Emi Klobucharning siyosiy pozitsiyalari - Political positions of Amy Klobuchar - Wikipedia

Emi Klobuchar.jpgUshbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir
Emi Klobuchar
Minnesota shtatidan AQSh senatori
Prezidentlik kampaniyasi

Imzo Emi Klobuchar.svg

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati

Emi Jan Klobuchar (/ˈkloʊbəʃ.r/; 1960 yil 25-mayda tug'ilgan) amerikalik huquqshunos va siyosatchi katta Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Minnesota. A'zosi Minnesota Demokratik-Fermer-Mehnat partiyasi, Minnesota shtatining filiali Demokratik partiya, u ilgari Hennepin okrugi prokurori. U yugurdi Demokratik nomzod uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti ichida 2020 yilgi saylov, mart oyida tortib olish va tasdiqlashdan oldin Jo Bayden.

Klobucharning siyosiy pozitsiyalari odatda mos tushgan zamonaviy Amerika liberalizmi. U tanlov uchun tanlov kuni abort, qo'llab-quvvatlaydi LGBT huquqlari va Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun, va tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan Iroq urushi.

Ga binoan GovTrack, Klobuchar oxirigacha boshqa senatorlarga qaraganda ko'proq qonun qabul qildi 114-Kongress 2016 yil oxirida.[1] Ga binoan Kongress.gov, 2018 yil 16-dekabr holatiga ko'ra, u qonunga aylangan 111 ta qonun hujjatlariga homiylik qilgan yoki ularga homiylik qilgan.[2] 115-Kongress davomida u Prezident bilan bir qatorda ovoz berdi Donald Tramp qonunchilikka nisbatan pozitsiyasi 31,1 foiz.[3]

Jinoyat va jinoyat qonuni

Jinoyat adliya tizimini isloh qilish

2018 yil dekabr oyida Klobuchar Birinchi qadam qonuni, federal mahbuslar orasida retsidiv jinoyatchilikni ishdan bo'shatish dasturlarini kengaytirish va boshqa dasturlarni kengaytirish bilan bir qatorda, ozodlikdan mahrum etish dasturlari va zo'ravonliksiz jinoyatchilar uchun majburiy minimal jazo kabi jazo tayinlash to'g'risidagi qonunlarga o'zgartirishlar kiritishni shakllantirishga qaratilgan qonunlar. . "[4]

Bosh prokurordan keyin 2019 yil 31-iyul Uilyam Barr Qo'shma Shtatlar federal hukumati 20 yildan ortiq vaqt ichida birinchi marta o'lim jazosidan foydalanishni davom ettirishini e'lon qilgan Klobuchar o'lim jazosini taqiqlovchi qonun loyihasining homiysi edi.[5]

Qurol to'g'risidagi qonunlar

2018 yil oktyabr holatiga ko'ra, Klobuchar ning "F" reytingi mavjud Milliy miltiq uyushmasi (NRA) qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun qurolni boshqarish qonunchilik.[6][7]

2016 yil ortidan Orlando tungi klubida otishma, Klobuchar ishtirok etdi Kris Merfi qurolini boshqarish moslamasi.[8]

Keyingi Las-Vegasdagi otishma 2017 yil oktyabr oyida Klobuchar Milliy Sog'liqni Saqlash Instituti direktori doktor Frensis Kollinzga NIHni "qurollarining zo'ravonlik oqibatida xalq salomatligi oqibatlariga bag'ishlanganligi uchun juda muhim" degan fikrni qo'llab-quvvatlagan maktubni imzolagan yigirma to'rt senatordan biri edi. "kuniga 93 amerikalik qurol bilan bog'liq o'limlardan vafot etgan bir paytda va Dikki tuzatish o'ldirishning oldini olish bo'yicha ob'ektiv, ilmiy so'rovlarni taqiqlamagan.[9]

2017 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida, NRA ba'zi respublikachilarning zaxiralarni tartibga solish kerak bo'lishi mumkin degan tushunchasi bilan ochiqchasiga rozi bo'lganidan so'ng, Klobuchar buni "respublikachilar hatto har qanday cheklovlar haqida gapirishni ochiq deb eshitgan birinchi marta biri" deb atadi. bu "va uning bir qator kongress a'zolari, shu jumladan respublikachilar ham bor edi, ular" qimmatbaho qog'ozlar kabi narsalarni taqiqlashdan tashqari, albatta oqilona tekshiruvlarni qo'llab-quvvatladilar ".[10]

2017 yil noyabr oyida Klobuchar "Harbiy maishiy zo'ravonlik to'g'risida hisobotni kuchaytirish to'g'risida" gi qonunning homiysi bo'lib, "Harbiy Adolatning yagona kodeksi" (UCMJ) bo'yicha uy sharoitida zo'ravonlik uchun ayblovni tashkil etadi va sudlanganlik to'g'risida federal ma'lumotlar bazalariga xabar berish kerakligini belgilaydi. uch kun ichida harbiy jinoyatchilarning qurol-yarog 'sotib olish imkoniyatini saqlab qolgan harbiy adolatning yagona kodeksidagi (UCMJ) bo'shliqni yopish uchun buzg'unchilarni qurol sotib olishdan saqlash huquqi.[11]

2019 yil yanvar oyida Klobuchar qirq senatordan biri bo'lib, "Fonni tekshirishni kengaytirish to'g'risida" gi qonunni taqdim etdi, bu barcha qurollarni sotish yoki topshirish uchun fon tekshiruvlarini talab qiladigan qonun loyihasini, shu jumladan barcha litsenziyasiz sotuvchilarni. Qonun loyihasining fonini tekshirish talabidan istisnolarga huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari a'zolari o'rtasida pul o'tkazmalari, ov yoki sport tadbirlari uchun vaqtincha qarz berish, qurolni yaqin oila a'zolariga sovg'a sifatida berish, qurol meros sifatida topshirish yoki berish darhol o'zini himoya qilish uchun boshqa odamga vaqtincha qurol.[12]

2018 yil fevral oyida, keyin Stoneman Duglas o'rta maktabida otishma, Klobuchar to'rtta demokrat senatorlardan biri bo'lib, prezident Trampga "har qanday qurol sotib olish to'g'risida ma'lumotni tekshirishni talab qiladigan qonunchilikni tasdiqlashi kerakligini, boshqa zaharli dorilarni qo'shmasdan turib, biz nihoyat keng qamrovli tizimga yaqinlasha olamiz" degan xatga imzo chekdi. Stoneman Duglas hujumidan keyin siz qo'ng'iroq qilgansiz "va federal litsenziyaga ega dilerlar tomonidan o'q otish qurolini rad etgan shaxslarga" shunchaki qurol namoyishiga tashrif buyurish yoki do'konda rad etilgan qurolni sotib olish uchun Internetga kirish huquqini berish uchun hech qanday asos yo'q. "[13]

2019 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar o'ttiz sakkiz senatordan biri bo'lib, Senat Adliya qo'mitasi raisiga xat imzoladi Lindsi Grem uni universal tekshiruvlar to'g'risida "tinglash o'tkazishga" chaqirdi va Gremning matbuotda "Qo'mita" qizil bayroq "qonunchiligi va potentsial tekshiruvlar ustida ishlashini niyat qilgani" haqidagi bayonotini ta'kidladi, senatorlar ularni qo'llab-quvvatlaganliklarini ko'rsatdi.[14]

2019 yil may oyida Senat demokratlari Senatning ko'pchilik etakchisiga bosim o'tkazganda Mitch Makkonnell "Xotin-qizlarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik to'g'risida" gi qonunni yangilash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasida ovoz berishga ruxsat berish, unda "erkak do'sti teshigi" ni yopish to'g'risidagi tuzatish kiritilgan bo'lib, u tanish-bilish sherigiga qurol ishlatishda yoki unga egalik qilishda suiiste'mol qilish, tajovuz qilish yoki ta'qib qilishni taqiqlaydi, Klobuchar Senatni himoya qildi qonun loyihasini qabul qildi va ushbu chorani AQShdagi qurol zo'ravonligidan vafot etgan ayollarni boshqa yuqori daromadli mamlakatlarga qaraganda ancha yuqori darajada himoya qilish uchun juda muhim deb atadi.[15]

Detroyt Demokratik partiyasining 2019 yil 31-iyuldagi bahsida Klobuchar 6 yoshli Stiven Romeroning o'limiga sabab bo'ldi. Gilroy Sarimsoq festivali tortishish va Prezident Tramp qurollangan tarafdorlar guruhi bilan o'tkazilgan alohida uchrashuvdan so'ng o'z pozitsiyasini o'zgartirmasdan oldin uchrashuvda fon tekshiruvlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini ta'kidladi, agar u prezident etib saylansa, buklanmasligini va umumbashariy tekshiruvlardan o'tishini ta'minlashini aytdi.[16]

Jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash

Senatning veb-saytida yozilishicha, Hennepin okrugining advokati bo'lib ishlagan paytida Klobuchar "Minnesota shtatining birinchi og'ir jinoyat qonunini muvaffaqiyatli qabul qilishning etakchi advokati" bo'lgan.[17] Shuningdek, u okrug prokurori bo'lib ishlagan paytida zo'ravonlik va mansab jinoyatchilarini ta'qib qilishga e'tibor qaratdi.[17]

Erik T. Shnayderman, Nyu-York shtati Bosh prokurori, Klobucharning telefon o'g'irlanishiga qarshi qonunchilik harakatlarini yuqori baholadi.[18] 2017 yilda u homiylikni o'z zimmasiga oldi Al Franken Franken jinsiy zo'ravonlikda ayblanganidan keyin huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlariga jinsiy tajovuz va boshqa shikastlanishlardan omon qolganlarni qanday qilib so'roq qilish bo'yicha ta'lim olish uchun grantlar berish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi.[19]

2011 yilda Klobuchar S.978 ni taqdim etdi Tijorat jinoyatlar oqimini boshqarish to'g'risidagi qonun, ruxsatsiz amalga oshiradigan qonun loyihasi oqim ning mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan "tijorat afzalligi yoki shaxsiy moliyaviy daromad" maqsadida material a jinoyat ostida AQSh mualliflik huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun. Tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan AQSh savdo palatasi va sanoat guruhlari tomonidan maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan qonunchilik, mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan kontentning videokliplarini translatsiya qilgan yoki jamoat saytlariga joylashtirganlarga nisbatan qo'llaniladi, deb tan olgan tanqidchilar orasida juda mashhur bo'lmagan. YouTube.[20][21]

Iqtisodiyot

Qishloq xo'jaligi

2018 yil mart oyida Klobuchar va Respublika Jon Thune "Qishloq xo'jaligi ma'lumotlari to'g'risida" gi qonunni taqdim etdi. Qishloq xo'jaligi kotibiga "yopiq tabiatni muhofaza qilish amaliyotining ekinlarning hosildorligini oshirish, tuproq salomatligi va boshqa yo'llar bilan xatarlarni kamaytirish va fermer xo'jaliklarini yaxshilashga ta'sirlari bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlarni yig'ish, birlashtirish, birlashtirish va bog'lashga yo'naltiradi. ranch rentabelligi "bilan bir qatorda qishloq xo'jaligi kotibiga maxfiy bulutga asoslangan konservatsiya va fermer xo'jaliklarining mahsuldorligi bo'yicha ma'lumotlar omborini shakllantirish imkoniyatini berish bilan bir qatorda, ko'plab tahlillar yozuvlarini saqlaydi. Klobucharning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu qonun loyihasi "mehnatsevar dehqonlar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligining o'z ishlarini soddalashtirish, hosildorlikni oshirish va foydani oshirish uchun ulkan resurslaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini beradi".[22]

2019 yil mart oyida Klobuchar maktub imzolagan 38 senatordan biri edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining qishloq xo'jaligi vaziri Sonny Perdue sut mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaradigan fermerlar "bozordagi beqarorlikka duch kelishda davom etmoqda va barqaror past narxlarning to'rtinchi yilida omon qolish uchun kurashmoqda" degan ogohlantirish va o'z bo'limini "ushbu fermerlarni sut marjini qoplash dasturini ko'rib chiqishga qat'iy rag'batlantirishga" chaqirgan.[23]

2019 yil may oyida Klobuchar va boshqa sakkiz nafar demokrat senator Perduega xat jo'natishdi, ular USDA-dan cho'chqa go'shti sotib olgani uchun tanqid qildilar. JBS AQSh va kompaniyalarning "ushbu ma'muriyatning savdo siyosati bilan kurashayotgan amerikalik fermerlarga yordam berishga mo'ljallangan AQSh soliq to'lovchilaridan" mablag 'olishlari "teskari va qarama-qarshi" ekanligini yozdi. Senatorlar bo'limdan "ushbu tovarlarni sotib olish amerikalik fermerning pastki qismiga ko'proq foyda keltiradigan tarzda amalga oshirilishini ta'minlashni talab qilishdi - bu xorijiy korporatsiyalarning biznes manfaatlari emas".[24]

Kompaniyaning birlashishi va qoidalari

2019 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar sakkiz senatordan biri bo'lib, unga xat imzolagan Federal aloqa komissiyasi va Adliya vazirligi tartibga soluvchilar o'rtasida taklif qilingan 26 milliard dollarlik birlashishni rad etish tarafdori T-Mobile va Sprint, so'nggi 30 yil ichida amerikalik ijrochilar "telekommunikatsiya bozorlarida kuchli raqobatni kuchaytirish har bir amerikalikni yuqori sifatli va zamonaviy aloqa vositalariga o'rtacha narxlarda foydalanish imkoniyatini berishning eng yaxshi usuli" deb tushunganligini yozgan va birlashish natijaga olib keladi. "amerikaliklar og'ir konsolidatsiya qilingan bozorlarning qora kunlariga va kamroq raqobatga, natijada barcha zararlar bilan" qaytish.[25]

2019 yil mart oyida Klobuchar oltita senatordan biri bo'lgan Federal savdo komissiyasi (FTC) undan "iqtisodiyotimizni ishchilarga qarshi kurashda raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan qoidalar balosiga qarshi kurashish uchun boshqa vositalar bilan bir qatorda qonunni buzuvchi vakolatlaridan foydalanishni" so'rab va raqobatbardosh qoidalar "ularning ish qobiliyatini cheklash bilan zarar etkazadi" degan fikrni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. muqobil ish qidirib toping, bu esa ularni ish beruvchisi bilan yaxshi ish haqi yoki ish sharoitlari to'g'risida savdolashish uchun ozgina imkoniyatga ega bo'ladi. " Senatorlar bundan tashqari, FTC iste'molchilarni ham, ishchilarni ham himoya qilish mas'uliyatiga ega ekanligini va "iqtisodiyotda raqobatdosh bo'lmaganlarning ko'payishidan kelib chiqqan raqobatga qarshi jiddiy zararlar" bilan bog'liq muammolarini hal qilish uchun "qat'iyatli harakat qilishlari" kerakligini ta'kidladilar.[26]

2019 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar oltita boshqa senat demokratlarini FTC va Adliya vazirligiga "ko'plari FTC va Adliya vazirligini ushbu bozorlardagi potentsial raqobatbardosh faoliyatni tekshirishga chaqirdi", deb yozgan maktublarni imzolashda etakchilik qildi, ayniqsa muhim xorijiy raqobat nazoratchilari tomonidan aynan shu kompaniyalarga nisbatan amalga oshirilgan ijro choralari "va ikkala idoradan har bir kompaniyaga nisbatan ular tomonidan antitrestlik tekshiruvlari ochilgan yoki ochilmaganligini tasdiqlash va ikkala idora ham ushbu tergov natijalarini jamoatchilikka e'lon qilishlarini va'da qilishlarini so'rashdi.[27]

Uy-joy

2019 yil aprel oyida Klobuchar qirq bitta senatordan biri bo'lib, uy-joy quyi qo'mitasiga ikki tomonlama xatga imzo chekdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Uy-joy qurilishi va shaharsozlik vazirligi 4-bo'lim Imkoniyatlarni kuchaytirish dasturi "HUDni butun mamlakat bo'ylab mahalliy hamjamiyatni rivojlantirish korporatsiyalariga (CDC) ta'lim berish, o'qitish va moliyaviy ko'mak berish uchun milliy notijorat jamoat tashkilotlari bilan hamkorlik qilish huquqini beruvchi" va "Prezident Trampning byudjeti" dan umidsizlikni bildirgan holda "ushbu dasturni rejalashtirmoqda. o'nlab yillar davomida muvaffaqiyatli iqtisodiy va jamiyat rivojlanishidan keyin yo'q qilish uchun. " Senatorlar, quyi qo'mita 2020-moliya yilida 4-bo'limni doimiy ravishda moliyalashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga umid qilishlarini yozdilar.[28]

Mehnat to'g'risidagi qonunlar

2019 yil iyul oyida Klobuchar maktubni imzoladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vaziri Aleksandr Akosta AQShning Ish xavfsizligi va sog'lig'i bo'yicha ma'muriyatining 20 may kuni Chikagodagi bir guruh ishchilari tomonidan yuborilgan shikoyat bo'yicha to'liq tekshiruvni boshlashini qo'llab-quvvatlagan. McDonald's mijozlar bilan o'zaro munosabatlarni o'z ichiga olgan ish joyidagi zo'ravonlik hodisalari, masalan, mijozlar issiq kofe uloqtirish va xodimlarni o'qotar qurol bilan qo'rqitish va boshqalarni o'z ichiga olgan. Senatorlar McDonald's "o'z xodimlarini himoya qilish uchun ko'proq harakat qilishlari mumkin va kerak edi, ammo ish beruvchilar xavfsiz ish joyini ta'minlash bo'yicha o'z majburiyatlarini jiddiy qabul qilmaydi, agar OSHA ishchilar xavf-xatarga ega bo'lmagan ish joyiga bo'lgan huquqlarini ta'minlamasa" deb ta'kidladilar.[29]

