Grunge - Grunge - Wikipedia
| Grunge | |
|---|---|
| Uslubiy kelib chiqishi | |
| Madaniy kelib chiqishi | 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida, Sietl, Vashington, Qo'shma Shtatlar |
| Hosil shakllar | Post-grunge, nu metall |
| Mintaqaviy sahnalar | |
| Vashington shtati | |
| Boshqa mavzular | |
Grunge (ba'zida Sietl ovozi) an muqobil tosh janr va submadaniyat davomida paydo bo'lgan 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida Amerikada Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi holati Vashington, xususan Sietl va yaqin shaharchalar. Ushbu uslub gibrid sifatida tanilgan pank va metall.[8] Dastlabki grunge harakati Sietlning mustaqil yozuvlar yorlig'i atrofida aylandi Past pop va mintaqaning er osti musiqasi sahna. Sub Pop egalari ushbu uslubni mohirona sotishdi va ommaviy axborot vositalarini uni "grunge" deb ta'riflashga undashdi. 1990-yillarning boshlariga kelib, uning mashhurligi tarqalib ketdi, Kaliforniyada grunge guruhlari paydo bo'ldi, keyin Qo'shma Shtatlarning boshqa joylarida va Avstraliyada paydo bo'ldi, kuchli kuzatuvchilarni qurishdi va yirik rekord shartnomalar imzoladilar.
1990-yillarning boshidan o'rtalariga qadar Grunge tijorat jihatdan muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan Nirvana "s Hechqisi yo'q, Pearl jam "s O'n, Soundgarden "s Badmotorfinger, Zanjirdagi Elis ' Axloqsizlik va Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari ' Asosiy. Ushbu guruhlarning muvaffaqiyati alternativ rokning mashhurligini oshirdi va grjeni eng mashhur shakliga aylantirdi rok musiqasi vaqtida.[9] Garchi 1990-yillarning oxiriga kelib grunge guruhlarining aksariyati tarqalib ketgan yoki yo'q bo'lib ketgan bo'lsa-da, ular ta'sir ko'rsatdi zamonaviy tosh musiqa, chunki ularning so'zlari ijtimoiy ongli muammolarni keltirib chiqardi ommaviy madaniyat[10] introspection va nimani anglatishini o'rganishni qo'shdi o'ziga sodiq bo'lish.[11] Grunge, shuningdek, keyingi janrlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi post-grunge (kabi Creed va Nikelbek ) va nu metall kabi Korn, Limp Bizkit va Slipknot.
Grunge elementlarini birlashtiradi pank-rok[1] va og'ir metall,[2] bilan buzuq elektr gitara ikkala janrda ham ishlatiladigan tovush, garchi ba'zi guruhlar u yoki bu narsalarga ko'proq urg'u berib ijro etishgan. Ushbu janrlar singari, grunge odatda foydalanadi elektr gitara, bas gitara, barabanlar va vokal. Grunge shuningdek ta'sirlarni o'z ichiga oladi indi-rok kabi guruhlar Sonic Youth. Lirika odatda angst bilan to'ldirilgan va introspektiv bo'lib, ko'pincha bu kabi mavzularga murojaat qiladi ijtimoiy musofirlik, o'ziga ishonmaslik, suiiste'mol qilish, e'tiborsizlik, xiyonat, ijtimoiy va hissiy izolyatsiya, psixologik travma va xohish erkinlik.[12][13]
Grunge-ning taniqli bo'lishining pasayishiga bir nechta omillar ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Davomida 1990-yillarning o'rtalaridan oxirigacha, ko'plab grunge guruhlari ajralib chiqdi yoki kam ko'rinadigan bo'ldi. Nirvananing Kurt Kobeyn, tomonidan belgilangan Vaqt kabi " Jon Lennon Shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida "g'ayrioddiy qiynoqqa solingan va ilgari geroinga qaramlik bilan kurashgan uning o'limi 27 yoshida 1994 yilda.
Terminning kelib chiqishi
"Grunge" so'zi "kimdir yoki o'ziga yaramaydigan narsa", shuningdek "axloqsizlik" uchun amerikalik jargondir.[14][15] Ushbu so'z birinchi bo'lib 1987 yil iyul oyida Sietl musiqachilariga nisbatan qo'llanilganligi haqida yozilgan Bryus Pavitt tasvirlangan Yashil daryo "s Suyak sifatida quriting A da RaI Past pop rekord kompaniyalar katalogi "jirkanch vokal, shovqinli Marshal amperi, avlod axloqini buzgan ultra bo'shashgan GRUNGE".[16] "Grunge" so'zi 1960 yillardan buyon guruhlarni ta'riflash uchun ishlatilgan bo'lsa-da, bu Grungening Sietlning silliqlash, loy ovozi bilan birinchi assotsiatsiyasi edi.[17][18] Yozuvni toza ovoz bilan olish juda qimmat va ko'p vaqt talab etadi, shuning uchun yangi boshlangan shimoli-g'arbiy guruhlar uchun ovozni iflos qoldirib, shunchaki ovozini ko'tarish arzonroq edi.[17] Byudjetning kamligi, yozuvni yaxshi bilmaslik va kasbiy mahorat tufayli bu iflos ovoz "grunge" atamasining kelib chiqishi bo'lishi mumkin.[19]
"Sietl sahnasi" ushbu shaharga tegishli muqobil musiqa bilan bog'langan harakat Vashington universiteti va Evergreen State College. Evergreen - odatiy baholash tizimidan foydalanmaydigan va o'z radiostantsiyasiga ega bo'lgan ilg'or kollej, KAOS. Sietlning Los-Anjelesdan uzoqligi musiqaning toza bo'lishiga olib keldi. Ushbu guruhlarning musiqasi, ularning aksariyati Sietlning Sub Pop mustaqil ovoz yozuvi bilan yozilgan bo'lib, "grunge" deb nomlangan.[20] Nirvananing sardori Kurt Kobeyn, uning so'nggi intervyularidan birida, qayd etilgan Jonathan Poneman, hammuassisi Past pop, musiqani tavsiflash uchun "grunge" atamasini kiritish bilan.[21]
"Sietl ovozi" atamasi musiqa sanoatining marketing hiylasiga aylandi.[20] 1991 yil sentyabr oyida Nirvana albom Hechqisi yo'q Sietl musiqasiga asosiy e'tiborni qaratgan holda chiqarildi. Cobain "grunge" so'zidan nafratlandi[2] va rivojlanayotgan yangi sahnani xor qildim, chunki ovoz yozish kompaniyalari eskirganligini his qilishdi "xo'roz-rok "Grunge" kabi o'zini ko'rsatgan va o'zlarini Sietldan deb da'vo qilayotgan guruhlar.[22]
Soundgarden, Pearl Jam va Alice in Chains singari janrga oid ba'zi guruhlar yorlig'i qabul qilmagan, aksincha "" deb nomlanishni afzal ko'rishganrok-roll "guruhlari.[23][24][25] Ben Shepherd Soundgarden-dan "u" grunge "so'zidan nafratlanayotganini va u bilan bog'lanishni yomon ko'rishini" aytdi.[26] Sietllik musiqachi Jef Stetsonning ta'kidlashicha, 1980-yillarning oxiri va 1990-yillarning boshlarida Sietlga gastrol safari chog'ida tashrif buyurganida, mahalliy musiqachilar o'zlarini "grunge" ijrochilari yoki ularning uslubi "grunge" deb atamagan va ular o'zlarining musiqalari haqida xushomad qilmagan. "grunge" deb nomlanayotgan edi.[27]
Rolling Stone janrning aniq ta'rifi yo'qligini ta'kidladi.[28] Robert Loss "grunge" ni aniqlashdagi qiyinchiliklarni tan oladi; u grunge haqidagi voqealarni aytib berishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, ular foydali ta'rif berish uchun xizmat qilmasligini aytdi.[29] Roy Shukerning ta'kidlashicha, bu atama "turli uslublarni yashirgan".[20] Stetsonning ta'kidlashicha, grunge harakat, "monolit musiqiy janr" yoki 1980-yillarga munosabat bildirish usuli emas. metall pop; u bu atamani asosan shov-shuvga asoslangan noto'g'ri nom deb ataydi.[27] Stetsonning ta'kidlashicha, taniqli guruhlar grunge (Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Mudhoney va) Hammerbox ) barchasi har xil.[27] Mark Yarm, muallif Bizning shaharchani hamma yaxshi ko'radi: Grungening og'zaki tarixi, grunge guruhlari orasidagi katta farqlarga e'tibor qaratdi, ba'zilari punk, boshqalari esa metallga asoslangan.[26]
Musiqiy uslub
1984 yilda pank-rok guruhi Qora bayroq mamlakatning chekka qismlariga pank olib kelish uchun AQSh bo'ylab kichik shaharlarga tashrif buyurdi. Bu vaqtga kelib ularning musiqasi sekinroq va shilimshiq bo'lib qoldi Jinsiy avtomatlar va shunga o'xshash narsalar Qora shanba. Krist Novoselich (keyinchalik Nirvana bilan birga bosh pleyer) bilan birga borganini eslaydi Melvinlar ushbu shoulardan birini ko'rish uchun, undan keyin Melvinlar oldidagi odam Buzz Osborne a hosil qilish uchun "sekin va og'ir riflar" ni yozishni boshladi dirge - shimoli-g'arbiy grunjning boshlanishi bo'lgan musiqa singari.[1] Melvinlar dastlabki grunge guruhlarining eng ta'sirchanlari bo'lgan.[2] Sub Pop prodyuseri Jek Endino grungeni "yetmishinchi yillarning ta'siri ostida, sustlashgan pank-musiqa" deb ta'rifladi.[30][31]
Bilan o'ynagan Leyton Bizer Mark Arm va Stiv Tyorner "The Thrown Ups" da, Grin daryoning o'yinini birinchi marta eshitganida aytilgan Pastga tushing, u pank-rokni orqaga qarab o'ynashayotganini tushundi. Bundan tashqari, u ta'kidladi beshinchisi ko'paytirildi nota Black Sabbath tomonidan mash'um tuyg'ularni yaratish uchun ishlatilgan, ammo pank-rokda ishlatilmaydi. 1996 yildagi grunge hujjatli filmida Xayp!, Beezer gitara yordamida pank va grunge o'rtasidagi farqni namoyish etdi. Avval u rifni o'ynadi Rokavay plyaji tomonidan Ramones bu gitara bo'yiga ko'tariladi, keyin Pastga tushing tomonidan Yashil daryo bo'ynidan pastga tushadigan. Ikki dona bir-biridan faqat bir nechta notalardan iborat, ammo umuman bejiz emas.[32][33] U xuddi shu ritmni xuddi shu akkord bilan olib bordi, ammo bo'ynidan pastga tushganda, u yanada qorayib ketdi va shu sababli grunge.[34] Dastlabki grunge guruhlari ham rifni metaldan nusxa ko'chirib, sekinlashtirar, orqaga o'ynatib, buzib ko'rsatib ko'mib yuborar, keyin esa yuqori qismida kichik ohang bilan qo'shiq aytar edi.[17]
Grunge elementlarini birlashtiradi pank-rok (xususan Amerika hardcore pank kabi Qora bayroq) va og'ir metall (ayniqsa, an'anaviy, avvalroq og'ir metall guruhlari, masalan, Black Sabbath), garchi ba'zi guruhlar u yoki bu narsalarga ko'proq urg'u berishgan bo'lsa ham.[9] Aleks DiBlasi buni his qilmoqda indi-rok eng muhim ta'sirga ega bo'lgan uchinchi asosiy manba edi Sonic Youth "erkin shakl" shovqini.[4] Grunge pank bilan xomashyo, lo fi tovushli va shunga o'xshash lirik tashvishlar,[9] shuningdek, pank-ning tartibsizligi va o'ynash va ijro etish uchun o'qimagan yondashuvdan foydalanilgan. Biroq, grunge pank-rokka qaraganda "chuqurroq va qorong'i" edi va pank-ning "adrenalin" yoqilg'i tempini sekin, "loy" tezligiga tushirdi,[35] va undan ko'proq foydalanilgan kelishmovchilik uyg'unlik. Sietl musiqiy jurnalisti Charlz R. Kross "grunge" ni buzilish bilan to'ldirilgan, pastga sozlangan va riff baland ovozda ishlatadigan asosli tosh elektr gitara haqida fikr va og'ir, "mulohazali" bosh chiziqlari uning qo'shiq ohanglarini qo'llab-quvvatlash.[36] Robert Loss grungeni "zo'ravonlik va tezlik, muskullik va ohangdorlik" deb ataydi, bu erda hamma odamlar uchun joy mavjud, shu jumladan ayol musiqachilar.[29] VH1 yozuvchi Dan Takerning fikricha, turli grunge guruhlari turli janrlar ta'sirida bo'lgan; Nirvana pankni chizganida, Pearl Jam unga ta'sir ko'rsatdi klassik tosh va shunga o'xshash "loy, qorong'i va og'ir bantlar" Soundgarden va Zanjirdagi Elis dahshatli metall ohangga ega edi.[37]
Grunge musiqasi, buzilgan elektro gitara shovqinida ham, qorong'i lirik mavzularda ham "yomon" estetik deb nomlangan. Ushbu yondashuv o'sha paytda ustun bo'lgan asosiy toshning "silliq" nafis ovoziga qarshi turish uchun ham tanlandi va grunge rassomlari atroflarida ko'rgan "xunukliklarini" aks ettirishni va real dunyoning ko'rinmaydigan "tubsizligi va buzuqligi" ga nur sochishni istashdi. .[38] Grunge ovozini rivojlantirishda ba'zi muhim shaxslar, shu jumladan Past pop ishlab chiqaruvchi Jek Endino va Melvinlar, kabi grujning og'ir tosh ta'siriga qo'shilishini tasvirlab berdi Kiss "musiqiy provokatsiya" sifatida. Grunge rassomlari ushbu guruhlarni "pishloqli" deb hisoblashgan, ammo baribir ulardan zavqlanishgan; Melvinlik Buzz Osborne buni guruhlarning qanday bema'ni narsalarni qila olishlarini va ulardan xalos bo'lishlarini ko'rishga urinish deb ta'rifladi.[39] 1990-yillarning boshlarida Nirvananing "stop-start" qo'shiq formati va yumshoq va baland qismlarni almashtirib turishi janr konvensiyasiga aylandi.[9]
Asboblar
Elektro gitara
Grunge odatda loy bilan ajralib turadi elektr gitara qalin o'rta registrga ega va uchburchak ohang va yuqori darajadagi ovoz buzilish; xato ko'rsatish va fuzz, odatda kichik 1970-yillar uslubida yaratilgan stompbox pedallar, ba'zi gitara chaluvchilar bir nechta falsafali pedallarni zanjirga bog'lab, ularni a quvur kuchaytirgichi va karnay kabineti.[40] Grunge gitarachilari juda baland ovozda foydalanadilar Marshal gitara kuchaytirgichlari [41] ba'zilari esa kuchli ishlatilgan Mesa-Boogie kuchaytirgichlar, shu jumladan Kurt Kobeyn va Deyv Groh (ikkinchisi grunge yo'naltirilgan Foo Fighters qo'shiqlar).[42] Grunge eng "lububrious ovoz" bilan rok janri deb nomlangan; og'ir buzilish va baland amperlardan foydalanish massiv "sonik tuman" bilan taqqoslangan.[43] yoki hatto bitta tanqidchi tomonidan "shovqin" deb rad etilgan.[44] Metall va pankda bo'lgani kabi, grunge ovozining asosiy qismi juda buzilgan kuch akkordlari elektr gitara chalgan.[35]
