Milliy miltiq uyushmasi - National Rifle Association

Amerika milliy miltiq uyushmasi

Tashkil etilgan	1871 yil 17-noyabr; 149 yil oldin (1871-11-17)[1]
Ta'sischi	Uilyam Konant cherkovi Jorj Vud Uingeyt
Turi	501 (c) (4)[2]
Soliq identifikatori №.	53-0116130
Fokus	Qurol siyosati Qurolga bo'lgan huquqlar
Manzil	Fairfax County, Virjiniya, BIZ.
Xizmat ko'rsatiladigan maydon	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Xizmatlar	Lobbichilik A'zolik tashkiloti Jurnal noshiri Ta'lim / sertifikatlash
Usul	Lobbichilik Nashrlar Yordam berish dasturlar
A'zolar	Taxminan 5,5 million (o'zini o'zi xabar qilgan)[a ][3]
Asosiy odamlar	Ueyn LaPyer (Ijrochi vitse-prezident) Kerolin D. Meadows (Prezident )
Filiallar	NRA Fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish jamg'armasi NRA jamg'armasi NRA Maxsus Hissa Jamg'armasi NRA Freedom Action Foundation NRA qonunchilik harakati instituti NRA siyosiy g'alaba jamg'armasi
Daromad	$412,233,508 (2018)[3]
Xarajatlar	$423,034,158 (2018)[3]
Veb-sayt	NRA.org

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Milliy avtomatlar assotsiatsiyasining muhri

The Amerika milliy miltiq uyushmasi (NRA) a qurolga bo'lgan huquqlar targ'ibot guruhi Qo'shma Shtatlarda joylashgan.^{[4][5][b ]} Miltiqni ilgari surish uchun asos solingan nishonga olish, zamonaviy NRA o'qitishni davom ettiradi qurol xavfsizligi va vakolat. Tashkilot bir nechta jurnallarni nashr etadi va merganlik bo'yicha musobaqalarda homiylik qiladi.^[6] NRA ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2018 yil dekabr oyiga qadar uning 5 millionga yaqin a'zosi bo'lgan, ammo bu raqam mustaqil ravishda tasdiqlanmagan.^[7][8][9]

Kuzatuvchilar va qonunchilar NRAni eng nufuzli uchlikdan biri deb bilishadi targ'ibot guruhlari yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya^[10][11] NRA qonunchilik harakatlari instituti (NRA-ILA) uning lobbi bo'limi bo'lib, uni boshqaradi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi (PAC), Siyosiy G'alaba Jamg'armasi (PVF). O'zining tarixi davomida tashkilot qonunchilikka ta'sir ko'rsatdi, sud jarayonlarida qatnashdi yoki qo'zg'atdi, mahalliy, shtat va federal darajada turli nomzodlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi yoki ularga qarshi chiqdi. NRA-ILA tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ba'zi bir lobbichilik harakatlari Qurol egalarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, bu cheklovlarni kamaytirdi 1968 yil qurolni boshqarish to'g'risidagi qonun, va Dikki tuzatish blokirovka qiladigan Kasalliklarni nazorat qilish va oldini olish markazlari (CDC) qurolni nazorat qilishni himoya qilish uchun federal mablag'lardan foydalanish.

NRA qurol nazorati va qurol huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi guruhlar, siyosiy sharhlovchilar va siyosatchilar tomonidan tanqid qilindi.^[12][13][14] Tashkilot kabi shov-shuvli otishmalar natijasida qattiq tanqidlar markaziga aylandi, masalan Stoneman Duglas o'rta maktabida otishma va Sandy Hook boshlang'ich maktabida otishma, shundan so'ng ular maktablarga qurollangan qo'riqchilarni qo'shishni taklif qilishdi.^[15]

Tarix

Dastlabki tarix

Uilyam Konant cherkovi, NRA asoschilaridan biri

Bir necha oydan keyin Fuqarolar urushi 1861 yilda boshlangan, Angliyada amerikaliklar tomonidan milliy miltiq uyushmasi taklif qilingan. Prezidentga yuborilgan xatda Avraam Linkoln va nashr etilgan The New York Times, R.G. Moulton va RB Perry shunga o'xshash tashkilot tuzishni tavsiya qildilar Britaniya milliy miltiq uyushmasi, bundan bir yarim yil oldin shakllangan. Ular tortishish masofasini, ehtimol bazada qilishni taklif qilishdi Staten oroli va taklif qilishdi Uitvortning miltiqlari o'sha miltiqlar bilan birinchi o'q otish musobaqasi sovrinlari uchun. Ular assotsiatsiyani boshlash uchun vaqtinchalik qo'mitaga quyidagilarni taklif qilishdi: tarkibiga Prezident Linkoln, harbiy kotib, ofitserlar va boshqa taniqli Nyu-Yorkliklar kiradi.^[16][17][18]

Milliy miltiq assotsiatsiyasi birinchi marta nizomga olingan Nyu-York shtati 1871 yil 17-noyabrda^[1][6] tomonidan Armiya va dengiz floti jurnali muharriri Uilyam Konant cherkovi va kapitan Jorj Vud Uingeyt. 1871 yil 25-noyabrda guruh o'zining birinchi korporativ xodimlarini saylash uchun ovoz berdi. Ittifoq armiyasi fuqarolar urushi generali Ambrose Burnside sifatida ishlagan Rod-Aylend qurolsoz, saylandi Prezident.^[19] Burnsayd 1872 yil 1-avgustda iste'foga chiqqanda,^[20] Cherkov uning o'rnini egalladi.^[21]

Ittifoq armiyasi Fuqarolar urushi yozuvlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, uning qo'shinlari har bir Konfederatsiyaning zarbasi uchun 1000 ga yaqin miltiqdan o'q uzgan va shu sababli general Burnsid o'z safiga qo'shilganlar uchun afsuslanishiga sabab bo'lgan: "Mashg'ulotlarda va qurol-yarog 'bilan ishlashda mukammal bo'lgan o'nta askardan. qurol qo'llanmasi, maqsadini faqat bittasi biladi diqqatga sazovor joylar miltig'ida yoki omborning keng tomoniga tegishi mumkin. "^[22][23][24] Generallar buni avvalroq, unchalik aniq bo'lmagan ixtiro qilingan taktika taktikasidan foydalanish bilan bog'lashdi silliq teshik mushketlar.^[25][26]

Ambrose Burnside, Ittifoq armiyasi umumiy, Rod-Aylend gubernatori, va NRA birinchi prezidenti

Yaxshi o'qitish zarurligini anglagan Vingeyt militsiya va armiyalarning o'q otish dasturlarini kuzatish uchun Kanada, Buyuk Britaniya va Germaniyaga o'z elchilarini yubordi.^[27] Wingate tomonidan taqdim etilgan rejalar bilan Nyu-York qonunchilik palatasi zamonaviy qurilishni moliyalashtirdi oralig'i da Kridmur, Long Island, uzoq masofaga o'q otish musobaqalari uchun. Ushbu assortiment 1873 yil 21-iyunda rasmiy ravishda ochilgan.^[28] The Long Islandning markaziy temir yo'li yaqinida poezdlar qatnovi bilan temir yo'l stantsiyasini tashkil etdi Ovchi nuqtasi, qayiq xizmatini ulash bilan 34-ko'cha va Sharqiy daryo, Nyu-York shahridan kirish huquqini beruvchi.^[29]

Angliya va Shotlandiyani mag'lubiyatga uchratib, g'alaba qozonish uchun Elcho qalqoni 1873 yilda Uimbldon, keyin London tashqarisidagi qishloq, Irish Rifle Team orqali muammo chiqardi Nyu-York Herald Qo'shma Shtatlar miltiqchilariga Angliya-Amerika chempionligini aniqlash uchun uzoq masofali o'yin uchun jamoani jalb qilish. NRA ko'makchi havaskor miltiq klubi orqali jamoani tashkil qildi. Remington qurollari va Sharps miltiq ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi ishlab chiqarilgan qurol-yarog ' jamoa uchun. Garchi og'iz ochadigan miltiqlar uzoq vaqtdan beri aniqroq deb hisoblangan edi, sakkizta amerikalik miltiqchi zabt etilgan miltiqdan o'q uzib g'alaba qozondi. Tomonidan yaratilgan tadbirning ommaviyligi Nyu-York Herald harbiy nishonga o'q otish uchun mos keladigan o'q otadigan qurollarni yaratishga yordam berdi va NRAni milliy darajaga ko'tardi.^[24]

Miltiq klublari

Uliss S. Grant 1883 yildan (lavozimidan ketganidan keyin olti yil) 1884 yilgacha NRA prezidenti bo'lib ishlagan

NRA boshqa shtatlarda miltiq klublarini tashkil qildi va ko'plab davlat Milliy Gvardiya tashkilotlari a'zolarning nishonga olish qobiliyatini yaxshilash uchun NRA maslahatiga murojaat qilishdi. Vingatning o'q otish bo'yicha qo'llanmasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasida o'q otish bo'yicha ko'rsatma dasturiga aylandi.^[24] Sobiq prezident Uliss S. Grant NRAning sakkizinchi prezidenti va generali bo'lib ishlagan Filipp X.Sheridan to'qqizinchi sifatida.^[30] AQSh Kongressi 1901 yilda NRA, Milliy gvardiya va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy xizmatlari vakillarini o'z ichiga olgan miltiq amaliyotini targ'ib qilish bo'yicha Milliy kengash tuzdi. Miltiq va to'pponcha bo'yicha har yili o'tkaziladigan musobaqalar dasturiga ruxsat berilib, unda harbiy va fuqarolik otishmalarida qatnashadigan milliy musobaqa mavjud edi. 1907 yilda NRA shtab-kvartirasi Vashingtonga ko'chib o'tdi va tashkilotning targ'ibot ishlariga ko'maklashdi.^[24] Springfild qurol-yarog ' va Rok-Aylend "Arsenal" ishlab chiqarishni boshladi M1903 Springfild 1910 yilda NRAning fuqarolik a'zolari uchun miltiqlar.^[31] The Fuqarolik markasi bo'yicha direktor ishlab chiqarishni boshladi M1911 avtomatlari 1912 yil avgustda NRA a'zolari uchun.^[32] 1927 yilgacha Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Urush vazirligi kamida 16 yoshga to'lgan AQShning o'n nafar fuqarosi bo'lgan fuqarolik miltiq klublariga bepul o'q-dorilar va nishonlarni taqdim etdi.^[33]