2019 yil iyul oyida Royster Porterning Teamsters 238 kasaba uyushmasidan vaqtinchalik ishchilarni himoya qilish uchun prezident sifatida nima qilishini so'raganida, Klobuchar birinchi navbatda "odamlarning uyushishini osonlashtirish" kerak edi va kasaba uyushma tashkilotchilari "Ayova va butun mamlakatga tushuntirish kerak - bu prezident ishchilarga qarshi chiqaman degan ishchilarga bergan va'dasini bajarmadi".[30]

Soliq

2017 yil iyul oyida Canal Park Brewing-ga ekskursiya paytida mikro pivo ishlab chiqaradigan korxonalar uchun soliqni kamaytirishni targ'ib qilish chog'ida Klobuchar ularning Qo'shma Shtatlardagi ish joylari ekanligi va hech qaerga ketmasligini va bitta narsa "bu kichikroq narsalar" ning rag'batlantirilishi ekanligini aytdi. korxonalar va ayniqsa ushbu kichik pivo zavodlari. " U soliq imtiyozlari ilgari kiritilganligini tan oldi, ammo shu yil oxirigacha rejalashtirilgan soliq islohoti doirasida "Ichimlikni modernizatsiya qilish va soliq islohotlari to'g'risida" gi qonun qabul qilinishi mumkinligini bildirdi.[31]

2019 yilda Klobuchar "Oltin yulduz" oilaviy soliq imtiyozlari to'g'risidagi qonunning homiysi bo'lgan. 2017 yilgi soliqlarni qisqartirish va ish o'rinlari to'g'risidagi qonun ota-onalarning mudofaa vazirligidan boquvchisini yo'qotganlarga beriladigan nafaqa uchun soliqni oshirganligi 37 foizgacha, 2017 yilgi soliq hisobotidan oldin o'rtacha 12 foizdan 15 foizgacha bo'lgan. Yangiliklar nashrida Klobuchar "2017 yilgi soliq qonunchiligida bizning Gold Star oilalariga asossiz ravishda og'irlik tug'dirgan qabul qilinishi mumkin bo'lmagan xato haqida bilganida, men va mening hamkasblarim muammoni hal qilish uchun darhol harakat qildik", deb ta'kidladilar. Qonun loyihasi 2019 yil may oyida Senatda qabul qilingan.[32]

Savdo

2010 yilda Klobuchar qarshi chiqdi Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi "chunki u taklif qilingan qonunchilik amerikalik ishchilar uchun etarlicha kuchli yoki yo'qligidan xavotirda edi".[33]

Ta'lim

2019 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar bepul jamoat kollejlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytib, hamma uchun to'rt yillik kollejni bepul o'qishga qarshi chiqdi. [34]

2019 yil mart oyida Klobuchar maktub imzolagan 13 senatordan biri edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ta'lim vaziri Betsy Devos Ta'lim bo'limini yordam berish uchun ko'proq narsani qilishga chaqirish Argosy universiteti talabalar AQSh bo'ylab talabalar turar joyi yopilishiga duch kelishgan va Ta'lim departamentini talabalarni himoya qilish uchun etarli choralar ko'rmaganligi yoki ularni doimiy yangilanishlar to'g'risida xabardor qilib turmasliklari sababli tanqid qilishgan.[35]

2019 yil iyul oyida Klobuchar murojaat qildi Milliy ta'lim assotsiatsiyasi, uning birinchi rejasi ko'chmas mulk solig'ini o'zgartirish orqali moliyalashtiriladigan o'qituvchilar uchun ish haqini ko'paytirish ekanligini aytdi va Qo'shma Shtatlar "agar biz maktablarimizga sarmoya kiritmasak, dunyo bilan raqobatlashmoqchi emasmiz" deb ogohlantirdi. "[36]

Atrof muhit

Iqlim o'zgarishi

2014 yil dekabr oyida Klobuchar oltita demokrat senatorlardan biri bo'lib, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligiga davlatlarni elektr stantsiyalari to'g'risidagi qoidalariga rioya qilishlari uchun ko'proq vaqt berishni talab qilgan maktubni imzoladi, chunki yakuniy qoida "loyihalash uchun etarli vaqtni ta'minlashi kerak. va bunday katta hajmdagi kapitalni talab qiladigan infratuzilmani qurish "va yakuniy qoidada 2020 yilga mo'ljallangan maqsadlarni yo'q qilishga chaqirish, bu EPAning 2030 yilgacha uglerodni 30 foizga kamaytirishga erishish maqsadi sifatida davlatlar 2020 yilgacha chora ko'rishi kerak.[37]

2018 yil noyabr oyida Tramp ma'muriyati iqlim o'zgarishi to'g'risidagi hisobotni e'lon qildi, agar AQSh o'z siyosatini o'zgartirmasa, oqibatlari yomon bo'lishi haqida ogohlantirdi. Hisobot, odatda, yilning eng sekin yangiliklar kunlaridan biri bo'lgan Shukur qilish kunidan keyingi kun e'lon qilindi. Klobuchar ma'muriyat rasmiylari "ozroq e'tiborni jalb qilishga urinadigan kunni tanlay olmaganliklarini" ta'kidladilar va "boshqa odamlar hech qanday natija bermagani uchun" ko'plab odamlar hisobotga umumiy ma'lumot olish uchun ro'yxatdan o'tmoqdalar "degan javobni qaytarishdi. hisobot jamoatchilikka e'lon qilingan kuni e'tiborni tortadigan yangiliklar. U Parij kelishuviga qo'shilgan Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan bir qatorda, issiqxona gazlari qoidalari va gaz kilometrlari standartlarini amalga oshirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[38]

2018 yil noyabr oyida Klobuchar 25 demokrat senatorlaridan biri bo'lib, ushbu qarorga javoban qarorni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha hukumatlararo hay'at (IPCC) hisoboti va milliy iqlimni baholash. Qarorda senatorlar xulosalarni qabul qilishlari va iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi dadil harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini tasdiqladilar.[39]

2019 yil fevral oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida Bret Bayer, Klobuchardan qanday qilib ovoz berishini so'rashdi Yashil yangi bitim agar u Senatda ovoz berishga kelgan bo'lsa, "Men buni intiluvchan deb bilaman, uni sakrashning boshlanishi deb bilaman. Shunday qilib, men" ha "deb ovoz bergan bo'lar edim, lekin agar u biron bir ovozga etib ketmasa amaldagi qonunchilikdan farqli o'laroq, "oh, bizda ba'zi maqsadlar bor", bu men uchun boshqacha bo'lar edi. " Klobuchar, senator hamkasbi tomonidan Yashil Yangi Bitim doirasida qo'llab-quvvatlanganidek, u "munozarani tez boshlash uchun" bo'lganligini qo'shimcha qildi. Ed Marki.[40]

2019 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar Prezident Trampning mablag'lardan foydalanishga to'sqinlik qiladigan Xalqaro iqlim bo'yicha javobgarlik to'g'risidagi qonunni joriy etgan qirq to'rt senatordan biri edi. Parij kelishuvi va prezident ma'muriyatini buning o'rniga AQSh uchun Parij shartnomasi bo'yicha o'z majburiyatini bajarishiga imkon beradigan strategik rejani ishlab chiqishga yo'naltirish.[41]

2019 yil iyun oyida, keyin Politico deb xabar berdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligi asosan o'z iqlim ilmini targ'ib qilishni to'xtatgan, Klobuchar Qishloq xo'jaligi kotibi Sonni Perduega Qishloq xo'jaligi departamentidan ba'zi tadqiqotlarni e'lon qilmaslik uchun tushuntirish berishni so'rab xat yuborgan va iqlimshunoslik bilan bog'liq har qanday [Qishloq xo'jaligi tadqiqotlari xizmati] tadqiqotini zudlik bilan chiqarilishini talab qilgan. e'tiborsiz qoldirildi, ahamiyatsiz qoldirildi yoki uning natijalari to'xtatildi. "[42]

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish

2017 yil yanvar oyida Klobuchar O'rta G'arbiy va Vayoming shtatlaridagi kulrang bo'rilarning federal himoyasini bekor qiladigan qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi besh senatordan biri edi. Vayoming, Viskonsin, Minnesota va Michigan yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlar ro'yxatidan.[43]

2019 yil may oyida Klobuchar va respublika Jeyms Rish "Rekreatsiya yo'llari" dasturini moliyalashtirishning "Shaffofligi to'g'risida" gi qonunni qayta tikladi Qo'shma Shtatlar transport vaziri dasturni moliyalashtirishning tegishli darajasini aniqlashda Kongressga yordam berish maqsadida Dam olish yo'llari dasturiga kiritilgan shosse bo'lmagan rekreatsion yoqilg'i soliqlari miqdori to'g'risida hisobot berish. Klobuchar atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishni "MINNESOTA merosining asosiy qismi" deb atadi va qonun loyihasi "davlatlar kelajak avlodlarni himoya qilish va takomillashtirish uchun zarur bo'lgan resurslarni olishlariga yordam beradi" dedi.[44]

