Donald Trampning siyosiy pozitsiyalari - Political positions of Donald Trump - Wikipedia

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Donald Tramp
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Amaldagi prezident Prezidentlik O'tish Inauguratsiya Xronologiya Ijro etuvchi harakatlar e'lonlari afv etish Sayohatlar xalqaro Shimoliy Koreya sammitlari Singapur Xanoy DMZ Xelsinki sammiti O'chirish Yanvar 2018 2018–19 So'rovnomalar Sud ishlari Namoyishlar Avliyo Ioann cherkovining fotosurati Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar Bayonotlarning to'g'riligi Qotilliklar al-Bag'dodiy Soleymani Covid-19 pandemiyasi Vazifa kuchlari Aloqa Hukumatning javobi G'amxo'rlik to'g'risidagi qonun Warp Speed ​​operatsiyasi Oq uyning tarqalishi Ilmiy agentliklarga aralashish Uchrashuvlar Kabinet spekülasyon Elchilar Federal sudyalar Gorsuch Kavanaugh Barret Oliy sudga nomzodlar Ijrochilar AQSh advokatlari Avvalgi Komi Siyosatlar Iqtisodiyot soliq imtiyozlari ACA individual mandatini bekor qilish tariflar Xitoy savdo urushi Atrof muhit Parijdan chiqish Tashqi siyosat Amerika birinchi Eron bitimi Ko'rfaz inqirozi Quddus Golan balandliklari Trampning tinchlik rejasi Ibrohim kelishuvlari BAA Bahrayn USMCA Kosovo-Serbiya shartnomasi Immigratsiya sayohat qilishga taqiq devor oilaviy ajralish muhojirlarni hibsga olish qo'shinlarni joylashtirish milliy favqulodda holat Infratuzilma Ijtimoiy muammolar nasha Bo'shliq Kosmik kuchlar Impichment Dastlabki harakatlar Trump-Ukraina mojarosi So'rov va tinglovlar Senat sudi Prezidentlik kampaniyalari 2000 boshlang'ich saylovlar 2016 saylov boshlang'ich saylovlar tasdiqlash mitinglar anjuman munozaralar Hech qachon Trump harakati odamlar jinsiy zo'ravonlik ayblovlari Gollivudga kirish lenta ayblovlarni tinglash Spygate 2020 saylov boshlang'ich saylovlar tasdiqlash siyosiy siyosiy bo'lmagan muxolifat mitinglar anjuman munozaralar Saylovdagi firibgarlik da'volariga GOP reaktsiyalari Rossiya bilan o'zaro aloqalar Rossiyadagi biznes loyihalar Saylovga aralashish vaqt jadvali 2016 yil iyulidan oldin 2016 yil iyul - saylov kuni mavzular Associatesning Rossiya rasmiylari bilan aloqalari Po'lat hujjatlar Trump minorasi uchrashuvi Maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilish Maxsus advokatning tekshiruvi Crossfire dovuli ayblovlar Myullerning hisoboti Barr xati Senatning Razvedka qo'mitasi Rossiya hisoboti Ish va shaxsiy Biznes martaba Tramp tashkiloti boylik soliq deklaratsiyalari Media karerasi Shogird Kitoblar Filmografiya Eponimlar Oila Jamg'arma Ajdodlar Golf Hurmat Ommaviy madaniyatda SNL parodiyalar Huquqiy ishlar Bo'ronli Daniels Taxalluslar Taxalluslar Irqiy qarashlar Turar joylar

Ushbu maqola qo'rg'oshin bo'limi etarli darajada bo'lmasligi mumkin xulosa qilish uning tarkibi. Vikipediyaga mos kelish uchun qo'rg'oshin bo'limi ko'rsatmalari, iltimos, ko'rib chiqing o'zgartirish etakchi kirish uchun umumiy nuqtai nazarni taqdim eting maqolaning qisqacha versiyasi sifatida o'z-o'zidan tura oladigan tarzda maqolaning asosiy fikrlarini. (2020 yil sentyabr)

Ning siyosiy pozitsiyalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Donald Tramp (ba'zan shunday deyiladi Trumpizm^[1][2][3]) tez-tez o'zgarib turardi.

Siyosiy mansublik va mafkura

O'zini ta'riflagan

Tramp Konservativ siyosiy harakatlar konferentsiyasi (CPAC) 2015 yilda

Tramp respublikachi sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan Manxetten 1987 yilda va shu vaqtdan beri besh marta partiyaviyligini o'zgartirdi. 1999 yilda Tramp partiyaviyligini "ga" o'zgartirdi Nyu-York mustaqillik partiyasi. 2001 yil avgustda Tramp partiyaviyligini Demokratik deb o'zgartirdi. 2009 yil sentyabr oyida Tramp partiyaviyligini yana Respublikachilar partiyasiga o'zgartirdi. 2011 yil dekabrda Tramp "partiyaga mansub emas" ga o'zgartirdi (mustaqil ). 2012 yil aprel oyida Tramp yana Respublikachilar partiyasiga qaytdi.^[4]

2004 yilgi intervyusida Tramp CNN telekanaliga aytdi Bo'ri Blitser: "Ko'p hollarda, ehtimol, men ko'proq demokratman", deya tushuntirar ekanman: "Demokratlar davrida iqtisodiyot respublikachilardan yaxshiroq ekanligi ko'rinib turibdi. Endi bunday bo'lmasligi kerak edi. Agar orqaga qaytsangiz, demoqchiman Demak, demokratlar davrida iqtisodiyot yanada yaxshi ishlaydi ... Ammo, albatta, biz demokratlar davrida ham, respublikachilar davrida ham juda yaxshi iqtisodlarga ega edik. Ammo respublikachilar davrida biz juda yomon falokatlarga duch keldik. "^[5] 2015 yil iyul oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida Tramp o'zining keng siyosiy pozitsiyalariga ega ekanligini va "men demokrat sifatida ba'zi narsalarni aniqlayman" dedi.^[4]

2016 yilgi prezidentlik uchun saylov kampaniyasi davomida Tramp doimiy ravishda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ahvolini xiralashgan holda ta'riflab, uni qonunsizlik, qashshoqlik va zo'ravonlik azobiga duchor bo'lgan, doimo tahdid ostida bo'lgan va bo'lish xavfi ostida bo'lgan davlat deb atadi. "hech narsa, mutlaqo hech narsa, chapda".^[6][7] Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzodni qabul qilar ekan, Tramp tizimni "men yolg'iz o'zi tuzataman", dedi^[8] va agar u saylansa, "Amerikaizm, globalizm emas, bizning ishonchimiz bo'ladi. "^[7] U o'zini "qonun va tartib" nomzodi va "unutilgan erkaklar va ayollar" ning "ovozi" deb atadi.^[9] Trampning 2017 yil 20-yanvardagi inauguratsiya nutqi uning inqiroz va tanazzulga uchragan Amerikadagi saylovoldi tashviqot mavzusiga bag'ishlangan.^[10] U "Amerika qirg'ini" deb atagan narsaga barham berishga va'da berdi,^[11][12] a-da Qo'shma Shtatlarni tasvirlash distopiya yorug'lik - "tashlab qo'yilgan fabrikalar mamlakati, iqtisodiy g'azab, o'sib borayotgan jinoyatchilik" sifatida - "Amerika siyosatidagi yangi davr" ni va'da qilmoqda.^[10]

Tramp Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzod bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, u mansabdor shaxsga ishora qildi partiya platformasi, da qabul qilingan 2016 yilgi Respublika milliy anjumani, o'z qarashlaridan ajralib turadi.^[13] A Vashington Post Tramp 282 ga etdi saylovoldi va'dalari uning 2016 yilgi kampaniyasi davomida.^[14]

2017 yil fevralida Tramp "total" ekanligini aytdi millatchi "haqiqiy ma'noda".^[15] 2018 yil oktyabr oyida Tramp yana o'zini millatchi deb ta'rifladi.^[16][17]

Boshqalar tomonidan ta'riflanganidek

Trampning siyosiy pozitsiyalariga ayrimlar shunday qarashadi populist.^[18][19][20] Siyosatchilar ham, mutaxassislar ham Trampning populizmi, erkin savdo va immigrantlarga qarshi pozitsiyalarini "Trampizm" deb atashgan.^[21][22]

Liberal iqtisodchi va kolumnist Pol Krugman Trampning populist ekanligi, uning siyosati kambag'allarga nisbatan boylarga ustunlik berishini ta'kidlab, bahslashadi.^[23] Garvard Kennedi maktabi siyosatshunos Pippa Norris kabi Trumpni Evropa partiyalariga o'xshash "populist avtoritar" deb ta'riflagan Shveytsariya Xalq partiyasi, Avstriya Ozodlik partiyasi, Shvetsiya demokratlari va Daniya Xalq partiyasi.^[24] Kolumnist Valter Shapiro va siyosiy sharhlovchi Jonathan Chait Trampni quyidagicha ta'riflang avtoritar.^[25][26] Konservativ sharhlovchi Meri Katarin Xem Trampni "tasodifiy avtoritar" deb ta'riflab, "u ijro etuvchi hokimiyatdagi hokimiyat cheklovlari g'oyasini mamnuniyat bilan va mag'rurlik bilan bekor qilgan va Konstitutsiyaga va unga nima qilishiga imkon beradigan narsalarga qiziqmaydigan nomzod", dedi. Unga nima imkon bermaydi. Bu cheklangan hukumatga qiziqqan kishilarga tegishli. "^[27] Charlz V. V. Kuk ning Milliy sharh shunga o'xshash fikrlarni bildirgan va Trampni "konstitutsiyaga qarshi avtoritar" deb atagan.^[28] Ozodlik jurnalist Nik Gillespi, aksincha, Trampni "avtoritar emas, balki populist" deb ataydi.^[29]

Siyosiy spektrni qamrab oluvchi huquqshunos ekspertlar, shu jumladan ko'plab konservativ va libertarist olimlar "Trampning matbuotga bo'lgan bevafo hujumlari, sud tizimiga oid shikoyatlar va prezident hokimiyatining dadil da'volari birgalikda konstitutsiyaviy dunyoqarashni eskirgan holda, birinchi tuzatishni hurmatsizlikni ko'rsatmoqda, hokimiyat taqsimoti va qonun ustuvorligi. "^[30] Yuridik professorlar Rendi E. Barnett, Richard Epshteyn va Devid G. Post Masalan, Trampning hokimiyatni taqsimlash konstitutsiyaviy tamoyillari to'g'risida kam yoki umuman xabardorligi yoki ularga sodiqligi yo'qligini taxmin qilish federalizm.^[30] Yuridik professori Ilya Somin Trampning jurnalistlar ustidan sudga murojaat qilishni osonlashtirish uchun tuhmat to'g'risidagi qonunlarni kengaytirish to'g'risidagi taklifiga va uning so'zlariga asoslanib, Tramp "matbuot va birinchi tuzatish uchun jiddiy tahdid solmoqda" deb hisoblaydi. Vashington Post egasi Jeff Bezos agar Tramp prezident etib saylansa, "muammolarga duch keladi".^[30] Entoni D. Romero, ning ijrochi direktori Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi da chop etilgan op-nashrida yozilgan Vashington Post 2016 yil iyul oyida "Trumpning taklif qilgan siyosati, agar amalga oshirilsa, konstitutsiyaviy inqirozni keltirib chiqaradi. Bizning hisob-kitobimizga ko'ra, Tramp ma'muriyati o'zining eng munozarali rejalarini amalga oshirishga harakat qilsa, Birinchi, To'rtinchi, Beshinchi va Sakkizinchi tuzatishlarni buzadi."^[31]