1934-1970 yillar

NRA Qonunchilik bilan ishlash bo'limini tashkil etdi, a'zolarni faktlar bilan yangilash va kelgusi qonun loyihalarini tahlil qilish,^[34] keyin Milliy qurolga oid qonun (NFA) 1934 yil AQShda qurolni nazorat qilish bo'yicha birinchi federal qonun bo'ldi.^[35] Karl Frederik, 1934 yilda NRA prezidenti Kongress NFA tinglovlari paytida "Men hech qachon qurol olib yurishning umumiy amaliyotiga ishonmaganman. Men kamdan-kam qurol olib yuraman ... Men qurollarning umumiy buzg'unchiligiga ishonmayman. Menimcha, bu keskin bo'lishi kerak. cheklangan va faqat litsenziyalar ostida. "^[36] To'rt yil o'tgach, NRA qo'llab-quvvatladi Federal qurol-yarog 'to'g'risidagi qonun 1938 y.^[37]

NRA NFA bilan birgalikda qo'llab-quvvatladi 1968 yil qurolni boshqarish to'g'risidagi qonun (GCA), bu birgalikda qurol sotuvchilarni federal litsenziyalash tizimini yaratdi va xususan cheklovlarni o'rnatdi toifalar va sinflar qurol.^[38] Tashkilot o'sha paytdagi Prezident tomonidan ma'qullangan milliy qurolni ro'yxatga olishga qarshi chiqdi Lindon Jonson.^[37]

1970 yillar - hozirgi kunga qadar

1970 yillarga qadar NRA shunday edi partiyasiz.^[39] Ilgari, NRA asosan sportchilarga, ovchilarga va nishonga otuvchilarga e'tibor qaratgan va ahamiyatsiz bo'lgan qurolni boshqarish masalalar. 1970-yillar davomida u tobora ko'proq moslashtirildi Respublika partiyasi.^[39] 1977 yildan so'ng, tashkilot siyosiy masalalarga katta e'tibor qaratib, bilan koalitsiyalar tuzish orqali o'z tarkibini kengaytirdi konservativ siyosatchilar. Ularning aksariyati respublikachilar.^[40]

Biroq, GCA-ning o'tishi NRA qurollarini himoya qilish bo'yicha faollar sonining ko'payishini, shu jumladan faollashtirdi Xarlon Karter. 1975 yilda u ko'proq siyosatga e'tiborni qaratdi va o'zining lobbi tashkiloti - Qonunchilik harakatlari institutini (NRA-ILA) tashkil qildi, Karter direktor sifatida. Keyingi yil uning siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi (PAC), Siyosiy G'alaba jamg'armasi, 1976 yilgi saylovlarga o'z vaqtida tuzildi.^[41]:158 1977 yillik anjuman tashkilot uchun aniq bir lahza bo'ldi va "nomi bilan tanildiCincinnati inqilobi "^[42] (yoki Cincinnati to'ntarishi sifatida,^[43] Sincinnati qo'zg'oloni,^[44] yoki Sincinnatidagi qo'zg'olon^[45]). Etakchilik NRA shtab-kvartirasini Koloradoga ko'chirishni va Nyu-Meksiko shahrida 30 million dollarlik dam olish maskanini qurishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo tashkilotning faollari ikkinchi tuzatish huquqi bo'lgan amaldagi prezidentlarni mag'lubiyatga uchratishdi (ya'ni.) Maksvell Boy ) va Karterni ijrochi direktor etib sayladilar va Nil Noks NRA-ILA rahbari sifatida.^[46][47] Karter va Noks singari qo'zg'olonchilar qisman yangi etakchilikni talab qilishgan, chunki ular amaldagi rahbarlarni GCA singari mavjud qurol nazorati to'g'risidagi qonunchilikda ayblashgan va hech qanday murosaga kelmaslik kerak deb hisoblashgan.^[48][43]

GKAni zaiflashtirish maqsadida Noksning ILA Kongressni muvaffaqiyatli qabul qilish uchun lobbichilik qildi Qurol egalarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (FOPA) 1986 yil va federal vakolatlarni kamaytirish uchun ishlagan Spirtli ichimliklar, tamaki, qurol va portlovchi moddalar byurosi (ATF). 1982 yilda Noks ILA direktori lavozimidan chetlashtirildi, ammo NRA doirasidan tashqarida harakatlana boshladi va qurol nazorati to'g'risidagi qonunlarga qarshi chiqishni davom ettirdi.^[49]

1991 yilgi milliy anjumanda Noks tarafdorlari kengashga saylandi va xodimlar lobbisti deb nomlandi Ueyn LaPyer ijrochi vitse-prezident sifatida. NRA o'z e'tiborini Klinton ma'muriyatining qurol nazorati siyosatiga qaratdi.^[47] Noks 1997 yilda yana kuchini yo'qotdi, chunki u kino yulduzini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan mo''tadil rahbarlarning koalitsiyasiga qayta saylanishni yo'qotdi Charlton Xeston, Xeston qurol nazorati to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni ilgari qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga qaramay.^[50]

1994 yilda NRA muvaffaqiyatsiz ravishda qarshi chiqdi Federal qurolli qurollarni taqiqlash (AWB), ammo taqiqning 2004 yil tugashini muvaffaqiyatli lobbichilik qildi.^[51] Xeston 1998 yilda prezident etib saylandi va tashkilotning taniqli vakili bo'ldi. NRA imidjini yaxshilash uchun Xeston o'zini Noksdan farqli o'laroq aqlning ovozi sifatida ko'rsatdi.^{[52]:262–68}

Sud ishlari, 2019 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar

2019 yil aprel oyida guruh kutilmaganda o'zining uzoq yillik jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar kompaniyasini sudga berdi Ackerman McQueen NRA nomidan yigirma yillik tajovuzkor qurol-yarog 'huquqi reklamasi uchun mas'ul bo'lgan. Sud da'vosiga ko'ra, firma 2017 yilda 40 million dollarni tashkil etgan NRA hisob-kitoblarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun moliyaviy hujjatlarni topshirishdan bosh tortgan. Sud da'volari bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan siyosiy pozitsiyalarni egallagan Ackerman tomonidan boshqariladigan "NRATV" onlayn-kanalidagi so'nggi dasturlarni shubha ostiga qo'ydi. qurol bilan bog'liq muammolarga NRA an'anaviy e'tibor. Shuningdek, manfaatlar to'qnashuvi, masalan, mezbonlik uchun 1 million dollarlik shartnoma kabi xavotirlar mavjud edi NRATV Akerman va NRA prezidenti o'rtasida Oliver Shimoliy.^[53][54] NRA-ning 2019 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tadigan milliy anjumani oldidan Shimoliy va LaPierning ziddiyatlari borligi haqida xabarlar paydo bo'ldi, shimol LaPiereni iste'foga chiqarishni talab qildi va LaPierre Shimoliyni tovlamachilikda aybladi.^[55] Qurultoyda Shimoliydan unga NRA prezidenti sifatida ikkinchi muddat berilmasligini aytganligi to'g'risida xat o'qildi va u moliyaviy boshqaruv to'g'risidagi ayblovlarni tekshirish uchun qo'mita tuzmoqchi ekanligini aytdi.^[56] LaPiereni "o'ta shubhali" moliyaviy amaliyotlardan chetlatish to'g'risidagi keyingi rezolyutsiya a'zolari moliyaviy masalalarni jamoatchilik oldida muhokama qilmaslik va qarorni NRA kengashiga yuborish uchun ovoz berishidan bir soat oldin qizg'in muhokama qilindi.^[57] 2019 yil 25-iyun kuni NRA Ackerman McQueen bilan barcha aloqalarni uzdi va NRATV operatsiyasini to'xtatdi.^[58]

2020 yilgi sud ishlari

18 oylik tergovdan so'ng, 2020 yil 6-avgustda Nyu-York Bosh prokurori Letitia Jeyms da'vo bilan NRAga qarshi fuqarolik sudiga murojaat qildi firibgarlik, moliyaviy xatti-harakatlar va uning ba'zi rahbarlari, shu jumladan uzoq yillik bosh direktori va EVP tomonidan xayriya mablag'laridan suiiste'mol qilish. Ueyn LaPyer, xazinachi Uilson Fillips, shtabning sobiq boshlig'i va umumiy operatsiyalarning amaldagi ijrochi direktori Joshua Pauell^[59] va umumiy maslahat va kotib Jon Frazer.^[60] Da'vo NRAni tarqatishni "firibgarlik va suiiste'mollik bilan to'la" deb ataydi.^[61][62][63] Xuddi shu sanada, Kolumbiya okrugining bosh prokurori Karl Rasin xayriya mablag'larini noto'g'ri ishlatganligi uchun NRAga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'adi.^[64]

Lobbi va siyosiy faoliyat

Kris V. Koks, NRA sobiq bosh lobbi va siyosiy strateg, 2016 yil mart oyida

Milliy miltiqchilar uyushmasi 1871 yil 16-noyabrda rasmiy ravishda tashkil etilganida,^[1] uning asosiy maqsadi "ilmiy asosda miltiq otishni targ'ib qilish va rag'batlantirish" edi. NRA veb-saytida ushbu tashkilot "Amerikadagi eng qadimgi fuqarolik huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkiloti" deb yozilgan.^[65]