Metall gitarachilarning haddan tashqari ko'payib ketgan ovozi, odatda, haddan tashqari kuchaytirilgan kuchaytirgichlar va buzilish pedallarining birlashmasidan kelib chiqqan bo'lsa, grunge gitara chaluvchilar odatda o'zlarining barcha "iflos" tovushlarini haddan tashqari balandlikdan va noaniq pedallardan olishgan, shunchaki kuchaytirgich ovozni balandlatish uchun ishlatilgan.[42] Grunge gitarachilari ushbu musiqadan foydalanishga moyil edilar Fender Twin Reverb va Fender chempioni 100 combo amper (Cobain ikkala amperdan ham foydalangan).[42] Dan foydalanish pedallar Grunge gitarachilari tomonidan studiyadagi qimmatbaho narxlardan uzoqlashish edi rackmount effekt birliklari boshqa rok janrlarida ishlatiladi. Grunge guruhlari stompbox pedallariga ijobiy qarashlarini ko'rish mumkin Mudoni Ikki haddan tashqari pedallar nomidan foydalanish, Univox Super-Fuzz va Katta muff, ularning "debyut RaI" sarlavhasida Superfuzz Bigmuff ".[45] "Mudrid" qo'shig'ida guruh gitaralari "Cro-magnon slog" orqali "yomon muomalada ulg'aygan" deyilgan.[46]
Grunge bantlari tomonidan ishlatiladigan boshqa asosiy pedallar orasida to'rtta buzilish pedallari ham bor edi Katta muff, DOD va Boss DS-2 va Boss DS-1 buzilish pedallari) va Kichik klon xor ta'siri, Kurt Cobain tomonidan ishlatilgan "Borligingizcha keling "va Qichqirayotgan daraxtlar "Sizni Yo'qotishga Deyarli ".[42] DS-1 (keyinchalik DS-2) buzilish pedali Kobeynning jimjitdan balandga va orqaga qo'shiq yozishga jimgina yondashuvga o'tishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[47] Grunge gitarachilari tomonidan kichik pedallardan foydalanish butikka, qo'l bilan lehimlangan, 1970-yillarning uslubidagi analog pedallarga bo'lgan qiziqishni qayta tiklashga yordam berdi.[40] Grunge gitara chaluvchilar tomonidan ishlatiladigan boshqa effekt eng past texnologik effektlardan biri bo'lgan vah-vah pedal. Ikkalasi ham "[Kim] Tayl va Zanjirdagi Elis ' Jerri Kantrel ... wah wah pedalining buyuk himoyachilari edilar. "[40] Vah, shuningdek, qichqiriq daraxtlari, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Mudhoney va Kichik dinozavr.[42]
Grunge gitarachilari baland ovozda, bilan o'ynashdi Kurt Kobeyn Bu to'rtta 800 vattli g'ayrioddiy to'plamdan chiqqan gitara tovushi PA tizimi quvvat kuchaytirgichlari.[40] Gitara haqida fikr Karnayining oldida juda kuchaytirilgan elektro gitara ushlab turiladigan effektlar, gitaraning muntazam texnikasi bilan mumkin bo'lmagan baland ovozli va barqaror tovushlarni yaratish uchun ishlatilgan. Grunge gitarachilari pankning xom, ibtidoiy ovozi ta'sirida edilar va ular "... kuch va texnika va aniqlikdan nafislik" ni ma'qullashdi; gitara ta'siriga kiritilgan Jinsiy avtomatlar, O'lik bolalar, Celtic Frost, Voivod, Nil Yang[48] (Rust Hech qachon Uxlamaydi, ikkinchi tomon), O'zgarishlar, Husker Dü, Qora bayroq va Melvinlar.[49] Grunge gitarachilari ko'pincha pastga tushirilgan pastroq, og'irroq ovoz uchun ularning asboblari.[40] Soundgarden gitara chaluvchisi, Kim Tayil, muntazam foydalanmagan gitara kuchaytirgichi; o'rniga, u ishlatgan bass combo amp 15 dyuymli karnay bilan jihozlangan, chunki u past riflarda o'ynagan va bass amfi unga yanada chuqurroq ohang bergan.[40]
Gitara yakkaxonlari
Grunge gitarachilari virtuozni "qat'iyan rad etishdi" "maydalash" gitara yakkaxonlari markaziga aylangan og'ir metall qo'shiqlar, buning o'rniga ohangdorlikni tanlash, ko'k - ilhomlangan yakkaxonliklar - "gitara yakkaxoniga emas, balki qo'shiqqa" e'tibor qaratish.[50] Jerri Kantrel Zanjirdagi Elis ofitseri gitara chaluvchisining texnik mahoratini namoyish etishdan ko'ra, qo'shiqqa xizmat qilish uchun yakkaxon qo'shiqlar bo'lishi kerakligini aytdi.[51] Gitara gitarasining metall qahramonlari o'rniga "gitara" bor edi anti-qahramonlar "asbobni o'zlashtirishga unchalik qiziqish bildirmagan Kobeyn singari.[49]
Uill Byersning "Grunge musiqaga qarshi jinoyat sodir etgan - bu gitara yakkaxonini o'ldirgan" maqolasida Guardian, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, gitara yakka o'zi pank-rok davrida omon qolishga muvaffaq bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, u grunge tomonidan zaiflashgan.[52] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Kurt Kobeyn asosiy vokal ohangini qayta ijro etuvchi gitara yakkaxon musiqasini ijro etganida, muxlislar ularga musiqa bo'lishi shart emasligini tushungan. Jimi Xendrix -sozlikni chalishni mahoratini oshirish; Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu yondashuv musiqani muxlislar tomonidan 1960-yillarning folklor musiqasi harakatidan beri bo'lmagan darajada his qilishiga yordam bergan.[53] Nirvananing ishlab chiqaruvchisi Hechqisi yo'q, Butch Vig, ushbu albom va Nirvana "gitara yakkaxonini o'ldirdi" deb ta'kidladi.[54] Soundgarden gitara chaluvchi Kim Tayil qisman o'zini "gitara yakkaxonining o'limi" uchun javobgar deb bilishini ta'kidladi; u shunday dedi pank-roker jihatlari uni yakkaxon qilishni xohlamasligini his qildi, shuning uchun 1980-yillarda u shovqin qilishni va qilishni afzal ko'rdi mulohaza gitara yakkaxon paytida.[55] Baeble Music 1990-yillarning gitara gitaralarini "..raw", "sust" va "basic" deb ataydi.[56]
Hamma manbalar "grunge gitara yakkaxonini o'ldirdi" degan bahsni qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi. Shon Gonsales buni ta'kidlaydi Pearl jam gitara yakkaxonlarining ko'plab namunalariga ega.[54] Maykl Azerrad Mudhonining gitara chalishini maqtaydi Stiv Tyorner, uni "... Erik Klapton of grunge ", britaniyalik blyuz gitara chaluvchisiga havola [57] JSSV Vaqt jurnali "10 ta eng yaxshi elektr gitara chaluvchilar" ro'yxatida beshinchi o'rinni egalladi.[58] Pearl jam gitara chaluvchi Mayk Makkready blyuz ta'sirida, tezkor licklari uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi.[59] Qovoqlarni maydalash 'gitara chaluvchisi Billi Korgan "... 90-yillarning arena rok dahosi" deb nomlangan bo'lib, gitara chalish texnikasini kashshof qilgani va o'z mahorati orqali grunge gitara chalg'ituvchilari asosiy musiqaga qarshi bosh ko'tarish uchun sustkashlik qiluvchi bo'lishlari shart emasligini ko'rsatganlar.[59] Tailning ta'kidlashicha, boshqa yirik grunge guruhlari, masalan Nirvana, gitara yakkaxonlarini kamaytirganda, Soundgarden bunga javoban yakkaxonlarni olib keldi.[55]
Bass gitara
Sietlning dastlabki albomi Teri hovli tomonidan 1987 yilda qayd etilgan shu nomdagi guruh kiritilgan noaniq bosh (haddan tashqari ko'tarilgan bas gitara) ijro etgan Jek Endino va Daniel uyi.[60] Ba'zi grunge basistlari, masalan Ben Shepherd, qatlamli kuch akkordlari bosh notasiga beshinchi va oktavadan yuqori notalarni qo'shib, past darajadagi zichligi buzilgan holda.[61]
Kuchli, baland ovozli misol bosh kuchaytirgich grunge-da ishlatiladigan tizimlar Zanjirdagi Elis baschi Mayk Inez O'rnatish. U to'rtta kuchli foydalanadi Ampeg SVT -2 PRO kuchaytirgich boshi, ikkitasi to'rtta 1x18 "ga ulangan subwoofer past registr uchun shkaflar, qolgan ikkitasi ikkita 8x10 o'lchamdagi shkaflarga ulangan.[62] Krist Novoselic va Jeff Ament, shuningdek, Ampeg SVT trubkasi kuchaytirgichlaridan foydalanganlar.[63][64] Ben Shepherd 300 vattli Ampeg SVT-VR ampuladan va 600 vattdan foydalanadi Mesa / Boogie Carbine M6 kuchaytirgichi.[65] Ament 6x10 dyuymli to'rtta karnay shkafidan foydalanadi.[64]
Davullar
"Massivdan farqli o'laroq baraban to'plamlari "1980-yillarda ishlatilgan pop-metal,[66] grunge barabanchilari nisbatan kichikroq baraban to'plamlaridan foydalanganlar. Masalan, Soundgarden barabanchi tomonidan ishlatiladigan baraban Mett Kemeron O'rnatilgan. U oltita to'plamdan foydalanadi (barabanlarni tasvirlashda bu usul faqat yog'och barabanlarni sanaydi va sadrlar ), shu jumladan "12x8 dyuymli raf tom; 13x9 dyuymli tokcha tom; 16x14 dyuym qavat tom; 18x16 dyuymli pol tom; 24x14 dyuym bas baraban "va a tuzoq baraban va uchun sadrlar, Zildjian asboblar, shu jumladan "... 14 dyuymli K Light [Hi-]shapka; 17 dyuymli K Custom Dark halokat [cymbal] va 18 dyuymli K Crash Ride; 19 dyuymli proektsiyaning qulashi; 20 dyuymli Rezo halokati; ... va ... 22 dyuymli O'rta minmoq [cymbal] "deb nomlangan.[67]
Ikkinchi misol - Nirvana barabanchisi Deyv Grohl 1990 va 1991 yillarda tashkil etilgan. U to'rt qismdan foydalangan Tama baraban, 8 "× 14" qayinli baraban, 14 "× 15" tokcha tom, 16 "× 18" qavatli tom va 16 "× 24" bosh baraban bilan (ushbu to'plam "... buzib tashlandi Kabaret metrosi, Chikago, 10/12/91 ").[68] Mett Kemeron singari Deyv Groh ham Zildjian tablilaridan foydalangan. Grohl kompaniyaning A Series Medium zillaridan foydalangan, jumladan 18 "va 20" halokatli ziraklar, 22 "minadigan zil va 15 juftlik hi-shapkali chalishlar.[68]
Boshqa asboblar
Garchi klaviaturalar odatda grunge-da ishlatilmasa-da, Sietlning Gorilla guruhi "faqat gitara" uslubini buzib, 1960-yillarning uslubini ishlatib, bahs-munozaralarni keltirib chiqardi Vox organi ularning guruhida.[69]2002 yilda, Pearl jam qo'shildi klaviatura pleyeri, o'ynagan Kennet "Boom" Gaspar pianino, Hammond organi va boshqa klaviaturalar; guruhga klaviaturachining qo'shilishi guruhning "xiralashgan" dastlabki yillarida "aqlga sig'maydigan" bo'lar edi, ammo bu vaqt o'tishi bilan guruhning ovozi qanday o'zgarishi mumkinligini ko'rsatadi.[70]
Vokal
Grunge qo'shiq uslubi ohangda va etkazib berishda baland, qattiq buzilgan elektr gitara "portlashiga" o'xshardi; Kurt Kobeyn "xiralashgan, noaniq artikulyatsiya va jilvali tembr" va Eddi Vedder Pearl Jam-ning "keng, kuchli vibrato "o'zining" ifoda chuqurligini "ko'rsatish uchun.[45] Umuman olganda, grunge qo'shiqchilari "chuqurroq vokal uslubi" dan foydalanib, pastroq tovushlar, ohangsiz gitara va uslubda ishlatilgan quyuqroq tematik lirik xabarlarga mos kelishdi.[40] Grunge xonandalari "shag'alli, shovqinli" vokallardan foydalanganlar,[35] "... uvillash, nolish, qichqiriq va g'uvullash" [71] va "shikoyat qiluvchi nola"; qo'shiq uslubining ushbu diapazoni so'zlarning "turli xil hissiyotlarini" etkazish uchun ishlatilgan.[72] Kobeyn davrning "yomon paytlari" va noroziligiga munosabati shundaki, u o'z qo'shiqlarini qichqirgan.[73] Umuman olganda, grunge qo'shiqlari "oddiygina, ko'pincha tushunarsiz" tarzda kuylangan; virtuoz "opera soch-metalldan saqlanishdi. "[73] Grunge qo'shiqlari "ohangsiz chegara" sifatida tavsiflangan.[74]
Lirika va mavzular
Grunge so'zlari odatda qorong'i, nigilistik,[4] bechora, angst kabi mavzularga tez-tez murojaat qilib, to'ldirilgan va azoblangan ijtimoiy musofirlik, o'ziga ishonmaslik, suiiste'mol qilish, beparvolik, xiyonat, ijtimoiy izolyatsiya /hissiy izolyatsiya, psixologik travma va xohish erkinlik.[12][13] Maqola MIT Grunge "lirikalar huquqdan mahrum bo'lganligi" va "iste'foga chiqarilgan umidsizlik" kayfiyatini tasvirlashini ta'kidlamoqda.[75] Ketrin Strongning ta'kidlashicha, grunge qo'shiqlari odatda "salbiy voqealar yoki his-tuyg'ular" haqida bo'lib, asosiy mavzular begonalashtirish va depressiya, lekin "kinoya bilan istehzo" bilan. [76] Grunge rassomlari "ijtimoiy kasalliklar" haqidagi so'zlarida "kuchli his-tuyg'ularni", shu jumladan "samimiy bo'lmaganlarni xochga mixlash" istagini, muxlislar buni qadrlashdi haqiqiyligi.[77] Grunge so'zlari "... zo'ravonlik va ko'pincha odobsiz" deb tanqid qilindi. [78] 1996 yilda konservativ kolumnist Boy Lowry "geroin, bizning qahramonimiz" nomli grunge tanqidiy insho yozdi; u buni asosan "... ideallar sochilgan va siyosiy harakatlar uchun turtki" bo'lgan musiqa deb atagan.[79]
Bunday mavzuga e'tiborni qaratishga bir qator omillar ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ko'pgina grunge musiqachilari jamiyat ahvoliga nisbatan umumiy norozilikni, shuningdek, bezovtalikni namoyish etdilar ijtimoiy xurofotlar. Grunge so'zlarida "... aniq siyosiy xabarlar va ... ... jamiyat va uning qanday o'zgarishi mumkinligi to'g'risida savollar ..." bor edi.[80] Grunge so'zlari pank qo'shiqlarga qaraganda unchalik siyosiy bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, grunge qo'shiqlari hanuzgacha ijtimoiy masalalar, ayniqsa, yoshlarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan muammolarni ko'rsatmoqda.[76] Grunge mavzusidagi asosiy mavzular - "farqlarga bag'rikenglik", "ayollarni qo'llab-quvvatlash", "hokimiyatga ishonchsizlik" va "yirik korporatsiyalarga qarshi kinizm".[76] Grunge qo'shiqlari mavzularida pank-rok musiqachilari murojaat qilgan mavzuga o'xshashlik mavjud.[9] 1992 yilda musiqa tanqidchisi Simon Reynolds dedi "bu erda bir tuyg'u bor tükenmişlik umuman madaniyatda. Bolalar kelajak haqida tushkunlikka tushishdi ".[81] Grunge lirikasi mavzulari -uysizlik, o'z joniga qasd qilish, zo'rlash,[76] "singan uylar, giyohvandlik va o'z-o'zidan nafratlanish" bilan keskin farq qiladi glam metall so'zlari Zahar "tezkor yo'lda hayot" tasvirlangan,[82] ziyofat va hedonizm.