Suvning ifloslanishi

2019 yil may oyida Klobuchar va respublika Marko Rubio suvni ifloslanishini boshqarish uchun davlatlarga o'z dasturlarini ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirish uchun mablag 'ajratish imkoniyatini taqdim etgan Atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligining (EPA) 319-bo'limining grant dasturini qayta tasdiqlaydigan ikki tomonlama qonun loyihasi - Mahalliy suvni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni taqdim etdi. Qonun loyihasida 319-bo'limni moliyalashtirish yiliga 70 million dollardan 2024-moliyaviy yilgacha 200 million dollarga ko'paytirildi. Klobucharning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning shtati "10 000 ko'lning sifatiga jiddiy yondashadi va biz hammamiz ushbu muhim suv yo'llarining sifatini saqlab qolmoqchimiz" kelajak avlodlar uchun "va" qonun loyihasi "mahalliy va shtat hukumatlariga o'zlarining suvlari toza va zararli ifloslantiruvchi moddalardan xoli bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun eng yaxshi ixtiyoriy tabiatni muhofaza qilish dasturlarini yaratish uchun zarur resurslarni beradi."[45]

Yog'ochdan yasalgan qurilish

2016 yil may oyida Klobuchar tomonidan qabul qilingan ikki tomonlama qonun loyihasi - Timber Innovation Act-ning homiysi edi. Mayk Krapo va Debbi Stabenov Bu o'rmon mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha milliy laboratoriya hamda Amerika kollejlari va universitetlari tomonidan investitsiyalarni rag'batlantirib, yog'och qurilishining muqobil usullari bo'yicha izlanishlar va ishlanmalar olib boradi. Qonun loyihasi, shuningdek, Qishloq xo'jaligi departamentining baland binolar uchun qurilish materiali sifatida ishlatiladigan yog'och mahsulotlarini yanada qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan urinishlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[46]

Hukumat nazorati

Aksiyani moliyalashtirish

2019 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar va senator Mark Uorner (D-Virjiniya) AQShda kampaniyani moliyalashtirish to'g'risidagi federal qonunlarni siyosiy nomzod nomini olgan va chet el fuqarolari tomonidan platformalarda paydo bo'ladigan reklamalarni sotib olishni taqiqlovchi qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqadigan "Reklama dollarlarini tarqatish bo'yicha xalqaro dushmanlarning oldini olish" (PAID AD) to'g'risidagi qonunni taqdim etdi. saylov yili o'rtasida. Klobuchar bayonot berib, razvedka hamjamiyati xorijiy kuchlarni Amerika saylovlariga aralashishda davom etayotgani va xorijiy amaldorlar va hukumatlardan siyosiy reklamalarni sotib olishlarini taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonunlarni o'zgartirayotganligini aniqlaganini ta'kidlab, "Amerika saylovlari adolatli va adolatli o'tishini ta'minlash uchun zarur".[47]

Saylov xavfsizligi

2017 yil yanvar oyida Klobuchar oltita demokrat senatorlardan biri bo'lib, Rossiyaning siyosiy tizimlarga bo'lgan kiber hujumlarini tekshirish va ruslarning Amerika saylovlariga aralashishga qaratilgan harakatlarini tekshirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan mustaqil advokatni shakllantirishi mumkin edi. topilmalar va Kongressga tavsiyalar.[48]

2017 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar 25 nafar senatorni Saylovga ko'maklashish bo'yicha komissiyaga (EAC) maktubni imzolashda etakchilik qilib, komissiyadan davlat va mahalliy amaldorlarga kiberxavfsizlik muammolarini batafsil bayon etishni, ularning kelajakdagi saylovlarni himoya qilish va 2016 yilgi saylovlarni Rossiya xakerlaridan himoya qilishga urinishlari fonida tafsilotlarni so'radi.[49]

2017 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar Milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchiga xat yubordi XR Makmaster Rossiyaning 2016 yilgi saylovlarga aralashishga uringani haqidagi da'volar yuzasidan Senatning Reglament qo'mitasi bilan uchrashishni so'rab, Senat "bo'lajak saylovlar chet el aralashuvidan saqlanishini ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishi" zarurligini ta'kidladi. Rossiya saylovga qay darajada aralashgani va Makmasterni "muhim infratuzilmani zudlik bilan ommaviy ravishda himoya qilish uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni" ko'rib chiqishga chaqirdi.[50]

2017 yil oktyabr oyida Klobuchar va Virjiniya senatori Mark Uorner ochdi Halol reklama to'g'risidagi qonun matbuot anjumanida, katta raqamli platformalar uchun vakolatli qonunchilik o'z saytlarida paydo bo'ladigan pulli siyosiy reklama omborini saqlaydi va "translyatsiya qilingan televidenie va radio bilan taqqoslaganda onlayn ravishda siyosiy faoliyat qanday tartibga solinishi o'rtasida katta farq bo'lgan" ni bekor qiladi. Ushbu qonun loyihasi Facebook, Inc tomonidan o'tgan oyda o'tkazilgan vahiyga javob bo'lib, unda kompaniya saylovlar bilan bog'liq 100 ming dollardan ortiq reklama uchun mas'ul bo'lgan 500 ga yaqin haqiqiy bo'lmagan akkauntlarni ochib berganligi va hisoblarning Rossiya bilan bog'liqligini tasdiqlagan.[51]

2017-yil 21-dekabrda Klobuchar "Xavfsiz saylovlar to'g'risida" gi qonunni, ovoz berishning eskirgan texnologiyalarini yangilash uchun shtatlarga beriladigan grantlarni blokirovka qilishga ruxsat beruvchi qonunchilikni hamda kiberxavfsizlikni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan mustaqil ekspertlar guruhi uchun dastur tuzgan olti senatordan biri bo'ldi. keyinchalik davlatlar amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan saylov tizimlari bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar va tavsiyalarni o'rnatish uchun shtatlarga resurslarni taklif qilish.[52]

2018 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar va Sherrod Braun "Saylovchilarni saqlash to'g'risida" gi qonunni taqdim etdi, bu qonun "Saylovchilarni ro'yxatga olish to'g'risida" gi milliy qonunga tuzatish sifatida xizmat qiladi, shu bilan birga davlat biron bir kishining ovoz berolmaganligi yoki davlat xabarnomasiga javob berolmaganligi sababli ularni saylovchilar ro'yxatidan olib tashlash uchun foydalana olmaydi. Ogayo shtati Oliy sudining shu oyning boshida shtatning "undan foydalanish yoki uni yo'qotish" siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatlash to'g'risidagi qaroriga ishora qilib, Klobuchar shunday dedi: "Biz saylovlarda ishtirok etishni rag'batlantirish va ovoz berish huquqlarini kuchaytirish uchun qo'limizdan kelgan barcha ishni qilishimiz kerak, ammo o'tgan hafta Oliy Sud qarori shtatlarga ko'proq amerikaliklarning ovoz berishini qiyinlashtirishi mumkin - oson emas. "[53]

2018 yil avgust oyida, intervyu paytida NBC Matbuot bilan tanishing, Klobuchar, Prezident Trumpning Rossiyaning 2016 yilgi saylovlarga aralashuvini past baholaganligi milliy xavfsizlikka tahdid tug'dirganini va u razvedka hamjamiyati a'zolarini tinglashini istaganini aytdi ", ammo hozirda bizda mavjud bo'lgan narsa - bu kamida demokratlar va Senatdagi respublikachilar va demokratiyamizni himoya qilishning umumiy maqsadi. " Klobuchar "bu kengaytirilganini ko'rishni juda istardim, shuning uchun biz elektr tarmoqlari tizimimizga tahdidlarni, moliyaviy tizimimizga tahdidlarni ham muhokama qilishni boshlaymiz, chunki ruslar saylov uskunalari bilan to'xtamayapti" dedi.[54]

2018 yil noyabr oyida Klobuchar va Respublika Dan Sallivan Amerikaning notijorat guruhlariga saylovlar xavfsizligi bo'yicha ishlash va boshqa mamlakatlarning shu kabi guruhlari bilan ma'lumot almashish uchun grantlar taqdim etadigan yangi Davlat departamenti dasturini yaratish uchun qonunchilikni joriy etdi.[55]

2019 yil aprel oyida Klobuchar rahbarlik qilgan maktubni imzolagan o'n ikki demokrat senatordan biri edi Mazi Xirono bu Bosh prokurorning qarorini shubha ostiga qo'ydi Uilyam Barr "Prezidentning xatti-harakatlari odil sudlovga to'sqinlik qilmasligi to'g'risida o'z xulosasini" taklif qilish va Adliya vazirligining bosh inspektorini ham, Kasbiy javobgarlik idorasini ham Barrning Myuller hisobotidagi xulosasi va uning 18 apreldagi yangiliklari to'g'risida tekshiruv o'tkazishga chaqirdi. konferentsiya chalg'ituvchi edi.[56]