1872 yil 7-fevralda NRA qo'mita tuzdi lobbi tashkilot manfaati uchun qonunchilik uchun.^[66] Uning birinchi lobbi faoliyati iltimosnoma yuborish edi Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organi tashkil etish uchun er sotib olish uchun $ 25,000 uchun oralig'i.^[67] Uch oy ichida qonunchilik qabul qilindi va imzolandi Hokim Jon T. Xofman.^[68]

1934 yilda Milliy miltiqchilar uyushmasi Qonunchilik masalalari bo'limini tuzdi va Kongress oldida AQShda qurolni nazorat qilish bo'yicha birinchi muhim federal qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun guvohlik berdi. Milliy qurolga oid qonun.^[69]

Qonunchilik harakatlari instituti (NRA-ILA), NRAning lobbichilik bo'limi 1975 yilda tashkil etilgan. siyosatshunoslar Jon M. Bryus va Klayd Uilkoks, NRA 1970-yillarning oxirida siyosiy targ'ibot ishlarini olib borish uchun o'z yo'nalishini o'zgartirdi va o'z a'zolarini faqat tovar va xizmatlarni oluvchilar sifatida emas, balki siyosiy resurslar sifatida ko'rishni boshladi. A'zolarning o'zgaruvchanligiga ta'sir qilishiga qaramay, NRA-ning siyosiylashuvi izchil bo'lib, uning PAC - 1976 yilda tashkil etilgan Siyosiy G'alaba Jamg'armasi 1998 yilga kelib "Kongress saylovlarida eng ko'p mablag 'sarflaganlardan biri" sifatida qayd etilgan.^[70]

1999 yil Baxt jurnali so'roviga ko'ra, qonunchilar va ularning xodimlari NRAni ketma-ket uch yil ichida eng qudratli lobbichilik tashkiloti deb hisoblashdi.^[10] Kris V. Koks NRAning bosh lobbisti va asosiy siyosiy strategist bo'lib, u 2002 yildan 2019 yilgacha ushbu lavozimda ishlagan. 2012 yilda Kongressdagi Respublikachilarning 88% va Demokratlarning 11% NRA PAC hissasini olgan. 2013 yilda yig'ilgan Kongress a'zolarining 51% o'zlarining siyosiy faoliyati davomida NRA PAC-dan mablag 'olishdi va 47% eng so'nggi musobaqalarida NRA pullarini olishdi. Li Drutmanning so'zlariga ko'ra, siyosatshunos va uning katta ilmiy xodimi Quyosh nurlari fondi, "Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, ushbu hissalar ta'sirga qaraganda sodiqlikning yaxshiroq o'lchovidir."^[71]

Xalqaro miqyosda, NRA qarshi Qurol-yarog 'savdosi to'g'risidagi shartnoma (ATT).^[72] U Kanadadagi qurol ro'yxatiga qarshi chiqdi,^[73] Braziliya qurol huquqini qo'llab-quvvatladi,^[74][75] va Avstraliya qurol qonunlarini tanqid qildi.^[76]

2016 yilda NRA rekord darajadagi 366 million dollar yig'di va siyosiy faoliyat uchun 412 million dollar sarfladi. NRA shuningdek, ushbu ko'rsatkichlardan chetlatilgan PACni saqlaydi.^[77] Tashkilot Kongress poygalariga xayriya qildi ikkala respublikachilar uchun (223) va demokratlar (9) nomzodlarga Kongress.^[78]

NRA Amerika qurol nazorati siyosatini shakllantirishda ta'sirchan deb ta'riflangan.^[79][80] Tashkilot qonun chiqaruvchilarning ovoz berish xatti-harakatlariga o'zining moliyaviy manbalari va katta a'zolarni jalb qilish qobiliyati orqali ta'sir qiladi.^[80] Tashkilot qurollarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonunchilik bo'yicha 1994 yilgi Federal qurolli hujumga qarshi kurashdan buyon yutqazmadi.^[79] Federal darajada NRA 1990-yillarning o'rtalarida hukumat tomonidan homiylik qilingan qurollarning jamoat sog'lig'iga ta'siri bo'yicha olib borilgan tadqiqotlarni samarali ravishda to'xtatish va 2005 yilda qonunchilikni qabul qilish uchun qurol ishlab chiqaruvchilar va sotuvchilarni sud jarayonlaridan katta darajada immunizatsiya qilish maqsadida muvaffaqiyatli ravishda Kongressni lobbi qildi.^[79] Shu bilan birga, NRA federal darajada qurollarni tartibga solishni kuchaytirish bo'yicha harakatlarni to'xtatdi.^[79] Davlat va mahalliy darajada NRA qurollarni tartibga solish bo'yicha muvaffaqiyatli kampaniya olib bordi, masalan, davlat hukumatlarini mahalliy hukumatning qurolni tartibga solish qobiliyatini yo'q qilish va jamoat joylarida (masalan, bar va kampuslar) qurollarga cheklovlarni olib tashlashga undash orqali.^[79]

Saylovlar

Ueyn LaPyer, NRA ijrochi vitse-prezidenti, 2017 yilda

NRA Siyosiy G'alaba Jamg'armasi (PVF) PAC 1976 yilda qurol nazorati bo'yicha nomzodlarga qarshi chiqish va qurol huquqiga ega nomzodlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tashkil etilgan.^[81] NRA "A +" nomzodi "NRA-ning barcha muhim masalalari bo'yicha nafaqat ajoyib ovoz berish ko'rsatkichlariga ega bo'lgan, balki Ikkinchi tuzatishni ilgari surish va himoya qilish uchun kuchli harakatlarni amalga oshirgan", NRA "F" nomzodi esa " qurol egalari huquqlarining haqiqiy dushmani ".^[82]

NRA prezidentlikka nomzodni birinchi marta 1980 yilda qo'llab-quvvatlagan Ronald Reygan ustida Jimmi Karter.^[83][84] NRA, ikkala nomzodga ijobiy qaragan taqdirda ham, ularni tasdiqladi. Masalan, 2006 yilgi Senat saylovlari, NRA ma'qulladi Rik Santorum ustida Bob Keysi, kichik,^[85] ikkalasi ham "A" reytingiga ega bo'lishiga qaramay.

Respublikachilar NRA bilan kuchlarni birlashtirdilar va yaqinda qabul qilingan qurolni nazorat qilish choralarini 1994 yil oraliq saylovlarida saylovchilarni rag'batlantirish uchun ishlatishdi.^[86] 1993 yilda AQSh Senatining ham, Vakillar Palatasining ham ko'pchiligida demokratlar bo'lgan Prezident Bill Klinton imzolagan Brady Bill, 1981 yil davomida o'qqa tutilgan va falaj bo'lgan matbuot kotibi nomi bilan Prezident Reyganga suiqasd qilish.^[86] Brady Bill 1968 yildagi GCAni kuchaytirish va jinoyatchilar va voyaga etmaganlarning qurol sotib olishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik maqsadida fon tekshiruvlari mexanizmini yaratdi.^[86] Bundan tashqari, Zo'ravonlik bilan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash va huquqni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi 1994 yilgi qonun hujum qurollarini sotishga 10 yillik taqiqni o'z ichiga olgan. 1994 yilda CBS so'roviga ko'ra taqiq 78 foiz amerikaliklar tomonidan ma'qullandi.^[87]

Yel professorining so'zlariga ko'ra Reva Siegel, 1994 yil oraliq saylovlar davomida NRA "GOP kampaniyalariga 3,2 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarfladi va tashkilotning maqsadli o'n to'qqiz yigirma to'rtta" ustuvor "poygalarida g'olib chiqishga yordam berdi va ko'pchilik a'zolari" A "bo'lgan uyga olib keldi. NRA tomonidan. "^[88] NRA kabi guruhlar Ikkinchi tuzatish talqinini qurolga individual huquqni o'z ichiga olgan holda kengaytirishga intilmoqda.Yangi huquq ', qurol nazorati va maktabdagi ibodat va abort kabi ijtimoiy muammolar bilan bog'liq siyosiy harakat.^[89] Ko'pchilikning yangi etakchisining etakchisi Nyut Gingrich qurol nazoratini qo'llab-quvvatlash yoki unga qarshi partiyaviy shaxsni belgilashini ta'kidladi.^[88] NRA rahbari Noks shu fikrni qo'llab-quvvatladi va a'zolarni respublikachilar Ikkinchi o'zgartirish huquqlari himoyachisi bo'lishiga va yaqinda qabul qilingan qurol nazorati to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni bekor qilishga ishontirdi.^[88]

NRA 40 million dollar sarfladi 2008 yilgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi saylovlar,^[90] shu jumladan senator saylanishiga qarshi 10 million dollar Barak Obama ichida 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi.^[91]

2010 yilda, Citizens United va FEC uchun yo'l ochib, AQSh Oliy sudi tomonidan qaror qilindi qorong'i pul AQSh saylovlariga o'tish uchun. 2018 yil sentyabr oyining o'rtalaridan boshlab NRA noma'lum naqd pulning to'rtdan uch qismini tashkil etadigan 15 guruhdan biriga aylandi.^[92]

NRA $ 360,000-dan ko'proq pul sarfladi Kolorado 2013 yilgi saylovlarni esga oldi natijada shtat senatorlari siqib chiqarildi Jon Morse va Angela Giron.^[93] Huffington Post chaqirib olishni "Milliy o'qotar qurollar uyushmasi va qurol huquqlari faollari uchun ajoyib g'alaba" deb atadi.^[93] Mors va Jiron uzatishni oshirishga yordam berishdi fon tekshiruvlari va o'q-dorilar jurnal hajmi cheklovlari keyin 2012 yil Avrora, Kolorado va Konnektikut shtatidagi Sendi Xukdagi otishmalar.^[94]

