartirgan. Syu Pan uni Jingui vafotidan keyin xonim xonim qiladi. Tez orada u tug'ish paytida vafot etadi.
• Ping'er (平 兒; Xoks / Minford tarjimasi: Sabr; ma'nosi: tinchlik)
  Xifengning bosh xizmatkori va shaxsiy sirdoshi; Xifengning eri Jia Lian bilan kanizak. Dastlab Xifengning Vang uyidagi xizmatkori, Xifen Jia uyiga uylanganda, Xifenga o'z mahrining bir qismi sifatida ergashadi. U o'zining muammolarini inoyat bilan hal qiladi, Xifengga qobiliyatli yordam beradi va uy xizmatchilarining ko'pchiligining hurmatiga sazovor. U shuningdek, Xifengga yaqinlasha oladigan juda kam odamlardan biridir. U Xifengning eng ishonchli yordamchisi sifatida uyda katta kuchga ega, ammo uning kuchidan tejamkor va adolatli foydalanadi. U o'z xo'jayiniga juda sodiq, ammo yumshoqroq va muloyimroq.
• Xue Pan (Xitoy : 薛蟠; pinyin : Syu Pan; Ueyd-Giles : Hsueh Pan; Ma'nosi: lasanga (a ajdar ))
  Baochayning akasi, Jinlingda mahalliy bezorilardan biri bo'lgan, bo'shashgan, bo'shashgan rake. U erkaklar va ayollar bilan bo'lgan sevimli ekspluatatsiyalari bilan mashhur edi. Ma'lumoti unchalik yaxshi bo'lmagan, u bir vaqtlar xizmatkor qiz (Sianling) ustidan bir kishini o'ldirgan va qotillik ishi pul bilan tinchlantirilgandi.
• Liu buvi (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 刘 姥姥; an'anaviy xitoy : 劉 姥姥; pinyin : Liu Lyolao)
  Ikki tashrif davomida Rongguo uyining xonimlari bilan kulgili kontrastni ta'minlaydigan Vang oilasiga nisbatan rustik va uzoq munosabatlar. Oxir-oqibat u Qiaojie-ni uni sotmoqchi bo'lgan onasining amakisidan qutqaradi.
• Lady Vang (Xitoy : 王 夫人; pinyin : Wáng Fūren)
  Buddist, Jia Zhengning asosiy rafiqasi. Jinlingning eng taniqli to'rt oilasidan birining qizi. Sog'lig'i yomon deb aytilganligi sababli, u uy xo'jaligini jiyani Xifengga topshiradi, ikkinchisi Jia uyiga turmushga chiqishi bilanoq, u Xifenning ishlarini umumiy nazorat ostiga olgan bo'lsa ham, ikkinchisi har doim hisobot berib turishi kerak. uni. Garchi Ledi Vang mehribon ma'shuqa va dotinga o'xshagan onaga o'xshab ko'rinsa-da, aslida uning vakolatiga qarshi kurashda shafqatsiz va shafqatsiz bo'lishi mumkin. U Baoyuning xizmatkorlariga katta e'tibor berib, Baoyu ular bilan romantik munosabatlarni rivojlantirmasligiga ishonch hosil qiladi.
• Xue xola (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 薛姨妈; an'anaviy xitoy : 薛姨媽; pinyin : Xuē Yímā), Vang ismli ayol
  Baoyuning onasi xolasi, onasi Pan va Baochay, singlisi Ledi Vang. U ko'pincha mehribon va xushmuomalali, ammo itoatsiz o'g'lini boshqarish qiyin.
• Xua Xiren (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 花 袭人; an'anaviy xitoy : 花 襲人; pinyin : Xu Xiren; Hawkes / Minford tarjimasi: Aroma; Ma'nosi: Flower Assails Men)
  Baoyuning asosiy xizmatkori va uning xizmatkori norasmiy kanizak. U hali ham Dowagerning xizmatkori bo'lib turgan bo'lsa, Dowager uni Baoyuga berdi, amalda Xiren uning xizmatkori. Baoyu haqida o'ylab ko'ring va u haqida abadiy xavotirlaning, u 5-bobda haqiqiy o'spirinning birinchi jinsiy hayotining sherigi. Baoyu yo'qolganidan so'ng, u bilmagan holda Baoyuning do'stlaridan biri bo'lgan aktyor Tszyan Yuxanga uylanadi.