2019 yil 27-iyun kuni Mayami Demokratik partiyasi muhokamasi paytida Klobuchar ogohlantirdi: "Biz respublikachilarga o'z saylovlarimizni o'tkazishiga ruxsat beramiz va agar biz Rossiyaning saylovlarga aralashuvi to'g'risida biror narsa qilmasak va Mitch Makkonellga barcha zaxira qog'ozli byulletenlarni to'xtatishga ruxsat bersak, unda biz nima qilishni xohlasak, shuni qilolmaymiz. "[57]

2019 yil iyulda Klobuchar va Rod-Aylend senatori Jek Rid Milliy xavfsizlik (DHS) kotibi vazifasini bajaruvchisiga xat yubordi Kevin McAleenan ovoz berish uskunalarining "kutilmagan xatti-harakatlari" ga javoban DHS tomonidan amalga oshirilgan harakatlar to'g'risida tushuntirish so'rash Durham okrugi, Shimoliy Karolina 2016 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari paytida va "biz 2016 yilda yuz bergan hujumlar darajasi to'g'risida iloji boricha ko'proq ma'lumotga ega bo'lishimiz va bu saboqlarni iloji boricha kengroq bo'lishimiz juda muhim, shunda xalqimiz to'liq tayyor bo'lishi kerak" 2020 yilgi saylovlar. "[58]

Hukumat nazorati

2007 yil avgust oyida Klobuchar 16 demokrat senator va 41 demokrat kongressmenlaridan biri bo'lib ovoz bergan 2007 yildagi Amerikani himoya qiling tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilingan fuqarolik erkinliklari.[59][60] Biroq, Klobuchar ovoz berishga qarshi ovoz berdi huquqiy immunitet bilan hamkorlik qilgan telekom korporatsiyalariga NSA kafil bo'lmagan kuzatuv dasturi.[61]

Klobuchar foydalanishni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qoidani o'z ichiga olgan 2008 yildagi razvedka xizmatini avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi suv kemalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan.[62]

Eshitish paytida AQSh Oliy sudi nomzod Elena Kagan, Klobuchar senator bilan rozi emas edi Tom Koburn (R-Oklaxoma) nomzodni so'nggi 30 yil ichida amerikaliklar "erkinlikni yo'qotayotgani" haqidagi tushunchasi to'g'risida so'roq qilganida. Klobucharning ta'kidlashicha, Koburn "erkin jamiyat" ayollarning hukumat tarkibida kam vakili bo'lgan, shu jumladan Oliy sudda yoki Senat Adliya qo'mitasi.[63]

Aholini ro'yxatga olish

2019 yil iyun oyida Klobuchar rahbarlik qilgan maktubni imzolagan 28 senatordan biri edi Brayan Shats ga Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari savdo vaziri Uilbur Ross Ross "2020 yilgi ro'yxatga olish materiallariga fuqarolik masalasini qo'shishga urinishni davom ettirish orqali" Aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosining AQSh Konstitutsiyasi va Aholini ro'yxatga olish to'g'risidagi qonuni talab qilganidek, o'n yillik ro'yxatga olishni to'liq, adolatli va aniq o'tkazish qobiliyatini yanada kechiktirishi va xavf ostiga qo'yishi "haqida ogohlantirdi. Senatorlar Rossni "Aholini ro'yxatga olish byurosiga 2020 yilgi ro'yxatga olish uchun tayyorgarlik bilan anketada fuqaroligi to'g'risida savol bermasdan boshlashga ruxsat berishga" chaqirishdi.[64]

Hukumatning yopilishi

2019 yil mart oyida Klobuchar va yana o'ttiz sakkiz senator mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha qo'mitaga xat imzoladilar, unda pudratchilar va ularning oilalarini ko'paytirish orqali "hukumat yopilishi uchun ular hech qanday sabab bo'lmaganligi uchun jazolanmasligi kerak" deb yozilgan. Kongressning har ikkala palatasi, agar qabul qilinsa, pudratchilarning ish haqining yo'qolgan ish haqi uchun kompensatsiya uchun qaytarib to'lashni mablag 'ajratish bo'yicha Qo'mitani "2019 yil uchun qo'shimcha mablag' ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga yoki 2020 yil uchun muntazam ajratmalar jarayonining bir qismi sifatida pudratchilar uchun ish haqini qaytarib berishni" talab qilishdan oldin qaytarib berishni ta'minlaydi.[65]

Tashqi siyosat

Bilan Klobuchar Lindsi Grem va Jon Makkeyn yilda Latviya 2016 yilda

2007 yil mart oyida Klobuchar Senatdagi hamkasblari bilan Iroqqa rasmiy safarga bordi Sheldon Whitehouse, Jon E. Sununu va Liza Murkovski. Uning ta'kidlashicha, AQSh askarlari o'z ishlarini yakunlashmoqda va iroqliklarni tayyorlash uchun mashaqqatli ish olib borishmoqda.[66]

Klobuchar Prezidentga qarshi chiqdi Jorj V.Bush rejalashtirmoqda Iroqdagi qo'shinlar sonini oshirish 2007 yil yanvar oyida.[67] 2007 yil may oyida, Bush qo'shinlarni moliyalashtiradigan, ammo Iroq urushiga cheklovlar qo'yadigan qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ygandan so'ng (Klobuchar unga ovoz berdi) va tarafdorlari uning vetosini bekor qilish uchun etarlicha Kongress ovozini ololmadilar, Klobuchar Iroq uchun qo'shimcha mablag 'uchun ovoz berdi bunday vaqt chegaralari,[68] u "shunchaki bizning askarlarimizni savdo-sotiq chiplari sifatida ishlatishni o'ylab topolmadim" dedi.[69]

2010 yil dekabrda Klobuchar ratifikatsiya qilish uchun ovoz berdi Yangi START,[70] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va. o'rtasida yadro qurolini kamaytirish to'g'risidagi shartnoma Rossiya Federatsiyasi kelgusi etti yil ichida har ikkala davlatga 1,550 dan oshmaydigan strategik jangovar kallaklar va 700 ta raketalarni joylashtirish majburiyatini yuklaydi va joyida tekshiruvlarni davom ettirishni to'xtatadi. Men boshlayman o'tgan yil tugagan. Bu sakkiz yil ichida Rossiya bilan qurol-yarog'lar to'g'risidagi birinchi shartnoma edi.[71]

2011 yilda Klobuchar amerikalikni qo'llab-quvvatladi Liviyaga harbiy aralashuv.[72]

2016 yil oktyabr oyida Klobuchar Prezidentga maktubni imzolagan 12 senatordan biri edi Barak Obama undash uning ma'muriyati "oshirish uchun barcha variantlarni ko'rib chiqish Xitoy Xalqaro savdo majburiyatlarini bajarishi, shu jumladan ittifoqchilarimiz bilan olib borilishi mumkin bo'lgan ish Jahon savdo tashkiloti va Xitoy bilan boshqa savdo muzokaralari pauzasi, masalan, Ikki tomonlama investitsiya shartnomasi muzokaralari "va AQSh po'lat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalari va po'lat ishlab chiqaruvchilari faqatgina kerakli darajadagi yordamni olishlarini ta'kidlashdi, ammo" bizning global strategiyamizning ortiqcha salohiyatini kamaytirish " .[73]

2017 yil mart oyida Klobuchar va senator Jon Kornin (R-Texas) Mudofaa vazirligi tomonidan Sinay yarim oroliga joylashtirilgan joylarni jangovar zonalar vazifalari sifatida qayta tasniflash majburiyatini yuklaydigan qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi, bu esa taklif qilingan kelishuvdan kelib chiqqan holda tegishli soliq imtiyozlari bilan to'ldirilgan. Klobuchar “Terroristik guruhlar kabi IShID butun mintaqa bo'ylab tarqaldi, ushbu harbiy xizmatchilar duch keladigan xavf kuchaydi. Sinayda xizmat qilayotganlar uchun imtiyozlarga oid amaldagi qoidalar ushbu yangi tahdidlarni aks ettirmaydi. "[74]

2017 yil noyabr oyida, tomonidan qilingan sa'y-harakatlarga javoban Xitoy AQShda joylashgan texnologik kompaniyalarni sotib olish uchun, Klobuchar AQSh hukumatining AQShdagi xorijiy investitsiyalar qo'mitasi (CFIUS) kuchini oshirish orqali AQSh hukumatining AQSh firmalarining xorijiy xaridlarini oldini olish bo'yicha imkoniyatlarini kengaytiradigan qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi to'qqiz senatordan biri edi. . CFIUSning ko'lami kengaytirilib, ehtimol kichikroq investitsiyalarni qisqartirish va CFIUS uchun amerikaliklar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar operatsiyalarning bir qismi sifatida oshkor etilishi yoki bitim firibgarlikni osonlashtiradimi yoki yo'qligini hisobga olish uchun qo'shimcha milliy xavfsizlik omillarini kiritish bilan bir qatorda ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin.[75]