2016 yil 20-mayda NRA ma'qulladi Donald Tramp ichida 2016 yil AQSh prezidentlik saylovlari.^[95] Tramp rasmiy respublikachilar nomzodiga aylanishidan oldin tasdiqlash vaqti g'ayrioddiy edi, chunki NRA odatda respublikachilar nomzodlarini umumiy saylovlar oxiriga qadar tasdiqlaydi. NRA, uning dastlabki tasdiqlanishi qurolni nazorat qilishning kuchli pozitsiyasi bilan bog'liqligini aytdi Hillari Klinton^[96] In 2016 yil AQSh prezident saylovi NRA Donald Trampni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 30 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarflaganini, ushbu saylovdagi boshqa mustaqil guruhlarga qaraganda ko'proq va 2012 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida sarflagan mablag'laridan uch baravar ko'pligini xabar qildi.^[97]

Rossiya ta'siri

Federal qidiruv byurosi va Maxsus maslahatchi Robert Myuller natijada Rossiya fuqarolarini AQSh siyosatiga ta'sir o'tkazish uchun NRA bilan aloqalarni rivojlantirish va ekspluatatsiya qilish ayblovi bilan ayblov e'lon qilindi. Rossiyalik siyosatchi va qurol huquqi faoli Aleksandr Torshin, Rossiya prezidentiga yaqin bo'lgan butun umr NRA a'zosi Vladimir Putin,^[98][99] Trampning 2016 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasidan foyda ko'rish uchun NRA orqali noqonuniy ravishda pul o'tkazishda gumon qilinmoqda. 2018 yil may oyida demokratlar Senat Adliya qo'mitasi Torshin va uning yordamchisi orqali "Kreml janob Tramp va uning saylovoldi kampaniyasiga kirish va yordam berish vositasi sifatida Milliy o'qotar qurollar uyushmasidan foydalanganligi to'g'risida bir qator hujjatlarni" qo'lga kiritganligi to'g'risida hisobot chiqardi. Mariya Butina va "Kreml NRA-dan janob Trampning saylov kampaniyasini yashirin ravishda moliyalashtirish uchun ham ishlatgan bo'lishi mumkin".^[100][101]

Butina 2018 yil 15-iyulda hibsga olingan va unga qarshi so'z biriktirishda ayblangan ro'yxatdan o'tmagan agent Rossiya Federatsiyasi va respublika operatividan foydalangan holda Pol Erikson u "Rossiya Federatsiyasi manfaatlarini ilgari surish" uchun mo'ljallangan ta'sir operatsiyasini ishlab chiqqanda qopqoq va aloqalar uchun. Federal qidiruv byurosi Eriksonning 2016 yilda bir tanishiga yuborgan elektron pochta xabarini "Muayyan prezidentlik kampaniyalari bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan holda, men Kreml va [GOP] asosiy rahbarlari o'rtasida juda ko'p shaxsiy aloqa liniyasini ta'minlashda ishtirok etganman. [NRA]. "^[102][103] Izohga ko'ra, 2015 yildan kamida 2017 yil fevraligacha Butina Rossiya Markaziy bankining yuqori lavozimli amaldorlari va amaldorlari bo'lgan ruslarning ko'rsatmalarida ishlagan.^{[104][105][106]} Dekabr oyida Butina federal prokuratura bilan hamkorlik qilishga rozilik berish to'g'risidagi bitimga rozi bo'ldi.^[107][108] Keyinchalik Butina uni Rossiyaning agenti bo'lganlikda ayblashni rad etdi.^[109]

2018 yilda Senga yuborilgan xatda. Ron Vayden va Kongressga murojaat qilib, NRA 2015 yildan buyon 23 Rossiya fuqarosi yoki Rossiya manzillari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan odamlardan 2500 AQSh dollari miqdorida badal olganligini tan oldi. NRA advokatlari avvalgi yangiliklar intervyusida NRA faqat bitta rus donoridan 1000 dollardan kam pul olganligini ta'kidladilar. . Vayden yordamchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, NRA xatiga murojaat qilinadi Federal saylov komissiyasi.^[110][111] NRA Bosh maslahatchisi Jon C. Frazer senator Uaydenga shunday deb yozgan edi: "Biz chet el jismoniy va yuridik shaxslaridan biron bir badal olsak ham, ushbu to'lovlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qonuniy maqsadlarda NRAga o'tkaziladi. Bizning yozuvlarimizni ko'rib chiqishda chet el xayriya mablag'lari topilmadi. AQSh saylovlari, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki kanal orqali. "^[112]

Demokratik ozchiliklarning so'zlariga ko'ra Senatning moliya qo'mitasi NRA 2016 yilgi saylovlar paytida Rossiyaning "xorijiy aktivi" rolini o'ynab, soliqdan ozod qilish maqomini xavf ostiga qo'ydi. Bu da'volar 2019 yil 27 sentyabrda e'lon qilingan 18 oylik tergov to'g'risidagi 77 sahifalik hisobotda keltirilgan. Respublikachilarning ko'pchilik qo'mitasi tomonidan 18 sahifadan iborat rad javobi Demokratik hisobot "juda oz yoki hech narsa" emasligini ko'rsatdi.^{[113][114][115][116]}

ATF va Senatning tasdiqlari

NRA o'nlab yillar davomida nomzodlarni blokirovka qilish va qurol-yarog 'jinoyatlarini kuzatib borish qobiliyatini oshiradigan islohotlarga qarshi lobbi orqali ATFning qurolni tartibga solish qobiliyatini cheklashga intildi.^[117] Masalan, NRA qurolni egalariga elektron tarzda kuzatib borish bo'yicha ATF islohotlariga qarshi chiqdi; ATF hozirda buni qog'ozli yozuvlar orqali amalga oshirishi kerak.^[117] 2006 yilda NRA lobbichilik qildi AQSh vakili F. Jeyms Sensenbrenner ga qo'shimchani qo'shish Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun ATF direktori nomzodlarini Senat tomonidan tasdiqlashni talab qiladigan qayta avtorizatsiya.^[118] Shundan so'ng etti yil davomida NRA har bir prezident nomzodiga qarshi lobbichilik qildi va ularni "to'sib qo'ydi".^{[118][119][120]} Birinchi Prezident edi Jorj V.Bush tanlov, Maykl Sallivan, uning tasdig'i 2008 yilda uchta respublikachi senator tomonidan tuzilgan bo'lib, ular ATF qurol savdogarlariga dushman bo'lganligini aytgan. Senatorlardan biri edi Larri Kreyg Senatda bo'lgan yillarida NRA boshqaruv kengashi a'zosi bo'lgan.^[121] Prezident Obamaning birinchi nomzodi Endryu Traverni tasdiqlash 2011 yilda NRA qattiq qarshilik bildirganidan keyin to'xtab qoldi.^{[117][118][122]} Ba'zi senatorlar Obamaning yana bir nomzodini tasdiqlashda qarshilik ko'rsatdilar, B. Todd Jons, NRA muxolifati tufayli,^[120] 2013 yilgacha, NRA Jonsning nomzodiga betaraf ekanligini va uning baholash tizimiga tasdiqlash ovozini kiritmasligini aytganda.^[118] Dan Fridman, milliy muharriri Hearst gazetalari 'Vashington shtati byurosi, "qurol-yarog' tarafdorlari bo'lgan senatorlar - demokratlar va hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi respublikachilar - siyosiy ta'sirlardan qo'rqmasdan Jonsga ovoz berish yo'lini ochib beradi" deb ta'kidladi.^[123]

2014 yilda Obama o'zining umumiy jarrohligiga nomzodi bo'yicha ovoz berishni kechiktirish g'oyasini tortdi. Vivek Murti, qachon respublikachilar va ba'zi konservativ demokratlar Murti tanqid qildi, NRA unga qarshi chiqqanidan keyin.^[124] Fevral oyida NRA Senat rahbarlariga xat yozdi Garri Rid va Mitch Makkonnell Murtining tasdiqlanishiga "qat'iy qarshi" ekanligini aytish va aytdi Washington Times' Emili Miller uning PAC baholash tizimida ovozlarni to'plashi. "NRA qarori", deb yozgan Miller, "shubhasiz, zaif demokratlarni oraliq saylovlarda ushbu nomzod bo'yicha ovoz berish partiyasini qayta ko'rib chiqishga majbur qiladi."^[125] The Wall Street Journal 15 martda "Doktor Murtini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun NRA-dan o'tish bu yil konservativ moyil shtatlarda qayta saylanishga nomzod bo'lgan ba'zi demokratlar uchun javobgar bo'lishi mumkin".^[126] Murty nomzodi AQShdagi 100 dan ortiq tibbiy va jamoat sog'liqni saqlash tashkilotlari tomonidan keng qo'llab-quvvatlandi, shu jumladan Amerika shifokorlar kolleji, Amerika jamoat salomatligi assotsiatsiyasi, Amerika saraton kasalligi jamiyati, Amerika yurak assotsiatsiyasi va Amerika diabet assotsiatsiyasi.^[127] 2014 yil 15 dekabrda Murtining general-jarroh etib tayinlanishi Senat tomonidan ma'qullandi.^[128]

NRA shuningdek tayinlanishiga qarshi chiqdi Sonia Sotomayor va Elena Kagan kabi Oliy sud odil sudlovlar.^[129]

Qonunchilik

Milliy qurol-yarog 'uyushmasining AQSh Federal qonunchiligiga munosabati

Qonun loyihasi	Yil	Qo'llab-quvvatlanadi	Qarshi
Milliy qurolga oid qonun	1934	N
Federal qurol to'g'risidagi qonun	1938	N
Qurolni boshqarish to'g'risidagi qonun	1968	N	N
Federal qurolli qurollarni taqiqlash	1994		N
Qurol-yarog 'qonuniy savdoni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun	2005	N
Tabiiy ofatlardan qutqarish to'g'risidagi qonun	2006	N
Hujum qilishga qarshi qurol	2013		N

NRA qo'llab-quvvatladi 1934 yilgi Milliy qurolga oid qonun,^[130] kabi "gangster qurollari" deb hisoblangan narsalarni tartibga soluvchi avtomatlar, arra qilingan miltiq va ovoz supressorlar.^[131] Shu bilan birga, tashkilotning supressorlarga nisbatan pozitsiyasi o'zgardi.^[132]