Grunge lirikasi "doirasida ishlab chiqilgan"X avlod demografikaning "ko'ngilsizlik va foydasizlik" hissiyotlarini aks ettiruvchi bezovtalik ".[83] Sevgi haqidagi Grunge qo'shiqlari odatda "... muvaffaqiyatsiz, zerikarli, halokatli yoki halokatli munosabatlar" haqida edi. (masalan, "Qora "Perl Jem tomonidan).[76] The Zanjirdagi Elis "Sickman", "Junkhead", "God Smack" va "qo'shiqlariHissiyotdan nafratlanaman "havolalariga ega geroin.[84][85] Grunge lirikasi introspektivroq bo'lib, tinglovchiga "yashirin" shaxsiy masalalarni ko'rib chiqishga va dunyoning "buzuqligini" tekshirishga imkon berishga qaratilgan edi.[38] Ushbu yondashuvni ko'rish mumkin Mudoni qo'shig'i "Men kasalman, menga tegin "," buzilgan dunyo va o'z-o'zini parchalab tashlagan tasvir "tasvirlangan" buzilgan tasvirlar "bilan qo'shiq so'zlarini o'z ichiga oladi; qo'shiqda" Men o'zimni yomon his qilyapman va o'zimni yomon his qilyapman "va" Men uzoq yashamayman va Men chirish bilan to'lganman ".[35] Nirvananing qo'shig'i "Lityum ", ularning 1991 yilgi albomidan Hechqisi yo'q, "... sevgilisining o'z joniga qasd qilganidan keyin imon topadigan odam" haqida; unda "... kinoya va xunuklik" ushbu "qorong'u masalalar" bilan kurashish usuli sifatida tasvirlangan.[38]
Yozuv ishlab chiqarish
Punk singari Grunge ovozi a lo fi (past sadoqat) yozuv va ishlab chiqarish yondashuvi.[35] Asosiy yorliqlar paydo bo'lishidan oldin, erta grunge albomlari past byudjetli studiyalar yordamida yozilgan: "Nirvananing birinchi albomi Oqartirish, 1989 yilda 606,17 dollarga yozilgan. "[86] Past pop musiqalarining aksariyat qismini prodyuseri joylashgan "... Reciprocal nomli past rentali studiyada" yozib olgan Jek Endino grunge janrining estetikasini yaratdi, "bilan xom va jilolanmagan ovoz." buzilish; xato ko'rsatish, lekin odatda hech qanday qo'shimchalarsiz studiya effektlari ".[87] Endino o'zining yozib olinadigan yozuvlari va "ortiqcha" musiqani yoqtirmasligi bilan tanilgan effektlar va remastering. Uning Soundgarden-dagi ishi Qichqiriq hayot va Nirvana Oqartirish shuningdek, bantlar uchun Yashil daryo, Qichqirayotgan daraxtlar, L7, Gits, Teshik, 7 yillik kaltak va TAD grunge tovushini aniqlashga yordam berdi. Arzon narxlardagi ishlab chiqarish yondashuvining misoli Mudoni; guruh imzolaganidan keyin ham Warner musiqasi, "[guruhning] hindu ildizlariga bo'lgan munosabati ... [ular] ... ehtimol byudjetni balandroq bo'lishiga emas, balki kamroq byudjetga yozib olish uchun [yorlig'i] bilan kurashish kerak bo'lgan bir nechta guruhlardan biri. "[57]
Stiv Albini grunge ovoziga yana bir muhim ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Albini "yozuv muhandisi" deb nomlashni afzal ko'radi, chunki u qo'yishga ishonadi rekord ishlab chiqaruvchilar ovoz yozish seanslari uchun mas'ul ko'pincha guruhning haqiqiy ovozini buzadi, ovoz yozish muhandisining vazifasi esa musiqachilarning haqiqiy ovozini olishdan iborat bo'lib, rassomlarning ijodiy mahsulotlarini boshqarishlariga tahdid solmaydi.[88] Albini yozuvlari kabi yozuvchilar tomonidan tahlil qilingan Maykl Azerrad Albini "yozuvlari juda sodda va juda talabchan bo'lgan", deb aytgan: Endino singari Albini kamdan kam foydalangan maxsus effektlar; tajovuzkor, tez-tez zo'ravonlikni oldi gitara tovush; va ishonch hosil qildi ritm bo'limi bitta singari qattiq urdi. "[89]
Nirvananing Uteroda Albinini yozib olish uslubining odatiy namunasidir. U har bir cholg'u asbobini har xil vaqtda alohida trekka yozib, so'ngra ularni aralashtirib qo'shish uchun asosiy rok uslubidan foydalanmasdan, butun guruh ijroini studiyada jonli ijroda o'tkazishni ma'qul ko'rdi. ko'p trekli yozuv. Multitreking natijasida yanada sayqallangan mahsulot paydo bo'lishiga qaramay, u birgalikda o'ynagan guruhning "jonli" ovozini ushlab turolmaydi. Albini vokal va asboblar uchun turli xil mikrofonlardan foydalangan. Ko'pgina metall va punk yozuvlari muhandislari singari, u har bir ijrochining o'ziga xos ohangini ushlab turish uchun gitara amfi karnaylari va bass amfi karnaylarini mikrofon bilan o'ynaydi.
Konsertlar
Grunge kontsertlari sodda va yuqori energiyali chiqishlari bilan mashhur edi. Grunge shoulari "... tantanalar, partiyalar [va] karnavallar" bo'lib, tomoshabinlar o'zlarining ruhlarini sahnalashtirish orqali namoyish etdilar, moshing va urish.[90] Simon Reynolds ta'kidlashicha, "... jinslarning ba'zi erkaklar shakllarida -trash metall, grunge, moshing surrogat kurashining bir turiga aylanib, unda "erkak tanalari" moshpitning "qon-qon" ida aloqa qilishlari mumkin.[91] Punk-shoularda bo'lgani kabi, grunge "... sahnada qichqirgan va sakrab tushgan frontmenlar va o'zlarining asboblarida vahshiyona urishgan musiqachilar haqida edi."[92] Grunge lirik mavzularida "g'azab va g'azab" ga e'tibor qaratilgan bo'lsa, tomoshalar tomoshabinlar ijobiy bo'lishdi va "hayotni tasdiqlovchi" munosabatni yaratdilar.[90] Grunge guruhlari ko'plab asosiy musiqiy janrlarning murakkab va yuqori byudjetli taqdimotlarini rad etishdi, shu jumladan keyinchalik raqamli boshqariladigan murakkab nurli massivlar, pirotexnika va boshqa vizual effektlardan foydalanish. "soch metall "namoyishlar. Grunge ijrochilari ushbu elementlarni musiqa chalish bilan bog'liq emas deb hisoblashgan. Odatda sahna aktyorligi va" sahna teatri "dan qochishgan.[82]
Buning o'rniga guruhlar o'zlarini mahalliy kichik guruhlardan farq qilmaydigan qilib ko'rsatdilar. Jek Endino 1996 yilgi hujjatli filmda aytgan Xayp! Sietl guruhlari bir-biriga mos kelmaydigan jonli ijrochilar edi, chunki ularning asosiy maqsadi ko'ngil ochish emas, balki shunchaki "tashqariga chiqish" edi.[39] Grunge guruhlari g'ayratli chiqishlarni namoyish etishdi; namoyishlar paytida ular uzun sochlarini "ramziy qurol" sifatida "shafqatsiz tajovuz" dan xalos qilishar edi (Deyv Grohl ayniqsa "boshini burish" bilan ajralib turardi).[93] Grunge sahnasining falsafalaridan biri bu edi haqiqiyligi. Deyv Rimmer 1990-yillarning boshlarida olib tashlangan musiqaning pank ideallari qayta tiklanishi bilan "Kobeyn va u singari ko'plab bolalar uchun rock & roll ... jur'at qildi: siz kun sayin etarlicha pok bo'la olasizmi? yildan-yilga, sizning isbotlash uchun haqiqiyligi, musiqa asosida yashash ... Va agar iloji bo'lmasa, a bo'lish bilan yashash mumkinmi poseur, foniy, a tanlab olish ?"[94]
Kiyim va moda
1980-1990 yillar
Kiyim Vashingtonda odatda grunge musiqachilari kiyadigan "dunyoviy kundalik uslub" bo'lib, ular sahnada ular uyda kiygan kiyimlarini kiyishar edi.[35] Ushbu Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy "sustkashlik uslubi" yoki "sustkash ko'rinish" "yovvoyi" bilan keskin farq qildi mohawks, charm ko'ylagi va panklar kiyadigan zanjirlar. Ushbu kundalik kiyim uslubi grunge musiqachilari tomonidan qo'llanilgan, chunki haqiqiyligi Sietl sahnasida asosiy printsip edi.[35] Grunge ko'rinishi odatda quyidagilardan iborat edi ikkinchi qo'l kiyimlar yoki tejamkor do'kon buyumlar va odatdagi tashqi kiyimlar (eng muhimi) flanel mintaqaning ko'ylaklari), shuningdek, umuman beparvolik ko'rinishi va uzun sochlari.[82] Grunge qo'shiqchilari uchun uzun sochlar "yuzlarini yashirish uchun niqob sifatida" ishlatilgan, shuning uchun ular "o'zlarining ichki fikrlarini ochib berishlari" mumkin; Cobain - bu e'tiborga loyiq misol.[93] Erkak grunge musiqachilari "... soqovsiz ... [va] ... soqolsiz edilar[95] [,] sochlar bilan ... "[96] tez-tez yuvilmagan, yog'li va "... qo'y itlarining mopiga o'ralgan".[97]
O'rmonchilarning kiyimi Sietl yaqinidagi tejamkor do'konlarda musiqachilar sotib olishlari mumkin bo'lgan arzon narxlarda odatiy hol edi.[98] Grunge uslubi yirtilgan jinsi shimlardan iborat edi, termal ichki kiyim,[83] ona jinsi, Hujjat Martens botinka yoki jangovar botinka (ko'pincha joysiz), tasma Futbolkalar, katta trikotaj sviterlar, uzun va osilgan yubkalar, yirtiq taytlar, Birkenstocks, piyoda botinkalar,[99][100][101] va qayta ishlangan to'qimachilik mahsulotlaridan ekologik toza kiyim yoki o'zaro foydali savdo-sotiq organik paxta.[102] Shuningdek, grunge sahnasida ayollar "... xuddi o'sha plash [ko'ylak], etik va qisqa qisqartirilgan boshlarni erkak hamkasblari singari kiyib olganliklari uchun", ayollar "... o'zlarining jinsiy jozibasi bilan belgilanmaganligini ko'rsatdilar. "[103]
"Grunge ... bo'ldi iste'molchilarga qarshi Agar kiyim-kechakka qancha kam mablag 'sarflasangiz, shuncha ko'p "salqin" bo'lasiz. "[104] Uslub jozibali modani yaratishga qaratilgan ongli urinishlardan kelib chiqmagan; musiqiy jurnalist Charlz R. Kross dedi: "[Nirvana frontman] Kurt Kobeyn shampunni yuvish uchun juda dangasa edi "va Sub Pop-dan Jonatan Poneman:" Bu [kiyim] arzon, bardoshli va abadiydir. Shuningdek, u 80-yillarda mavjud bo'lgan butun estetik estrada donasiga qarshi ishlaydi. "[81] Flanel va "... yorilgan charm paltoslar" Grunge sahnasida "... Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan qayta ishlash do `koni estetik.[97] Grunge modasi modaga qarshi javob bo'lib, "ishlab chiqarilgan imidj" ga qarshi konformistik harakat edi,[105] ko'pincha musiqachilarni o'ziga xos uslubda kiyinishga va o'zlarini jozibador qilmaslikka undaydi. Shu bilan birga, Sub-Pop o'z guruhlarini marketingida "grunge look" dan foydalangan. VH1 telekanaliga bergan intervyusida fotosuratchi Charlz Peterson "Tad" grunge guruhi a'zolariga umuman yoq bo'lmagan ko'k rangli shaxslar berilganligini aytdi. Bryus (Pavitt) uni flanelda kiyintirishga majbur qildi va haqiqiy zanjir ko'rdi va chindan ham o'ynadi bu tog 'odamining qiyofasi va u ishladi. "[106]
Ajablandi jurnal chaqirdi Kortni Sevgi uslub nuqtai nazaridan "1990-yillarni belgilagan o'nta ayoldan biri": "... Kortni Lovning juda qisqa qo'g'irchoq kiyimi, yirtiq mo'ynali kiyimlari va platinali sochlarning zarbasi", ko'rinishi "mehribon "," ... tepada tepa bilan to'ldirilgan, albatta - o'n yilliklarni yashagan har bir kishining xotirasida saqlanadi. "[107] Bolalarning tashqi ko'rinishi yirtilgan, yirtilib ketgan qattiq yoki pasttekislikdan iborat edi qo'g'irchoq va Piter-Pan yoqasi bilan ko'ylaklar, slipslar, qorong'i ko'zoynaklar bilan og'ir bo'yanish,[108] barretlar va charm etiklar yoki Meri-Jeyn poyabzal.[109][110][111] Kat Bjelland ning Toylanddagi go'daklar uni birinchi bo'lib aniqlagan, Kortni Sevgi esa Teshik birinchi bo'lib uni ommalashtirdi. Sevgi u uslubni olganini ta'kidladi Divinillar oldingi ayol Kristina Amflett.[109] Tashqi ko'rinish 1994 yilda juda mashhur bo'ldi.[112]
Moda 2014 yilda "Kobeyn ayol va erkak garderobining ikkala uchidan erkin tortib olgani va uning Sietldagi tejamkor do'konida erkaklar uchun yog'och kesuvchi ish kiyimlari va 70-yillardagi 40-yillardagi ayol liboslari borligi aytilgan. Bu butunlay qarshi edi. 1980 yildagi qobiqli, yorqin estetikaga. Har xil jinsi va gulli froklarda u arketip qo'zg'olonchining qattiq tashqi qiyofasini ichkaridan yumshatdi va to'pni radikal, ming yillik androginiya g'oyasi uchun harakatga keltirdi. "[113] Kobeynning kiyinish uslubi "amerikalik mahoning antitezi edi", chunki u "... siz o'g'il yoki qiz bo'lishingizdan qat'i nazar, mayin va bo'sh ko'rinishni sovuqroq qildi".[113] Musiqa va madaniyat sohibi yozuvchisi Julianne Escobedo Shepherd Kobeynning kiyinish uslubi bilan "U nafaqat injiq bo'lishni ma'qul ko'rdi, balki uni kerakli qildi" deb yozgan.[113]
Asosiy oqim orqali qabul qilish
Grunge musiqasi 1990-yillarning boshlarida Soundgarden, Alice in Chains va Nirvana kabi yirik yozuvlar bilan imzolanishi bilan asosiy oqimga aylandi. Grunge modasi 1992 yil o'rtalarida ikkala jins uchun ham asosiy modaga kirishni boshladi va 1993 yil oxiri va 1994 yil boshlarida eng yuqori nuqtasiga etdi.[99][114][115] Bu tezlikni kuchaytirganda, grunge yorlig'i trendga pul tushirish uchun qimmat flanelka ko'ylak sotadigan do'konlarda ishlatilgan.[104] Ajablanarlisi shundaki, mos kelmaydigan ko'rinish to'satdan asosiy tendentsiyaga aylandi. Moda olamida, Mark Jeykobs 1992 yilda Perry Ellis uchun yuqori sifatli matolar bilan aralashtirilgan grunge-ilhomlangan kiyimlarni namoyish etdi. Jeykobs ilhom baxsh etdirealizm 'grunge ko'cha kiyimlari; u podium, guldastali ko'ylaklar va ipak flanel ko'ylaklarda podiumga modellarni yuborib, uni moda hashamati bilan aralashtirdi.[116] Afsuski, bu tovar egalariga yoqmadi va Jacobs ishdan bo'shatildi. Boshqa dizaynerlar yoqadi Anna Sui, shuningdek, 1993 yil bahor / yoz mavsumida grunge dan ilhom oldi.[105]
Xuddi shu yili, Moda supermodellarni suratga olgan moda fotografi Stiven Mizel bilan "Grunge & Glory" deb nomlangan tarqalishni amalga oshirdi Naomi Kempbell va Kristen McMenamy savanna manzarasida grunge uslubida kiyim kiygan. Ushbu otishma McMenamy-ni grunge uchun yuzga aylantirdi, chunki u qoshlarini oldirib, sochlarini kalta qilib oldirgan edi. Dizaynerlar yoqadi Xristian Lakroix, Donna Karen va Karl Lagerfeld tashqi ko'rinishiga grunge ta'sirini kiritdi.[116] 1993 yilda Jeyms Truman, muharriri Tafsilotlar, dedi: "menga grunge mavzusi bu moda emas, moda emas. Punk modaga qarshi edi. Bu bayonot berdi. Grunge bayonot bermaslik haqida, shu sababli uning modaga aylanishi aqldan ozgan. bayonot. "[117] Beg'ubor moda tuyg'usi "maktabni tashlab, qozon tutatib ... [va] sigareta chekib, musiqa tinglayotgan" "sust avlod" ning ko'rinishini aniqladi. rok yulduzi bir kun.[106]