2018 yil may oyida Klobuchar Prezidentga maktubni imzolagan 12 senatordan biri edi Donald Tramp ichida qolishga undaydi Eron yadroviy shartnomasi "Eron bitimda qolishi va AQShni eng yaqin sheriklarimizdan ajratib qo'yishi yoki" agar AQSh chiqib ketsa va ikkala imkoniyat ham "bizning milliy xavfsizlik manfaatlarimizga zarar etkazishi mumkin bo'lsa" yadro faoliyatini qayta boshlashi mumkin.[76]

2018 yil mart oyida Klobuchar boshchiligidagi qarorni qabul qilishga qarshi ovoz berdi Berni Sanders, Kris Merfi va Mayk Li bu Trampdan Amerika qo'shinlarini olib kirish yoki ularga ta'sir qilishni talab qilishi kerak edi Yaman keyingi 30 kun ichida, agar ular kurashmasa Al-Qoida.[77] 2018 yil oktyabr oyida Klobuchar maktub imzolagan sakkiz senatordan biri edi Milliy razvedka direktori Dan Coats razvedka hamjamiyati saudiyalik jurnalistga tahdidlar to'g'risida nima bilganligi to'g'risida maxfiy brifingni so'rash Jamol Xashogi senatorlar o'zlarining "nazorat majburiyatini" bajarishlari uchun.[78]

2019 yil yanvar oyida, quyidagi Xuan Gaydo o'z-o'zini vaqtincha e'lon qilish Venesuela prezidenti, Dedi Klobuchar HuffPost u oppozitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatladi Nikolas Maduro.[79]

2019 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar Isroilning boykotga qarshi qonuni, bu davlatlarga qarshi boykot qilgan pudratchilar bilan ish olib borishni rad etishni qonuniylashtirishi mumkin Isroil.[80]

2019 yil aprel oyida Klobuchar Prezident Trampga "o'z ma'muriyatingiz a'zolarini tinglash va milliy xavfsizligimizga zarar etkazadigan va Markaziy Amerika ichidagi sharoitlarni og'irlashtiradigan qarorni bekor qilishga" da'vat etgan maktubni imzolagan 34 senatordan biri bo'lgan. Prezident bo'lganidan beri "AQShning tashqi yordami to'g'risida noto'g'ri tushuncha izhor etdi" va u 2018 yilgi moliyaviy yil milliy xavfsizligini moliyalashtirishdan foydalanishni oldini olish yo'li bilan "AQShning milliy xavfsizligi va iqtisodiy farovonligini oshirishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarni shaxsan buzayotganini" bildirdi. Senatorlar Markaziy Amerika mamlakatlariga tashqi yordam AQShga migratsiyani kamaytirganini ta'kidlab, ushbu mamlakatlardagi sharoitlarni yaxshilash uchun mablag 'ajratilganligini ta'kidladilar.[81]

Klobuchar AQShning barcha ishtirokini to'xtatishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Yamanga Saudiya Arabistoni boshchiligidagi aralashuv.[82]

Sog'liqni saqlash va xavfsizlik

Giyohvandlik siyosati

2016 yil iyun oyida respublikachilar bilan bir qatorda Chak Grassli va Mayk Li va o'rtoq demokrat Patrik Liti, Klobuchar oziq-ovqat va farmatsevtika idorasiga duch keladigan umumiy ishlab chiqaruvchilarga giyohvand moddalar namunalarini olishlari yoki xavfsizlik protokoli bilan bo'lishishga qodir emasligi uchun tovar belgilari bilan shug'ullanadigan firmalar tomonidan suiiste'mol qilinishiga ruxsat beruvchi qonun loyihasini taqdim etgan to'rt senatordan biri edi. xavfsizlik protokoli uchun namunaga kirish yoki muzokaralarni majburlashni talab qiladigan sud jarayoni. Qonun loyihasining maqsadi yirik farmatsevtika kompaniyalarining umumiy dori vositalarining bozorga kirib kelishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik maqsadida xavfsizlik qoidalaridan foydalanishni oldini olish edi.[83]

2016 yil noyabr oyida, shu bilan birga Chak Grassli va Richard Blumenthal, Klobuchar maktub yubordi Mylan Bosh ijrochi Xizer Bres Mylan harbiy xodimlardan EpiPen uchun ortiqcha haq olganligi va Mylan Mudofaa vazirligiga qachon pul to'lashini so'ragan bo'lishi mumkinligidan xavotirda.[84]

2016 yil dekabr oyida Klobuchar saylangan Prezident Trampga "ushbu maqsadga erishish uchun chora-tadbirlarni ilgari surishga" tayyor ekanliklarini aytib, retsept bo'yicha beriladigan dori-darmonlarning narxini pasaytirish bo'yicha kampaniya va'dasini bajarishni so'rab, imzo chekkan 17 senatordan biri edi. Trump haqida "jasur ma'muriy va qonunchilik harakatlari bilan retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarning yuqori narxini hal qilish uchun mazmunli choralar ko'rish uchun respublikachilar va demokratlar bilan hamkorlik qilish."[85]

2017 yil fevral oyida Klobuchar va yana o'ttiz senator opioidni oshirib yuboradigan "Evzio" moslamasini 2014 yilda 690 dollardan 4500 dollarga ko'tarilganiga javoban Kaléo Pharmaceuticals-ga xat imzoladilar va kompaniyadan Evzio uchun narxlarning batafsil tuzilishi nima ekanligini javob berishni so'radilar. xayr-ehson qilish uchun ajratilgan Kaléo farmatsevtika vositalarining soni va Evzio o'tgan yili olgan federal xarajatlarining umumiy miqdori.[86]

2017 yil mart oyida Klobuchar boshchiligidagi maktubni imzolagan yigirma bir senatordan biri edi Ed Marki Senat ko'pchilik rahbariga Mitch Makkonnell kattalar Medicaid benefitsiarlarining 12 foizida AQShda opioid va boshqa moddalarni iste'mol qilish kasalliklari uchun qo'llaniladigan davolanishning uchdan bir qismiga qo'shimcha ravishda ba'zi bir shakllar yoki giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish buzilishi bo'lganligi, Medicaid orqali moliyalashtirilishini ta'kidladi va Amerika sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun could "very literally translate into a death spiral for those with opioid use disorders" due to the insurance coverage lacking and not having the adequate funds to afford care oftentimes resulting in individuals abandoning substance use disorder treatment.[87]

In June 2018, Klobuchar co-sponsored the bipartisan DAVLATLAR to'g'risidagi qonun da taklif qilingan 115-AQSh Kongressi by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Uorren and Colorado Senator Kori Gardner shaxslar yoki korporatsiyalarni shtatdagi nasha to'g'risidagi qonunlarga muvofiq federal ijroiya organlaridan ozod qilish Boshqariladigan moddalar to'g'risidagi qonun.[88]

In February 2018, Klobuchar introduced the CARA 2.0, a follow-up bill to the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) that included imposing a three-day initial prescribing limit on opioids for acute pain along with increasing services to promote recovery and attempting to widen the availability of treatment.[89] At a news conference, Klobuchar described CARA 2.0 as "a blueprint for the country in terms of training on naloxone and in terms of authorization for money."[90]

In December 2018, Klobuchar was one of 21 senators to sign a letter to Oziq-ovqat va giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha komissar Skott Gotlib stating their approval of the actions of the Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish to hinder youth access to e-cigarettes and urging the FDA "to take additional, stronger steps to prevent and reduce e-cigarette use among youth."[91]

2019 yil yanvar oyida, Ketrin Kortez Masto announced that she and Klobuchar were sponsoring legislation authorizing "the largest purchaser of prescription medications, Medicare, to negotiate drug prices and to hold pharmaceutical companies accountable for the rising prices of prescription drugs."[92]

In June 2019, Klobuchar was one of fifteen senators to introduce the Affordable Medications Act, legislation intended to promote transparency through mandating pharmaceutical companies disclose the amount of money going toward research and development in addition to both marketing and executives' salaries. The bill also abolished the restriction that stopped the federal Medicare program from using its buying power to negotiate lower drug prices for beneficiaries and hinder drug company monopoly practices used to keep prices high and disable less expensive generics entering the market.[93]

Oziq-ovqat siyosati

When the Healthy Hungry-Free Kids Act of 2010 raised the possibility that pizza sauce would no longer be counted as a serving of vegetables in school lunches, threatening the $3 billion-dollar Schwan Company of Minnesota, Klobuchar, along with Minnesota Senator Al Franken and six Minnesota representatives, petitioned the USDA not to change the rating of tomato paste. The proposed change didn't pass.[94]