Tsuven, Xu Baozhuan tomonidan chizilgan

• Tsingven (Xitoy : 晴雯; pinyin : Qinwén; Hawkes / Minford tarjimasi: Skybright, ma'nosi: Quyoshli ko'p rangli bulutlar)
  Baoyuning shaxsiy xizmatkori. Jingalak, mag'rur va uydagi eng chiroyli xizmatkor Tsingven Daiyuga juda o'xshaydi. Baoyu xizmatkorlarining barchasidan, u Baoyu bilan tanbeh berganda janjallashishga jur'at etgan, lekin ayni paytda unga nihoyatda sodiq bo'lgan. U Xirenning oilasida o'z mavqeini ko'tarish uchun Baoyu bilan jinsiy aloqasidan foydalanishga urinishidan nafratlanadi. Keyinchalik Ledi Vang uni Baoyu bilan ishqiy aloqada bo'lganlikda gumon qildi va shu sababli uni ommaviy ravishda ishdan bo'shatdi; adolatsiz muomaladan va unda qatnashgan haqorat va tuhmatlardan g'azablanib, Tsingven Jia uyidan chiqib ketgandan ko'p o'tmay kasallikdan vafot etdi.
• Yuanyang (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 鸳鸯; an'anaviy xitoy : 鴛鴦; pinyin : Yuanyang; Hawkes / Minford tarjimasi: sodiq; Ma'nosi: "Juftlik Mandarin o'rdaklari ")
  Dowagerning bosh xizmatkori. U Jiyya buvisining to'ng'ich o'g'li, jirkanch Jia She bilan turmush qurish taklifini rad qiladi va Dowager o'lganidan keyin o'z joniga qasd qiladi.
• Mingyan (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 茗烟; an'anaviy xitoy : 茗煙; pinyin : Mingyan; Hawkes / Minford tarjimasi: Tealeaf, ma'nosi: Choy bug ')
  Baoyuning sahifasi o'g'li. O'zining xo'jayinini besh barmoq kabi biladi.
• Zijuan (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 紫鹃; an'anaviy xitoy : 紫鵑; pinyin : Zǐjuān; Ueyd-Giles : Tzu-chuan; Xoks / Minford tarjimasi: Nightingale; Ma'nosi: "Binafsha rang Rhododendron yoki kuku ")
  Dovayning nevarasiga bergan Daiyu sodiq xizmatkori. Keyinchalik u Jia Xichunga xizmat qilish uchun rohibaga aylanadi.
• Xueyan (Xitoy : 雪雁; pinyin : Xuěyàn; Hawkes / Minford tarjimasi: Snowgoose)
  Daiyu-ning boshqa xizmatkori. U Daiyu bilan Yangchjoudan kelgan va yosh, yoqimli qiz bo'lib duch keladi. Undan Baoyu Daiyu bilan turmushga chiqyapti deb aldash uchun unga pardali kelin Baochayga hamrohlik qilishini so'rashadi.
• Cho'ri kanizak (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 赵姨娘; an'anaviy xitoy : 趙姨娘; pinyin : Zhào Yíniáng)
  Kanizagi Jia Zheng. U Baoyu ning birodarlari bo'lgan Jia Tanchun va Jia Xuanning onasi. U uy xo'jayinining onasi bo'lishni orzu qiladi, unga erisha olmaydi. U Baoyu va Xifengni qora sehr bilan o'ldirishni rejalashtirmoqda va uning fitnasi o'z hayotiga zarar etkazgan deb ishoniladi.