Prezidentlikka saylanishidan oldin uning ijtimoiy masalalardagi qarashlari ko'pincha markazparast yoki mo''tadil deb ta'riflangan. Siyosiy sharhlovchi Josh Barro Trampni "mo''tadil respublikachi" deb atadi va immigratsiya masalasini hisobga olmaganda, uning fikri "g'oyaviy jihatdan qat'iy bo'lgan har qanday narsadir va u, albatta, bitim tuzishni taslim bo'lish bilan tenglashtirmaydi", deb aytdi.^[32] MSNBC mezbon Djo Skarboro Tramp aslida ko'proq "markazchi demokrat" ga o'xshaydi ijtimoiy muammolar.^[33] Jurnalist va siyosiy tahlilchi John Heilemann Trampni xarakterladi liberal ijtimoiy masalalar bo'yicha,^[34] konservativ munozarasi radio boshlovchisi va siyosiy sharhlovchi esa Rush Limbaugh Heilemann Trumpda ko'rmoqchi bo'lgan narsani ko'rayotganini aytdi.^[35] U prezident bo'lganidan beri sharhlovchilar odatda uning siyosatining kun tartibini quyidagicha tavsifladilar ijtimoiy konservativ.^[36][37][38]

Tramp va uning siyosiy qarashlari ko'pincha ta'riflangan millatchi.^[39][40] Jon Kassidi ning Nyu-Yorker Tramp Respublikachilar partiyasini "ko'proq populist, nativist, aniq protektsionistik va yarim izolyatsiya tarafdoriga aylantirishga intilishini, immigratsiya, erkin savdo va harbiy interventsionizmga shubha bilan qaraydi" deb yozadi.^[41] Vashington Post tahririyat sahifasi muharriri Fred Xatt va Muqaddas Xoch kolleji siyosatshunos Donald Brand Trampni a nativist.^[42][43] Boy Lowry, muharriri Milliy sharh, buning o'rniga Trumpni "immigratsion shox" deb ataydi va Trumpning immigratsiya darajasini "tarixiy o'rtacha darajaga" qaytaradigan harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[44] Trump - bu protektsionist, erkin bozor advokatiga ko'ra Stiven Mur va konservativ iqtisodchi Lourens Kudlov.^[45] Tarixchi Joshua M. Zayts 2016 yilda Trampning murojaatlari "deb yozganqonun va tartib " va jim ko'pchilik "bilan solishtirish mumkin edi it hushtagi va irqiy kodlangan atamasi Richard Nikson.^[46]

2020 yilgi tadqiqotga ko'ra, saylovchilar Trampning 2016 yilgi saylovdagi mafkurasini baholashda 1972 yildan buyon barcha prezidentlikka nomzodlar va barcha zamonaviy qonunchilar orasida eng ko'p qiynalgan.^[47]

Tarozilar va reytinglar

Crowdpac

2015 yilda, Crowdpac Trampga 0,4 reytingini berdiL o'rtacha pozitsiyalarni ko'rsatadigan 10 dan. 2016 yilda reyting 5.1 ga o'zgartirildiC 10 dan, uni ko'proq konservativ spektrga o'tkazadi.^[48]

Muammolar to'g'risida

Tashkilot va veb-sayt Muammolar to'g'risida vaqt o'tishi bilan Trampni siyosiy e'tiqodlarining xilma-xilligini ko'rsatib turlicha tasniflagan:

• "O'rtacha populist" (2003)^[49]
• "Liberal - toza populist "(2003–2011)^[50]
• "O'rtacha populist konservativ " (2011–2012)^[51]
• "Ozodlik - egilish konservativ " (2012–2013)^[52]
• "O'rtacha konservativ" (2013–2014)^[53]
• "Libertaryaga moyil konservativ" (2014–2015)^[54]
• "Qattiq yadroli konservativ" (2015)^[55]
• "Libertaryaga moyil konservativ" (2015–2016)^[56]
• "O'rtacha konservativ" (2016–2017)^[57]
• "Qattiq yadroli konservativ" (2017 yildan hozirgacha)^[58]

Prezidentlik davrida siyosat va siyosat

Prezident sifatida Tramp daromad solig'ini sezilarli darajada qisqartirish, tartibga solinmaslik, harbiy xarajatlarni ko'paytirish, federal sog'liqni saqlash himoyasini qaytarish va konservativ sudyalarni tayinlashga intildiRespublika partiyasi ) siyosat.^[59] Biroq, uning globallashuvga qarshi savdo siyosati protektsionizm o'zaro faoliyat partiyalar.^[60] Xalqaro aloqalarda u o'zini a millatchi.^[61] Tramp "juda va juda ko'p masalalarda butunlay moslashuvchan" ekanligini aytdi.^[62]

Trampning imzo masalasi immigratsiya, ayniqsa noqonuniy immigratsiya,^[63] va xususan qurish yoki kengaytirish chegara devori AQSh va Meksika o'rtasida.^[64]

2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida Tramp infratuzilma uchun katta sarmoyalar va odatda liberal hisoblangan qariyalar uchun huquqlarni himoya qilishni va'da qildi (Demokratik partiya ) siyosat. 2016 yil oktyabr oyida Trampning saylovoldi kampaniyasi o'z veb-saytida o'n to'rt toifadagi siyosiy takliflarni joylashtirdi, ular o'chirildi.^[65] 2016 yil oktyabr oyi davomida Tramp bir qator qadamlarni belgilab berdi uning ishdagi birinchi 100 kuni.^[66]

Trampning siyosiy pozitsiyalari va uning e'tiqodlari tavsiflari ko'pincha bir-biriga zid bo'lgan.^[73][74] Politico o'z pozitsiyalarini "eklektik, improvizatsiya va ko'pincha qarama-qarshi" deb ta'riflagan.^[75] An NBC News Saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Tramp "23 ta asosiy masala bo'yicha 141 ta aniq o'zgarishlarni" amalga oshirdi.^[76] Faktlarni tekshiruvchi tashkilotlar aktsiya davomida, Tramp rekord darajada yolg'on bayonotlar va yolg'on gapirdi boshqa nomzodlarga nisbatan,^[80] lavozimdan beri davom etgan va yanada oshgan naqsh.^[81][82]

Ichki siyosat

Tramp respublikachilarga sodiqlik va'dasini imzolaydi: agar Tramp bo'lmasa Respublikachilar partiyasining nomzodiga aylaning uchun 2016 yilgi umumiy saylovlar, u nomzod kim bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, kimni qo'llab-quvvatlasa va kim sifatida qatnashmaslikka va'da berdi uchinchi tomon nomzodi.

Tramp va tarafdorlari mitingda Muskatin, Ayova, Yanvar 2016. Ko'plab tarafdorlar "The." jim ko'pchilik Trampning yonida ".

Aksiyani moliyalashtirish

Tramp bir necha bor "g'oyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish,"^[83][84] u kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni tartibga solish bo'yicha o'zining haqiqiy qarashlarining xususiyatlarini bayon qilmagan.^[83][85][86] Masalan, Tramp uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytmadi saylovlarni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish yoki kampaniyalar, tashqi guruhlar va shaxslar xarajatlarining cheklanishi.^[83]

Respublikachilar birlamchi poygasi paytida Tramp bir necha marotaba o'zining respublikachi raqiblarini saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtiruvchilar bilan bog'langanlikda ayblagan va har kim (shu jumladan Trampning o'zi ham) o'z siyosatini xayriya mablag'lari bilan sotib olishi mumkinligini ta'kidlagan.^[87] U super PAC-larni "firibgar" va "dahshatli narsa" deb atadi.^[83][88] 2015 yil oktyabr oyida u "Prezidentlikka barcha nomzodlar zudlik bilan o'zlarining Super PAC-laridan voz kechishlari kerak. Ular nafaqat qonun ruhini, balki qonunni ham buzmoqda" dedi.^[89]

Avvalroq o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasining o'zini o'zi moliyalashtirishini siyosiy hokimiyatdan va yirik donorlardan mustaqillik belgisi sifatida ta'kidlagan Tramp, yo'nalishdan qaytdi va 2016 yil may oyining boshlarida mablag 'yig'ishni boshladi.^[90][91][92] Tramp poyga oldidan Trampni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan super PAC-larni muntazam ravishda rad etgan bo'lsa-da, u buni 2016 yil may oyining boshidan to'xtatdi.^[89]

Davlat xizmatchilari

Ga binoan Kris Kristi (u qisqa vaqt ichida Trampning etakchisi bo'lib ishlagan Oq uyga o'tish jamoasi), Trump intiladi tozalash Obama tomonidan tayinlangan amaldorlarning federal hukumati va Kongressdan jamoat ishchilarini ishdan bo'shatishni osonlashtiradigan qonunchilikni qabul qilishni so'raydi.^[93]

Trampning sobiq bosh strategisti, Stiv Bannon, 2017 yil fevralida Trampning maqsadi "ma'muriy davlatni buzish" ekanligini ta'kidlagan.^[94]

Nogironlar

Tramp "nogironlik bilan bog'liq siyosatdagi pozitsiyalari haqida ozgina tafsilotlarni" taqdim etdi va uning saylovoldi veb-saytida bu haqda hech narsa aytilmagan nogironlar.^[95][96][97] 2016 yil 1-iyundan boshlab Tramp nogironlik bo'yicha nodavlat guruhining savol-javobiga javob bermadi Hurmat qobiliyati.^[95]

Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi

Donald Tramp bunga qarshi DC davlatligi. 2020 yilda Donald Tramp Vashington uchun davlat to'g'risidagi qonunchilik Kongressning ikkala palatasini ham qabul qilsa, qabul to'g'risidagi qonunga veto qo'yishini ta'kidladi.^[98]

Ta'lim

2016 yilgi aksiya

Tramp uni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi maktab tanlovi boshlang'ich va o'rta maktablar uchun mahalliy nazorat. Maktab tanlovi to'g'risida u shunday dedi: "Bizning davlat maktablarimiz bugungi kunga qaraganda raqobatbardosh mahsulotni etkazib berishga qodir. Ushbu asrning boshidagi ba'zi o'rta maktab sinovlarini ko'rib chiqing va ular kollej darajasidagi testlar emasmi deb o'ylaysiz. Va biz tanlovni boshlashimiz kerak - maktab eshigini ochib, ota-onalarga farzandlari uchun eng yaxshi maktabni tanlashiga ruxsat bering. Ta'lim islohotchilari bu maktabni tanlov, charter maktablari, vaucherlar, hatto imkoniyat uchun stipendiyalar deb atashadi. Men buni tanlov deb atayman - amerikalik yo'l. "^[99]

Trump portlatdi Umumiy asosiy davlat standartlari tashabbusi, buni "umumiy falokat" deb atagan.^[100][101] Tramp Umumiy Core "Vashington orqali ta'lim" ekanligini ta'kidladi, bu da'vo Siyosat va boshqa jurnalistlar "yolg'on" deb baholashdi, chunki Common Core-ni qabul qilish va amalga oshirish federal tanlov emas, balki davlatning tanlovidir.^[100][101]

Tramp buni ta'kidladi Ben Karson Tramp prezidentligi davrida "ta'lim bilan juda shug'ullanadi".^[102] Karson buni rad etadi evolyutsiya nazariyasi, ishonadi "uyda o'qiydiganlar eng yaxshi ishni qiling, xususiy maktab o'quvchilari keyingi eng yaxshisi, charter maktab o'quvchilari keyingi eng yaxshi va davlat maktab o'quvchilari eng yomoni "; u" federal byurokratiyani ta'limdan chiqarishni "xohlashini aytdi.^[103]

Tramp mavjud federal xarajatlarni 20 milliard dollarga yo'naltirishni taklif qildi grantlarni blokirovka qilish davlatlarga kambag'al bolalarga oilasini tanlagan maktabiga (shu jumladan charter maktabiga, xususiy maktabga yoki onlayn maktab ).^[104][105] Tramp federal byudjetdagi 20 milliard dollar qayerdan olinishini tushuntirmadi.^[104] Tramp "ushbu grantni taqsimlash xususiy maktab tanlovi va ustav qonunlariga ega bo'lgan davlatlarga yordam beradi" deb ta'kidladi.^[104]