NRA qo'llab-quvvatladi 1938 yildagi Federal Qurolli qurol to'g'risidagi qonun Tashkil etgan (FFA) Federal qurolga litsenziya (FFL) dasturi. FFA davlatlararo yoki xorijiy tijoratda o'qotar qurol yoki o'q-dorilarni etkazib beradigan yoki oladigan barcha qurol ishlab chiqaruvchilar va sotuvchilardan litsenziyani talab qildi va ularga biron bir qurol yoki eng ko'p o'q-dorilarni davlatlararo biron bir shaxsga ma'lum shartlar bajarilmasa topshirishni taqiqladi.^[133]

NRA qismlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi va ularga qarshi chiqdi 1968 yil qurolni boshqarish to'g'risidagi qonun qurol-yarog 'sanoatini va qurol egalarini keng tartibga soladigan, birinchi navbatda litsenziyalangan ishlab chiqaruvchilar, dilerlar va import qiluvchilar bundan mustasno, davlatlararo qurol uzatishni taqiqlash orqali qurol-yarog' bilan davlatlararo savdoni tartibga solishga qaratilgan. Ushbu qonun Amerikadagi eng qadimgi ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi (Colt, S&W va boshqalar), yaqinda sodir bo'lgan oilaviy zo'ravonliklarga javoban qo'rqilgan cheklovlarni bartaraf etish maqsadida. NRA qonunning elementlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, masalan, sudlangan jinoyatchilar va ruhiy kasallarga qurol sotishni taqiqlaydi.^[134][135]

NRA ning yozilishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi Qurol egalarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun va uning o'tishi uchun ishlagan.^[136]

2004 yilda NRA ning yangilanishiga qarshi chiqdi Federal hujumga qarshi qurollarni taqiqlash 1994 y. Taqiqlash muddati 2004 yil 13 sentyabrda tugagan.^[137]

2005 yilda Prezident Jorj V.Bush NRA tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qonunni imzoladi Qurol-yarog 'qonuniy savdoni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun qurol ishlab chiqaruvchilari va dilerlarining o'z mahsulotlari bilan jinoyatlar sodir etilganda beparvolik uchun javobgar bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan narsa.^[138]

Sud jarayoni

2005 yil noyabr oyida NRA va boshqa qurol himoyachilari sudga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qilishdi San-Fransisko taklifi H, qurolga egalik qilish va sotishni taqiqlagan. NRA ushbu taklif mahalliy hokimiyat vakolatlarini chetlab o'tdi va davlat tomonidan tartibga solinadigan hududga kirib keldi, deb ta'kidladi. The San-Fransisko okrugining yuqori sudi NRA pozitsiyasi bilan kelishilgan.^[139] Shahar sud qaroridan shikoyat qildi, ammo 2008 yilgi apellyatsiya shikoyatini yo'qotdi.^[140] 2008 yil oktyabr oyida San-Frantsisko Milliy o'qotar qurollar uyushmasi va boshqa da'vogarlarga H taklifini sudga berish xarajatlarini qoplash uchun 380 ming dollar miqdorida hisob-kitob to'lashga majbur bo'ldi.^[141]

2006 yil aprel oyida, Yangi Orlean, Luiziana shtatida, politsiya fuqarolarga qurolni qaytarishni boshladi Katrina bo'ronidan keyin musodara qilindi. NRA, Ikkinchi o'zgartirish fondi (SAF) va boshqa guruhlar qaytib kelish evaziga shaharga qarshi da'voni bekor qilishga kelishib oldilar.^[142]

NRA ariza topshirdi amicus qisqacha Oliy sud bilan 2008 yildagi qurolga oid huquqlarga oid ishda Kolumbiya okrugi - Xeller.^[143] 5 dan 4 gacha bo'lgan ovozda Oliy sud Kolumbiya okrugining qurol to'g'risidagi qonunlarini konstitutsiyaga zid deb topdi va birinchi marta shaxsning qurolga bo'lgan huquqi militsiyada xizmat qilish bilan bog'liq emas deb topdi.^[88][144] Ba'zi huquqshunos olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, NRA ikkinchi tuzatishning jamoatchilik talqinini o'zgartirishda ta'sir ko'rsatgan va ko'pchilikning fikri uchun asos yaratgan. Heller.^[144][145]

2009 yilda NRA yana da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi (Gay Montag Doe qarshi San-Frantsisko uy-joy boshqarmasi ) San-Frantsisko shahrida shaharning jamoat uylarida qurol-yarog 'taqiqlanishiga qarshi chiqdi. 2009 yil 14 yanvarda San-Frantsisko uy-joy ma'muriyati NRA bilan kelishuvga erishdi, bu esa fuqarolarga SFHA turar joyida qonuniy o'qotar qurollarga ega bo'lish imkonini beradi.^[146]

2010 yilda NRA shaharni sudga berdi Chikago, Illinoys (McDonald va Chikago ) va Oliy sud boshqa moddiy huquqlar singari qurol olib yurish huquqi Huquqlar to'g'risidagi Qonunga o'n to'rtinchi tuzatish orqali kiritilganligi va shu sababli shtatlarga nisbatan qo'llanilishi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi.^[147][148]

2013 yil mart oyida NRA Nyu-Yorkning qurol nazorati to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi qurolga oid boshqa huquq himoyasi guruhlari bilan federal sud jarayoniga qo'shildi NY xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi qonun ) deb gubernator bilan bahslashmoqda Endryu Kuomo Qonunni qabul qilishda "qonunchilik va demokratik jarayonni egallab oldi", bu jurnalning imkoniyatlarini cheklash va davlatning qurol-yarog 'taqiqini kengaytirishni o'z ichiga olgan.^[149]

2013 yil noyabr oyida saylovchilar Sunnyvale, Kaliforniya, qurol-yarog 'bilan bog'liq uchta boshqa cheklovlar bilan bir qatorda ba'zi o'q-dorilar jurnallarini taqiqlash to'g'risidagi farmonni qabul qildi. Farmon 66 foiz foydasiga qabul qilindi.^[150] Qaror shahar aholisidan choralar kuchga kirgandan so'ng, belgilangan muddat ichida o'ndan ortiq tur o'tkazishga qodir bo'lgan har qanday jurnalni "tasarruf etishi, ehson qilishi yoki sotishi" ni talab qiladi.^[151] Keyingi oy NRA mahalliy aholini qo'shib, shaharni ikkinchi tuzatish sabablari bilan sudga berdi.^[150] Federal sudya uch oy o'tgach, Sunnyvale farmonini qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda da'voni rad etdi.^[152][153]

Keyin San-Frantsisko shahri qisqa vaqtdan so'ng shunga o'xshash farmonlarni qabul qildi. NRA advokatlari tomonidan vakili bo'lgan San-Frantsiskoda faxriy politsiya ofitserlari assotsiatsiyasi (SFVPOA) sudga murojaat qilib, San-Frantsiskoda katta hajmli jurnallarga egalik qilishni taqiqlashni talab qilib, sudga murojaat qildi.^[154] Federal sudya 2014 yil fevralida sud qarorini rad etdi.^[152][155]

2014 yilda NRA Pensilvaniya shtatida va boshqa advokatlik guruhlarida qatnashish uchun qonun loyihasini qabul qildi huquqiy holat davlat qonunini buzgan holda qabul qilingan mahalliy qurol-yarog 'qoidalarini bekor qilish uchun munitsipalitetlarni sudga berish oldindan o'ylash bunday qoidalar, shuningdek sudga shaharlarni qonuniy to'lovlarini to'lashga majbur qilishga imkon beradi. Qonun paydo bo'lishi bilanoq, NRA uchta shaharni sudga berdi: Filadelfiya, Pitsburg va Lankaster. Filadelfiyada NRA bekor qilish uchun sudga bergan etti qoidaga ko'ra, o'zlariga yoki boshqalarga zarar etkazish xavfi bor deb topilganlar tomonidan qurol saqlash taqiqlangan va yo'qolganligi aniqlangandan keyin yigirma to'rt soat ichida o'g'irlangan qurol haqida politsiyaga xabar berish talab qilingan yoki o'g'irlik.^[156] Lancaster shahrida 60 mingdan kam shahar, shahar hokimi Rik Grey, qurol-yarog 'ustidan nazorat guruhini boshqargan Hokimlar noqonuniy qurollarga qarshi, shuningdek, kostyumda nomlangan. Ushbu shaharda NRA qurol egalari politsiyaga 72 soat ichida qurol yo'qolganda yoki o'g'irlanganda yoki qamoq jazosiga mahkum etilishi to'g'risida xabar berishni talab qiladigan farmonga qarshi chiqdi.^[157] Sud jarayonlari uchun asos "1974 yildagi shtat qonuni bo'lib, u munitsipalitetlarga davlat qurollari to'g'risidagi qonunlar bilan oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan cheklovlarni taqiqlaydi. Kamida 20 ta Pensilvaniya munitsipaliteti tahdid ostida bo'lgan sud jarayonlariga javoban qoidalarni bekor qildi.^[158][159]

2019 yil 4 sentyabrda San-Frantsisko nozirlar kengashi majburiy bo'lmagan qarorni qabul qildi, u NRAni mahalliy terroristik tashkilot deb e'lon qildi va shahar bilan savdo qiladigan sotuvchilarni NRA bilan ham savdo qilishni cheklash uchun "har qanday oqilona qadam qo'yishi" kerakligini aytdi. 9 sentyabrda NRA sudga murojaat qilib, shahar rasmiylarini tashkilotni "siyosiy nutqi nuqtai nazaridan" kamsitib, tashkilotning so'z erkinligini buzganlikda aybladi.^{[160][161][162]} 23 sentyabr kuni shahar hokimi London zoti va shahar advokati Dennis Errera xotirasida "shaharning shartnoma jarayoni va siyosati o'zgarmaganligi va qaror natijasida o'zgarmasligini" e'lon qildi. 2019 yil 7-noyabrda NRA San-Frantsiskoga qarshi da'vosini bekor qildi.^{[163][164][165][166]} Los-Anjeles xuddi shunday qarorni qabul qildi, ammo NRA a ni qo'lga kiritdi dastlabki buyruq 2019 yil 11 dekabrda^[167] va keyinchalik Los-Anjeles qonunni bekor qilgandan keyin sud jarayonini bekor qildi.^[168]