2000 - 2010 yillar
1994 yilda Kurt Kobeyn vafotidan keyin grunge harakati to'xtab qolgan bo'lsa ham, dizaynerlar bu harakatdan vaqti-vaqti bilan ilhom olishni davom ettirmoqdalar. Grunge yana trend va 2008 yil kuz-qish mavsumida paydo bo'ldi, Xedi Sliman da Iv Sen-Loran orqaga grunge olib keldi uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi. Bilan Kortni Sevgi uning to'plami sifatida uning to'plami sifatida u to'plamni juda yaxshi ko'rgan. "MJ [Mark Jeykobs] uchun ayb yo'q, lekin u buni hech qachon to'g'ri tushunmagan", dedi Kortni. "Bu haqiqatan ham shunday edi. Xedi uning nopokligini biladi. U buni aniq tushundi, MJ va Anna [Suy] buni bilmadilar."[118] Cobain ham, Love ham 1993 yilda Marc Jacobs'dan olgan Perry Ellis kollektsiyasini yoqib yuborishgan.[119] 2016 yilda grunge uslubning yuqori darajadagi "qayta kashfiyotiga" ilhom berdi A $ AP Rokki, Rihanna va Kanye Uest.[120] Biroq, "kiyinish grunge endi haqiqiylik nishoni emas, ammo: isyonni bildiruvchilar (doktor Martensning etiklari, plashli ko'ylaklari) katta ko'chada hamma narsaga qodir", deydi Lynette Nylander, muharrir o'rinbosari i-D jurnali.[120]
Spirtli ichimliklar va giyohvand moddalar
Ko'pgina musiqiy submulturalar, xususan, giyohvand moddalar bilan bog'liq hippi qarshi madaniyat va reggae, ikkalasi ham bog'liqdir marixuana va psixedelika. 1990-yillarda ommaviy axborot vositalari Sietl grunge sahnasida musiqachilar tomonidan geroindan foydalanishga e'tibor berishdi, 1992 yil Nyu-York Tayms shahar "uchta asosiy dori" ni "espresso, pivo va geroin " [86] va 1996 yilda Sietlning grunge sahnasini "... geroinni eng kuchli qabul qilgan submultura" deb nomlagan maqola.[121] Tim Jonze dan Guardian "... geroin 80-yillarning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lgan paytdan beri [grunge] sahnasini yoritib yuborgan" va u "... geroinni jalb qilish o'z-o'zini yomon ko'rishni aks ettiradi," deb ta'kidlaydi. nigilistik Jonze geroin o'limidan tashqari, buni ta'kidlamoqda Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari ' Scott Weiland, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Kortni Sevgi, Mark Lanegan, Jimmi Chemberlin va Evan Dando "... barchasi giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish bilan shug'ullangan, ammo ertakni aytib berish uchun yashagan."[122] 2014 yilgi kitobda aytilishicha, 1980-yillarda odamlar "stimulyator" dan foydalanishgan kokain Ijtimoiylashish va "... yaxshi kunlarni nishonlash" uchun 1990-yillarda grunge sahnasida "depressant" geroin "pilla" ga "chekinish" va "... taqdim etgan qattiq va murosasiz dunyodan saqlanish" uchun ishlatilgan. .. o'zgarish yoki umid uchun bir necha istiqbol. "[123] Jastin Xendersonning ta'kidlashicha, barcha "pastga tushadigan" afyunlar, shu jumladan "geroin", morfin, etorfin, kodein, afyun, [va] gidrokodon ... seemed to be the habit of choice for many a grunger".[124]
The title of Nirvana's debut album Oqartirish tomonidan ilhomlangan zararni kamaytirish poster aimed at heroin injection users, which stated "Bleach your works [e.g., shprits va igna ] before you get stoned". The poster was released by the U.S. State Health Department which was trying to reduce OITS transmission caused through sharing used needles. Alice in Chains' song "God Smack" includes the line "stick your arm for some real fun", a reference to injecting heroin.[121] Seattle musicians known to use heroin included Cobain, who was using "heroin when he shot himself in the head"; "Endryu Vud ning Ona sevgisi suyagi [who] overdosed on heroin in 1990"; "Stefanie Sargent ning 7 yillik kaltak [who] died of an overdose of the same opiate in 1992 ... [and] Layn Staley of Alice in Chains [who] publicly detailed his battles with heroin ...".[125] Mayk Starr Zanjirdagi Elis [123] va Jonatan Melvoin dan Qovoqlarni maydalash geroindan vafot etdi. After Cobain's death, his "... widow, singer Courtney Love, characterized Seattle as a drug mecca, where heroin is easier to get than in San Francisco or Los Angeles."[125]
Biroq, Daniel uyi, kim egalik qilgan C / Z yozuvlari, disputed these perceptions in 1994. House stated that there was "... no more (heroin) here [in Seattle] than anyplace else"; he stated that the "heroin is not a big part of the [Seattle music] culture", and that "marijuana and alcohol ... are far more prevalent". Jeff Gilbert, one of the editors of Gitara dunyosi magazine, stated in 1994 that the media association of the Seattle grunge scene with heroin was "really overblown"; instead, he says that Seattle musicians were "... all a bunch of potheads."[125] Gil Troy's history of America in the 1990s states that in the Seattle grunge scene, the "... drug of choice switched from upscale cocaine [of the 1980s] to blue-collar marijuana."[126] Rolling Stone magazine reported that members of Seattle's grunge scene were "coffee-crazed" by day on espresso and "... by night, they quaff[ed] oceans of beer – jolted by Java and looped with liquor, no wonder the [grunge] music sounds like it does." [127] "Some [Seattle] scene veterans maintain that MDA ", a drug related to Ekstaz, "was a vital contributor to grunge", because it gave users a "body high" (in contrast to marijuana's "head high") that made them appreciate "bass-heavy oluklar ".[128] Pat Long's History of the NME states that scene members involved with the Sub Pop label would have multi-day MDMA parties in the woods, which shows that what Long calls Ecstasy's "warm glow" had an impact even in the wet, grey and isolated Pacific Northwest region.[129]
Grafika dizayni
Regarding graphic design and images, a common feature of grunge bands was the use of "lo-fi" (low fidelity) and deliberately unconventional album covers, for example presenting intentionally murky or miscolored photography, collage or qayg'uli yozuv. Early grunge "[a]lbum covers and concert flyers appeared Xeroxed not in allegiance to some DIY aesthetic" but because of "economic necessity", as "bands had so little money".[130] This was already a common feature of punk rock design, but could be extended in the grunge period due to the increasing use of Macintosh kompyuterlari for desktop publishing and digital image processing. The style was sometimes called 'grunge typography' when used outside music.[131][132][133] A famous example of 'grunge'-style experimental design was Rey Gun magazine, art directed by Devid Karson.[134][135]
Carson, developed a technique of "ripping, shredding and remaking letters"[134][135] and using "overprinted, disharmonious letters" and experimental design approaches, including "deliberate 'mistakes' in alignment".[136] Carson's art used "... messy and chaotic design" and he did not "..respect any rule of composition", using an "..experimental, personal and intuitive" approach.[137] Another "grunge graphic designer" was Elliott grafligi, who used "distorted ... older typefaces" and "aggressively illegible" type which adopted the "unkempt expressiveness" of the "grunge [music] aesthetic"; this radical, anti-establishment approach in graphic design was influenced by the 1910s-era avant-garde Dada harakat.[136] Hat Nguyen's Droplet, Harriet Goren's Morire and Eric Lin's Tema Canante were all "signature grunge fonts."[134][135] Sven Lennartz states that grunge design images have a "realistic, genuine look" which is created by adding simulated torn paper, dog-eared corners, creases, yellowed scotch tape, coffee cup stains, hand-drawn images and handwritten words, typically over a "dirty" background texture which is done with dull, subdued colors.[138]
A key figure in creating the "look" of the grunge scene for outsiders was music photographer Charlz Peterson. Peterson's black and white, uncropped, and sometimes blurry shots of the underground Pacific Northwest music scene's members playing and jamming, wearing their characteristic everyday clothes, were used by Sub Pop to promote its Seattle bands.
Adabiyot
Zinalar
Following the 1980s tradition of amateur, fan-produced zinalar ichida pank submulturasi, members of the grunge scene also produced DIY publications which were "distributed at gigs or by mail order". The zines were typically photocopied and contained handwritten, "hand-colored pages", "typing errors and grammatical mistakes, misspellings and jumbled pagination", all proof of their amateur nature.[139] Qaytish was a zine that was published from 1987–1991 by Dawn Anderson, covering the "... dirtier, heavier, more underground and rock side of Seattle's music scene", including "... punk, metal, underground rock, grunge before it was called grunge and even some local hip-hop."[140] Grunge Gerl #1 was one early 1990s grunge zine, was written by and for isyon grrrls Los-Anjeles mintaqasida. It stated that "... we're girls, we're angry, we're powerful."[139]
Mahalliy gazetalar
1992 yilda, Rolling Stone musiqa tanqidchisi Maykl Azerrad deb nomlangan Raketa the Seattle music "scene's [most] respected commentator".[57] Raketa was a free newspaper about the Pacific Northwest music scene which was launched in 1979. Edited by Charlz R. Kross, the paper only covered "fairly obscure alternative bands" in the local area, such as Fartz, The Allies, The Heats/The Heaters, Visible Targets, Red Dress, and The Cowboys.[141] In the mid-1980s, the paper had stories on Qotil, Yovvoyi itlar, Queensrÿche va Metall cherkov. By 1988, the metal scene had faded, and The Rocket's focus shifted to covering the pre-grunge local muqobil tosh guruhlar. Dawn Anderson states that in 1988, long before any other publication took notice of them, Soundgarden va Nirvana edi Raketa cover stars.[142] 1991 yilda, Raketa expanded to a Portland, Oregon edition.
Badiiy adabiyot
Grunge lit is an Avstraliyalik adabiy janr ning xayoliy yoki yarim avtobiografik writing in the early 1990s about young adults living in an "inner cit[y]" "... world of disintegrating futures where the only relief from ... zerikish was through a nigilistik pursuit of sex, violence, drugs and alcohol".[143] Often the central characters are disfranchised, alienated, and lacking drive and determination beyond the desire to satisfy their basic needs. It was typically written by "new, young authors"[143] who examined "gritty, dirty, real existences"[143] of everyday characters. It has been described as both a sub-set of iflos realizm and an offshoot of X avlod adabiyot.[144] Stuart Glover states that the term "grunge lit" takes the term "grunge" from the "late '80s and early '90s— ... Seattle [grunge] bands".[145] Glover states that the term "grunge lit" was mainly a marketing term used by publishing companies; he states that most of the authors who have been categorized as "grunge lit" writers reject the label.[145] The Australian fiction authors McGahan, McGregor and Tsiolkas criticized the "homogenizing effect" of conflating such a different group of writers.[143] Tsiolkas called the "grunge lit" term a "media creation".[143]
Ayollarning roli
Women had a role in grunge bands such as L7, Lunaachiklar, Dickless, 7 yillik kaltak, Gits, Kortni Sevgi guruhi Teshik (and Love's other 1990s groups), and Toylanddagi go'daklar, the latter an "... all-female Minneapolis band ", and grunge was closely "linked with Riot Grrrl ", an underground feministik pank harakat.[146] VH1 writer Dan Tucker stated that L7 was an "... all-female grunge band [that] emanated from the fertile L.A. underground scene and [which] had strong ties with ... Qora bayroq and could match any male band in attitude and volume."[37]
Riot Grrrl pioneer and Bikini o'ldirish frontwoman/bassist Ketlin Xanna was closely associated with the Washington state grunge scene. Hanna came up with the name for Nirvana's 1991 breakthrough single, "Xuddi o'smir tabiatidek xushbo'y ", a reference to a dezodorant marketed specifically to young women.[147][148] Notable women instrumentalists include the bassists D'arsi Vretsi va Melissa Auf der Maur dan Qovoqlarni maydalash va barabanchilar Patty Schemel (Teshik and Courtney Love projects) and Lori Barbero ning Toylanddagi go'daklar.[149] The inclusion of women instrumentalists in grunge is notable, because professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in most rock genres.[150]
As well, women played an active role in the underground grunge scene, such as riot grrrls who produced zinalar about grunge bands and indie record labels (e.g., Grunge Gerl #1) and Seattle scene leader Dawn Anderson, who wrote for the Seattle fanzine Qaytish.[39] Tina Casale was the co-founder of C / Z yozuvlari in the 1980s (along with Chris Hanzsek), an indie label that recorded what has been called earliest grunge record, Chuqur olti, in 1986, which included Soundgarden, Melvinlar, Malfunkshun, Teri hovli, Yashil daryo, va Erkaklar.