Tibbiy sug'urta

Klobuchar ovoz berdi Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 yil dekabrda[95] va 2010 yilgi sog'liqni saqlash va ta'limni yarashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.[96]In December 2012, she advocated to "repeal or reduce" the tax on medical devices included in the Affordable Care Act, as it would be harmful to businesses in her state.[97] Despite this, on September 30, 2013, Klobuchar voted to remove a provision that would repeal the medical device tax from a government funding bill in opposition to the provision being used as a condition in keeping the government open.[98][99] In January 2015, Klobuchar was one of 17 senators to co-sponsor S. 149, a bill to retroactively repeal the device excise tax.[100] She has said that the medical device tax threatens jobs, although her statements have been questioned by investigative journalists.[101][102] Medtronic spent more than any other medical device company to lobby against the device tax in 2014, with Klobuchar as one of Medtronic's top recipients of political action committee (PAC) donations.[103]

In December 2018, after U.S. District Court Judge Reed O'Connor ruled that the Affordable Care Act was unconstitutional, Klobuchar called the ruling "absurd" and said that at a time when the Trump administration "seems bound and determined to take away people's health care, we have to protect the ability of people to even have their health care even exist."[104]

In December 2018, Klobuchar was one of 42 senators to sign a letter to Trump administration officials Aleks Azar, Seema Verma va Stiv Mnuchin ma'muriyat "Muvaffaqiyatli parvarish to'g'risida" gi Qonunning 1332-bo'limidan noo'rin ravishda foydalanib, davlatlarga "millionlab iste'molchilar uchun sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlarini oshirishda va shu bilan birga avvalgi sharoitga ega bo'lgan shaxslar uchun himoyani zaiflashtirishda" vakolat berishini noto'g'ri deb da'vo qilmoqda. Senatorlar ma'muriyatdan siyosatni bekor qilishni va "manfaatdor tomonlar, shtatlar va Kongress bilan qayta aloqada bo'lishni" so'rashdi.[105]

2019 yil yanvar oyida, davomida 2018–19 yillarda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari federal hukumatining yopilishi, Klobuchar was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Oziq-ovqat va giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha komissar Skott Gotlib recognizing the efforts of the FDA to address the shutdown's effect on the public health and employees while remaining alarmed "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency’s employees and the safety and security of the nation’s food and medical products."[106]

In February 2019, Klobuchar was one of twenty-three Democratic senators to introduce the State Public Option Act, a bill that would authorize states to form a Medicaid buy-in program for all residents and thereby grant all denizens of the state the ability to buy into a state-driven Medicaid health insurance plan if they wished. Brayan Shats, qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi, qonunchilik "har bir shtatning Medicaid dasturini istagan har bir kishiga ochib beradi, odamlarga yuqori sifatli va arzon davlat tibbiy sug'urtasi imkoniyatini beradi" va uning maqsadi "har bir amerikalikning sog'liqni saqlashni kompleks qamrab olish. "[107]

In August 2019, Klobuchar was one of nineteen senators to sign a letter to Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari G'aznachilik kotibi Stiv Mnuchin va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining sog'liqni saqlash va inson xizmatlari bo'yicha kotibi Aleks Azar requesting data from the Trump administration in order to aid in the comprehension of states and Congress on potential consequences in the event that the Texas v. United States Affordable Care Act (ACA) lawsuit prevailed in courts, citing that an overhaul of the present health care system would form "an enormous hole in the pocketbooks of the people we serve as well as wreck state budgets".[108]

Temir yo'l xavfsizligi

In June 2019, Klobuchar was one of ten senators to cosponsor the Safe Freight Act, a bill that would mandate all freight trains have one or more certified conductors and one certified engineer on board who can collaborate on how to protect both the train and people living near the tracks' safety. The legislation was meant to correct a rollback of the Federal temir yo'l boshqarmasi on a proposed rule intended to establish safety standards.[109]

Recreation advocacy

Klobuchar has been an active supporter of outdoor recreation legislation, including the Recreational Trails Program (RTP). When the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee passed MAP-21, trail interests and state park officials warned that the new policy could effectively end the program by relegating recreational trail projects to competition for funding among a broad category of authorized non-highway projects.[110] Klobuchar led efforts to alter the proposal, working closely with recreation interests to develop a floor amendment that would reauthorize the RTP program unchanged. Although she faced bipartisan leadership in support of the committee's proposal, Klobuchar managed to secure acceptance of her new language by the legislation's floor manager, and she won strong bipartisan support for her amendment. The result was Senate passage in early 2012 of new surface transportation legislation, which continued RTP with $85 million in guaranteed annual funds and no significant change in its operations.[110]

Kafedra sifatida Raqobatdoshlik, innovatsiya va eksportni rivojlantirish bo'yicha kichik qo'mita, she played a key role in the 2010 passage of the Sayohatlarni targ'ib qilish to'g'risidagi qonun and the creation of Brand USA,[111] an advertising effort to recover the traditional U.S. share of the international tourism market that will highlight national parks and their natural treasures. With Klobuchar's active support, the program has been granted $100 million per annum in matching federal funding, is widely expected to bring millions of additional visitors and billions of dollars to the U.S. and its parks each year, and has become the focus of a major White House initiative.[112]

Klobuchar at Twin Cities Mag'rurlik paradi 2018 yilda

On June 6, 2012, Klobuchar received the Sheldon Coleman Great Outdoors Award at a special Great Outdoors Week celebration presented by the American Recreation Coalition.[113][114] The award, created in 1989 to honor the lifelong efforts of Sheldon Coleman, is presented to individuals whose personal efforts have contributed substantially to enhancing outdoor experiences across America. The winner is selected by a panel of 100 national recreation community leaders, ranging from corporate executives to key federal and state officials and nonprofit organization community leaders.[115] Klobuchar is the fifth woman, and the first woman serving in Congress, to receive the honor.[116]

Immigratsiya

In January 2013, Klobuchar was one of four senators to sponsor the Immigration Innovation Act, legislation intended to increase STEM visas and use the fees obtained from the aforementioned visa applications as a means of funding STEM education programs within the US.[117]

In a July 2018 interview, when asked about eliminating Immigratsiya va bojxona qonunchiligi amid other Democrats supporting abolishing the agency, Klobuchar stated, "I think what has to change are the policies, and the people that are making these policies are making horrendous decisions like separating kids from their parents." She added that the US would always "need immigration enforcement" and referred to America as "a major country with major borders", thereafter condemning the Trump administration's rhetoric on immigration: "I am just appalled by how this administration has been talking about immigrants. They don't diminish America, they are America."[118]

In January 2019, Klobuchar was one of 20 senators to sponsor the Dreamer Confidentiality Act, a bill banning the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) from passing information collected on DACA recipients to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Justice, or any other law enforcement agency with exceptions in the case of fraudulent claims, national security issues, or non-immigration related felonies.[119]

In April 2019, Klobuchar signed a letter led by Ketrin Kortez Masto to Immigrations and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Enforcement asserting that "the civil detention of an expectant mother for potential immigration offenses is never justified" due to the "absence of compelling evidence that the detention of a pregnant woman is necessary because she is a threat to herself or others, or is a threat to public safety or national security". The senators requested the CBP enact measures that would ensure "timely and appropriate treatment" for pregnant women in custody along with both agencies providing information on how available facilities and doctors are for pregnant immigrants and complete data on the number of those currently in custody.[120]

In April 2019, Klobuchar was one of nineteen senators to sign a letter to top members on the Appropriations Committee Richard Shelbi va Patrik Liti and top members of its Homeland Security subcommittee Shelley Mur Capito va Jon Tester indicating that they could not "support the appropriation of funds that would expand this administration’s unnecessarily cruel immigration enforcement policies, its inhumane immigrant detention systems, or its efforts to build the president’s vanity projects" and urging Congress to "resist efforts to raid critical and effective public safety programs in order to pay for political theatrics" as President Trump's "manufactured emergency" was not justification for "spending taxpayer dollars on an ineffective wall."[121]

In May 2019, President Trump announced an immigration plan that would move the U.S. toward a "merit-based" system favoring highly skilled workers over migrants with family members living here, Klobuchar responding that she was bothered by the plan due to "the fact that he doesn’t deal with the Dreamers, he doesn’t deal with the millions of people who came here with no fault of their own, he doesn’t deal with the 10 million people that are here now, many of whom would like to see if they follow the law, learn English, they want to be on a path to citizenship."[122]

In June 2019, following the Housing and Urban Development Department's confirmation that DACA recipients did not meet eligibility for federal backed loans, Klobuchar and eleven other senators introduced The Home Ownership Dreamers Act, legislation that mandated that the federal government was not authorized to deny mortgage loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or the Agriculture Department solely due to the immigration status of an applicant.[123]