E'tiborli kichik belgilar

Hikoyadan Syu Baozhuan tomonidan chizilgan sahna

• Qin Zhong (秦鐘, a gomofon "buyuk sevgilisi" bilan) - Uning katta opasi Qin Keqing, Baoyu jiyanining rafiqasi va shuning uchun u texnik jihatdan Baoyudan yosh avlod. U ham, Qin Keqing ham Qin Ye (秦 業) ning asrab olingan farzandlari. Ikki o'g'il Jia klani maktabiga birgalikda yozilishadi va u Baoyuning eng yaxshi do'stiga aylanadi. Roman voqealar begunoh do'stlik chegarasidan chiqib ketishi mumkinligini ochiq qoldirmoqda. Tsin Zhong va Ajin Tszinen (智能, "Aqlli"; Xokks tarjimasida "Sapientia") fojiali oqibatlarga oshiq bo'lib qolishdi, chunki Qin Chjun otasi tomonidan qilingan qattiq kaltaklash, jinsiy charchoq, qayg'u kombinatsiyasidan ko'p o'tmay vafot etadi. va pushaymon.^[22]
• Jia Lan (賈蘭) - Baoyu vafot etgan akasi Jia Chjuning o'g'li va uning fazilatli rafiqasi Li Van. Jia Lan butun kitob davomida jozibali bola bo'lib, oxirida imperatorlik imtihonlarida oilaning obro'siga erishdi.
• Jia Zhen (賈珍) - Jia oilasining oqsoqol filiali bo'lgan Ningguo uyining rahbari. Uning xotini, Lady You, singlisi, Jia Xichun va ko'plab kanizaklar. U juda ochko'z va norasmiy klan boshlig'i, chunki otasi nafaqaga chiqqan. U kelini Tsin Keqing bilan zino qilgan.
• Ayol siz (尤氏) - Jia Zhenning rafiqasi. U Ningguo uyining yagona bekasi.
• Jia Rong (賈蓉) - Jia Zhenning o'g'li. U Qin Keqingning eri. Otasining aniq nusxasi, u Imperial Gvardiya Kavaleri.
• Ikkinchi opa-singil (尤二姐) - Jia Lian uni sevgilisi sifatida yashirincha oladi. U turmushga chiqmasdan oldin saqlanib qolgan ayol bo'lsa-da, to'yidan keyin u sodiq va sodiq xotin bo'ladi. Van Xifengning hiyla-nayranglari tufayli u nihoyat katta oltin parchasini yutib o'zini o'ldiradi.
• Xedi xonim (邢 夫人) - Jia She uning rafiqasi. U Jia Lian o'gay onasi.
• Jia Xuan (賈環) - kanizak Chjaoning o'g'li. U va uning onasi ikkalasi ham oila tomonidan haqoratlanadi va u o'zini tepilgan it kabi olib yuradi. U o'zining o'gay ukasi Baoyuni ko'r qilishni niyat qilib, sham mumini to'kib tashlash orqali o'zining yomon xulq-atvorini namoyish etadi.
• Sheyue (麝月; Xoks / Minford tarjimasi: Musk) - Xoysen va Tsinvendan keyin Baoyuning asosiy xizmatkori. U chiroyli va g'amxo'r, Xiren uchun mukammal qo'shimcha.
• Qiutong (秋桐) - Jia Lianning boshqa kanizagi. Dastlab Jia She xizmatkori bo'lib, unga beriladi Jia Lian kanizak sifatida. U juda mag'rur va mag'rur ayol.
• Sha opa (傻 大姐) - Dowager uchun qo'pol ishlarni bajaradigan xizmatkor. U hiyla-nayrangsiz, ammo kulgili va g'amxo'r. Gao E va Cheng Veyuanning versiyasida u beixtiyor Daoyuga Baoyuning yashirin nikoh rejalari to'g'risida xabar beradi.

Mavzular

Romanning ochilish bobida bir juftlik keltirilgan:

假作 真 時 真 亦 假 ，
無為 有 處 有 還 無。

Badiiy haqiqat haqiqat bo'lganda haqiqat fantastika bo'ladi;
Real haqiqiy bo'lmagan joyda haqiqiy emas bo'ladi.

— Qizil palataning orzusi

Bir tanqidchining ta'kidlashicha, bu kuplet "haqiqat va yolg'on, haqiqat va illyuziya o'rtasida qattiq va tez bo'linishni emas, balki har qanday dunyoda bunday farqlarni xayoliy yoki" haqiqiy "qilish mumkin emasligini" anglatadi.^[23] Asosiy oilaning nomi Jia (賈, jiǎ deb talaffuz qilinadi) - a gomofon bilan belgi jiǎ 假, soxta yoki xayoliy ma'noni anglatadi; buni "haqiqiy" (ē) so'zi uchun homofon bo'lgan Zhen (甄, zhēn deb talaffuz qilingan) familiyasiga ega bo'lgan boshqa bir oila aks ettiradi. Ushbu romanning oilasi ham realistik aks ettirish, ham Caoning o'z oilasining xayoliy yoki "orzu qilingan" versiyasidir.