Tarix
Proto-grunge (1970's-Early 1980's)
The term proto-grunge has been used to describe artists as having elements of grunge well before the genre appeared in the mid-late 1980's. Nil Yang albomlari Rust Hech qachon Uxlamaydi (1979) va Ragged Glory (1990) have been proclaimed examples of proto-grunge and grunge music.[151] Additionally, he has been cited as an influence by Pearl jam,[152][153] which led to them backing Young for the Oyna to'pi album, released in 1995. Other acts described as proto-grunge include Silecekler va ularning albomi Amerika yoshlari (1981), Elvis Kostello va uning Qon va shokolad albom qaysi Will Birch hailed as "6 or 8 years ahead of its time" (1986),[154] va Stoglar va ularning albomi Ko'ngilochar uy (1970).[155]
1980–1985: Roots, predecessors, and influences
Grunge's sound partly resulted from Seattle's isolation from other music scenes. As Sub Pop's Jonathan Poneman noted, "Seattle was a perfect example of a secondary city with an active music scene that was completely ignored by an American media fixated on Los Angeles and New York [City]."[156] Mark Arm claimed that the isolation meant, "this one corner of the map was being really inbred and ripping off each other's ideas".[157] Seattle "... was a remote and provincial city" in the 1980s; Bruce Pavitt states that the city was "... very working class", a place of "deprivation", and so the scene's "... whole aesthetic – work clothes, thriftstore truckers' hats, pawnshop guitars" was not just a style, it was done because Seattle "... was very poor."[158] Indeed, when "... Hechqisi yo'q reached number one in the U.S. charts, Cobain was living in a car." [158]
Bands began to mix metal and punk in the Seattle music scene around 1984, with much of the credit for this fusion going to U-Men.[159] However, some critics have noted that in spite of The U-Men's canonical place as original grunge progenitors, that their sound was less indebted to heavy metal and much more akin to post-punk. However the unique idiosyncrasy of the band may have been the bigger inspiration, more than the aesthetics themselves.[160] Soon Seattle had a growing and "varied music scene" and "diverse urban personality" expressed by local "post-pank garaj bantlari ".[35] Grunge evolved from the local punk rock scene, and was inspired by bands such as Fartz, U-Men, 10 daqiqali ogohlantirish, Ayblanuvchilar, va Tezlik.[39] Additionally, the slow, heavy, and sludgy style of the Melvinlar was a significant influence on the grunge sound.[161] Roy Shuker states that grunge's success built on the "foundations ... laid throughout the 1980s by earlier muqobil musiqa scenes."[162] Shuker states that music critics "... emphasized the perceived purity and authenticity of the Seattle scene.[162]
Outside the Pacific Northwest, a number of artists and music scenes influenced grunge. Alternative rock bands from the Northeastern United States, including Sonic Youth, Pixies, Yo'l va Kichik dinozavr, are important influences on the genre. Through their patronage of Seattle bands, Sonic Youth "inadvertently nurtured" the grunge scene, and reinforced the fiercely independent attitudes of its musicians.[163] Nirvana introduced into the Seattle scene the noise-inflected influences of Chizish kislotasi va Tugma teshiklari.[82][164]
Several Australian bands, including Olimlar, Kosmik psixos va Ovqatlanish vaqti, are cited as precursors to grunge, their music influencing the Seattle scene through the college radio broadcasts of Sub Pop founder Jonathan Poneman and members of Mudhoney.[165][166] The influence of Pixies on Nirvana was noted by Kurt Kobeyn, who commented in a Rolling Stone interview, "I connected with that band so heavily that I should have been in that band—or at least a Pixies cover band. We used their sense of dynamics, being soft and quiet and then loud and hard."[167] In August 1997, in an interview with Gitara dunyosi, Deyv Grohl said: "From Kurt, Krist [Novoselic] and I liking Knack, Bay Siti rollari, Bitlz va Abba just as much as we liked Flipper va Qora bayroq ... You listen to any Pixies record and it's all over there. Or even Qora shanba "Urush cho'chqalari "—it's there: the power of the dynamic. We just sort of abused it with estrada qo'shiqlari and got sick with it."[168]
Aside from the genre's punk and alternative rock roots, many grunge bands were equally influenced by heavy metal of the early 1970s. Klinton Heylin, muallifi Bobilning yonishi: Punkdan Grungegacha, cited Black Sabbath as "perhaps the most ubiquitous pre-punk influence on the northwest scene".[169] Black Sabbath played a role in shaping the grunge sound, through their own records and the records they inspired.[170] Musiqashunos Bob Gulla asserted that Black Sabbath's sound "shows up in virtually all of grunge's most popular bands, including Nirvana, Soundgarden va Zanjirdagi Elis ".[171] Ning ta'siri Led Zeppelin is also evident, particularly in the work of Soundgarden, whom Q magazine noted were "in thrall to '70s rock, but contemptuous of the genre's overt sexism and machismo".[172] Jon Viderxorn Gitara dunyosi wrote: "So what exactly is grunge? ... Picture a supergroup made up of Creedence Clearwater uyg'onishi, Black Sabbath and Stooges, and you're pretty close."[173] Catherine Strong states that grunge's strongest metal influence was trash metall, which had a tradition of "equality with the audience", based on the notion that "anyone could start a band" (a way of thinking also shared by US hardcore pank, which Strong also cites as an influence on grunge) which was also taken up by grunge bands.[19] Strong states that grunge musicians were opposed to the then-popular "soch metall " bands.[19]
Strong states that "... sections of what was [US] hardcore became known as grunge." [19] Seattle songwriter Jeff Stetson states that "[t]here is no real difference ... between Punk and Grunge." [27] Like punk bands, grunge groups were "embraced as back-to-basics rock 'n' roll bands which reminded the public that the music was supposed to be raw and raunchy", and they were a response to "bloated and over-the-top ... progressiv tosh ... or "not seriou[s groups] like the soch turmalari 80-yillarning. "[92] One example of the influence of US hardcore on grunge is the impact that the Los Angeles hardcore punk band Qora bayroq had on grunge. Black Flag's 1984 record Mening urushim, on which the band combined heavy metal with their traditional sound, made a strong impact in Seattle. Mudhoney's Stiv Tyorner commented, "A lot of other people around the country hated the fact that Black Flag slowed down ... but up here it was really great ... we were like 'Yay!' They were weird and fucked-up sounding."[174] Turner explained grunge's integration of metal influences, noting, "Hard rock and metal was never that much of an enemy of punk like it was for other scenes. Here, it was like, 'There's only twenty people here, you can't really find a group to hate.'" Charles R. Cross states that grunge was the "... culmination of twenty years of pank-rok " development.[36] Cross states that the bands most representing the grunge genre were Seattle bands Qon sirkasi, TAD va Mudoni and Sub Pop's Denver band Suyuqlik; he states that Nirvana, with its pop influences and blend of Sonic Youth and Arzon hiyla, was lighter-sounding than bands like Blood Circus.[36]
Nil Yang played a few concerts with Pearl Jam and recorded the album Oyna to'pi. This was grounded not only in his work with his band Crazy Horse and his regular use of distorted guitar—most notably on the album Rust Hech qachon Uxlamaydi —but also his dress and persona.[175] A similarly influential yet often overlooked album is Neyrotika tomonidan Redd Kross, about which Jonathan Poneman said, "Neyrotika was a life changer for me and for a lot of people in the Seattle music community."[176]
The context for the development of the Seattle grunge scene was a "..golden age of failure, a time when a swath of American youth embraced the ... vices of indolence and lack of motivation".[158] The "... idlers of X avlod [were] trying to forestall the dread day of corporate enrollment" and embrace the "cult of the loser"; indeed Nirvana's 1991 song "Xuddi o'smir tabiatidek xushbo'y " "... opens with Cobain intoning 'It's fun to lose.'"[158] The "grunge credo was more about a death by slow suffocation", a "resistance through chekinish" from the world.[177] Rupa Huq calls grunge "unrelentingly oq " in "timbre and texture".[178] Robert Loss states that while the grunge scene was more welcoming to women than the glam metal world, and while grunge "... endeavoured to be more accepting of ethnic and cultural difference, it was overwhelmingly white"; u buni ta'kidlaydi hip hop musiqasi kabi rassomlar Jey-Z had way more "crossover" appeal to listeners of different races.[29]
1985–1989: Early development
In 1985, the band Yashil daryo debyut RaIlarini chiqardi Pastga tushing, which is cited by many as being the very first grunge record.[179] Another seminal release in the development of grunge was the Chuqur olti compilation, released by C / Z yozuvlari in 1986. The record featured multiple tracks by six bands: Green River, Soundgarden, Melvins, Malfunkshun, Teri hovli, and The U-Men. For many of them it was their first appearance on record. The artists had "a mostly heavy, aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore". The recording process was low-budget; each band was given four hours of studio time. As Jack Endino recalled, "People just said, 'Well, what kind of music is this? This isn't metal, it's not punk, What is it?' ... People went 'Eureka! These bands all have something in common.'"[174] O'sha yili Bryus Pavitt ozod qildi Pastki pop 100 compilation and Green River's Suyak sifatida quriting EP as part of his new label, Sub Pop. An early Sub Pop catalog described the Green River EP as "ultra-loose GRUNGE that destroyed the morals of a generation".[180] Sub Pop's Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman, inspired by other regional music scenes in music history, worked to ensure that their label projected a "Seattle sound ", reinforced by a similar style of production and album packaging. While music writer Maykl Azerrad acknowledged that early grunge bands like Mudhoney, Soundgarden, and Tad had disparate sounds, he noted "to the objective observer, there were some distinct similarities."[181]
Early grunge concerts were sparsely attended (many by fewer than a dozen people) but Sub Pop photographer Charlz Peterson 's pictures helped create the impression that such concerts were major events.[182] Mudhoney, which was formed by former members of Green River, served as the flagship band of Sub Pop during their entire time with the label and spearheaded the Seattle grunge movement.[183] Other record labels in the Pacific Northwest that helped promote grunge included C/Z Records, Estrus yozuvlari, EMpTy Records and PopLlama yozuvlari.[39]
Grunge attracted media attention in the United Kingdom after Pavitt and Poneman asked journalist Everett To'g'ri from the British magazine Melodiya yaratuvchisi to write an article on the local music scene. This exposure helped to make grunge known outside of the local area during the late 1980s and drew more people to local shows.[39] The appeal of grunge to the music press was that it "promised the return to a notion of a regional, authorial vision for Amerika toshi ".[184] Grunge's popularity in the er osti musiqasi scene was such that bands began to move to Seattle and approximate the look and sound of the original grunge bands. Mudhoney's Steve Turner said, "It was really bad. Pretend bands were popping up here, things weren't coming from where we were coming from."[185] As a reaction, many grunge bands diversified their sound, with Nirvana and Tad in particular creating more melodic songs.[186] Dawn Anderson of the Seattle fanzine Qaytish recalled that by 1990 many locals had tired of the hype surrounding the Seattle scene and hoped that media exposure had dissipated.[39]
Chris Dubrow from Guardian states that in the late 1980s, Australia's "sticky-floored ... alternative pub scene" in seedy inner-city areas produced grunge bands with "raw and awkward energy" such as Olimlar, X, Burbon hayvonlari, ovqatlanish vaqti, Kosmik psixos va Soqollangan echki.[187] Dubrow said "Cobain ... admitted the Australian wave was a big influence" on his music.[187] Everett True states that "[t]here's more of an argument to be had for grunge beginning in Australia with the Scientists and their scrawny punk ilk."[188]
Early–mid 1990s: Mainstream success
Grunge bands had made inroads to the musical mainstream in the late 1980s. Soundgarden was the first grunge band to sign to a major label when they joined the roster of A&M Records in 1989. Soundgarden, along with other major label signings Zanjirdagi Elis va Qichqirayotgan daraxtlar, performed "okay" with their initial major label releases, according to Jack Endino.[39] Nirvana, dastlab Aberdin, Vashington, was also courted by major labels, while releasing its first album Oqartirish in 1989. Nirvana got signed by Geffen Records 1990 yilda.