Prezidentlik

Prezident sifatida Tramp respublikachilar moliyachisini tanladi Betsy DeVos, taniqli Michigan charter maktabi advokat, ta'lim kotibi sifatida.^[106] Nominatsiya juda ziddiyatli edi;^[107] Vashington Post ta'lim sohasidagi yozuvchi Valeri Strauss "DeVos qariyb 40 yillik ta'lim bo'limi tarixidagi eng munozarali ta'lim nomzodi deb topilgan" deb yozgan.^[108] Tasdiqlash ovozi bo'yicha Senat 50/50 ga bo'lindi (partiyalar qatori, ikkita respublikachi senator barcha demokrat senatorlar qatoriga qo'shilib, tasdiqlashga qarshi ovoz berishdi). Vitse prezident Mayk Pens undan foydalangan galaba bilan ovoz berish nominatsiyani tasdiqlash uchun, AQSh tarixida birinchi marta bu sodir bo'ldi.^[106]

Taniqli domen

2015 yilda Trump qo'ng'iroq qildi taniqli domen "ajoyib". U bir necha bor hukumatdan o'tgan rivojlanish loyihalari davomida uni o'z nomidan chaqirishni so'ragan.^[109][110]

Oziq-ovqat xavfsizligi

2016 yil sentyabr oyida Tramp o'z veb-saytida o'zi olib tashlaydigan qoidalarni ro'yxatini e'lon qildi. Ro'yxatga "FDA oziq-ovqat politsiyasi" deb nomlangan narsa kiritilgan va eslatib o'tilgan Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish "xo'jalik va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish gigienasi" va "oziq-ovqat harorati" ni tartibga soluvchi qoidalar.^[111] Trump tomonidan taqdim etilgan ma'lumotlar varag'i konservatorning may oyidagi hisobotini aks ettirdi Heritage Foundation.^[112] U o'sha oyning oxirida almashtirildi va yangi ma'lumotlar varag'ida FDA haqida so'z yuritilmagan.^[111]

Mahalliy amerikaliklar

Kolman Makkarti ning Washington Post 1993 yilda yozganidek, o'sha yili berilgan guvohlikda Mahalliy mahalliy ishlar bo'yicha uyning tabiiy resurslari bo'yicha kichik qo'mitasi, Tramp "guvohlik berishining katta qismini og'zaki og'zaki hindular va ularning kazinolariga bag'ishladi", "uyushgan jinoyatchilik avj olgan" Hindistonning rezervasyonlari "va" agar u davom etsa, bu hozirgi zamondagi eng katta janjal bo'ladi. "Tramp uning da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi hech qanday dalil keltirmadi va Federal qidiruv byurosi uyushgan jinoyatchilik bo'limi ko'rsatmalari Adliya vazirligining jinoiy bo'limi, va IRS jinoiy qidiruv bo'limi Trampning da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlamadi.^[113] Vakil Jorj Miller, raisi bo'lgan demokrat Tabiiy resurslar qo'mitasi o'sha paytda shunday degan edi: "Kongressdagi 19 yillik faoliyatimda men bundan buyon mas'uliyatsiz guvohlikni eshitmaganman".^[113]

Tramp 2000 yilda bir qator anti-anti bankrolni rasmiylashtirdiHindiston o'yinlari e'lonlari Nyu-York shtati Unda "gipodermik ignalar va giyohvand moddalar aks etgan qorong'u fotosurat", "zo'ravon jinoyatchilar shaharga kelayotgani" haqida ogohlantirish va " Sent-Regis Mohavks "jinoiy faoliyat to'g'risidagi yozuv" ga ega bo'lgan.^[114] Reklama - kazino qurilishini to'xtatishga qaratilgan Mushuklar bu Trumpning Atlantic City kazinolariga zarar etkazishi mumkin^[115]- "qo'zg'atuvchi" va irqiy ayblov sifatida ko'rilgan va o'sha paytda mahalliy qabilalar rahbarlari bunga javoban avvalgi e'lonning "qoralashi" va "irqchi va yallig'lanishli ritorikasini" qoralash uchun o'zlari gazeta e'lonlarini sotib olishgan.^[114] Reklama lobbichilik bo'yicha Nyu-York vaqtinchalik davlat komissiyasining e'tiborini tortdi, chunki ular Trampning homiyligini davlat talabiga binoan oshkor qila olmadilar. lobbichilik qoidalar.^{[114][115][116]} Tramp bu reklamalarga homiylik qilganini va u va uning sheriklari ommaviy ravishda kechirim so'rab, davlatni oshkor qilish qoidalarini chetlab o'tganligi uchun 250 ming dollar (komissiya tomonidan undirilgan eng katta fuqarolik jazosi) to'lashga rozi bo'lgan davlat bilan kelishuvga erishganini tan oldi.^{[114][115][116]}

2015 yilda Trump himoya qildi bahsli jamoa nomi va maskot ning Vashington Redskins, deb aytib NFL jamoa o'z nomini o'zgartirmasligi kerak va u topolmadi atama tajovuzkor bo'lmoq.^[117][118] Boshchiligidagi "Mascotni o'zgartiring" aksiyasi Oneida Indian Nation va Amerika hindulari milliy kongressi, Trampning pozitsiyasini qoraladi.^[119]

2016 yilda saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishda Tramp bir necha bor demokrat senatorni kamsitgan Elizabeth Uorren ning Massachusets shtati unga qo'ng'iroq qilib "Pokahontas "(Uorrenning mahalliy Amerika ajdodlari haqidagi oilaviy ma'lumotlarga asoslanib, u hujjatlashtira olmagan da'vosiga havola).^[120] Trampning izohlari bir qator jamoat arboblari tomonidan irqchi va noo'rin deb tanqid qilindi.^[121][122] Gyasi Ross ning Blackfeet Nation, mahalliy amerikalik faol va muallif, Trampning "Elizabet Uorrenni" Pokaxontas "deb nomlashini" "shunchaki uning irqchilik bezoriligining davomi" deb tanqid qildi.^[123]

Obamaning fuqaroligini shubha ostiga olish

Tramp 2016 yil avgust, Arizona shtati, Feniksdagi mitingda nutq so'zlamoqda.

Bir necha yil davomida Tramp lavozimini ko'tarib chiqdi "birodar" fitna nazariyalari Barak Obamaning fuqaroligi to'g'risida.^{[124][125][126]}

2011 yil mart oyida, intervyu paytida Xayrli tong Amerika, Tramp prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishni jiddiy ko'rib chiqayotganini, Obamaning fuqaroligiga "ozgina" shubha bilan qarayotganini va shu nuqtai nazarga qo'shilgan odamni shunchaki "ahmoq" deb atash kerak emasligini aytdi. Tramp qo'shimcha qildi: "Voyaga etgani uchun uni hech kim tanimaydi"^[127]- "Olovda shim" deb nomlangan da'vo Siyosat.^[128] Keyinchalik, Tramp paydo bo'ldi Ko'rish bir necha marotaba "Men unga (Obamaga) tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomasini ko'rsatishini xohlayman" deb takrorlagan va "o'sha tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomada unga yoqmaydigan narsa borligini" taxmin qilgan.^[129] Garchi rasmiylar Gavayi Obamaning fuqaroligini tasdiqlagan Tramp 2011 yil aprel oyida bu masalani qo'yib yubormasligini aytdi, chunki u Obamaning fuqaroligini isbotlaganidan mamnun emas edi.^[130]

2011 yil 27 aprelda Obama o'zining uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomasini e'lon qilgandan so'ng, Tramp: "Men haqiqatan ham faxrlanaman va men hech kim qila olmaydigan ishni qila olganimdan faxrlanaman", dedi.^[131] Tramp Obamaning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasini keyingi yillarda ham, 2015 yildayoq so'roq qilishni davom ettirdi.^[132][133] 2012 yil may oyida Tramp Obamada Keniyada tug'ilgan bo'lishi mumkin deb taxmin qilgan edi.^[134] 2012 yil oktyabr oyida Tramp oy oxirigacha kollej va pasportga oid arizalarini nashr etish evaziga Obamaning tanlagan xayriya tashkilotiga besh million dollar ajratishni taklif qildi.^[135] 2014 yilgi intervyusida Tramp Obamaning uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasini ishlab chiqarganmi yoki yo'qmi degan savol tug'dirdi.^[132] 2015 yilning dekabrida Tramp Obamaning qonuniyligidan shubhalanadimi yoki yo'qmi degan savoliga Tramp "Men endi bu haqda gapirmayman" dedi.^[136]

2016 yil 14 sentyabrda Tramp Obamaning AQShda tug'ilganiga ishonadimi yoki yo'qligini tan olishdan bosh tortdi.^[137] 2016 yil 15 sentyabrda Tramp birinchi marta Obamaning AQShda tug'ilganligini tan oldi.^[137] U "Prezident Barak Obama Qo'shma Shtatlarda tug'ilgan, davr" deb qisqa muddatli bayonot berdi.^[137] U Hillari Klintonni "Birter" harakatini boshlaganlikda aybladi.^{[137][138][139]} U, shuningdek, Obamani keyingi yillarda ham fuqaroligini shubha ostiga qo'yganiga qaramay, 2011 yilda Obamaning uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasini chiqarganiga ishora qilib, qarama-qarshi bahslarni "tugatdim" deb ta'kidladi.^{[132][138][140]} Ertasi kuni Tramp tvitterda a Vashington Post sarlavha bilan hikoya "Donald Trampning birodarligi - bu uning eng katta hiyla-nayrangidir".^[141][142] Sarlavhaning "eng katta hiyla-nayranglari" kabelli tarmoqlar tadbirni jonli efirda namoyish qilib, "birodar" bayonotini kutayotganiga ishora qilar ekan, Tramp o'zining yangi mehmonxonasini maqtab, tarafdorlari guvohlik berishdi.^[143] 2016 yil oktyabr oyida Tramp Barak Obamaning prezidentligi qonuniyligini shubha ostiga qo'ygan bo'lib, uni mitingda "prezident" ning so'zlari "deb atagan edi.^[144]

Ijtimoiy ta'minot va tibbiy xizmat

Saylov kampaniyasi davomida Tramp bir necha bor "Men qisqartirmayman Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik boshqa har qanday respublikachi singari va men qisqartirmoqchi emasman Medicare yoki Medicaid."^[145] Prezidentligining dastlabki uch yilida u ijtimoiy ta'minot yoki Medicare-ni qisqartirish haqida hech narsa demadi. 2020 yil yanvar oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida u Medicare kabi huquq dasturlarini "ko'rib chiqishni" rejalashtirganini aytdi,^[146] ammo keyin u Twitter orqali "Biz 2021-moliya byudjetida sizning ijtimoiy ta'minotingiz yoki tibbiy yordamingizga tegmaymiz" dedi.^[147] Uning 2020 yil fevral oyida e'lon qilingan 2021 yilgi byudjeti nogironlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan Ijtimoiy ta'minot dasturiga 45 milliard dollar miqdorida mablag 'ajratishni o'z ichiga olgan,^[148] shuningdek Medicare va Medicaid-ga qisqartirishlar.^[147] Bilan bog'liq ijro buyruqlari to'plamining bir qismi sifatida 2020 yil avgust oyida koronavirus pandemiyasi, u ishchilar va ish beruvchilar tomonidan to'lanadigan ijtimoiy sug'urta va tibbiy yordamni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ish haqi soliqlarini yig'ishni 2020 yilning qolgan davriga qoldirish to'g'risida buyruq imzoladi. Shuningdek, agar u qayta saylansa g'alaba qozonsa, ish haqidan kechiktirilgan soliqlarni kechirishini aytdi. va "soliqni bekor qiladi" deb ish haqi solig'ini doimiy ravishda qisqartiradi, garchi faqat Kongress soliq qonunchiligini o'zgartirishi mumkin.^[149] Tahlilchilarning ta'kidlashicha, bunday harakat dasturlar uchun to'laydigan maxsus mablag'ni yo'q qilish orqali Ijtimoiy xavfsizlik va Medicare-ga tahdid soladi.^[150][151]