Roman ko'pincha nomlanadi Hóng lóu Mèng (紅樓夢), so'zma-so'z "Qizil palata orzusi". "Qizil kamera" - bu bir nechta ta'riflarga ega iboradir; xususan, taniqli oilalarning qizlari istiqomat qiladigan boshpanali xonalarni nazarda tutadi.^[24] Shuningdek, bu Beshinchi bobda "qizil xonada" o'rnatilgan ko'plab tushlarning ma'nosini anglatadi, u erda ko'plab belgilar taqdiri oldindan belgilanadi. Xitoycha "樓" belgisining ko'plab ta'riflari tufayli "palata" ba'zan "imorat" deb tarjima qilinadi. Ammo "qasr" so'zi bu iborani noto'g'ri tushunish deb o'ylashadi hnglóuOlimning fikriga ko'ra, bu aniqroq "palata" deb tarjima qilinishi kerak Chjou Ruchang.^[25]

Romanda o'sha davrdagi Xitoy madaniyatining ko'plab jihatlari yorqin aks ettirilgan Dori, oshxona, choy madaniyati, bayramlar, maqollar, mifologiya, Konfutsiylik, Buddizm, Daosizm, farzandlik taqvosi, opera, musiqa, me'morchilik, dafn marosimlari, rasm, mumtoz adabiyot va To'rt kitob. Bular orasida roman juda katta ishlatilishi bilan ayniqsa ajralib turadi she'riyat.^[26]

Early Chinese critics identified its two major themes as those of romantic love, and of the transitoriness of earthly material values, as outlined in Buddhist and Taoist philosophies.^[27] Since the rediscovery of Cao Xueqin as the novel's author, its autobiographical aspects have come to the fore, in particular that of Cao Xueqin's clan which was similarly raided in real life, and placed under the scrutiny of 20th- and 21st-century critics. Davomida Mao Szedun 's era, a Marxist interpretation of the novel was the focus of some Chinese critics, which deplores the feudal society's corruption and emphasizes the clashes between the classes. Since the 1980s, critics began embracing the novel's richness and aesthetics in a more multicultural context.^[28]

Reception and influences in modern era

The cover of a 1912 printed edition of the Youzheng version

19-asrning oxirida, Hong Lou Meng's influence was so pervasive that the reformer Liang Qichao attacked it along with another classic novel Suv chegarasi as "incitement to robbery and lust", and for smothering the introduction of Western style novels, which he regarded as more socially responsible.^[29] The eminent scholar Wang Guowei, however, achieved a new method of literary interpretation in an innovative and path-breaking 1904 essay which invoked the philosophy of Artur Shopenhauer. Wang called the novel "the tragedy of tragedies", in contrast to the prosperous endings in most earlier drama and fiction.^[30] Wang further proclaims the novel as "[W]orthy of being considered as the one great masterpiece in the realm of Chinese art."^[31]

In the early 20th century, although the Yangi madaniyat harakati took a critical view of the Confucian classics, the scholar Xu Shih used the tools of matn tanqidi to put the novel in an entirely different light, as a foundation for national culture. Hu and his students, Gu Jiegang va Yu Pingbo, first established that Cao Xueqin was the work's author. Taking the question of authorship seriously reflected a new respect for fiction, since the lesser forms of literature had not been traditionally ascribed to particular individuals.^[32] Hu next built on Cai Yuanpei 's investigations of the printing history of the early editions to prepare reliable reading texts. The final, and in some respects most important task, was to study the vocabulary and usage of Cao's Beijing dialect as a basis for Modern mandarin.

In the 1920s, scholars and devoted readers developed Hongxue, yoki Redology into both a scholarly field and a popular avocation. Among the avid readers was the young Mao Szedun, who later claimed to have read the novel five times and praised it as one of China's greatest works of literature.^[33] The influence of the novel's themes and style are evident in many modern Chinese prose works. The early 1950s was a rich period for Redology with publication of major studies by Yu Pingbo. Zhou Ruchang, who as a young scholar had come to the attention of Hu Shih in the late 1940s, published his first study in 1953, which became a best seller.^[34] But in 1954 Mao personally criticized Yu Pingbo for his "bourgeois idealism" in failing to emphasize that the novel exposed the decadence of "feudal" society and the theme of class struggle. In Hundred Flowers Campaign, Yu came under heavy criticism but the attacks were so extensive and full of quotations from his work that they spread Yu's ideas to many people who would not otherwise have known of their existence.^[35]

Davomida Madaniy inqilob, the novel initially came under fire, though it quickly regained its prestige in the following years. Zhou Ruchang resumed his lifework, eventually publishing more than sixty biographical and critical studies.^[34] In 2006, Zhou, who had long distrusted Gao E's editions, and the novelist Liu Xinwu, author of popular studies of the novel, joined to produce a new 80 chapter version which Zhou had edited to eliminate the Cheng-Gao emendations. Liu completed an ending that was supposedly more true to Cao's original intent.^[36] The novel continues to be influential on contemporary Chinese poets such as Middle Generation's Qi, who paid homage to it in her poem To Cao Xueqin.^[37]

Translations and reception in the West

...one of the great monuments of the world's literature...