Alice in Chains signed with Columbia Records 1989 yilda,[189] va ularning birinchi albomi, Yuzni ko'tarish, was released on August 21, 1990.[190] Albomning ikkinchi singlisi "Qutidagi odam ", was released in January 1991, spent 20 weeks on the Top 20 of Billboard "s Asosiy tosh chart and its music video received heavy rotation on MTV.[191][192] Yuzni ko'tarish became the first album from the grunge movement to be certified gold by the Amerikaning Yozish sanoati assotsiatsiyasi (RIAA) on September 11, 1991,[193] 500,000 nusxadan ortiq sotish uchun.[194]
In September 1991, Nirvana released its major label debut, Hechqisi yo'q. The album was at best hoped to be a minor success on par with Sonic Youth's Goo, which Geffen had released a year earlier.[195] It was the release of the album's first single "Xuddi o'smir tabiatidek xushbo'y " that "marked the instigation of the grunge music phenomenon". Due to constant airplay of the song's music video on MTV, Hechqisi yo'q was selling 400,000 copies a week by Christmas 1991,[196] and was certified gold on November 27, 1991.[197] 1992 yil yanvar oyida, Hechqisi yo'q almashtirildi pop super yulduz Maykl Jekson "s Xavfli at number one on the Billboard 200.[198] Hechqisi yo'q was certified diamond by the RIAA in 1999.[199]
Muvaffaqiyat Hechqisi yo'q surprised the music industry. Hechqisi yo'q not only popularized grunge, but also established "the cultural and commercial viability of alternative rock in general."[200] Michael Azerrad asserted that Hechqisi yo'q symbolized "a sea-change in rock music" in which the glam metall that had dominated rock music at that time fell out of favor in the face of music that was perceived as haqiqiy and culturally relevant.[201] Grunge made it possible for genres thought to be of a niche audience, no matter how radical, to prove their marketability and be co-opted by the mainstream, cementing the formation of an individualist, fragmented culture.[202] Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl jam, which featured former Ona sevgisi suyagi a'zolar Jeff Ament va Tosh Gossard, had released its debut album O'n in August 1991, a month before Hechqisi yo'q, but album sales only picked up the following year. By the second half of 1992 O'n had become a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the Billboard grafikalar.[203] O'n by Pearl Jam was certified 13x platinum by the RIAA.[204]
The band Soundgarden's album Badmotorfinger and the band Alice in Chains' album Axloqsizlik, guruh bilan birga It ibodatxonasi "s o'z nomli albom, a collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top selling albums of 1992.[205] The popular breakthrough of these grunge bands prompted Rolling Stone to nickname Seattle "the new "Liverpul" ".[81] Major record labels signed most of the prominent grunge bands in Seattle, while a second influx of bands moved to the city in hopes of success.[206] The grunge scene was the backdrop in the 1992 Kemeron Krou film Turmush qurmaganlar. There were several small roles, performances, and cameos in the film by popular Seattle grunge bands including Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and Alice in Chains. Filmed in and around Seattle in 1991, the film was not released until 1992 during the height of grunge popularity.[81]
The popularity of grunge resulted in a large interest in the Seattle music scene's perceived cultural traits. While the Seattle music scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s in actuality consisted of various styles and genres of music, its representation in the media "served to depict Seattle as a music 'community' in which the focus was upon the ongoing exploration of one musical idiom, namely grunge".[207] The fashion industry marketed "grunge fashion" to consumers, charging premium prices for items such as knit ski hats and plaid shirts. Critics asserted that advertising was co-opting elements of grunge and turning it into a fad. Ko'ngilochar haftalik commented in a 1993 article, "There hasn't been this kind of exploitation of a subculture since the media discovered hippies in the '60s".[208] Marketers used the "grunge" concept to sell grunge air freshener, grunge hair gel and even CDs of "easy-listening music" called "grunge light".[36] The New York Times compared the "grunging of America" to the mass-marketing of pank-rok, diskoteka va Hip Hop oldingi yillarda.[81] Ironically the Nyu-York Tayms was tricked into printing a fake list of slang terms that were supposedly used in the grunge scene; ko'pincha grunge speak yolg'on. This media hype surrounding grunge was documented in the 1996 documentary Xayp!.[39] As mass media began to use the term "grunge" in any news story about the key bands, Seattle scene members began to refer to the term as "the G-word".[36]
A backlash against grunge began to develop in Seattle; in late 1992, Jonathan Poneman said that in the city, "All things grunge are treated with the utmost cynicism and amusement [. . .] Because the whole thing is a fabricated movement and always has been."[81] Grunge and grunge bands received criticism from musicians such as Xiralashish "s Damon Albarn, who was quoted saying "fuck grunge" and "Qovoqlarni maydalash can kiss my fucking ass" while performing onstage.[209] Many grunge artists were uncomfortable with their success and the resulting attention it brought. Nirvana's Kurt Cobain told Michael Azerrad, "Famous is the last thing I wanted to be."[210] Pearl Jam also felt the burden of success, with much of the attention falling on frontman Eddi Vedder.[211]
Nirvana's follow-up album Uteroda (1993) featured an intentionally abrasive album that Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselich described as a "wild aggressive sound, a true alternative record".[212] Nevertheless, upon its release in September 1993, Uteroda tepasida Billboard grafikalar.[213] 1996 yilda, Uteroda was certified 5x platinum by the RIAA.[214] Pearl Jam also continued to perform well commercially with its second album, Vs. (1993). The album sold a record 950,378 copies in its first week of release, topped the Billboard charts, and outperformed all other entries in the top ten that week combined.[215] In 1993, the grunge band Sham qutisi ularni ozod qildi o'z nomli albom sertifikatlangan 4x platina RIAA tomonidan.[216] In February 1994, Alice in Chains' EP, Chivinlar idishi pog'onasida 1-raqamga chiqdi Billboard 200 album chart.[217] Soundgarden's album SuperNoma'lum, which was also released in 1994, peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200 jadval,[218] and was certified 5x platinum by the RIAA.[219] In 1995, Alice in Chains' o'z nomli albom became their second number 1 album on the Billboard 200,[217] and was certified 2x platinum.[220]
At the height of grunge's commercial success in the early 1990s, the commercial success of grunge put record labels on a nationwide search for undiscovered talent to promote. Bunga kiritilgan San-Diego, Kaliforniya asoslangan Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari,[221] Texasda joylashgan Daisy qoqilib ketmoqda[9][222] va Toadies,[223][224][225] Paw,[226] Chicago-based Veruka tuzi,[226] va Avstraliya guruhi Kumush kreslo, bands whose early work continues to be identified broadly (if not in Seattle itself) as "grunge". 2014 yilda, Yapıştır ranked Veruca Salt's "All Hail Me" #39 and Silverchair's "Tomorrow" #45 on their list of the 50 best grunge songs of all time.[226] Loudwire named Stone Temple Pilots one of the ten best grunge bands of all time.[221] Grunge bands outside of the United States emerged in several countries. Kanadada, Erikning sayohati, the first Canadian band signed by the Sub Pop label, has been classified as grunge [227] va Nikelbek 's debut album was considered to be grunge. Silverchair achieved mainstream success in the 1990s; the band's song "Ertaga " went to number 22 on the Radio qo'shiqlari chart in September 1995[228] va guruhning birinchi albomi Qurbaqa, released in June 1995, was certified 2x platinum by the RIAA in February 1996.[229]
During this period, grunge bands that were not from Seattle were often panned by critics, who accused them of being bandwagon-jumpers. Grunge band Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari in particular fell victim to this. 1994 yil yanvarda Rolling Stone so'rovnoma, Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari was simultaneously voted "Best New Band" by Rolling Stone"s readers and "Worst New Band" by the magazine's music critics, highlighting the disparity between critics and fans.[230] Stone Temple Pilots became very popular; ularning albomi Asosiy was certified 8x platinum by RIAA[231] va ularning albomi Siyohrang was certified 6x platinum by the RIAA.[232] The British grunge band Bush debyut albomini chiqardi O'n oltita tosh 1994 yilda.[233] In a review of their second album Razorblade chamadon, Rolling Stone albomni tanqid qildi va Bushni "Nirvana musiqasining eng muvaffaqiyatli va uyatsiz taqlidlari" deb atadi.[234] Kitobda Fargo Rok Siti: Shimoliy Dakotaning qishloq qismida og'ir metalli Odisseya, Chak Klosterman "Bush endigina boshlanishini ishora qilgan yaxshi guruh edi; oxir-oqibat ular grunge bo'lishadi Kafolat ".[235] Kitobda Tasodifiy inqilob: Grunge haqidagi voqea, Kayl Anderson yozgan:
"O'n ikkita qo'shiq O'n oltita tosh tovush aniq grunge nimaga o'xshashi kerakligi kabi, grunning asosiy maqsadi esa unday emas edi har qanday narsao'zi, shu jumladan. Faqatgina ushbu diskografiyada "grunge" sarlavhasi ostida qancha turli xil musiqiy guruhlar va uslublar surilganligini ko'rib chiqing va shuni angladingizki, grunge tarixdagi eng yomon aniqlangan musiqa turidir. "[236]
1990-yillarning o'rtalari - ommaboplikning pasayishi
Subkulturaning oxiri
Grunge-ning obro'-e'tiborining pasayishiga bir qator omillar ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Tanqidchilar va tarixchilar Grunge tugagan aniq fikrga qo'shilmaydilar.[237] Ketrin Strongning ta'kidlashicha, "... 1993 yil oxirida ... [,] grunge beqaror bo'lib qoldi va o'ldirilishning birinchi bosqichiga qadam qo'ydi"; u "... sahna shu qadar muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganini" ta'kidladi va "taqlidchilar maydonga kira boshlagani" ni hamma bildi.[238] Yapıştır jurnali 1994 yilga kelib, grunge "... tez pasaymoqda", "... bilan Pearl jam iloji boricha tezroq diqqat markazidan orqaga chekinish; Zanjirdagi Elis, Tosh ibodatxonasi uchuvchilari va boshqalar guruhi dahshatli giyohvandlikka qarshi kurashib, omon qolish uchun kurash olib borishgan. "[10] Yilda Grunge: Sietl, Jastin Xendersonning ta'kidlashicha, "pastga yo'naltirilgan spiral" 1994 yil o'rtalarida boshlangan, chunki sahnaga asosiy pullarning kirib kelishi madaniyatni o'zgartirgan va "pastga tushishdan boshqa boradigan joy" yo'q; u o'limini aytadi Teshik baschi Kristen Pfaff 1994 yil 16 iyunda geroin dozasini oshirib yuborish natijasida "Grunge tobutidagi yana bir mix" bo'lgan. [239]
Jeyson Xellerning 2013 yildagi "Grunge haqiqatan ham muhimmi?" Maqolasida, yilda A.V. KLUB, u Nirvananing ekanligini aytdi Uteroda (1993 yil sentyabr) "Grjuning o'limi haqida gapirdi. Kobeyn norozi bo'lgan zahoti:" O'spirinning g'azabi yaxshi natija berdi / Endi men zerikib qariyman ", hammasi tugadi".[240] Xellerning ta'kidlashicha, 1994 yilda Kobeyn vafot etganidan so'ng, o'sha paytdagi "ikkiyuzlamachilik" "ko'zga tashlanmoqda" va "idealizm uyatli bo'lib qoldi", natijada "grunge yangi [mainstream] bo'ldi Aerosmith ".[240] Xellerning ta'kidlashicha, "grunge evolyutsiya boshi berk ko'chaga aylandi", chunki "u hech narsaga yaramaydi va hech narsaga qurilmaydi va inkor qilish axloqi shundan iborat edi".[240]
1990-yillarning o'rtalarida ko'plab grunge guruhlari ajralib chiqdi yoki kam ko'rinadigan bo'ldi. 1994 yil 8 aprelda Nirvana fuqarosi Kurt Kobeyn Sietldagi uyida o'zini o'zi o'q uzganligi sababli o'lik holda topilgan. Nirvana qisqacha tarqatib yuborildi. Kobeyn vafotidan keyin Bryus Xardi yozgan Vaqt u bo'lgan jurnal " Jon Lennon uning geroin giyohvandligi bilan kurashganini va hayotining so'nggi haftalarida musiqa sanoatida Kobeyn giyohvand moddasini haddan tashqari iste'mol qilgani va Nirvana ajralib ketayotgani haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi, deb da'vo qilmoqda.[241] Kobeynning o'z joniga qasd qilish "grunge ... halokati uchun katalizator bo'lib xizmat qildi", chunki u "... grunge energiyasini o'chirib yubordi va" yo'qolgan oyoqlarini "qaytarib olish uchun saxarin va korporativ formulali musiqa uchun imkoniyat yaratdi.[242]
O'sha yili Pearl Jam chiptalar sotuvchisiga norozilik sifatida yozgi turini bekor qildi Chipmasmeyster adolatsiz biznes amaliyotlari.[243] Keyin Pearl Jam kompaniyani boykot qilishni boshladi; ammo, Pearl Jemning faqatgina Ticketmaster bo'lmagan joylarda o'ynashga bo'lgan tashabbusi, ayrim istisnolardan tashqari, guruhning keyingi uch yil davomida Qo'shma Shtatlarda shou namoyish etishiga to'sqinlik qildi.[244] 1996 yilda Alice in Chains kasal va chetga chiqqan bosh qo'shiqchi bilan so'nggi chiqishlarini namoyish etdi, Layn Staley,[245] keyinchalik 2002 yilda haddan tashqari dozada giyohin va geroindan o'lgan.[246] 1996 yilda Soundgarden va Screaming Trees 1990-yillarning so'nggi studiyaviy albomlarini chiqardi, Tepada[247] va Chang,[248] navbati bilan. Kuchli ta'kidlashicha, Roy Shuker va Stout "... grunge oxiri" ni "... 1997 yilda Soundgarden parchalanishi bilanoq" deb ko'rish mumkin.[238]
Post-grunge
1990-yillarning ikkinchi yarmida grunge o'rnini bosdi post-grunge 21-asrning boshlarida tijorat jihatdan foydali bo'lib qoldi. Post-grunge "... Sietl guruhlarining gitara sadolari va samimiy lirik mavzularini tez-tez ko'tariladigan asosiy estetikaga aylantirdi".[249] Ushbu rassomlar grungening er osti ildizlariga ega emas deb hisoblanar edi va ular asosan "ichki tomonga qarashli, jiddiy fikrlaydigan qattiq toshning ashaddiy mashhur shakli" ga aylangan narsalardan ta'sirlangan. Post-grunge tijorat jihatidan ancha foydali bo'lgan janr bo'lib, u grafning buzilgan gitaralarini sayqallangan, radioga tayyor mahsulot bilan yumshatdi.[250][251] Grunge asosiy oqim turiga aylangandan so'ng, asosiy yorliqlar ushbu guruhlarning ovozli o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga o'xshash guruhlarga imzo chekishni boshladi. Deb belgilangan yorliqlar post-grunge Grunge kabi oqim bo'lganida paydo bo'lgan Bush, Sham qutisi va Jamoa ruhi barchasi grungeni asosiy oqimga boshlagan guruhlarning ovozini taqlid qilish bilan ajralib turadi.[250] Bush guruhlari bo'lsa ham[252][253][254] va sham qutisi[255] grunge toifasiga kiritilgan, ikkala guruh ham asosan toifalarga bo'lingan post-grunge, ham.[250]