Faxriylar

2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi

Tramp 2015 yil iyul oyida ushbu senatorga ayblov qo'yganida shov-shuvga sabab bo'lgan Jon Makkeyn "veterinarlarga yordam berish uchun hech narsa qilmagan", PolitiFact va Chicago Tribune.^[152][153] Trampning qo'shimcha qilishicha, Makkeyn "urush qahramoni emas. U urush qahramoni edi, chunki u asirga olingan. Menga asir olinmagan odamlar yoqadi".^[154]

Prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida Tramp AQShda faxriylarga nisbatan muomala usullarini tanqid qilib, "bu mamlakatda veterinarlarga dahshatli muomala qilinmoqda ... ular jahannamda yashamoqda" dedi.^[152] U sabab bo'lgan kamchiliklar va kutish ro'yxatlarini yo'q qilishni ma'qul ko'rdi Veteranlar sog'liqni saqlash ma'muriyati bilan bog'liq janjal oldingi yil. Uning ta'kidlashicha, "300 mingdan ortiq faxriylar yordam kutib o'lib ketgan".^[155] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Veteranlar ishlari (VA) muassasalarini texnologik jihatdan yangilash, boshqa faxriylarni davolash uchun ko'proq faxriylarni yollash, ayol faxriylarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytirish va qishloq joylarida kasalxonalar ichida sun'iy yo'ldosh klinikalarini yaratish kerak.^[156] U islohot rejasini taklif qildi AQSh Veteranlar ishlari departamenti faxriylarga Medicare-ni qabul qiladigan har qanday shifokor yoki muassasadan yordam olishga, mablag'ni ko'paytirishga imkon beradigan qoidalar bilan TSSB va o'z joniga qasd qilishning oldini olish xizmatlar va taqdim etish ob / gyn har qanday VA kasalxonasida xizmatlar.^[157] Tramp faxriylarni ko'proq xususiylashtirishga chaqirdi,^[158] Garchi uning rejasida faxriylarga VA tizimidan tashqarida tibbiy yordam olish to'g'risida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'lumot berilmagan bo'lsa ham.^[158] The Wall Street Journal "bunday reja yirik faxriylar guruhlari, VA ning o'zi va o'tgan hafta VAni o'zgartirish bo'yicha tavsiyalar bergan Kongress tomonidan tashkil etilgan mustaqil tashkilot - Xavfsizlik bo'yicha Komissiyaning tavsiyalariga ziddir" deb ta'kidladi.^[158] Trampning rejasida "qonunchilik kam ishlayotgan xodimlarni ishdan bo'shatishni osonlashtirishi, ruhiy salomatlik manbalarini ko'paytirish va faxriylar VAni chetlab o'tishlari va muammolarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri prezidentga etkazishlari uchun Oq Uyning ishonch telefonini qo'shish kerak" deyilgan.^[158] Tramp oqimga qarshi chiqdi G.I. Bill.^[159][160]

2016 yil yanvar oyida Tramp faxriylar uchun mablag 'yig'ish mitingini o'tkazdi (buni amalga oshirish uchun Respublikachilarning televizion bahsini o'tkazib yuborish). Bir necha hafta o'tgach, Wall Street Journal Tramp kampaniyasi bilan faxriylar guruhlari cheklarini qachon olishlarini so'rab, mablag 'ajratila boshlandi.^[161] Aprel oyida Jurnal mablag'lar hali to'liq taqsimlanmaganligi haqida xabar berdi.^[162] May oyida NPR 30 ta xayriya tashkilotlari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'z mablag'larini olganligini tasdiqladi va "jami 5,6 million dollardan 4,27 million dollarni tashkil etdi", qolgan 11 xayriya tashkilotlari savolga javob bermadilar.^[163]

Prezidentlik va 2020 yilgi kampaniya

2018 yil fevral oyida Tramp ma'muriyati Pentagonga kelasi 12 oy ichida joylashishga yaroqsiz bo'lgan askarni bo'shatishni buyurib, "Deploy or Get Out" (DOGO) deb nomlangan siyosatni boshladi. Bu asosan nogiron askarlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Bu ham ta'sir qildi OIV - AQShda xizmat qilishga ruxsat berilgan, ammo chet elda joylashtirilishi mumkin bo'lmagan ijobiy askarlar; DOGO siyosati shuni anglatadiki, ular endi AQSh ichida ham xizmat qila olmaydilar.^[164]

2019 yil avgust oyida Tramp pasni o'tgani uchun o'zini ishontirdi Veteranlar tanlovi to'g'risidagi qonun, haqiqatan ham avvalgi prezident Barak Obama davrida 2014 yilda qabul qilingan qonun. Tramp 2018 yilda ushbu aktni kengaytirishga imzo chekdi.^[165]

2020 yil sentyabr oyida, Atlantika Tramp urushda jabrlangan amerikaliklarni "Yo'qotuvchilar" va so'rg'ichlar "deb ataganini, bayonot berish uchun hozir bo'lgan bir nechta odamni aytib o'tdi; keyinchalik Associated Press va Fox News ushbu hikoyalarning bir qismini tasdiqladi.^{[166][167][168][169][170]} Tramp halok bo'lgan askarlarni "Yo'qotilganlar" deb ataganligi haqidagi yangiliklar haqidagi xabardan faxriylar nafratlanishdi.^[171] Shuningdek, ushbu yangiliklar bilan bog'liq, Trumpning jiyani, Meri Tramp, "Tramp o'zini Amerikaga qarshi, harbiylarga qarshi xoin bo'lishdan boshqa narsa emasligini ko'rsatdi".^[172] Tramp bu ayblovlarni rad etdi va ularni "sharmandali" deb atab, qo'shimcha qildi: "Men halok bo'lgan qahramonlarimiz haqida hech qachon aytmagan har qanday narsaga qasam ichishga tayyor bo'lar edim".^[173] Jon Bolton, munozarada ishtirok etgan, shuningdek, Trampning bunday izohlarni hech qachon eshitmaganligini aytdi.^[174]

Iqtisodiyot va savdo

Atrof muhit va energiya

2016 yil mart oyiga qadar Tramp iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi kurash rejalarini e'lon qilmagan yoki energetika masalalariga kengroq yondoshishi haqida batafsil ma'lumot bermagan.^[175]

2016 yil may oyida Tramp AQSh vakilidan so'radi Kevin Kramer, Respublika Shimoliy Dakota - tasvirlangan Reuters sifatida "Amerikaning eng qizg'in burg'ulash tarafdorlaridan biri va iqlim o'zgarishiga skeptiklar "- Trampning energiya siyosatini ishlab chiqish.^[176][177]

Kaliforniyadagi qurg'oqchilik

2016 yil may oyida Tramp hal qila olishini aytdi Kaliforniyadagi suv inqirozi.^[178] U "qurg'oqchilik yo'q" deb e'lon qildi, Associated Press ta'kidlagan bayonot noto'g'ri.^[178] Tramp Kaliforniya shtati rasmiylarini fermerlarni suvni "ma'lum uch dyuymli baliqni himoya qilish uchun" dengizga jo'natishlari uchun inkor etishda aybladi.^[178] AP xabariga ko'ra, Tramp o'rtasidagi kelishmovchilikni nazarda tutgan ko'rinadi Markaziy vodiy fermerlik manfaatlari va ekologik manfaatlar; Kaliforniya fermerlari yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan mahalliy baliq turlarini himoya qilishda suv idoralarini ularni suvni qisqa muddatda o'zgartirganlikda ayblamoqda.^[178]

Iqlim o'zgarishi va ifloslanish

Trump rad etadi iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha ilmiy konsensus,^{[179][180][181]} bir necha bor bunga qarshi Global isish bu "yolg'on".^[182][183] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "global isish kontseptsiyasi xitoyliklar tomonidan va ular uchun AQSh ishlab chiqarishini raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan holatga keltirish uchun yaratilgan", - dedi Tramp keyinchalik bu so'zni hazil deb.^[184] Biroq, u ko'pincha ob-havoni iqlim o'zgarishi bilan bog'lab turishi ta'kidlangan.^[185]

Tramp Prezident Obamaning iqlim o'zgarishini "kelajak avlodlar uchun eng katta tahdid" deya ta'riflashini "sodda" va "men eshitgan eng ahmoqona bayonotlardan biri" deya tanqid qildi.^[186][187] Tomonidan 2016 yilgi hisobot Syerra klubi agar u prezident etib saylansa, Tramp dunyodagi yagona davlat rahbari bo'lib, iqlim o'zgarishi yolg'on ekanligini ta'kidlagan.^[188] 2009 yil dekabr oyida Tramp va uning voyaga etgan uchta farzandi "biznes rahbarlari" ning to'liq sahifali reklamasiga imzo chekishdi The New York Times "Agar biz hozir harakat qilolmasak, insoniyat va sayyoramiz uchun halokatli va qaytarib bo'lmaydigan oqibatlarga olib kelishi ilmiy jihatdan inkor etib bo'lmaydigan narsa" va "toza energiya iqtisodiyotiga investitsiyalarni" "yangi energiya ish o'rinlarini yaratish va energiya xavfsizligimizni oshirish" ni rag'batlantirish.^[189]

"iqlim o'zgarishiga ishonuvchi emas, "Tramp" toza havo dolzarb muammo "ekanligini ta'kidladi va shunday dedi:" Iqlim o'zgarishi sohasida hali ko'p narsalarni o'rganish kerak. Ehtimol, cheklangan moliyaviy resurslarimizdan eng yaxshi foydalanish dunyodagi har bir insonga ega bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qilishda bo'lishi kerak toza suv."^[190]

2016 yil may oyida Tramp o'zining prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida targ'ibotga qaratilgan energiya rejasini chiqardi Yoqilg'i moyi va atrof-muhitni tartibga solishni zaiflashtirish.^[179] Tramp uning ichida "bekor qilishga" va'da berdi birinchi 100 kun ishda turli xil Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi davomida o'rnatilgan qoidalar Obama ma'muriyati cheklash uglerod chiqindilari dan ko'mir bilan ishlaydigan elektr stantsiyalari, bu global iqlimning isishiga yordam beradi.^[179] Trump maxsus ravishda bekor qilishni va'da qildi Iqlim bo'yicha harakatlar rejasi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining suvlari qoida, u buni ikkita "Obamani ishdan bo'shatadigan ijro etuvchi harakatlar" sifatida tavsiflaydi.^[191]

Tramp "bizga endi ko'mirdan foydalanish deyarli taqiqlangan" deb aytdi PolitiFact.^[192] Tramp Obama ma'muriyatining ko'mir siyosatini tanqid qilib, ma'muriyatning ko'mir bilan ishlaydigan elektr stantsiyalaridan foydalanishni bosqichma-bosqich to'xtatish harakatlarini "ahmoqlik" deb ta'rifladi.^[179] Tramp Obama ma'muriyatini "federal erlarda ko'mir qazib olishni" taqiqlagani uchun tanqid qildi va "agar to'xtab qolmasa, ishdan bo'shatish va savdo-sotiqni joriy qilish uchun Kongressni chetlab o'tadigan keskin ob-havo qoidalarini" qabul qilishga intilayotganini ta'kidladi.^[191] Trump AQShni qayta tiklashga va'da berdi ko'mir iqtisodiyot, bu garov, mutaxassislar tomonidan amalga oshishi mumkin emas, chunki ko'mir sanoatining pasayishiga bozor munosabatlari va xususan AQShda tabiiy gaz portlashi.^[179] Tomonidan tahlil Ilmiy Amerika Trampning qaytarib olib kelish haqidagi va'dasini yopiq deb topdi ko'mir konlari buni amalga oshirish qiyin bo'lar edi, chunki ham ekologik qoidalar, ham iqtisodiy o'zgarishlar.^[193] Bloomberg New Energy Finance tomonidan o'tkazilgan tahlilda Trampning "ko'mirga qarshi urush" haqidagi da'volari rad etildi: "AQSh ko'mirining asosiy muammosi arzon tabiiy gaz va qayta tiklanadigan elektr energiyasi edi, siyosiy jihatdan" ko'mirga qarshi urush "emas ... [ko'mir] davom etaveradi ishlab chiqaruvchi aralashdan chiqarib yuborildi. "^[194]