— Sharh Qizil palataning orzusi tomonidan Anthony West, Nyu-Yorker^[38]

It is a major challenge to translate Cao's prose, which utilizes many levels of colloquial and literary language and incorporates forms of classic poetry that are integral to the novel.^[39] A 2014 study concluded that the work is a "challenge even to the most resourceful of translators, and the process of rendering it into another language is bound to involve more translation problems, techniques, and principles than the process of rendering any other literary work."^[40]

The first recorded attempt at translating the novel into English was done by the noted Protestant missionary and sinologist Robert Morrison (1782–1834) in 1812 when he translated part of chapter four of the novel for the purpose of having it published in the second volume of his 1812 book Horae Sinicae (this book was never published). In 1816, Morrison did publish a translation of a conversation from chapter 31 in his Chinese language textbook Dialogues and Detached Sentences in the Chinese Language. In 1819, a short excerpt from chapter 3 was translated by the famous British diplomat and sinologist John Francis Davis (1795–1890) and published in the London Journal Quarterly Review. Davis also published a poem from chapter 3 of the novel in 1830 in the Operatsiyalar ning Qirollik Osiyo jamiyati.^[41]

The next translation into English was a literal translation of selected passages prepared for foreigners learning Chinese published by the Presbyterian Mission Press of Ningbo 1846 yilda.^[42] Edward Charles Bowra ning Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs published a translation of the first eight chapters in 1868^[43] and H. Bencraft Joly of the first fifty-six chapters in 1892.^[44]

An abridged translation by Wang Chi-Chen which emphasized the central love story was published in 1929, with a preface by Artur Uoli. Waley said that in the passages which recount dreams "we feel most clearly the symbolic or universal value" of the characters. "Pao Yu", Waley continued, stands for "imagination and poetry" and his father for "all those sordid powers of pedantry and restriction which hamper the artist".^[45] In a 1930 review of Wang's translated version, Harry Clemons of Virjiniya choraklik sharhi wrote "This is a great novel", and along with the Uch qirollikning romantikasi, it "ranks foremost" among the novels of classic Chinese literature.^[46] Although Clemons felt "meaning was only fragmentarily revealed" in the English translated prose and that "many of the incidents" and "much of the poetry" were omitted, he nevertheless thought "at any rate the effort to read Qizil palataning orzusi is eminently worth making."^[46] In 1958 Wang published an expansion on his earlier abridgement, though it was still truncated at 60 chapters.

The stream of translations and literary studies in the West grew steadily, building on Chinese language scholarship. The 1932 German translation by Franz Kuhn^[47] was the basis of an abridged version, Qizil palataning orzusi, by Florence and Isabel McHugh published in 1958,^[48] and a later French version. Bramwell Seaton Bonsall, completed a translation in the 1950s, Red Chamber Dream, a typescript of which is available on the web.^[49] Tanqidchi Anthony West yozgan Nyu-Yorker in 1958 that the novel is to the Chinese "very much what Birodarlar Karamazovlar is to Russian and O'tmishdagi narsalarni eslash is to French literature" and "it is beyond question one of the great novels of all literature."^[38] Kennet Reksrot in a 1958 review of the McHugh translation, describes the novel as among the "greatest works of prose fiction in all the history of literature", for it is "profoundly humane".^[50]

The first complete English translation to be published was by David Hawkes some century and a half after the first English translation. Hawkes was already a recognized redologist and had previously translated Chu Ci when Penguin Classics approached him in 1970 to make a translation which could appeal to English readers. After resigning from his professorial position, Hawkes published the first eighty chapters in three volumes (1973, 1977, 1980).^[51] The Story of the Stone (1973–1980), the first eighty chapters translated by Hawkes and last forty by Jon Minford consists of five volumes and 2,339 pages of actual core text (not including Prefaces, Introductions and Appendices).^[52] The wordcount of the Penguin Classics English translation is estimated as 845,000 words. In a 1980 review of the Hawkes and Minford translation in Nyu-York kitoblarining sharhi, Frederic Wakeman, Jr. described the novel as a "masterpiece" and the work of a "literary genius".^[53] Cynthia L. Chennault of the Florida universiteti stated that "The Dream is acclaimed as one of the most psychologically penetrating novels of world literature."^[54] The novel and its author have been described as among the most significant works of literature and literary figures of the past millennium.^[55][56]

Extracts from the Hawkes translation were published as Qizil palataning orzusi (New York: Penguin, Penguin 1960s Classics Series, 1996. ISBN  0-14-600176-1.)