In June 2019, Klobuchar and six other Democratic senators were led by Hawaii Senator Brayan Shats in sending letters to the Government Accountability Office along with the suspension and debarment official and inspector general at the US Department of Health and Human Services citing recent reports that showed "significant evidence that some federal contractors and grantees have not provided adequate accommodations for children in line with legal and contractual requirements" and urged officials in the government to determine whether federal contractors and grantees are in violation of contractual obligations or federal regulations and should thus face financial consequences.[124]

In July 2019, along with Kamala Xarris va Kirsten Gillibrand, Klobuchar sent a letter to the Qochqinlarni joylashtirish idorasi asserting that the agency "should be prioritizing reunification of every child as soon as possible as opposed to prolonging stays in government custody.[125]

In July 2019, following reports that the Trump administration intended to end protections of spouses, parents and children of active-duty service members from deportation, Klobuchar was one of twenty-two senators to sign a letter led by Tammi Dakuort arguing that the program allowed service members the ability "to fight for the United States overseas and not worry that their spouse, children, or parents will be deported while they are away" and that the program's termination would cause both personal hardship and a negatively impact for service members in combat.[126]

In July 2019, Klobuchar and fifteen other Senate Democrats introduced the Protecting Sensitive Locations Act which mandated that ICE agents get approval from a supervisor ahead of engaging in enforcement actions at sensitive locations with the exception of special circumstances and that agents receive annual training in addition to being required to report annually regarding enforcement actions in those locations.[127]

Jurnalistika

In July 2019, Klobuchar was one of eight senators to cosponsor the Fallen Journalists Memorial Act, a bill introduced by Ben Kardin va Rob Portman xizmat paytida halok bo'lgan jurnalistlar, fotosuratchilar va translyatorlarni sharaflash uchun Vashington shahridagi federal erlarda xususiy mablag 'bilan quriladigan va quriladigan yangi yodgorlikni yaratadi.[128]

Ijtimoiy muammolar

Bolalarni parvarish qilish

In 2019, Klobuchar and 34 other senators introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act, a bill that created 770,000 new child care jobs and that ensured families under 75 percent of the state median income did not pay for child care with higher earning families having to pay "their fair share for care on a sliding scale, regardless of the number of children they have." The legislation also supported universal access to high-quality preschool programs for all 3 and 4-year-olds and gave the child care workforce a changed compensation and training to aid both teachers and caregivers.[129]

Bolalar uchun dasturlash

In 2019, following the announcement by the Federal aloqa komissiyasi of rules changes to children's programming through modifying the Children's Television Act of 1990, Klobuchar and eight other Democratic senators signed a letter to FCC Chairman Ajit Pay that expressed concern that the proposed changes "would limit the reach of educational content available to children and have a particular damaging effect on youth in low-income and minority communities" and asserted that the new rules would see a reduction in access to valuable educational content through over-the-air services.[130]

LGBT huquqlari

In May 2017, Klobuchar was one of 46 senators to introduce the Equality Act of 2017, described by Representative Devid Sitsillin as ensuring "that every LGBT person can live their lives free from the fear of discrimination. Above all, it’s about honoring the values that have guided our nation since its founding. It’s critical that Congress pass the Equality Act into law."[131]

Odam savdosi

Klobuchar has sponsored and co-sponsored several pieces of legislation aimed at stopping human trafficking that have become law, including the Combating Human Trafficking in Commercial Vehicles Act;[132] the No Human Trafficking on Our Roads Act;[133] S.2974 (which funded the U.S. National Human Trafficking Hotline);[134] and the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015.[2][135]

Ishchilarning huquqlari

In March 2018, along with Kirsten Gillibrand va Patty Myurrey, Klobuchar led a letter signed by all 22 female U.S. Senators to Senate Majority Leader Mitch Makkonnell va Senat ozchiliklar etakchisi Chak Shumer that called for changes to a 1995 statute that formed the present policy for addressing workplace misconduct complaints on Capitol Hill and specified their support for an update to the policy that would streamline the process of reporting sexual harassment in addition to granting staffers more resources in filing reports.[136]

In April 2019, Klobuchar signed onto the Be HEARD Act, legislation intended to abolish the tipped minimum wage along with ending mandatory arbitration and pre-employment nondisclosure agreements. The bill also gave workers additional time to report harassment and was said by co-sponsor Patty Murray to come at a time when too many workers are "still silenced by mandatory disclosure agreements that prevent them from discussing sexual harassment and longstanding practices like the tipped wages that keep workers in certain industries especially vulnerable."[137]

Veteranlar

In December 2018, Klobuchar was one of 21 senators to sign a letter to Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Veteranlar ishlari bo'yicha kotibi Robert Uilki calling it "appalling that the VA is not conducting oversight of its own outreach efforts" even though suicide prevention is the VA's highest clinical priority, and requesting that Wilkie "consult with experts with proven track records of successful public and mental health outreach campaigns with a particular emphasis on how those individuals measure success."[138]

In 2019, Klobuchar and Marko Rubio unveiled the Supporting Veterans in STEM Careers Act, a bill aimed at assisting veterans who are going back into the workforce through directing the Milliy Ilmiy Jamg'arma to advocate for veterans to study and pursue careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). The bill also mandated the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) create a working group that would organize programs of the federal government to help with transitioning and training of veterans for STEM careers. The bill unanimously cleared the Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee in July 2019. Klobuchar stated that she was satisfied by the bill passing in the committee as it would allow them to "help support veterans in their transition to civilian life– benefiting veterans, their families, communities, and our whole economy."[139]

In March 2019, Klobuchar and Republican Thom Tillis introduced the Newborn Care Improvement Act, a bill that if enacted would double the number of days from seven to fourteen that veterans receive to care for their newborns as present law did not allow the baby health insurance if the parent was unable to find outside care after the first week. Klobuchar stated the sacrifices made by service members and that the bill "will help provide men and women in the military with the resources they need to start a happy, healthy family."[140]

Texnologiya

Kiber bezorilik

Klobuchar was one of 14 co-sponsors, led by Senatdagi ko'pchilik qamchi Jon Kornin,[141] of the PROTECT Our Children Act of 2017. The law added additional online protections aimed at children to those provided by the PROTECT Our Children Act of 2008[142][143] (which had 60 cosponsors, including Klobuchar, and was sponsored by Jo Bayden ).[144] She also co-sponsored the KIDS Act of 2008, which adds protections against online sexual predators who target children,[145] alongside 20 other senators led by Chak Shumer.[146]

Ma'lumotlarning maxfiyligi

In June 2019, Klobuchar and Republican Liza Murkovski introduced the Protecting Personal Health Data Act, legislation mandating the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining sog'liqni saqlash va inson xizmatlari bo'yicha kotibi create regulations for apps that track health data, wearable devices, and genetic testing kits in addition to forming a National Task Force on Health Data Protection that would evaluate and give a position on potential cybersecurity and privacy risks related to consumer products using customer health data. In a statement, Klobuchar said new technology had "made it easier for people to monitor their own health, but health tracking apps and home DNA testing kits have also given companies access to personal, private data with limited oversight."[147]

In October 2018, Klobuchar and Ketrin Kortez Masto sent a letter to Google CEO Sundar Pichai charging Google with failing "[to] protect consumers’ data" while keeping "consumers in the dark about serious security risks" and noting that Google had not found evidence of developers taking advantage of this vulnerability or that profile data was misused. Klobuchar and Mastro expressed their dismay "that more care was not taken to inform consumers about threats to their personal information."[148]

Sof betaraflik

In December 2017, in response to the Federal Communication Commission's repeal of net neutrality rules, Klobuchar said, "It’s against the concept of the internet, which was all about letting everyone access the internet and letting everyone be able to compete on an equal playing field."[149]

In February 2018, during a discussion with Mayor of Duluth Emily Larson, Klobuchar stated that net neutrality "is not just about one company having access, it's about everyone having equal access" and they "want small- and mid-size cities like Duluth to be able to compete against metro areas where they might be able to have the benefits of being bigger."[150]

In April 2018, Klobuchar, fellow Minnesota senator Tina Smit va Ed Marki met with local business owners, experts and advocates to discuss the Congressional Review Act resolution and its potential to overturn the FCC's net neutrality repeal. Klobuchar said that Senate approval of the resolution would give it momentum to get passed in the House.[151]

In May 2018, Klobuchar voted for a bill that would reinstate net neutrality rules and thereby overturn the FCC's repeal via a law authorizing Congress to reverse regulatory actions by a simple majority vote.[152]

Telekommunikatsiya

In April 2019, Klobuchar, Tina Smit va Patty Myurrey introduced the Digital Equity Act of 2019, legislation establishing a $120 million grant program that would fund both the creation and implementation of "comprehensive digital equity plans" in each U.S. state along with providing a $120 million grant program to give support toward projects developed by individuals and groups. Qonun loyihasida ham berilgan Milliy telekommunikatsiya va axborot ma'muriyati (NTIA) the role of evaluating and providing guidance toward digital equity projects. Klobuchar argued that the bill would provide communities across the US with high-speed internet.[153]

Adabiyotlar

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