Dasturlar

NRA shtab-kvartirasi Fairfax County, Virjiniya muzey joylashgan

Milliy miltiq assotsiatsiyasi Milliy qurol-aslaha muzeyi yilda Fairfax County, Virjiniya, Amerikadagi o'qotar qurollarning evolyutsiyasi va tarixiga oid eksponatlar.^[169] 2013 yil avgust oyida NRA milliy sport qurollari muzeyi keng miqyosda ochildi Bass Pro do'konlari chakana do'kon Sprinfild, Missuri. Unda deyarli 1000 ta o'qotar qurol, shu jumladan NRA va boshqa kollektsiyalardagi tarixiy ahamiyatga ega qurollar namoyish etiladi.^[170] NRA bir qator nashr etadi davriy nashrlar shu jumladan Amerikalik miltiqchi va boshqalar.^[171]

NRA bolalar va kattalar uchun qurol-yarog 'xavfsizligi bo'yicha bir qator dasturlarni, shu jumladan maktab yoshidagi bolalar uchun dasturni, NRA-ning "Eddi Eagle" dasturini homiylik qiladi. Tashkilot ishonch yorliqlarini beradi va o'qotar qurol o'qituvchilarini tayyorlaydi.^[172][173]

1994 yilda NRA va sportchilar o'rtasida Olimpiada dasturini boshqarish bo'yicha kelishmovchiliklardan so'ng otish sporti, AQSh Olimpiya qo'mitasi tavsiya etiladi AQSh otishma NRA-ni milliy sifatida almashtiring boshqaruv organi Olimpiya otish uchun. NRA qaror e'lon qilinishidan oldin, ularning sa'y-harakatlari uchun minnatdorchilik yo'qligini ta'kidlab, tark etdi.^[174]

NRA milliy miltiq va avtomat o'yinlarini o'tkazadi Lager Perri, El Paso Times tomonidan "raqobatbardosh tortishishlarning jahon seriyasi" deb ta'riflangan voqealar.^[175]Milliy miltiq assotsiatsiyasi kabi boshqa tashkilotlar bilan aloqalarni saqlaydi Amerikaning Boy Skautlari va 4-H.^[176] NRA. Bilan ishlagan Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi (ACLU) qurolni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishga qarshi.^[177]

NRA har yili yig'ilishlar o'tkazadi. 2018 yilgi uchrashuv 3 may kuni Texas shtatining Dallas shahrida bo'lib o'tdi. Ushbu tadbirda 800 dan ortiq eksponentlar va 80,000 kishi qatnashdi, bu NRA tarixidagi eng yirik tadbirga aylandi. Prezident Donald Tramp va vitse-prezident Mayk Pens ishtirokchilarga murojaat qilishdi.^[178]

Tashkiliy tuzilma va moliya

Etakchilik

Ijro etuvchi xodimlar va vakillar

1991 yildan beri, Ueyn LaPyer tashkilotning ijrochi vitse-prezidenti bo'lgan va ijro etuvchi direktor vazifasini bajargan.^[179] LaPierre kompaniyasining kompensatsiyasi yiliga o'rtacha 1 million dollarni tashkil etadi, shu jumladan 2015 yilda qariyb 4 million dollarlik pensiya to'lovi.^[180] Ushbu idoraning avvalgi taniqli egalariga quyidagilar kiradi: Milton Rekkord, Floyd Lavinius bog'lari, Franklin Ort, Maksvell Boy, Xarlon Karter, J. Uorren Kassidi va Gari Anderson.

Kris V. Koks NRA lobbichilik bo'limi - Qonunchilik harakatlari institutining ijrochi direktori bo'lgan. U 2015 yilda 1,3 million dollardan ortiq tovon puli olgan.^[181] Kayl Uayver - umumiy operatsiyalar bo'yicha ijrochi direktor.^[182] Keyn B. Robinson Bosh operatsiyalar bo'limining ijrochi direktori va uning raisi Uittington markazi.^[183]

Matbuot kotibi Dana Loesch da gapirish Choy partiyasining vatanparvarlari 2011 yilda Amerika siyosati sammiti.

2017 yilda siyosiy sharhlovchi Dana Loesch "NRA" ning milliy vakili sifatida tayinlandi va rasmiy unvon bilan "Ijrochi vitse-prezidentning jamoat aloqalari bo'yicha maxsus yordamchisi" unvoniga ega bo'ldi.^[184][185] Loesch xostlari DL NRATV-da va boshqa NRA tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan videolarda muhim o'rinni egalladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Aktyor Chak Norris serves as the honorary chairman for the association's voter registration campaign.^[186] Colion Noir hosts a video program on the NRA's online video channel.^[187]

In May 2018, the NRA announced that Oliver Shimoliy would become president of the organization.^[188][189] North served one tumultuous term, marked by multiple legal battles and a power struggle with LaPierre; u o'rnini egalladi Kerolin D. Meadows 2019 yil 29 aprelda.^[190]

Boshliqlar kengashi

The NRA is governed by a board of 76 elected directors, 75 of whom serve three-year terms and one who is elected to serve as a cross-over director. The directors choose a president and other officers from among the membership, as well as the executive director of the NRA General Operations and the executive director of the NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA).^[191] In 2015, 71 members were white and 65 were male. More came from Texas than any other state.^[192] Only 7 percent of eligible members vote.^[193] Most board nominations are vetted by an appointed nine-member Nominating Committee.^[194][195] One member is Jorj Kollitides ning Ozodlik guruhi.^[194] The nomination committee has been called "kingmakers" by MSNBC and Jeff Knox says "the process is front-loaded to give incumbents and Nominating Committee candidates a significant advantage".^[193]

A'zolik

According to the NRA, their membership reached 5.5 million total members in 2018, a record high, and membership dues went from $128,209,303 in 2017 to $170,391,374 in 2018; an increase of $42,182,071, or 33 percent.^[3]

2017 yil Pew tadqiqot markazi study found that 19% of US gun owners consider themselves NRA members.^[196] Journalist Megan Wilson stated that the Pew study places membership at 14 million, far higher than the NRA's own report of 5 million. According to the NRA, some non-members typically claim to be members when surveyed, as a show of support.^[197]

Taniqli a'zolar

Nine US presidents have been NRA members. In addition to Grant, they are: Teodor Ruzvelt, Uilyam Xovard Taft, Duayt D. Eyzenxauer, Jon F. Kennedi, Richard Nikson, Ronald Reygan, Jorj H. V. Bush (who resigned in 1995), and Donald Tramp.^[198] Three US vice presidents, two chief justices of the US Supreme Court, and several US congressmen, as well as legislators and officials of state governments are or have been members.^[199][200]

Current or past members also include journalist Ovchi S. Tompson,^[201] Oklaxoma Siti bombardimonchisi Timoti Makvey,^[202] hujjatshunos Maykl Mur (who joined with the intent of dismantling the organization),^[203] aktyor Rik Shreder,^[204] va qo'shiqchi Jeyms Xetfild.^[205]

Interconnected organizations

The National Rifle Association is composed of several financially interconnected organizations under common leadership,^[206] including the NRA Institute for Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) which manages the NRA's siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi and the NRA Civil Defense Fund which does pro bono legal work for people with cases involving Second Amendment rights.^[206] The NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund was established in 1978.^[207] Harlon Carter and Neal Knox were responsible for its founding.^[208]

In 1994, the Fund spent over $500,000 on legal fees to support legal cases involving guns and gun control measures. It donated $20,000 in 1996 for the defense of New York City resident Bernxard Gyets when he was sued by a man he shot and left paralyzed.^[209] It paid the legal bills in the case of Brayan Aytken, a Nyu-Jersi resident sentenced to seven years in state prison for transporting guns without a carry permit.^[210] On December 20, 2010, Governor Kris Kristi granted Aitken afv etish and ordered Aitken's immediate release from prison.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

NRA jamg'armasi

The NRA Foundation is a 501 (c) (3) non-profit organization that raises and donates money to outdoors groups and others such as ROTC dasturlar, 4-H va Skautlar. In 2010, the NRA Foundation distributed $21.2 million in grants for gun-related training and education programs: $12.6 million to the NRA itself, and the rest to community programs for hunters, competitive shooters, gun collectors, and law enforcement, and to women and youth groups.^[211] The foundation has no staff and pays no salaries.^[211]

NRA do'stlari is a program that raises money for the NRA Foundation. Since its inception in 1992, Friends of NRA has held over 17,600 events, reached over 3.2 million attendees and raised over $600 million for The NRA Foundation.^[212]

Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF)

By 1976, as the NRA became more politically-oriented, the Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF), a PAC, was established as a subsidiary to the NRA, to support NRA-friendly politicians.^[81] Kris V. Koks, who is the NRA's chief lobbyist and principal political strategist, is also the NRA-PVF chairman. Through the NRA-PVF, the NRA began to rate political candidates on their positions on gun rights. An NRA "A+" candidate is one who has "not only an excellent voting record on all critical NRA issues, but who has also made a vigorous effort to promote and defend the Second Amendment", whereas an NRA "F" candidate is deemed a "true enemy of gun owners' rights".^[82]

In the 2008 elections, the PVF spent millions on "direct campaign donations" and "grassroots operation".^[213] 2012 yilda NRA-PVF daromadi 14,4 million dollarni, xarajatlari esa 16,1 million dollarni tashkil etdi.^[214] By 2014, the NRA-PVF income rose to 21.9 million with expenses of 20.7 million.^[215]