The respected and prolific team Gladys Yang va Yang Hsien-yi also translated a complete version, A Dream of Red Mansions (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, three volumes, 1978–1980).

Sinolog Oldxich Kral also undertook a Chex translation of the entire novel, Sen v červeném domě (Prague: Odeon, three volumes, 1986–1988).

In 2014, an abridged translation of Dream by writer Lin Yutang resurfaced in a Japanese library. Lin's translation, about half the length of the original, is reportedly not a literal one.^[57]

Sequels and continuations

Owing to its immense popularity, numerous sequels and continuations to the novel have been published, even during the Qing era. There are currently more than thirty recorded sequels or continuations to the novel, including modern ones.^[58] Modern (post-1949) continuations tend to follow after the eightieth chapter, and include those by Zhang Zhi,^[59] Zhou Yuqing,^[60] Hu Nan^[61] va Liu Xinwu.^[62][63]

Moslashuvlar

A scene from Qizil palataning orzusi as depicted in Chinese opera

At least fourteen cinematic adaptations of the Qizil palataning orzusi have been made, including the 1944 yilgi film rejissor Bu Wancang, the Hong Kong Shou birodarlar adaptation starring Silviya Chang va Brigit Lin, va 1988 film rejissor Xie Tieli (谢铁骊) and Zhao Yuan (赵元). This last film took two years to prepare and three years to shoot, and remains, at 735 minutes, the longest Chinese film ever made.^[64]

In 1981, Jiangsu Song and Dance Troupe premiered a dance drama version of Qizil palataning orzusi. A reworked version was performed in 1982 in Beijing by China Opera and Dance Drama Theatre featuring lead dancer Chen Ailian.^[65]

At least ten television adaptations have been produced (excluding numerous Xitoy operasi adaptations), and they include the renowned 1987 television series, which is regarded by many within China as being a near-definitive adaptation of the novel. It was initially somewhat controversial as few Redologists believed a TV adaptation could do the novel full justice. Producer and director Wang Fulin's decision in employing non-professional young actors was vindicated as the TV series gained enormous popularity in China. The series' success owes much to composer Wang Liping (王立平). He set many of the novel's classical verses to music, taking as long as four years to deliberate and complete his compositions. Other television versions include a 1996 Taiwanese series and a 2010 yilgi versiya directed by Fifth Generation director Li Shaohong.

Unlike the other great Chinese novels, particularly Uch qirollikning romantikasi va G'arbga sayohat, Qizil palataning orzusi has received little attention in the gaming world, with only two Chinese language visual novels having been released as of 2017. Hong Lou Meng va Hong Lou Meng: Lin Daiyu yu Bei Jingwang (Xitoy : 红楼梦：林黛玉与北静王) were both released by Beijing Entertainment All Technology (Xitoy : 北京娱乐通). The latter one was released on 8 January 2010, and it is an extended version of the first game, with the main heroines of the game fully voiced and additional CG+endings.

An English-language opera based on the novel in two acts was composed by Chinese American composer Yorqin Sheng, with libretto by Sheng and Devid Genri Xvan. The three-hour opera had its world premiere on 10 September 2016, by the San-Frantsisko operasi.

Shuningdek qarang

•  Xitoy portali
•  Romanlar portali

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Asarlar keltirilgan

Tashqi havolalar

• Bryan Van Norden, Guide to Reading Story of the Stone/Dream of the Red Chamber.
• Zhang Xiugui, CliffsNotes. Summary and notes.
• Richard Smith (Rice University) Qizil palataning orzusi Outline of Vol I of Story of the Stone, with comments.
• Article on China Central Television Program about Red Chamber – China Daily. Raymond Zhou. 12 November 2005.
• Dream of the Red Chamber 紅樓夢 Chinese text with embedded Chinese-English dictionary
• Qizil palataning orzusi jamoat domenidagi audiokitob LibriVox
• Qizil palataning orzusi: Afterlives, University of Minnesota. Eight sections of an on-line course, including "The Text of the Novel; "Nineteenth Century Responses "; "Twentieth and Twenty-first Century Responses "; "The Social World of the Dream ";