1995 yilda, SPIN yozuvchi Charlz Aaron Grunge bilan "sarflangan", pop-pank tanazzulda, Britpop musiqa sanoati "gitarali xotira" va albomga yo'naltirilgan rokni "korporativ [-produced] Alternative" ga aylantirdi, uni "soundalike fake grunge" yoki "scrunge" deb ataydi.[256] Aaron guruhlari "scrunge" guruhlari ro'yxatiga quyidagilar kiradi: Ezradan yaxshiroq; Bush; Jamoa ruhi; Axlat; Hootie & Blowfish; Hum; Kumush kreslo; Shimgich; Daisy qoqilib ketmoqda; Jennifer Tryinin va Weezer; Aaron o'z ichiga oladi Foo Fighters uning ro'yxatida, lekin buni ta'kidlaydi Deyv Grohl 1980 yillarni birlashtirib, "scrunge fall gu [y]" ga aylanishdan saqlanib qoldi hardcore pank Nirvanadan keyingi guruhda 1970-yillarda arenada axlat musiqasi.[256]
Bush singari grunge deb ta'riflangan guruhlar[252][253][254] va sham qutisi[255] Shuningdek, asosan toifalarga bo'lingan post-grunge.[251] Ushbu ikki guruh 1992 yildan keyin mashhur bo'ldi.[251] Bush va Candlebox ommalashganidan keyin paydo bo'lgan post-grunge deb tasniflangan boshqa guruhlar Jamoa ruhi[250] va Jonli.[257] Post-grunge 1990-yillarning oxiri va 2000-yillarning boshlarida Creed kabi yangi guruhlar bilan mashhur bo'lgan Nikelbek, 3 eshik pastga va Muddning ko'lagi.[250] Boshqalar post-grunge guruhlarga kiradi Foo Fighters, Qattiq va Yigirma matchbox. Grjindan keyin "o'z joniga qasd qilish, jamiyatdagi ikkiyuzlamachilik va giyohvandlik kabi muammolarni" lirik tarzda o'rganishdan farqli o'laroq, ushbu post-grunge rassomlari tijoratlashtirilgan ovozi hamda "jamoat va romantik munosabatlar qulayligi atrofida qurilgan dunyoqarashi" uchun tanqid qilindi.[250] Adam Shtayninger grungedan keyingi guruhlarning "suvsiz lirikalar bilan to'ldirilgan suyultirilgan ohangdorliklarni, barchasi aftidan ishqiy azoblar atrofida aylanib yurishini" tanqid qildi.[258] Post-grunge deb ta'riflangan ko'plab guruhlarni tanqid qilib, Shtayninger tanqid qildi Sham qutisi "pop-to'ldirilgan" ovozi uchun "sevgi so'zlari va qo'shiqlarsiz yozish" ga e'tibor bering ko'p qirrali va ijodiy; Uch kun iltifoti "suyultirilgan" va "radioga mos musiqa" uchun; 3 eshik pastga "... sifatli albomlar yaratish o'rniga xit singllarni chalg'itishga" e'tibor qaratgani uchun; O'n bir barmoq "pop-rok" yo'nalishi bo'yicha borish uchun; Bushning "bema'nilikning tasodifiy iboralari"; Jonli "Grunge mohiyatini bo'g'ib qo'ygan" "psevdo-pop she'riyat", Muddning ko'lagi "grungedan keyingi tovush"; Lifehouse, "... pastga ... grunge ovozi va poydevorini o'zgartiruvchi tuzilmasini yiqitish uchun ko'proq ommaga murojaat qilish uchun"; va Nikelbek, uni musiqasi "idish-tovoq suvi kabi zerikarli" "engil vazn ... post-grunge zarb sumkalari" deb ataydi.[258]
Britpop tomonidan reaktsiya
Aksincha, boshqasi tosh janr, Britpop, qisman Buyuk Britaniyada grunge hukmronligiga qarshi reaktsiya sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Grunge noaniqligidan farqli o'laroq, Britpop "yoshlarning quvnoqligi va tan olinishga intilishi" bilan belgilandi.[259] Britpopning etakchi guruhlari "Xiralashish va Oazis [,] reaktsion kuchlar sifatida mavjud bo'lib, ular [Grunge] ning abadiy tushkun nigohiga ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. "[260] Britpop rassomlarining yangi uslubi Blurning 1992 yil bahorida AQShga gastrol safarlaridan ilhomlangan. Justin Frishman, ilgari Suede va rahbari Elastika (va o'sha paytda Damon Albarn bilan aloqada bo'lganida) shunday tushuntirdi: "Deymon va men o'sha paytda biz uning qalinligida ekanligimizni his qildik ... Nirvana u erda ekanligi va odamlar Amerikaga juda qiziqishganligi xayolimizga keldi. musiqa va Britaniyalikning qaytishi uchun qandaydir manifest bo'lishi kerak. "[261]
Britpop rassomlari grungega bo'lgan nafratlari haqida shov-shuv aytishdi. 1993 yilda NME intervyu, Damon Albarn Britpop guruhi Xiralashish suhbatdosh bilan kelishilgan Jon Xarris "Blur" anti-grunge guruhi "ekanligini ta'kidlab," Xo'sh, bu yaxshi. Agar pank hippilardan qutulmoqchi bo'lsa, demak men grunge'dan qutulaman ", dedi (kinoya bilan Kurt Kobeyn bir vaqtlar Blurni eng sevimlisi sifatida ko'rsatgan guruh).[262] Noel Gallaxer ning Oazis, Nirvananing muxlisi bo'lganida, Grungening pessimistik tabiatini rad etgan musiqa yozgan. Gallagher 2006 yilda 1994 yilgi Oasis singl "ekanligini ta'kidlagan.Abadiy yashang "" Grunge o'rtasida yozilgan va bularning hammasi, va esimda, Nirvanada "Men o'zimni yomon ko'raman va o'lishni xohlayman" degan kuy bor edi va men shunga o'xshash edim ... "Xo'sh, men bunga ega emasman. ' Men unga o'xshab [Kobeyn] va shuncha narsaga o'xshagan bo'lsam ham, menda bunday narsa yo'q. Bunday odamlarni bu erga kelishim mumkin emas zarba [geroin], ular o'zlarini yomon ko'rishlarini va o'lishni xohlashlarini aytish. Bu axlat! "[263]
2000 - 2010 yillar: Uyg'onish
Ko'pgina yirik grunge guruhlari 2000 va 2010 yillarda musiqa va gastrollarini muvaffaqiyatli davom ettirmoqdalar. Ehtimol, 21-asrning eng diqqatga sazovor grunge harakati bo'lgan Pearl jam. 2006 yilda Rolling Stone yozuvchi Brayan Xatt Perl Jamni "so'nggi o'n yillikning ko'p qismini o'zlarining shuhratlarini ataylab yiqitishga sarflagan" deb ta'riflagan va u guruhga o'xshash sadoqatli konsertni ishlab chiqqanini ta'kidlagan. Minnatdor o'liklar.[264] Ular 2006 yilga kelib keng tijorat yutuqlariga qaytishdi Pearl jam, 2009 yil Backspacer va 2013 yil Chaqmoq.[265] Elice In Chains 2005 yilda bir nechta sanoqli uchrashuvlarda islohot o'tkazib, Layn Stalining o'rnini turli vokalchilar egalladi. Oxir-oqibat yashash Uilyam Duvall Stalining o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida, 2009 yilda ular ozod etildi Qora rang ko'k rangga yo'l beradi, 14 yil ichidagi birinchi rekord. Guruhning 2013 yildagi chiqishi, Iblis bu erga dinozavrlarni qo'ydi, 2-raqamga etib bordi Billboard 200.[266] Soundgarden 2010 yilda islohot o'tkazdi va albomini chiqardi Qirol hayvon ikki yildan so'ng Daniya, Yangi Zelandiya va Qo'shma Shtatlardagi milliy albomlar jadvalining birinchi beshligiga kirdi.[267] Mett Kemeron va Ben Shepherd qo'shildi Alain Johannes (Tosh asrining malikalari, o'n bir), Mark Lanegan (qichqirayotgan daraxtlar, tosh asrining malikalari) va Dimitri paltolari (O'chirilgan!) 2016 yilda o'nta qo'mondonlik loyihasini shakllantirish.[268]
Kurt Kobeyn vafot etganiga qaramay, Nirvananing qolgan a'zolari vafotidan keyin ham muvaffaqiyat qozonishdi. Kurt Kobeynning yuqori savdosi tufayli Jurnallar va guruhning eng yaxshi to'plami Nirvana 2002 yilda chiqarilganidan keyin, The New York Times Nirvana "hozirgi kunda janob Kobeyn o'z joniga qasd qilganidan buyon 1994 yildagiga qaraganda ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishmoqda" deb ta'kidladi.[269] Ushbu tendentsiya asrning ikkinchi o'n yilligida davom etdi, guruhning diskografiyasini qayta nashr etish va vakolatli hujjatli filmni chiqarish Kurt Kobeyn: Xekning montaji.[270] 2012 yilda Nirvananing omon qolgan a'zolari yana birlashdilar Pol Makkartni Kobeyn o'rnida Deyv Grohlning hujjatli filmi uchun trekni yozib olish Ovozli shahar sarlavhasi "Meni bir oz bo'shashtiring".[271]
21-asrning eng muvaffaqiyatli rok guruhlaridan biri, Tosh asrining malikalari, turli grunge musiqachilarining katta hissalarini taqdim etdi. Josh Xomme qisqacha o'ynagan edi Qichqirayotgan daraxtlar off-and-on QOTSA a'zosi bilan Mark Lanegan, guruhni tuzishdan oldin. Nirvananing Deyv Grohl va O'n bir Alen Yoxannes ham muhim hissa qo'shgan. Homme va Grohl qo'shildi Led Zeppelin "s Jon Pol Jons super guruhni shakllantirish Ularni qiyshiq Vultures 2009 yilda Yoxannes guruh bilan gastrol safari ishtirokchisi sifatida ham ishtirok etdi.
2000-yillarning boshlarida, grunge kichik bo'lsa ham, mintaqaviy asosda bir necha marta qayta tiklanishlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin edi. 2005 yilda, Sietl Tayms qayd qilingan grunge ta'sirida Sietl sahnasida qaytib kelgan guruhlar.[272] Xuddi shunday, Guardian dan grunge ta'sirida bo'lgan guruhlar haqida xabar berdi Yorkshir, shu jumladan Dinozavrlarni yig'ish, Otlar tomonidan tortib olingan va Wonderswan.[273] Shuningdek, 2003 yilda Nyu-York Tayms grunge modasining tiklanishini ta'kidladi.[274]
2010 yillar grunge ta'sirida bo'lgan bir qator guruhlarni birlashtirdilar. O'zlarining ajdodlaridan farqli o'laroq, bularning ba'zilari o'zlariga xohlagancha belgi qo'yishadi. Asl muqobil rok davridagi taniqli shaxslarga sheriklik qilish va / yoki ular bilan hamkorlik qilish uchun ko'plab harakatlar qayd etilgan. Stiv Albini kabi guruhlar uchun ishlab chiqarilgan yoki ular bilan ishlagan Bezorilar,[275][276] Gijjalar,[277][278] va Shannon Rayt,[279] esa Emma Rut Rundl ning Nikohlar[280] bilan ekskursiya qildi Buzz Osborne ning Melvinlar. Grunge deb nomlangan yoki grunge davri katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan boshqa taniqli harakatlar kiradi Kortni Barnett,[281][282] Bo'ri Elis,[283] Yuck,[284] Tezkor Ortiz,[285] Kut,[286] Mitski,[287] 2:54,[288] Soxta reklama,[289] Yalang'ochlik,[290][291][292] Vain in Chaqaloq,[293] Katta o'g'ri,[294] Torres.,[295] Lullwater,[296] va Qizil quyosh ko'tarilmoqda.[297]
Ommaviy axborot vositalari 2010 yil o'rtalarida grunge ovozining qayta tiklanishi haqida so'z boshladi, yorliq kabi guruhlarga berildi. Sarlavha jangi,[298][299] InCrest,[300] Fangklub,[301] Kod to'q sariq,[299] Mening uyim,[302][303] Fuqaro,[304] Sut tishlari[305] va Muskets,[306][307][308] ulardan ba'zilari janrni birlashtirib tasvirlangan emo.
Meros
2011 yilda musiqa tanqidchisi Deyv Uitakerning yozishicha, har bir avlod "... yozib olingan musiqa o'yinni o'zgartiruvchi janrni yaratgan". belanchak musiqasi 1930-yillarda, rok-roll 1950-yillarda, pank-rok 1970-yillarda, keyin esa 1990-yillarda grunge. Biroq, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "grunge Amerikadagi so'nggi musiqiy inqilob edi", chunki post-grunge avlodlari musiqa sahnasini tubdan o'zgartirib yuborgan yangi janrni taqdim etmagan.[92] Uning ta'kidlashicha, "raqamli inqilob" [(onlayn musiqa, fayllarni almashish va hk.]) Grunge davridan beri "... avlodni belgilovchi janr" mavjud emasligini anglatadi, chunki "bitta janr juda to'yingan bo'lishi uchun" bozor talab qiladi ... a musiqa sanoati bozor ustidan ulkan nazorat bilan ".[92] 2016 yilda, Rob Zombie Grunge "rok yulduzi" ning o'limiga sabab bo'lganligini ta'kidladi; u avvalgi yulduzlardan farqli ravishda "... Elis Kuper va Gen Simmons va Elton Jon ", kim" ... boshqa bir sayyora sayyorasidan bo'lgan bo'lishi ham mumkin edi ", grunge bilan munosabat" [biz] bizning barcha rok yulduzlarimizga o'xshashimizga muhtojmiz ".[309]
Bob Batchelorning ta'kidlashicha, Nirvana va Pearl Jamning rivojlanishi va paydo bo'lishi uchun ko'rsatma bergan Sietldagi indiy yozuvlari va qadriyatlari "... millionlab kompakt-disklarni sotish bo'yicha asosiy yozuv yorlig'iga zid keladi". Batchelor shuningdek, grunge musiqachilarining asosiy yorliqlarning tijorat maqsadlaridan bezovtaligiga va ba'zi asosiy guruhlarning yorliqlar, shu jumladan musiqiy videolarni talab qiladigan reklama tadbirlarini o'tkazishga qarshilik ko'rsatishiga qaramay, MTV "[grunge] ning" asosiy oqimga aylanishida "rol o'ynagan" video dasturlari, chunki ko'plab musiqa muxlislari birinchi maruzani mahalliy yoki "niche radio" da emas, MTV-da olishgan.[242] Gil Troyning ta'kidlashicha, Amerikaning "iste'molchi" madaniyatidagi "... boshqalar singari grunge isyoni" nihoyat yirik korporatsiyalar tomonidan "tovarga aylantirilib, ommaviy ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan, marosim o'tkazilgan va shu tariqa sanitarizatsiya qilingan".[310]
2011 yilda Jon Kalvert "xronometraj" grunge jonlanishining ro'y bermasligining sababi ekanligini aytdi; 80-yillarning oxiri va 90-yillarning boshlarida harakatni ilhomlantirgan madaniy kayfiyat endi yo'q edi, deydi u.[311] Sietldagi qo'shiq muallifi Jef Stetsonning ta'kidlashicha, Grjni tinglayotgan 2010-yillarning odamlari "... barchasi qanday paydo bo'lganligi" mazmuni va tarixi to'g'risida "va" ... bu qanday ajoyib voqea bo'lganiga hurmat bilan qarashlari kerak. bu erda (Sietlda), chunki siz bunga o'xshash boshqa narsani ko'rmaysiz. "[27] Yapıştır jurnali Maykl Danaherning ta'kidlashicha, "... harakat rok-n-rolning yo'nalishini o'zgartirib, ... suiiste'mollik va depressiya haqidagi ertaklarni" keltirib chiqardi va ijtimoiy ongli masalalar ". ommaviy madaniyat.[10]
Kalvert Nirvananing "Xuddi o'smir tabiatidek xushbo'y "avlodni belgilaydigan rezonans" ga ega bo'lganidek, "tarixdagi" taniqli joy "ga ega uning davridagi yoshlar ";" boshqa biron bir guruh ... o'z-o'zini yo'q qilish istagini qo'zg'atmagan ... tinglash mumkin "," haqiqiy "og'riq va" norozilik "bilan.[311] Kalvert shuningdek, yozuvlarni "pank-rok davridan beri eng ashaddiy, qorong'i va shiddatli" musiqa deb ataydi va u o'sha davr yoshlari uchun "og'ir kerak bo'lganda og'ir", "yosh Amerika hushyor" va ularga qiyin paytlarda "yopishish" uchun biron bir narsa berish.[311] 2017 yilgi bir kitobda grunge ".. abadiy kimligini o'zgartirdi rok musiqasi punkga o'xshash tarzda "; bundan tashqari, Grunge" haqida "introspektiv" so'zlarni qo'shdimavjud bo'lgan haqiqiyligi "va" bu nimani anglatishini o'ziga sodiq ".[11] Grunge Kurt Kobeyn "ovozi" deb nomlangan X avlod ", demografik uchun xuddi shunday rol o'ynaydi Bob Dilan 1960-yillarning yoshlari uchun o'ynagan va Jon Lennon 1970-yillar avlodi uchun o'ynagan.[11] Bob Batchelorning ta'kidlashicha, Nirvana "u qadar muhim edi" Elvis yoki Bitlz."[242]
2008 yilda Darragh McManus of Guardian grunge shunchaki yosh odamning tendentsiyasi yoki musiqiy modasi emasligini ta'kidlaydi; u Grunge zamonaviy davrning asosiy falsafalarini sintez qilganini ta'kidlaydi.Feminizm, liberalizm, kinoya, befarqlik, kinizm / idealizm ..., avtoritarizm, wry post-modernizm ".Maksanusning ta'kidlashicha, grunge jiddiy," og'ir "mavzular bilan shug'ullangan, bu mashhur musiqada tez-tez uchrab turmaydi. McManus X avlod, grunge nafaqat musiqa, balki asosiy madaniy ta'sir edi.[312] Marlen Komarning ta'kidlashicha, Nirvananing muvaffaqiyati "heteroseksist bo'lmagan", "gender va jinsiylik" haqida ikkilik bo'lmagan fikrlash usullarini ommalashtirgan, erkaklar va ayollar bir-biriga qanday o'xshashligini ta'kidlagan va progressiv siyosiy fikrlashni targ'ib qilgan.[103]
Shuningdek qarang
Adabiyotlar
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- ^ a b v DiBlasi, Aleks. "Grunge" Amerika hayotidagi musiqa: madaniyatimizni shakllantirgan qo'shiqlar, uslublar, yulduzlar va hikoyalar ensiklopediyasi, p. 520-524. Jaklin Edmondson tomonidan tahrirlangan. ABC-CLIO, 2013. p. e520
- ^ "Thrashhed: Thrash Metal haqida hikoya". Olingan 9-noyabr, 2018.
dastlabki yillaridanoq, grunge, nu metal va bugungi og'ir metall sahnalariga ta'siri orqali.