Tramp 2011 yilgi kitobida a ga qarshi bo'lganligini yozgan savdo-sotiq uglerod chiqindilarini nazorat qilish tizimi.^[195]

Ga binoan FactCheck.org, kamida besh yillik davr mobaynida Tramp bir necha marotaba undan foydalanish to'g'risida noto'g'ri da'volar qilgan soch spreyi va uning roli ozon qatlami. 2016 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tgan mitingda "Tramp sochlar uchun lak va ko'mir qazib olish bo'yicha qoidalar ham asossiz ekanligini nazarda tutgan edi" va "muhrlangan" xonadonda sochlar uchun lakdan foydalanish buzadigan amallar oldini oladi ozonni emiruvchi moddalar atmosferaga etib borishdan.^[196]

2019 yil iyun oyida Tramp Oq uy Davlat departamenti razvedkasining tahlilchisi Kongressga inson tomonidan yuzaga kelgan iqlim o'zgarishining "ehtimol halokatli" ta'siri to'g'risida guvohlik berishiga yo'l qo'ymaslikka harakat qildi va uning yozma ko'rsatmalariga ilm-fanni o'z ichiga olgan NASA va NOAA mansabdor shaxsga qo'shilishdan Kongress yozuvlari chunki bu ma'muriy lavozimlarga mos kelmadi.^[197][198]

2019 yil avgust oyida Tramp ko'mir ayniqsa ifloslantiruvchi energiya manbai bo'lishiga qaramay, Amerikaning ko'mir qazib olishini "toza, chiroyli" deb ta'rifladi. "toza ko'mir "bu ko'mir sanoati tomonidan ma'lum texnologiyalar uchun ishlatiladigan o'ziga xos jargon. Buning o'rniga Tramp ko'mirning o'zi" toza "ekanligini odatda ta'riflaydi.^[165]

Iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha xalqaro hamkorlikka qarshi chiqish

Prezident Tramp 2017 yilgi xalqaro Parij kelishuvidan chiqishni e'lon qilishi paytida.

Tramp 2016 yil may oyida energetika siyosatiga bag'ishlangan nutqida "bekor qilishni" va'da qildi Parij iqlim shartnomasi "^[179] da qabul qilingan 2015 yilgi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha konferentsiyasi (unda 170 ta mamlakat qisqartirishga majbur bo'lgan uglerod chiqindilari ).^[179][199] Tramp o'z vazifasini bajargan dastlabki yuz kun ichida kelishuvni bekor qilishga va'da berdi.^[191][200] Ushbu va'da Trampning avvalgi sharhlaridan keyin bo'lib, u prezident sifatida u "hech bo'lmaganda" kelishuvni qayta ko'rib chiqishga intilishini va "maksimal darajada men boshqa bir narsa qilishim mumkin" deb aytgan edi.^[201] Trump Parij kelishuvini "bir tomonlama" va "Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun yomon" deb ta'riflaydi^[201] kelishuv Xitoy va boshqa mamlakatlar uchun juda qulay ekanligiga ishonish.^[199] 2016 yil may oyida qilgan nutqida Tramp Parij kelishuvi "chet ellik byurokratlarga bizning erimizda, o'z mamlakatimizda qancha energiya sarflayotganimizni nazorat qilish huquqini beradi" deb noto'g'ri aytgan; aslida, Parij kelishuvi ixtiyoriy hukumat va'dalariga asoslanadi va biron bir mamlakat boshqa biron bir davlatning chiqindilarni kamaytirish rejasini nazorat qilmaydi.^[179]

Shartnoma global chiqindilarning 55 foizini tashkil etuvchi 55 davlat tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilingandan so'ng (bu hali sodir bo'lmagan), shartnomadan chiqishni istagan har qanday mamlakat uchun to'rt yillik kutish davri kuchga kiradi.^[179] Tramp taklif qilganidek, AQShning Parij kelishuvidan chiqishga qaratilgan harakati kelishuvni bekor qilishi mumkin deb hisoblanmoqda;^[179] Reuters ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, bunday harakat "ko'pchilik kelishuv uchun potentsial halokatni global isish tomon burilish uchun so'nggi imkoniyat" deb biladi.^[201]

Trampning 2016 yil may oyida energetika siyosatiga bag'ishlangan nutqida u prezident etib saylansa, "global isish dasturlariga AQSh soliq dollarlarini to'lashni to'xtatishini" e'lon qildi.^[179] Bu AQShning rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlarga yordam berish uchun mablag 'ajratish va'dasini bekor qilishi mumkin iqlim o'zgarishini yumshatish va boshqa mamlakatlarning iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi choralar ko'rishga tayyorligini buzishi mumkin.^[179]

2016 yil avgust oyida 375 a'zo AQSh Milliy Fanlar Akademiyasi shu jumladan 30 ta Nobel mukofotlari, ochiq xati bilan Trampning Parij kelishuvidan bir tomonlama chiqib ketish rejasi iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi kurashga dahshatli ta'sir ko'rsatishi haqida ogohlantirdi.^[202][203] Olimlar qisman yozishdi:

Respublikachilar partiyasidan Prezidentlikka nomzod AQShning Parij kelishuvidan chiqishini qo'llab-quvvatlaganidan [I] katta xavotirda. "Parexit" butun dunyoga aniq signal yuborishi mumkin edi: "Qo'shma Shtatlar global iqlim o'zgarishi muammosiga ahamiyat bermaydi. Siz o'zingizsiz". Such a decision would make it far more difficult to develop effective global strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. The consequences of opting out of the global community would be severe and long-lasting – for our planet's climate and for the international credibility of the United States.^[203]

Energiya mustaqilligi

In his May 2016 speech on energy policy, Trump stated : "Under my presidency, we will accomplish complete American energetik mustaqillik. We will become totally independent of the need to import energy from the oil cartel or any nation hostile to our interest."^[179] The New York Times reported that "experts say that such remarks display a basic ignorance of the workings of the global oil markets."^[179]

Environmental regulation

In January 2016, Trump vowed "tremendous cutting" of the budget for the AQSh atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi saylangan taqdirda.^[204] In an October 2015 interview with Chris Wallace, Trump explained, "what they do is a disgrace. Every week they come out with new regulations."^[205] When Wallace asked, "Who's going to protect the environment?", Trump answered "we'll be fine with the environment. We can leave a little bit, but you can't destroy businesses."^[205]

Trump has charged that the "AQSh baliq va yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish xizmati abuses the Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan turlar to'g'risidagi qonun to restrict oil and gas exploration."^[191] In 2011, Trump said that would permit drilling in the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi shimoli-sharqda Alyaska.^[206]

In July 2016, Trump suggested that he was in favor of state and local bans on hydraulic fracturing (fracking), saying, "I'm in favor of fracking, but I think that voters should have a big say in it. I mean, there's some areas, maybe, they don't want to have fracking. And I think if the voters are voting for it, that's up to them...if a municipality or a state wants to ban fracking, I can understand that."^[207][208]

Quvurlar quvurlari

Keystone XL

Trump promised to construct the Keystone XL pipeline, a proposed project to bring Canadian petroleum to the U.S.^[179] Trump pledged that if elected, he would ask TransCanada Corp. to renew its permit application for the project within his first hundred days in office.^[191] Trump claimed that Keystone XL pipeline will have "no impact on environment" and create "lots of jobs for U.S.,"^[209] although in fact the pipeline is projected to create only 35 permanent jobs.^[210]

In his first days in office, Trump revived the Keystone XL project, signing a prezidentlik memorandumi reversing the rejection of the proposed pipeline that President Obama had made. Trump "also signed a directive ordering an end to protracted environmental reviews," pledging to make environmental review " a very short process."^[211]

Dakota kirish quvuri

After months of protest by thousands of protesters, including the largest gathering of Native Americans in 100 years, in December 2016 the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining muhandislar korpusi under the Obama administration announced that it would not grant an xizmat for the pipeline, and the Corps of Engineers undertook an environmental impact statement to look at possible alternative routes.^[212]However, in February 2017, newly elected President Donald Trump ended the environmental impact assessment and ordered for construction to continue.^[213] Trump has financial ties to Energiya uzatish bo'yicha sheriklar va Fillips 66, who are both directly involved in the controversial project. The CEO of Energy Transfer Partners is a campaign donor for Donald Trump.^[214]

Qayta tiklanadigan energiya

Uning 2015 yilgi kitobida Nogiron Amerika, Trump is highly critical of the "big push" to develop renewable energy, arguing that the push is based on a mistaken belief that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.^[215] He writes, "There has been a big push to develop alternative forms of energy—so-called green energy—from renewable sources. That's a big mistake. To begin with, the whole push for renewable energy is being driven by the wrong motivation, the mistaken belief that global climate change is being caused by carbon emissions. If you don't buy that—and I don't—then what we have is really just an expensive way of making the tree-huggers feel good about themselves."^[215]

Despite criticizing wind farms in the past (calling them "ugly"), Trump has said that he does not oppose the wind production tax credit, saying: "I'm okay with subsidies, to an extent."^[216] Trump has criticized wind energy for being expensive and for not working without "massive subsidies".^[217] He added, "windmills are killing hundreds and hundreds of eagles. One of the most beautiful, one of the most treasured birds—and they're killing them by the hundreds and nothing happens,"^[217] a claim rated as "mostly false" by PolitiFact since best estimates indicate that about one hundred golden eagles are killed each year by wind turbine blades.^[218]

In his official platform, Trump claims that he will reduce bureaucracy which would then lead to greater innovation.^[191] His platform mentions "renewable energies", including "nuclear, wind and solar energy" in that regard but adds that he would not support those "to the exclusion of other energy".^[191]

Trump supports a higher ethanol mandate (the amount of ethanol required by federal regulation to be blended into the U.S. gasoline supply).^[219] Trump vowed to protect the government's Renewable Fuel Standard and the corn-based ethanol.^[220]

In August 2019, Trump falsely claimed: "if a windmill is within two miles of your house, your house is practically worthless"; this claim is not supported by studies in the United States.^[165]

Wildlife conservation and animal welfare

In October 2016, the Humane Society denounced Trump's campaign, saying that a "Trump presidency would be a threat to animals everywhere" and that he has "a team of advisors and financial supporters tied in with trophy hunting, puppy mills, factory farming, horse slaughter, and other abusive industries."^[221]

In February 2017, under the Trump administration, the AQSh qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligi (USDA) unexpectedly removed from its public website "all enforcement records related to horse soring va ga hayvonlar farovonligi at dog breeding operations and other facilities."^[222] The decision prompted criticism from animal welfare advocates (such as the Hayvonlarni saqlash instituti ), tergovchi jurnalistlar, and some of the regulated industries (the Hayvonot bog'lari va akvariumlar assotsiatsiyasi va guruh Tadqiqot haqida gapirganda said that the move created an impression of non-transparency).^[222]

Foreign policy and defense

Sog'liqni saqlash

CBO estimated in May 2017 that under the Republican American Healthcare Act or AHCA, about 23 million fewer people would have health insurance in 2026, compared with current law.^[223]

Actions while in office

Qonunchilik

President Trump advocated repealing and replacing the Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun (ACA or "Obamacare"). The Republican-controlled House passed the Amerika sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun (AHCA) in May 2017, handing it to the Senate, which decided to write its own version of the bill rather than voting on the AHCA.^[224] The Senate bill, called the "Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017" (BCRA), failed on a vote of 45–55 in the Senate during July 2017. Other variations also failed to gather the required support, facing unanimous Democratic Party opposition and some Republican opposition.^[225] The Kongressning byudjet idorasi estimated that the bills would increase the number of uninsured by over 20 million persons, while reducing the budget deficit marginally.^[223]

Actions to hinder implementation of ACA

President Trump continued Republican attacks on the ACA while in office,^[226] including steps such as:

• Weakening the individual mandate through his first executive order, which resulted in limiting enforcement of mandate penalties by the IRS. For example, tax returns without indications of health insurance ("silent returns") will still be processed, overriding instructions from the Obama administration to the IRS to reject them.^[227]
• Reducing funding for advertising for the 2017 and 2018 exchange enrollment periods by up to 90%, with other reductions to support resources used to answer questions and help people sign-up for coverage. This action could reduce ACA enrollment.^[228]
• Cutting the enrollment period for 2018 by half, to 45 days. The NYT editorial board referred to this as part of a concerted "sabotage" effort.^[229]
• Issuing public statements that the exchanges are unstable or in a o'lim spirali.^[230] CBO reported in May 2017 that the exchanges would remain stable under current law (ACA), but would be less stable if the AHCA were passed.^[223]

Several insurers and actuary groups cited uncertainty created by President Trump, specifically non-enforcement of the individual mandate and not funding cost sharing reduction subsidies, as contributing 20-30 percentage points to premium increases for the 2018 plan year on the ACA exchanges. In other words, absent Trump's actions against the ACA, premium increases would have averaged 10% or less, rather than the estimated 28-40% under the uncertainty his actions created.^[231] The Byudjet va siyosatning ustuvor yo'nalishlari markazi (CBPP) maintains a timeline of many "sabotage" efforts by the Trump Administration.^[232]

Ending cost-sharing reduction (CSR) payments

President Trump announced in October 2017 he would end the smaller of the two types of subsidies under the ACA, the cost sharing reduction (CSR) subsidies. This controversial decision significantly raised premiums on the ACA exchanges (as much as 20 percentage points) along with the premium tax credit subsidies that rise with them, with the CBO estimating a $200 billion increase in the budget deficit over a decade.^[233] CBO also estimated that initially up to one million fewer would have health insurance coverage, although more might have it in the long-run as the subsidies expand. CBO expected the exchanges to remain stable (e.g., no "death spiral") as the premiums would increase and prices would stabilize at the higher (non-CSR) level.^[234]

President Trump's argument that the CSR payments were a "bailout" for insurance companies and therefore should be stopped, actually results in the government paying more to insurance companies ($200B over a decade) due to increases in the premium tax credit subsidies. Jurnalist Sarah Kliff therefore described Trump's argument as "completely incoherent."^[233]

2020 aksiyasi

Ushbu bo'limda bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu bo'lim kengayishga muhtoj. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (Noyabr 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

In August 2019, at a campaign rally, Trump claimed that his administration "will always protect patients with pre-existing conditions, always." However, his administration had already repeatedly attempted to water down or repeal the ACA's protections for people with preexisting medical conditions, without any proposal on how to restore these protections if the ACA is rendered void.^[165]

Saylovdan oldin

The map illustrates the frequency of premature deaths (those under age 75) adjusted for the age of persons in the county.^[235] Nobel mukofoti sovrindori iqtisodchi Angus Deaton stated in January 2017 that: "If you take county by county in the US, and you look at what we call deaths of despair — suicides, opioids and liver disease — that it correlates by .4 with votes for Trump. That's a big correlation…a very strong relationship."^[236]

Tomonidan berilgan xabarga ko'ra the RAND Corporation, Trump's proposed health-care policy proposals, depending on specific elements implemented, would result in between 15 and 25 million fewer people with health insurance and increase the federal deficit in a range from zero to $41 billion in 2018. This was in contrast to Clinton's proposals, which would expand health insurance coverage for between zero and 10 million people while increasing the deficit in a range from zero to $90 billion in 2018.^[237][238] According to the report, low-income individuals and sicker people would be most adversely affected by his proposed policies, although it was pointed out that not all policy proposals have been modeled.^[238]

Affordable Care Act and health-care reform

As the 2016 campaign unfolded, Trump stated that he favors repealing the Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun (ACA or "Obamacare")—which Trump refers to as a "complete disaster"^[239]—and replacing it with a "free-market system."^[240] On his campaign website, Trump says, "on day one of the Trump Administration, we will ask Congress to immediately deliver a full repeal of Obamacare."^[241][242] Trump's campaign has insisted that the candidate has "never supported ijtimoiylashtirilgan tibbiyot."^[240]

Trump has cited the rising costs of premiums and deductibles as a motivation to repeal the Affordable Care Act.^[243] Ammo, tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra Kayzer oilaviy fondi, the after-subsidy premium costs to those with insurance coverage via the Affordable Care Act's exchanges did not change significantly on average from 2016 to 2017, as increases in the subsidies offset pre-subsidy insurance premium increases. For example, after-subsidy costs for a popular "silver plan" remained around $200/month in 2016 and 2017.^[244] An estimated 70% of persons on the exchanges could purchase a plan for $75/month after subsidies.^[245] Further, in the employer market, health insurance premium cost increases from 2015 to 2016 were an estimated 3% on average, low by historical standards. While deductibles rose 12% on average from 2015 to 2016, more workers are pairing higher-deductible plans with tax-preferred sog'liqni saqlash jamg'armalari (HSAs), offsetting some of the deductible increase (i.e., lowering their effective deductible).^[246]

The Kongressning byudjet idorasi reported in March 2016 that there were approximately 23 million people with insurance due to the law, with 12 million people covered by the exchanges (10 million of whom received subsidies to help pay for insurance) and 11 million made eligible for Medicaid.^[247] The CBO also reported in June 2015 that: "Including the budgetary effects of macroeconomic feedback, repealing the ACA would increase federal budget deficits by $137 billion over the 2016–2025 period."^[248] CBO also estimated that excluding the effects of macroeconomic feedback, repeal of the ACA would increase the deficit by $353 billion over that same period.^[248]

In the early part of his campaign, Trump responded to questions about his plan to replace the ACA by saying that it would be "something terrific!"^[239][249] Trump subsequently said at various points that he believes that the government should have limited involvement of health care, but has also said that "at the lower end, where people have no money, I want to try and help those people," by "work[ing] out some sort of a really smart deal with hospitals across the country."^[249] and has said "everybody's got to be covered."^[239] At a February 2016 town hall on CNN, Trump said that he supported the individual tibbiy sug'urta vakolati of the ACA, which requires all Americans to have health insurance, saying "I like the mandate. So here's where I'm a little bit different [from other Republican candidates]."^[250][251] In March 2016, Trump reversed himself, saying that "Our elected representatives must eliminate the individual mandate. No person should be required to buy insurance unless he or she wants to."^[252]

In March 2016, Trump released his health care plan, which called for allowing health-insurance companies to compete across state lines and for making Medicaid into a blokli grant system for the states. He also called for elimination of the individual mandate for health insurance, for allowing health insurance premiums to be deducted on tax returns, and for international competition in the drug market. In the same document, Trump acknowledged that ruhiy sog'liqni saqlash in the U.S. is often inadequate but offered no immediate solution to the problem, instead stating that "there are promising reforms being developed in Congress."^[252] Trump also emphasized the removal of market entry barriers for drug providers and improved access to imported medication corresponding to safety standards.^[253]

Explaining how he would address the problem of ensuring the people that would lose their insurance coverage if Obamacare were repealed, Trump said, "We have to come up, and we can come up with many different plans. In fact, plans you don't even know about will be devised because we're going to come up with plans—health care plans—that will be so good. And so much less expensive both for the country and for the people. And so much better."^[254] His plan has been criticized by Republican health experts as "a jumbled hodgepodge of old Republican ideas, randomly selected, that don't fit together" (Robert Laszewski)^[255] providing nothing that "would do anything more than cover a couple million people," (Gail R. Wilensky).^[256]

In 1999, during his abortive 2000 Reform Party presidential campaign, Trump told TV interviewer Larri King, "I believe in universal sog'liqni saqlash."^[240] 2000 yilgi kitobida, Biz munosib Amerika, Trump reiterated his call for universal health care and focused on a Canadian-style yagona pullik tibbiy yordam system as a means to achieve it.^[240] Though he characterized the Canadian health-care system as "catastrophic in certain ways" in October 2016 during the second presidential debate, the Trump campaign website wrote in June 2015 about his support for "a system that would mirror Canada's government-run healthcare service" under the title "What does Donald Trump believe? Where the candidate stands on 10 issues".^[257][258] In 2015, Trump also expressed admiration for the Scottish health-care system, which is single payer.^[240]

Aholi salomatligi

Ebola

In 2014, after a New York physician returned from treating Ebola patients in West Africa and showed symptoms of the disease, Trump tweeted that if the doctor had Ebola, "Obama should apologize to the American people & resign!"^[259] When the doctor was later confirmed to have developed Ebola in New York, Trump tweeted that it was "Obama's fault" and "I have been saying for weeks for President Obama to stop the flights from West Africa. So simple, but he refused. A TOTAL incompetent!"^[260] Trump also criticized President Obama's decision to send 3,000 U.S. troops to affected regions to help combat the outbreak (see "Birlashgan yordam" operatsiyasi ).^[261]

Doktor sifatida Kent Brantant returned to the U.S. for treatment, Trump tweeted that U.S. doctors who went abroad to treat Ebola were "great" but "must suffer the consequences" if they became infected and insisted that "the U.S. must immediately stop all flights from EBOLA infected countries or the plague will start and spread inside our 'borders.'"^[262] When an Ebola patient was scheduled to come to the U.S. for treatment, Trump tweeted, "now I know for sure that our leaders are incompetent. KEEP THEM OUT OF HERE!"^[263]

Trump's suggestion on the Ebola crisis "would go against all the expert advice being offered," with doctors warning "that isolating West Africa would only make the Ebola outbreak much worse, potentially denying help and supplies from getting in," and possibly destabilizing the countries and contributing to the disease's spread outside West Africa.^[261]

Zika

On August 3, 2016, Trump called the Zika virus outbreak in Florida "a big problem".^[264] He expressed his support for Florida Governor Rik Skott 's handling of the crisis, saying that he's "doing a fantastic job".^[264] When asked if Congress should convene an emergency session to approve Zika funding, Trump answered, "I would say that it's up to Rick Scott."^[264] On August 11, 2016, Trump said that he was in favor of Congress setting aside money to combat the Zika virus.^[265]

Vaksinalar

Trump believed that childhood vaccinations were related to autism, a hypothesis which has been repeatedly debunked.^[266][267] The Amerika Pediatriya Akademiyasi va Autizm gapiradi patient-advocacy group have "decried Trump's remarks as false and potentially dangerous."^[267]

2010 yilda Donald J. Tramp fondi donated $10,000 to Avlodlarni qutqarish, Jenni Makkarti "s notijorat tashkilot that advocates the incorrect view that autizm and related disorders are primarily caused by vaksinalar.^[268]

Despite his prior views, however, Trump did drop his claims of vaccines being related to autism in 2019 after the 2019 yilda qizamiq epidemiyasi, in saying: "They have to get those shots," as well as "...vaccinations are so important".^[269][270]

Immigratsiya

Donald Trump speaking at a rally in Fountain Hills, Arizona, on March 19, 2016

Noqonuniy immigratsiya was a signature issue of Trump's presidential campaign, and his proposed reforms and controversial remarks about this issue have generated headlines.^[63] Trump has also expressed support for a variety of "limits on legal immigration and guest-worker visas,"^[63][271] including a "pause" on granting yashil kartalar, which Trump says will "allow record immigration levels to subside to more moderate historical averages."^{[272][273][274]}

Trump in August 2019 criticized Democrats for supporting "open borders", but no Democrat has actually proposed instituting such a thing. He also claimed that his administration is "building the wall faster and better than ever", but no new barriers were erected by June 2019 at the Mexico-U.S. border unlike what Trump promised during his 2016 campaign. The only installations have been replacement fencing of old barriers. Trump also falsely claimed that only 02% of who were released instead of detained eventually returned for their immigration hearings. The 2017 statistic is 72% for migrants, and 89% of migrants applying for asylum.^[165]