Moliya

In 2010, the NRA reported revenue of $227.8 million and expenses of $243.5 million,^[225] with revenue including roughly $115 million generated from fundraising, sales, advertising and royalties, and most of the rest from membership dues.^[226] Less than half of the NRA's income comes from membership dues and program fees; the majority is from contributions, grants, royalties, and advertising.^{[211][226][227]}

Corporate donors include a variety of companies such as outdoors-supply and sporting-goods companies, and firearm manufacturers.^{[211][226][227][228]} From 2005 through 2011, the NRA received at least $14.8 million from more than 50 firearms-related firms.^[226] 2011 yil aprel Zo'ravonlik siyosati markazi presentation stated that the NRA had received between $14.7 million and $38.9 million from the firearms industry since 2005.^[228] 2008 yilda, Beretta exceeded $2 million in donations to the NRA, and in 2012 Smit va Vesson gave more than $1 million. Sturm, Ruger & Company raised $1.25 million through a program in which it donated $1 to the NRA-ILA for each gun it sold from May 2011 to May 2012. In a similar program, gun buyers and participating stores are invited^{[kim tomonidan? ]} to "round up" the purchase price to the nearest dollar as a voluntary contribution. According to the NRA's 2010 tax forms, the "round-up" funds have been allocated both to public-interest programs and to lobbying.^[211]

New York lawsuit

In 2018, the NRA alleged in an official Court document that it suffered tens of millions of dollars in damage from actions of Governor Andrew Cuomo and the State's financial regulator. The state's Department of Financial Services was directed by the Cuomo administration to encourage institutions it oversees, insurance companies, banks and other financial services companies licensed in New York state, to review their business interactions with the NRA and "other similar organizations" and assess if they would pose "reputational risk." The NRA's suit states that Cuomo's actions violate the organization's first-amendment rights and the NRA had suffered tens of millions of dollars in financial losses.^[229][230] The ACLU has filed a brief with the Northern District of New York court supporting the NRA's case. The brief noted that if proven true, the allegations disclose an abuse of government regulatory authority to retaliate against a disfavored advocacy organization by imposing a burden on the NRA's ability to conduct lawful business.^[231][232]

Public opinion and image

Ushbu bo'lim bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (2018 yil fevral)

A Reuters /Ipsos poll in April 2012 found that 82% of Republicans and 55% of Democrats saw the NRA "in a positive light".^[233] In seven of eight Gallup polls between 1993 and 2015, a majority of Americans reported holding a favorable opinion of the NRA. Its highest rating was at 60% favorability in 2005 (with 34% unfavourable), while its lowest rating was at 42% favorability in 1995 (with 51% unfavourable). In October 2015, 58% of Americans held a favorable opinion of the NRA, though there was a wide spread among political affiliations: 77% of conservatives, 56% of moderates and 30% of liberals held this view.^[234]

The "National March on the NRA" in August 2018

A Vashington Post /ABC News poll in January 2013 showed that only 36% of Americans had a favorable opinion of the NRA leadership.^[235]

A 2017 poll conducted by the political action committee Mas'uliyatli echimlar uchun amerikaliklar qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan qurolni boshqarish, exclusively questioned 661 gun owners. 26% of the respondents stated they were a member of the NRA. The ARS reported that less than 50% of gun owners polled believed the NRA represented their interests, while 67% of them somewhat or strongly agreed with the statement that it had been "overtaken by lobbyists and the interests of gun manufacturers and lost its original purpose and mission." The NRA disputed the poll's veracity in an e-mail sent to Politico, which had published the story.^[236]

Polling trends since 2018 show a significant decline in NRA favorability.^{[237][238][239][240]} A 2018 NBC News/ Wall Street Journal poll found that "for the first time since at least 2000, Americans hold a net unfavorable view of the NRA"—the poll showed respondents view of the NRA was 40% negative and 37% positive.^[241][242] The poll showed that compared to the same question in 2017, the favorability rating of the NRA overall dropped 5%, noting that the shift was largely due to favorability declines among certain demographics: married white women, urban residents, white women (overall), and moderate Republicans.^[241][242]

A February 2018 Quinnipiac poll found that 51% of Americans believe that the policies supported by the NRA are bad for the U.S., a 4% increase since October 2017.^[237]

The NRA calls itself "the oldest continuously operating civil liberties organization" and is "one of the largest and best-funded lobbying organizations" in the United States.^[243][244] Its claim that it is one of the oldest civil rights organizations is disputed. While the NRA was founded in 1871, it did not pursue a gun rights agenda until 1934. The Karlar milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NAD, founded in 1880) and the Rangli odamlarni rivojlantirish bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya (NAACP, founded in 1909) both originated as civil rights organizations according to other sources.^[245]

Tanqid

Ushbu maqola Tanqid yoki Qarama-qarshilik Bo'lim maqolani buzishi mumkin neytral nuqtai nazar mavzuning. Iltimos bo'lim tarkibini birlashtirish umuman maqolaga kiriting yoki materialni qayta yozing. (Iyun 2018)

Kongressmen Jim Moran (D. -VA ) speaking at an event for Hokimlar noqonuniy qurollarga qarshi

The National Rifle Association has been criticized by newspaper tahririyat kengashlari, gun control and gun rights advocacy groups, political commentators, and politicians. Demokratlar va liberallar frequently criticize the organization.^[12][13] The NRA's oldest organized critics include the gun control advocacy groups the Brady kampaniyasi, Qurol zo'ravonligini to'xtatish koalitsiyasi (CSGV), and the Zo'ravonlik siyosati markazi (VPC). Twenty-first century groups include Qurol xavfsizligi uchun hamma shahar (formerly Mayors Against Illegal Guns), Onalar harakatni talab qilishadi va Mas'uliyatli echimlar uchun amerikaliklar.

Siyosiy ishtirok

Trump speaks at the 2019 NRA Institute for Legislative Action annual convention

In 1995, former US President Jorj H. V. Bush resigned his life membership to the organization after receiving a National Rifle Association Institute of Legislative Action (NRA-ILA) fund-raising letter, signed by executive vice president Wayne LaPierre, that referred to ATF agents as "jack-booted government thugs".^[246][247] The NRA later apologized for the letter's language.^[248]

2008 yil dekabrda, The New York Times editorial board criticized the NRA's attacks, which it called false and misleading, on Barak Obama prezidentlik kampaniyasi.^[249]

Keyin Donald Tramp 's election, the NRA closely aligned with Trump.^[250] At an event in February 2018, Trump said that he was a "big fan of the NRA" but said that "that doesn't mean we have to agree on everything."^[251]

Although the NRA has previously donated to and endorsed Democratic candidates, it has become more closely affiliated with the Republican party since the 1990s. In 2016, only two Democratic House candidates received donations from the NRA, compared to 115 in the 1992 elections.^[252] Self-identified Republicans are far more likely to hold a positive view of the NRA than are Democrats.^[253][254]

Qurolni boshqarish

2013 yil fevral oyida, USA Today editors criticized the NRA for flip-flopp on expansion of universal background checks to private and qurol namoyish sales, which NRA now opposes.^[255]

2014 yil mart oyida, Washington Post criticized the NRA's interference in government research on gun violence,^[256] va ikkalasi ham Xabar va Los Anjeles Tayms editors criticized its opposition of Vivek Murthy for AQShning umumiy jarrohi.^[257] In November 2018, a social media dispute was seen, after a paper was published by the Amerika shifokorlar kolleji that stated that medical professionals had a special responsibility to speak out on prevention of gun-related injuries and that they should support appropriate regulation of the purchase of legal weapons.^[258] In response to the paper the NRA tweeted against the paper and "anti-gun doctors" and claimed that "half of the articles in Annals of Internal Medicine are pushing for gun control", and medical professional began posting their experiences of caring for gun violence victims.^[259]

A survey of NRA members found that the majority support certain gun control policies, such as a universal fon tekshiruvi:

For instance, 84% of gun owners and 74% of NRA members (vs. 90% of non-gun owners) supported requiring a universal background-check system for all gun sales; 76% of gun owners and 62% of NRA members (vs. 83% of non-gun owners) supported prohibiting gun ownership for 10 years after a person has been convicted of violating a domestic-violence restraining order; and 71% of gun owners and 70% of NRA members (vs. 78% of non-gun owners) supported requiring a mandatory minimum sentence of 2 years in prison for a person convicted of selling a gun to someone who cannot legally have a gun.^[260]

Gun manufacturing industry

Critics have charged that the NRA represents the interests of gun manufacturers rather than gun owners.^{[261][262][263][264]}

Ommaviy otishmalar

Bizning hayotimiz uchun mart in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018

Sandy Hook boshlang'ich maktabida otishma

Following the high-profile 2012 shooting at the Sandy Hook boshlang'ich maktabi, the organization began to become the focus of intense criticism, due to its continued refusal to endorse any new restrictions on assault-style gun ownership, or to endorse any other types of new restrictions on gun ownership.^{[227][265][266]}While supporters say the organization advances their rights to buy and own guns according to the constitution's Second Amendment, some critics have described it as a "terrorist organization" for advocating policies that enable and permit the widespread distribution and sale of assault-style weapons, and for its opposition to any other types of restrictions on gun sales or use.^{[267][268][269]}

In December 2012, following the shooting, NRA broke its social media silence and media blackout to announce a press conference.^[270] At the event, LaPierre announced an NRA-backed effort to assess the feasibility of placing armed security officers in the nation's 135,000 public and private schools under a "National School Shield Program". He called on Congress "to act immediately to appropriate whatever is necessary". The announcement came in the same week after President Obama had stated his support for a ban on military-style hujum qurollari and high-capacity magazines.^{[271][272][273]}