- ^ "Slam Metal: Doom's Filthier aka-uka". Olingan 27 may, 2018.
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- ^ "Pearl Jam: Besh a'zoning hammasi bilan intervyu". ew.com.
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- ^ a b v d e Stetson, Jef (2014 yil 22-yanvar). "Hey Millennials, Grunge hech qachon harakat qilmagan. Bu hech qachon janr bo'lmagan. O'zingizni engib chiqing". Fikrlar katalogi. Olingan 3 fevral, 2017.
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- ^ a b v Yo'qotish, Robert (2012 yil 9-aprel). "Grunge: vaziyat kvosiga qarshi kurashish". www.popmatters.com. Pop masalalari. Olingan 15 mart, 2017.
- ^ Kallen, Styuart A. (2012). Muqobil toshning tarixi. Lucent Books. p. 73. ISBN 978-1420507386.
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Yetmishinchi yillarning ta’sirida, sekinlashgan pank-musiqa
- ^ Kemeron, Keyt (2014). Mudhoney: Sietldagi ovoz va g'azab. Voyageur Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0760346617.
- ^ To'g'ri, Everett (2006). Nirvana: Haqiqiy voqea. Omnibus Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1844496402.
- ^ Unterberger, Richi; Xiks, Samb (1999). Musiqa AQSh: qo'pol qo'llanma. Qo'pol qo'llanmalar. p. 449. ISBN 978-1858284217.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Feliks-Jager, Stiven. Xudo biz tomonda: Rok-rolning transformatsion ilohiyoti tomon. Wipf va Stock Publishers, 2017. p. 135
- ^ a b v d e Xoch, Charlz R .; Berkenstadt, Jim (2012). Klassik rok-albomlar: Nirvana - Nevermind. Musiqa savdosi guruhi.
- ^ a b Tucker, Dan (2013 yil 21-dekabr). "Grunjdan og'irroq: Metall bilan qoplangan 10 ta Alt-Rok guruhlari". www.vh1.com. VH1. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 8 sentyabrda. Olingan 1 mart, 2017.
- ^ a b v Feliks-Jager, Stiven (2017). Xudo biz tomonda: Rok-rolning transformatsion ilohiyoti tomon. Wipf va Stock Publishers. p. 136.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men Pray, D., Helvey-Pray Productions (1996). Xayp! Respublika rasmlari.
- ^ a b v d e f g "Xizmatkorlarga xizmat qiling: Grunge gitara sirlarini oching". Gibson.com. 2011 yil 26 aprel. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2016 yil 31 martda. Olingan 1 aprel, 2016.
- ^ "IT PLGG IN: Musiqiy janrlar nomi berilgan eng yaxshi pedallar". 2013 yil 3 sentyabr. Olingan 18 yanvar, 2018.
- ^ a b v d e Bloomer, Richard (2015 yil 10-aprel). "Nima Heck: Gitaralar uchun eng yaxshi 10 ta" Grunge "tishli vositasi". www.pmtonline.co. Professional musiqa texnologiyasi. Olingan 1 mart, 2017.
- ^ Mudi, Fred. Sietl va ambitsiyalarning jinlari: Sevgi tarixi.
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- ^ a b Cho'pon, Jon va Shox, Dovud. Dunyoning mashhur musiqa ensiklopediyasi 8-jild: Janrlar: Shimoliy Amerika. A&C Black, 2012. p. 23
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Men yomon axlat qilaman deb aytmayman, lekin qismga mos keladigan narsani qilaman. Menga Cantrell uchun hammaga g'oyib bo'ladigan katta transport vositasi o'rniga butun rasm nimani anglatishi qiziqroq.
- ^ Byers, Will (2008 yil 30-iyul). "Grunge musiqaga qarshi jinoyat sodir etdi - bu gitara yakkaxonini o'ldirdi". Guardian. Olingan 16 fevral, 2017.
- ^ Tillman, Mixa. "Grunge va falsafa Grunge va falsafa: Nirvana bizga tarix falsafasi to'g'risida nimani o'rgatishi mumkin". Blekuell falsafasi va pop madaniyati seriyasi. Olingan 17 fevral, 2017.
- ^ a b Gonsales, Shon (2015 yil 20-noyabr). "Janr Benders: Shabby, iflos Grunge". Yangi shovqin jurnali. Olingan 17 fevral, 2017.
- ^ a b Lesli, Jimmi (2011 yil 7-iyul). "Kim Tayil". www.guitarplayer.com. Gitara pleyeri. Olingan 25 fevral, 2017.
- ^ Stalker-Uayld, Maks (2015 yil 7 oktyabr). "Hozirgacha 2015 yilgi eng yaxshi 5 gitara yakkaxoni". www.baeblemusic.com. Baeble musiqasi. Olingan 25 fevral, 2017.
- ^ a b v Azerrad, Maykl (1992 yil 16 aprel). "Grunge Siti: Sietl manzarasi". www.rollingstone.com. Olingan 25 fevral, 2017.
- ^ Tyrangiel, Josh (2009 yil 14-avgust). "10 ta eng yaxshi elektro gitara chaluvchilar". Vaqt. Olingan 26 aprel, 2011.
- ^ a b Harris, Shell (2009 yil 20-iyul). "Top-10 gitarachilar". www.toptenz.net. Toptenz. Olingan 25 fevral, 2017.
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- ^ Brayan yozgan, Brayan (2017 yil 20-may). "Bass transkripsiyasi: Soundgarden-dagi Ben Shepherdning Bass Line" Pretty Noose"". www.notreble.com. Treble yo'q. Olingan 20 may, 2017.
- ^ Jisi, Kris. "Mayk Inez". Bass Player jurnali. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2009.
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- ^ a b "Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament Bass Gear Rig va jihozlari". www.uberproaudio.com. ÜberProAudio. Olingan 21 may, 2017.
- ^ Kies, Kris (2013 yil 18-fevral). "Rig Rundown - Soundgarden Kim Tayl, Kris Kornel va Ben Shepherd". www.premierguitar.com. Premer gitara. Olingan 21 may, 2017.
- ^ Vaynshteyn, Deena. Rock'n America. Toronto universiteti Press, 2015. p. 223
- ^ "Mett Kemeronning" Pearl Jam "barabanini rasmlarga o'rnatish". www.musicradar.com. Musiqiy radiolokatsiya. 2012 yil 24 sentyabr. Olingan 11 mart, 2017.
- ^ a b "Jonli Nirvana uskunalari bo'yicha qo'llanma: Deyv Grohl". www.livenirvana.com. LiveNirvana!. Olingan 11 mart, 2017.
- ^ Ragland, Keti (1993 yil 19-noyabr). "Kuchli, ohangdor Gorilla Grunge dengizidan ko'tarilgan". Sietl Tayms.
- ^ Korbett, Bernard M. va Xarkins, Tomas Edvard. Pearl Jam haqida tez-tez so'raladigan savollar: Sietlning eng bardoshli guruhi haqida bilish kifoya. Hal Leonard korporatsiyasi, 2016 yil
- ^ Mudi, Fred. Sietl va ambitsiyalarning jinlari: Sevgi tarixi. 2004. p. 171.
- ^ Fournier, Karen. Alanis Morissettaning so'zlari va musiqasi. ABC-CLIO, 2015. p. 44
- ^ a b Talli, Tara. "Grunge va blyuz, sotsiologik taqqoslash: makon va joy mintaqaviy musiqa uslublarining rivojlanishi va tarqalishiga qanday ta'sir qiladi". Xrestomatiya: Gumanitar va ijtimoiy fanlar maktabi bakalavr tadqiqotlarining yillik sharhi, Charleston kolleji, 4-jild, 2005 yil: 228-240 betlar. p. 233
- ^ Klark, Bill (2007 yil 4 sentyabr). "GRUNGE Deep Cuts". www.bullz-eye.com. Bullz-ko'z. Olingan 1 mart, 2017.
- ^ Pearlin, Jeffri. "Metallning qisqacha tarixi". Massachusets texnologiya instituti. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2017.
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- ^ Talli, Tara. "Grunge va blyuz, sotsiologik taqqoslash: makon va joy mintaqaviy musiqa uslublarining rivojlanishi va tarqalishiga qanday ta'sir qiladi". Xrestomatiya: Gumanitar va ijtimoiy fanlar maktabi bakalavr tadqiqotlarining yillik sharhi, Charleston kolleji, 4-jild, 2005 yil: 228-240 betlar. p. 236
- ^ Uaytxed, Jon V. Shamolni anglash: 20-asrda ma'noni qidirish. 2001. p. 247
- ^ Marion, Nensi E va Oliver, Uillard M. Amerika jamiyatidagi giyohvand moddalar: Tarix, siyosat, madaniyat ensiklopediyasi. va Qonun. ABC-CLIO, 2014. p. 888.
- ^ Kuchli, Ketrin. Grunge: musiqa va xotira. Routledge, 2016. 5-bet
- ^ a b v d e f Marin, Rik (1992 yil 15-noyabr). "Grunge: muvaffaqiyat tarixi". The New York Times.
- ^ a b v d Jina Misiroglu. Amerika qarshi madaniyati: AQSh tarixidagi nokonformistlar ensiklopediyasi, muqobil turmush tarzi va radikal g'oyalar. Routledge, 2015. p. 343
- ^ a b Qo'shma Shtatlardagi musiqiy madaniyatlar: kirish. Ed. Ellen Koskoff. Routledge, 2005. p. 359
- ^ Liner yozuvlari, Music Bank qutisi to'plami. Kolumbiya. 1999.
- ^ "Zanjirdagi Elis - axloqsizlik qazish". RIP jurnali. Fevral 1993. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2003 yil 14 oktyabrda. Olingan 3 mart, 2020 - Users.stargate.net orqali.
- ^ a b Marin, Rik (1992 yil 15-noyabr). "Grunge: muvaffaqiyat tarixi". The New York Times. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2017.
- ^ Klapp, Edvard P. Ishtirokchi ijodkorligi: Ijodiy sinfga kirish va tenglikni joriy etish. Routledge, 2016 yil.
- ^ MTSU-ma'ruza-2004 yil
- ^ Azerrad, Maykl (2001). Bizning guruh sizning hayotingiz bo'lishi mumkin: 1981-1991 yillarda amerikalik hindistondan sahnalar (1 nashr). Boston: Kichkina, jigarrang. ISBN 9780316063791. Qabul qilingan 2014 yil 11-yanvar. P. 344
- ^ a b Xenderson, Jastin. Grunge: Sietl. Roaring Forties Press, 2016. Ch. 5
- ^ Reynolds, Simon. Jinsiy qo'zg'olonlar: jins, isyon va rok-n-rol. Garvard universiteti matbuoti, 1996. p. 109
- ^ a b v d Whitaker, Deyv (2011 yil 3 oktyabr). "Grunge Amerikaning so'nggi musiqiy inqilobi bo'lganmi?". PopMatters. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2017.
- ^ a b Fournier, Karen. Alanis Morissettaning so'zlari va musiqasi. ABC-CLIO, 2015. p. 44
- ^ Marsh, Deyv. "BU orqali YASHAYING. ...". 124. Qirollik
- ^ Beyli, Jon (2014-05-19). "Zamonaviy mo''jizaning ochilishi". ijro uslubi. Olingan 11 fevral 2017.
90-yillarda grunjning soqolsiz ko'rinishi erkaklar intilishi kerak bo'lgan tobora toza va yorqin tasvirga qarshi turishning bir usuli edi.
- ^ "90-yillar Grunge". Pop yadrosi. Olingan 11 fevral, 2017.
Grunge musiqachilari sahnadagi teatrlarni yoqtirmasliklari bilan tanilgan va beparvo, ishchan ko'rinishga ega bo'lishgan. Ko'pgina grunge musiqachilarining shkafi burmalangan flanel ko'ylak va oddiy ko'k jinsilar bilan jihozlangan. Grunge musiqachisi sochlari taralgan holda ... sochlari taralmagan bo'lishi odatiy hol emas edi.
- ^ a b Marin, Rik (1992 yil 15-noyabr). "Grunge: muvaffaqiyat tarixi". The New York Times. Olingan 25 fevral, 2017.
- ^ Mazullo, Mark (2000). "Dunyo kimni sotgan odam: Kurt Kobeyn, Rokning ilg'or estetikasi va haqiqiylik muammolari". Musiqiy choraklik (4 nashr). 84 (4): 713–749. doi:10.1093 / mq / 84.4.713. JSTOR 742606.
- ^ a b "1990-yillarda moda". Olingan 9 may, 2014.
- ^ Barr, Kelli Kuper (1999 yil 3-iyul). "Bo'lishi kerak; naqshli jinsi". Daily Record (Glazgo, Shotlandiya). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 7 martda. Olingan 17 yanvar, 2016.
- ^ "Çingene atirgul". 1998 yil 25 aprel. Olingan 1 aprel, 2016.
- ^ Mutu, Subramanian Sentilkannan (2014 yil 2-iyun). Barqaror to'qimachilik va kiyim-kechakka yo'l xaritasi: ekologik toza xomashyo ... p. 154. ISBN 9789812870650. Olingan 1 aprel, 2016.
- ^ a b Komar, Marlen (2016 yil 30 mart). "20-asr davomida androgenik modaning evolyutsiyasi". www.bustle.com. Shovqin. Olingan 9 mart, 2017.
- ^ a b Kuchli, Ketrin; Skott, Derek; Hawkins, Stan (2011). Grunge: musiqa va xotira. Buyuk Britaniya: Ashgate Publishing. pp.2, 19.
- ^ a b Stivenson, NJ (2012). Vizual tarix: Regensiya va romantikadan Retro va inqilobgacha. Nyu-York: Sent-Martinning Griffin. 248-249 betlar.
- ^ a b "VH1 hujjatli filmi: Kurt Kobeynning ko'tarilishi va ko'tarilishi". VH1.
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Bibliografiya
- Anderson, Kayl (2007). Tasodifiy inqilob: Grunge haqidagi voqea. Makmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-35819-8.
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