Qonuniylik va tartib

O'lim jazosi

Trump has long advocated for Qo'shma Shtatlarda o'lim jazosi.^[275] In May 1989, shortly after the Central Park jogger ishi received widespread media attention, Trump purchased a full-page ad in four New York City newspapers with the title "BRING BACK THE DEATH PENALTY!" Five defendants (the "Central Park Five") were noqonuniy sudlangan in the case and were subsequently oqlandi.^{[275][276][277][278]} By October 2016, Trump still maintained that the "Central Park Five" were guilty.^[279]

In December 2015, in a speech accepting the endorsement of the New England Police Benevolent Association, Trump said that "One of the first things I do [if elected President] in terms of ijro buyrug'i if I win will be to sign a strong, strong statement that will go out to the country, out to the world, that...anybody killing a police officer—death penalty. It's going to happen, O.K.?"^{[280][281][282][283]} However, the president has no authority over these prosecutions as they usually take place in davlat sudi under state law,^[275][284] va over one-third of U.S. states have already abolished the death penalty. Furthermore, mandatory death sentences are unconstitutional, as held by the Oliy sud yilda Vudson Shimoliy Karolinaga qarshi (1976).^[275][284]

Qiynoq

Trump has said that he believes that "torture absolutely works". During his campaign, Trump said that "I would bring back waterboarding, and I'd bring back a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding". However, since becoming president, he has not brought back waterboarding.^[285]

Jinoyat odil sudlovi

As of May 2016, Trump's campaign website makes no mention of jinoiy adolatni isloh qilish, and Trump rarely talks specifics.^[286][287] Trump has stated that he would be "tough on crime" and criticized Barack Obama's and Hillary Clinton's criminal justice reform proposals.^[288] When asked about specific criminal justice reforms, Trump reportedly often changes the subject back to supporting police or vague answers about needing to be "tough."^[287] In January 2016, Trump said that along with veterans, "the most mistreated people in this country are police."^[289]

Trump supports the use of "stop and frisk" tactics, of the kind once used in New York City.^[290][291] In 2000, Trump also rejected as elitist and naive the arguments of criminal justice reformers that the U.S. criminal justice system puts too many criminals in jail.^[286] Trump is in favor of at least one mandatory sentence, where using a gun to commit a crime results in a five-year sentence.^[287][292]

Trump has on several occasions asserted that crime is rising in the United States.^{[286][293][294][295][296][297]} Trump's assertion that crime is rising is false; in fact, both violent crime and property declined consistently declining in the U.S. from the early 1990s until 2014.^[298] Trump's claim that "inner-city crime is reaching record levels" received a "pants-on-fire" rating from PolitiFact.^[294] As President, Trump reiterated in February 2017 the false claim that crime was rising, saying, "the murder rate in our country is the highest it's been in 47 years."^[299]

In May 2016, Trump stated that the cities of Oklend va Fergyuson are "among the most dangerous in the world".^[300] Bunga javoban, CBS News in San Francisco reported that the murder rates in Oakland and Baghdad are comparable,^[301] lekin PolitiFact rated Trump's claim false given that "homicide rates alone are not enough to gauge whether a city is dangerous or not".^[302]

On November 22, 2015, Trump retweeted a graphic with purported statistics—cited to a nonexistent "Crime Statistics Bureau"—which claimed that African Americans were responsible for 81% of the homicides of White Americans and that police were responsible for 1% of black homicides compared to 4% of white homicides. Trump's retweet earned PolitiFact's "Pants on Fire" rating and was called "grossly inaccurate" by FactCheck.org the next day.^[303][304] Blacks were actually responsible for only 15% of white homicides according to FBI data for 2014.^[303] The breakdown of the racial differences in police killings in Trump's retweet was also inaccurate. Based on the percentages, the number of whites killed by police would be almost 4 times greater than the number of blacks. Ma'lumotlar Vashington Post for 2009 to 2013 showed a ratio of 1.5 white deaths by police for each black death.^[303] A separate estimate by Peter Moskos, associate professor at the Jon Jey jinoiy adliya kolleji attributed 10% of white homicides to police and 4% to police for blacks.^[304] When asked about the statistics, Trump maintained that the statistics came "from sources that are very credible."^[304]

Giyohvandlik siyosati

Trump's views on giyohvandlik siyosati have shifted dramatically over time.^[305]

At a luncheon hosted by the Mayami Xerald in April 1990, Trump told a crowd of 700 people that U.S. drug enforcement policy was "a joke," and that: "We're losing badly the giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash. You have to legalize drugs to win that war. You have to take the profit away from these drug czars."^[306][307]

In his campaign for the presidency in 2015 and 2016, however, Trump adopted "drug warrior" positions^[306] and has sought advice on the issue from Uilyam J. Bennett, who served as the U.S. first "giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish " in the 1980s "and has remained a proponent of harsh 1980s-style drug war tactics."^[308] Trump told Shon Xanniti in June 2015 that he opposes marixuanani legallashtirish and that "I feel strongly about that."^[306] Trump also claims to have personally never used boshqariladigan moddalar har qanday turdagi.^[306]

Trump has voiced support for tibbiy marixuana,^[306] saying that he is "a hundred percent in favor" because "I know people that have serious problems...and...it really, really does help them."^[309] When asked about Colorado (where recreational use of marijuana is legal ), Trump softened his previously expressed views and essentially said that states should be able to decide on whether marijuana for recreational purposes should be legal.^[306][310]

The administration organized the Marixuana siyosatini muvofiqlashtirish qo'mitasi 2018 yilda.^[311]

Gun regulation

Uning 2000 yilgi kitobida Biz munosib Amerika, Trump wrote that he generally opposed gun control, but supported the hujum qurollarini taqiqlash and supported a "slightly longer kutish davri to purchase a gun."^{[312][313][314][315]} In his book, Trump also criticized the qurol lobbi, saying: "The Republicans walk the N.R.A. line and refuse even limited restrictions."^[315] In 2008, Trump opposed hunting-education classes in schools and called the "thought of voluntarily putting guns in the classroom...a really bad plan."^[316]

While campaigning for the presidency Trump reversed some of his positions on gun issues, calling for the expansion of gun rights.^[315] In 2015 he described himself as a staunch advocate of the Ikkinchi o'zgartirish^[313][317] and said concealed carry "is a right, not a privilege."^[312] He proposed eliminating prohibitions on assault weapons, military-style weapons and yuqori quvvatli jurnallar (which Trump described as "scary sounding phrases" used by qurolni boshqarish advocates "to confuse people"), as well as making yashirin olib yurish uchun ruxsatnomalar valid nationwide, rather than on the current state-to-state basis.^[312] At his campaign website he called for an overhaul of the current federal background check system, arguing that "Too many states are failing to put criminal and mental health records into the system."^[312][318]

On the campaign trail in 2015, Trump praised the Milliy miltiq uyushmasi (NRA),^[319] and received the group's endorsement after becoming the presumptive Republican nominee.^[320] He asserted that the presence of more guns in schools and public places could have stopped ommaviy otishmalar kabilar Parij, San-Bernardino, Kaliforniya va Umpqua jamoat kolleji.^[319][321] Trump supported barring people on the government's terrorist watch list from purchasing weapons, saying in 2015: "If somebody is on a watch list and an enemy of state and we know it's an enemy of state, I would keep them away, absolutely."^[315] This is one position where Trump departs from the position of gun-rights groups and most of his Republican rivals for the presidency and supports a stance backed by Senate Democrats.^[315] Trump said that he holds a New York concealed carry permit^[312][322] and that "I carry on occasion, sometimes a lot. I like to be unpredictable."^[322] A 1987 Associated Press story said that he held a qurol permit at that time.^[312]

In January 2016, Trump said: "I will get rid of gun-free zones on schools, and—you have to—and on military bases...My first day, it gets signed, okay? My first day. There's no more gun-free zones."^[323] Trump could not eliminate gun-free school zones by executive order, however, since such zones were created by a federal qonun that can only be reversed by Congress.^[315] In May 2016, Trump made ambiguous comments on guns in classrooms, saying: "I don't want to have guns in classrooms. Although, in some cases, teachers should have guns in classrooms."^[324] In May 2016, Trump accused Hillary Clinton of lying when she claimed that "Donald Trump would force schools to allow guns in classrooms on his first day in office."^[325] Ga ko'ra Vashington Post fact-checker, Clinton's statement was accurate.^[326]

In June 2016, Trump said "it would have been a beautiful, beautiful sight" to see Omar Mateen shot in the head by an armed patron in the Orlando tungi klubida otishma, reiterating his stance that more people should be armed in public places.^[327] A few days later, after two top officials of the NRA challenged the notion that drinking clubgoers should be armed, Trump reversed his position, saying that he "obviously" meant that additional guards or employees should have been armed in the nightclub.^[328][329] Security personnel and other staffers at a number of Trump's hotels and golf courses told ABC News that patrons are not permitted to carry guns on the property. A Trump spokesman denied this, saying that licensed persons are permitted to carry guns on the premises.^[330]

At a rally on August 9, 2016, Trump accused his opponent of wanting to "essentially abolish the Second Amendment", and went on: "By the way, and if she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks. Although the Second Amendment people, maybe there is, I don't know." These comments were interpreted by critics as suggesting violence against Clinton or her appointees, but Trump's campaign stated that he was referring to gun rights advocates' "great political power" as a voting bloc.^[331]

Inauguratsiyadan bir oy o'tgach, Tramp Obama davridagi aqliy salomatligi muammolari bo'lgan ba'zi odamlar tomonidan qurol sotib olinishini oldini olishga qaratilgan qoidalarni bekor qildi. Agar tartibga solish kuchga kirishiga ruxsat berilgan bo'lsa, u 75000 ismni, shu jumladan ruhiy kasallik tufayli federal moliyaviy yordam oladigan yoki ruhiy kasallik tufayli moliyaviy ishonchli shaxslarning ismlarini qo'shib hisob ma'lumot bazasiga qo'shgan bo'lar edi.^[332]

Keyingi Stoneman Duglas o'rta maktabida otishma 2018 yil fevral oyida Tramp Oq uyda talabalar va boshqalar bilan "tinglash sessiyasi" uchun uchrashdi. Tramp "manyaklarni" o'quvchilarga hujum qilishini to'xtatish uchun o'qituvchilarning 20 foizigacha qurollantirishni taklif qildi. Ertasi kuni Tramp jinoyatchilar uchun "qurolsiz" maktabni "magnit" deb atab, "Yuqori darajada o'qitilgan, qurolga usta, o'qituvchilar / murabbiylar politsiya kelguncha muammoni bir zumda hal qilishadi. ZO'R QAROR!"^[333][334]

2019 yil avgust oyida ommaviy otishmalardan so'ng El-Paso, Texas va Dayton, Ogayo shtati, Trump qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdi universal fon tekshiruvlari, mavjud fon tekshiruvlari allaqachon "juda kuchli va juda kuchli" deb aytmoqda, garchi "bizda aylananing to'liq doirasini to'ldirmaydigan joylar etishmayapti". Shuningdek, u ikki tomonlama murosalar ustida ishlashdan manfaatdor emasligini ko'rsatdi.^[335]

Sud hokimiyati

Ga binoan The New York Times, Trampning yuridik mavzulardagi ko'plab bayonotlari "odatiy va an'anaviy huquqiy tahlilga qarshilik ko'rsatmoqda", ba'zilari esa "asosiy huquqiy tushunchalarni bilmaslik uchun xiyonat qilish uchun" ko'rinadi.^[30]