The NRA has been criticized for their media strategy following Qo'shma Shtatlarda ommaviy otishmalar. After the Sandy Hook shooting the NRA released an online video which attacked Obama and mentioned Obama's daughters; Nyu-Jersi gubernatori Kris Kristi called it "reprehensible" and said that it demeaned the organization.^[274] A senior lobbyist for the organization later characterized the video as "ill-advised".^[275]

2017 yil Las-Vegasdagi otishma

After the October 2017 shooting at a concert in Las Vegas, which left 58 people dead and 851 injured, the NRA was initially criticized for their silence.^[276] After four days they issued a statement opposing additional gun control laws, which they said would not stop further attacks, and calling for a federal law allowing people who have a yashirin tashish permit in one state to carry concealed weapons in all other states. The organization also suggested additional regulations on so-called bump fire stocks, which allow a semi-automatic weapon to function like a machine gun; the Las Vegas shooter had used such a device.^[277]

Stoneman Duglas o'rta maktabida otishma

In February 2018 a school shooting at a high school in Florida left 17 dead and another 17 injured, and student survivors organized a movement called Hech qachon MSD to demand passage of certain gun control measures. Many of the students blamed the NRA, and the politicians who accept money from the organization, for preventing enactment of any gun control proposals after previous high-profile shootings.^[278][279] An NRA spokesman responded by blaming the shooting on the FBI and the media.^[280] The NRA also issued a statement that the incident was proof that more guns were immediately required in schools in the hands of a bolstered force of armed security personnel in order to "harden" them against any further similar assaults.^[281] A Florida law passed in the wake of the shooting, which includes a provision to ban the sale of firearms to people under 21, was immediately challenged in federal court by the NRA on the grounds that it is "violating the constitutional rights of 18- to 21-year-olds."^[282][283]

2018 yil may oyida, Kemeron Kaski 's father and other Parkland parents formed a super PAC, Families vs Assault Rifles PAC (FAMSVARPAC), with a stated goal of going "up against NRA candidates in every meaningful race in the country". The organization seeks federal legislation to ban "the most dangerous firearms", while not affecting the Second Amendment.^{[284][285][286]}

Boykot

The NRA offers corporate discounts to its members at various businesses through its corporate affiliate programs. For several years, and increasingly in the aftermath of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, "affiliate companies" have been targeted in social media as part of a boycott effort^[287] to terminate their business relationships with the NRA.^[288] As a result of this boycott movement, several major corporations such as Delta havo liniyalari, United Airlines, Xertz, Symantec va MetLife have disaffiliated from the NRA, while others, such as FedEx have refused to disaffiliate.^{[289][290][291]}

Ommaviy aktsiyalar

2017 yilda Zack Beauchamp of Vox and Mark Sumner of Kundalik kos criticized a video advertisement from the NRA. In the video, Dana Loesch runs through a list of wrongs committed by an unspecified "they":

They use their media to assassinate real news. They use their schools to teach children that the president is another Hitler. They use their movie stars, and singers, and comedy shows, and award shows to repeat their narrative over and over again. And then they use their ex-president to endorse the resistance. All to make them march. Make them protest. Make them scream racism and sexism and xenophobia and homophobia. To smash windows, burn cars, shut down interstates and airports, bully and terrorize the law abiding. Until the only option left is for the police to do their jobs and stop the madness. And when that happens, they'll use it as an excuse for their outrage. The only way we stop this. The only way we save our country and our freedom, is to fight this violence of lies with the clenched fist of truth.

Sumner alleged the NRA was trying to boost gun sales by "convincing half of America to declare war on the other half." Beauchamp wrote, "It's a paranoid vision of American life that encourages the NRA's fans to see liberals not as political opponents, but as monsters."^[292]

In May 2018, the NRA ran an advertisement which criticized the media for giving too much coverage to school shooters by showing their faces and revealing their names, in effect causing a "glorification of carnage in pursuit of ratings", and satirically suggested that Congress pass legislation to limit such coverage in order to make provocative point about gun control. In response, critics suggested that this would violate the Birinchi o'zgartirish huquqi so'z erkinligi.^[293][294]

Pro-gun rights criticism

Pro-gun rights critics include Amerikaning qurol egalari (GOA), founded in the 1970s because some gun rights advocates believed the NRA was too flexible on gun issues.^{[295]:110–11} Yahudiylar qurolga egalik huquqini saqlash uchun (JPFO) has also disagreed with NRA for what it perceives as a willingness to compromise on gun control.^[296] The Qurol huquqlari bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya has been an outspoken critic of the NRA for a number of years. According to the Huffington Post, "NAGR (Qurol huquqlari bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya ) is the much leaner, more pugnacious version of the NRA. Where the NRA has looked to find some common ground with gun reform advocates and at least appear to be reasonable, NAGR has been the unapologetic champion of opening up gun laws even more."^[297] 2014 yil iyun oyida an ochiq tashish group in Texas threatened to withdraw its support of the NRA if it did not retract its statements critical of the practice. The NRA–ILA's Chris Cox said the statements were a staffer's personal opinion and a mistake.^[298]

Lack of advocacy for black gun owners

The NRA has been criticized for insufficient defense of African-American gun rights and providing muted and delayed responses in gun rights cases involving black gun owners.^{[299][300][301][302][303][304][305]} Others argue that the NRA's inaction in prominent gun rights cases involving black gun owners is a consequence of their reluctance to criticize law enforcement, noting NRA support for Otis McDonald and Shaneen Allen.^[303][306]

In a well-publicized 2016 case, Filando Kastiliya, an African-American and legal gun owner, was fatally shot by a police officer during a traffic stop while reaching for his wallet.^[301][307] Castile had a valid firearm permit and informed the police officer of his gun prior to the shooting.^[301][308] Ga binoan Washington Post, the NRA had typically "been quick to defend other gun owners who made national news", but stayed silent on the Castile shooting.^[301] Other gun rights advocates as well as some NRA members voiced similar criticisms.^[301] Dana Loesch, a spokeswoman for the NRA, said there were other factors that have to be considered in the case. "He was also in possession of a controlled substance and a firearm simultaneously, which is illegal."^[309]

Adam Vinkler, professor of constitutional law at the UCLA School of Law, has argued that there is historical precedence to the NRA's lack of advocacy for black gun owners, noting that the NRA promoted gun control legislation in the 1920s, 1930s and 1960s with the intent to reduce gun ownership by racial minorities.^{[310][311][312]}

List of past and present leaders

Prezidentlar

Presidents of the NRA are elected by the board of directors.

Direktorlar

Notable directors, past and present, include:^[192]

Shuningdek qarang

• Non-profit organizations in Northern Virginia
• Qurol-yarog 'to'g'risidagi qonunlarga millatlar bo'yicha umumiy nuqtai

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Kitoblar

• Anderson, Jek (1996). NRA ichida: qurolli va xavfli: fosh. Beverli-Xillz, Kaliforniya: kaptar. p. 180. ISBN  978-0787106775. OCLC  34235436.
• Devidson, Osha Grey (1998). Yong'in ostida: NRA va qurolni boshqarish uchun jang. Ayova universiteti matbuoti. p. 338. ISBN  978-0877456469.
• Feldman, Richard (2011). Rikoket: Qurol lobbistining e'tiroflari. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN  978-1118130995.
• LaPierre, Ueyn R. (1994). Qurol, jinoyat va ozodlik. Regnery. ISBN  978-0895264770. OCLC  246629786.
• Melzer, Skott (2009). Qurol salibchilari: NRA madaniyat urushi. Nyu-York universiteti matbuoti. p. 336. ISBN  978-0814795972.
• Patrik, Brayan Anse (2002). Milliy miltiq uyushmasi va ommaviy axborot vositalari: salbiy yoritishni rag'batlantiruvchi kuchi. Nyu-York: Piter Lang. ISBN  978-0820451220. OCLC  316870710.
• Raymond, Emili (2006). Mening sovuq, o'lik qo'llarimdan: Charlton Xeston va Amerika siyosati. ISBN  978-0813124087. OCLC  77125677.
• Sugarmann, Josh (1992). Milliy miltiq uyushmasi: pul, olov kuchi va qo'rquv. Vashington, Kolumbiya: Zo'ravonlik siyosati markazi. p. 258. ISBN  978-1451500226. OCLC  773292764.
• Trefeten, Jeyms B.; Serven, Jeyms E. (1967). Amerikaliklar va ularning qurollari: Milliy miltiq uyushmasi "Xalqqa xizmat qilishning deyarli asrlik tarixi". Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 320. OCLC  1361329.
• Vinkler, Odam (2011). Otishma: Amerikada qurol olib yurish huquqi uchun jang. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 361. ISBN  978-0393082296.

Jurnal maqolalari

• Lakombe, Metyu J. (2019). "Qurol egalarini siyosiy qurollantirish: Milliy miltiq assotsiatsiyasining guruh shaxsini etishtirish, tarqatish va undan foydalanish". Siyosat jurnali. 81 (4): 1342–56. doi:10.1086/704329. S2CID  199301719.

Yangiliklar

• Cizzilla, Kris (2012 yil 18-dekabr). "NRA-ning eng katta xarajatlari - 1 jadvalda". Washington Post (blog). Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
• Fox, Lauren (2014 yil 7-may). "Qulflangan va yuklangan: NRA qanday bardosh berishni maqsad qiladi". AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti. Olingan 31 may, 2014.
• Smit, Boy (2014 yil 17-fevral). "NRA o'q-dorilarning etishmasligi uchun kim aybdor ekanligini aniqladi: siz". Yalang'och ahmoq. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.

Tashqi havolalar

• "NRA rasmiy veb-sayti". Olingan 16 sentyabr, 2007.
• "Lobbistlar profili". OpenSecrets.org.
• "Milliy miltiqchilar uyushmasi ichki daromad xizmati hujjatlari". ProPublica Notijorat Explorer.

Koordinatalar: 38 ° 51′47 ″ N. 77 ° 20′8 ″ V / 38.86306 ° 77.33556 ° Vt / 38.86306; -77.33556