Oliy sud

Tramp o'rnini egallashni xohlashini aytdi Antonin Skaliya "o'xshash qarashlar va printsiplarga ega shaxs" bilan AQSh Oliy sudida.^[336] U Skalining o'rnini bosishi mumkin bo'lgan o'n bitta tanlov ro'yxatini e'lon qildi.^[337] Huquqshunoslar keng tarqalgan bo'lib konservativ hisoblanadi.^{[337][338][339][340]} Hammasi oq, o'n birining sakkiztasi erkaklar.^[338] Ushbu ro'yxatga konservativ fikr yurituvchi Heritage Foundation tomonidan tavsiya etilgan sakkiz kishidan beshtasi kiritilgan.^[341] Tramp ilgari Oliy sudga nomzodlarni tanlash masalasida Federalistlar jamiyati va Heritage Foundation kabi konservativ guruhlardan yo'l-yo'riq olishini ta'kidlagan edi.^[338] Tramp ro'yxatiga kiritilgan sudyalarning bir nechtasi abort qilish huquqini shubha ostiga qo'ygan.^[338] O'n bir sudyadan oltitasi konservativ Oliy sud sudyalari nomzodiga murojaat qildi.^[338]

Tramp, "sudga juda jiddiy qaraydigan" sudyalarni "ehtimol tayinlashini" da'vo qildi Hillari Klintonning elektron pochta ziddiyati "chunki bu jinoiy harakat".^[342] Biroq, AQSh Konstitutsiyasiga binoan, Oliy sud sudyalari "na tergovchi, na prokuror".^[30]

Tramp tanqid qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bosh sudyasi Jon Roberts, a Jorj V.Bush tayinlangan Robertsning 2015 yildagi qaroridagi ovoziga asoslanib, "konservatorlar uchun dahshatli tush" sifatida King va Burwellga qarshi qoidalarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun.^[343] Shuningdek, u Robertsni 2015 yil iyunida aybladi Oliy sudning bir jinsli nikohni qonuniylashtirish to'g'risidagi qarori, aftidan, xatoga yo'l qo'ygan, chunki u holda Roberts haqiqatan ham ko'pchilikning fikriga qarshi edi.^[344]

2016 yil fevral oyida Tramp Senatni Obamani Oliy suddagi bo'sh o'rinni to'ldirishni to'xtatishga chaqirdi.^[345]

Tomonidan tahlil FiveThirtyEight Trampning prezidentligi Oliy sudni so'nggi paytdagi eng konservativ pozitsiyasiga qarab siljitishini ko'rsatib turibdiki, Skaliyaning suddagi bo'sh o'rni to'ldirilmaydi va o'tirgan sudyalarning uchining yoshi kattaroqligini hisobga olgan holda. xotira ".^[346]

Sudyalar va sud qarorlariga sharhlar

Tramp o'z lavozimiga kirishganidan beri bir qator "hujumlarni kuchaytirmoqda federal sud tizimi "unga qarshi chiqarilgan sud qarorlariga javoban.^[347] Federal okrug sudyasi Trampning ishdan bo'shatilishidan keyin sayohat, immigratsiya va qochqinlar to'g'risidagi ijro buyrug'i, Tramp Twitterda sudyani kamsitib, uni "sudya deb atalmish" deb atagan va shunday deb yozgan: "[U] bizning mamlakatimizni shunday xavf-xatarga duchor qildi. Agar biror narsa yuz bersa, uni va sud tizimini ayblashadi. Odamlar quyilib kelmoqda. Yomon!"^[347][348]

O'tmishda prezidentlar ba'zan sud fikrlarini jimgina tanqid qilishgan bo'lsa, Trampning individual sudyalarga qilgan shaxsiy hujumlari Amerika tarixida misli ko'rilmagan deb baholanmoqda.^[349] Trampning so'zlari uning Oliy sudga nomzodi - sudyaning tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi Nil Gorsuch, dedi senator Richard Blumenthal Trampning bayonotlari federal sud tizimiga "ko'ngilni xira qilgan" va "ruhiy tushkunlikka olib kelgan".^[347] Bir qator huquqshunos olimlar Trampning xatti-harakatlari sudlarga bo'lgan xalq ishonchini susaytirib, sudga xavf tug'dirishi mumkinligidan qo'rqishdi sud hokimiyatining mustaqilligi.^[350]

Muddatlar va axloq qoidalari

2016 yil oktyabr oyida Tramp konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritish uchun turtki berishini aytdi muddat cheklovlari Kongress a'zolariga, shunday qilib Vakillar Palatasi a'zolari ko'pi bilan olti yil, senatorlar esa maksimal o'n ikki yil xizmat qilishi mumkin edi. Tramp, shuningdek, ijro etuvchi hokimiyat mansabdorlariga davlat xizmatidan ketgandan keyin besh yil davomida lobbichilik qilish taqiqini qayta tiklashga va'da berdi va Kongressni o'zining sobiq a'zolariga nisbatan qo'llaniladigan shunga o'xshash besh yillik lobbi taqiqini joriy etishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi. xodimlar.^{[351][352][353][354]} Amaldagi "sovutish davri" qoidalariga ko'ra, AQShning sobiq vakillari Kongressni qabul qilish uchun bir yil kutishlari kerak, AQShning sobiq senatorlari ikki yilga, sobiq ijro etuvchi hokimiyat amaldorlari esa "ikki yil yoki bir yil oldin kutishlari kerak. keksa yoshlariga qarab, o'zlarining sobiq agentligini lobbi qilish. "^[354]

Yigirma ikkinchi o'zgartirish

2017 yilda prezident lavozimiga kirishganidan beri bir necha bor Prezident Donald Tramp Prezidentlik muddati cheklanganligi to'g'risida shubha ostiga qo'ydi va jamoatchilik oldida so'zlashlar chegaralaridan tashqarida xizmat qilish haqida gapirdi 22-tuzatish. Masalan, 2019 yil aprel oyida Oq uy tadbirida Yarador jangchi loyihasi, u "hech bo'lmaganda 10 yoki 14 yil davomida" prezident bo'lib qolishini hazillashdi.^[355][356]

Video o'yinlaridagi zo'ravonlik

Tramp bunga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi video o'yinlaridagi zo'ravonlik. Bu noto'g'ri deb xabar qilinganidan keyin Sandy Hook otishma tez-tez o'ynaydigan zo'ravon video o'yinlar, Tramp tvitterda "Video o'yinlaridagi zo'ravonlik va ulug'vorlikni to'xtatish kerak - bu hayvonlarni yaratmoqda!"^[357][358]

Keyin 2019 El Paso otishma, Tramp o'z nutqida "Jamiyatimizdagi zo'ravonlikni ulug'lashni to'xtatishimiz kerak. Bunga hozirgi kunda odatiy holga aylanib qolgan dahshatli va jirkanch video o'yinlar kiradi. Bugungi kunda bezovtalanayotgan yoshlar zo'ravonlikni nishonlaydigan madaniyat bilan o'ralishi juda oson. Biz buni to'xtatishimiz yoki sezilarli darajada kamaytirishimiz kerak va bu darhol boshlanishi kerak. "^[359]

Onlayn qimor

Tramp quyidagi mulohazalarga asoslanib onlayn qimor o'yinlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi: "Bu sodir bo'lishi kerak, chunki ko'plab boshqa mamlakatlar buni qilmoqdalar va odatdagidek AQSh shunchaki sog'inmoqda".^[360]

Ilm-fan va texnologiya

Shuningdek qarang Iqlim o'zgarishi va ifloslanish, yuqorida.

2016 yilgi hisobot Ilmiy Amerika Tramp va prezidentlikka nomzodlar qatoridan yana uchta eng yuqori darajadagi nomzodlar - Xillari Klinton, Gari Jonson va Djil Shteyn - yigirma savolga bergan javoblariga asoslanib, ilmiy siyosat bo'yicha. ScienceDebate.org tadqiqot. Tramp baholashda "barcha ko'rsatkichlar bo'yicha oxirgi o'rinni egalladi", olimlar va tadqiqotchilar uni ilmiy muammolarni bilmasligi yoki uni qadrlamaganligi uchun ayblashdi.^[361]

Bo'shliq

Prezident Tramp 2017 yilgi NASA-ga o'tishni avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni imzoladi

2016 yil oktyabr oyidan boshlab, Trampning siyosat bo'yicha maslahatchilaridan biri, Trump davrida NASA qayta yaratilishini e'lon qildi Milliy kosmik kengash va "asr oxiriga qadar odamlarning Quyosh tizimini o'rganish" maqsadiga erishish, texnologik ishlanmalarni Marsga uchadigan odam missiyasidan ko'ra kuchliroq darajada boshqarish. Boshqa maqsadlarga byudjetni Yerni o'rganish va iqlimni tadqiq qilishdan kosmosni chuqur o'rganishga o'tkazish, kichik sun'iy yo'ldoshlar va gipertovushli texnologiyalarni izlash kiradi.^[362] Xitoyning Xalqaro kosmik stantsiya dasturiga qo'shilish ehtimoli ham ko'rib chiqildi.^[362] NASA-ning Marsga uchuvchi missiyani izlashda Oyni boshqariluvchi kashfiyotning kuchliroq roli bo'lishi mumkin.^[362] Ushbu bayonotdan oldin Trump kampaniyasi umuman kosmik siyosatga ega emas edi.^[363]

Texnologiya va aniq betaraflik

2016 yil iyunidan boshlab Tramp hech qanday texnologik siyosat bo'yicha takliflarni e'lon qilmadi.^[364] Saylov kampaniyasida Trump tez-tez qarama-qarshiliklarga duch keldi Silikon vodiysi raqamlar,^[365] kabi Twitter rahbarlarini lambast qilish uchun Twitter-dagi akkauntidan foydalanish Jeff Bezos ning Amazon, Tim Kuk ning olma va Brayan Cheski ning Airbnb bir necha oy davomida.^[364] U, ayniqsa, Amerika madaniyatining texnologiya tufayli yuzaga kelgan ijtimoiy tanazzulidan xavotirda va "Internet va butun kompyuter asri haqiqatan ham aralash paket" dedi.^[366] "juda murakkab hayot" ga ega bo'lish.^[367]

Tramp bunga qarshi aniq betaraflik, bu "Obamaning Internetga hujumi" ekanligini ta'kidlab, "konservativ ommaviy axborot vositalarini nishonga olishini" aytdi.^[368]

Tramp Internetning "ayrim sohalarini" yopishni taklif qildi. Buning so'z erkinligi bilan bog'liqligi to'g'risida u "Kimdir:" Oh so'z erkinligi, so'z erkinligi ", deb aytadi. Bular aqlsiz odamlar, bizda juda ko'p ahmoqlar bor. "^[369]

Texnik nashr Qayta yozish Trump masalalar bo'yicha hech qanday ochiq bayonot bermaganligi haqida xabar beradi patent islohoti yoki keng polosali ulanish.^[365]

The Bepul matbuot harakatlari fondi, bir guruh texnologik siyosat faollari, Trampni "fuqarolarning raqamli hayoti" uchun 2016 yildagi eng yomon prezidentlikka nomzod deb baholadi va uning Patriot qonunini isloh qilishga qarshi bo'lgan pozitsiyalariga asoslanib, Internet tsenzurasi va aniq betaraflikka qarshi.^[370]

Ijtimoiy muammolar va fuqarolar erkinliklari

Abort

Prezident Trump 2020 yilda gapiradi Hayot uchun mart

Tramp o'zini shunday tasvirlaydi hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va umuman qarshi chiqadi abort ba'zi istisnolardan tashqari: zo'rlash, qarindoshlararo munosabatlar va onaning sog'lig'iga xavf tug'diradigan holatlar.^[371] U sodiqligini aytdi sudyalarni tayinlash qarorni kim bekor qilishi mumkin Roe Vadega qarshi.^[372]

LGBT huquqlari

Trump ma'muriyati ko'plab mavjud LGBT himoya vositalarini bekor qildi va shuningdek, LGBT huquqlarini buzadigan yangi siyosatlarni joriy etdi.^[373][374]

Ish joyidagi kamsitish

2017 yil boshida Tramp Obama davridagi yo'riqnomani bekor qildi, unda yirik federal shartnomalarga ega kompaniyalardan LGBT himoyalariga muvofiqligini isbotlashni talab qilgan.^[375]

2018 yilda Trump imzoladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari-Meksika-Kanada savdo shartnomasi izoh bilan Qo'shma Shtatlarni kelishuvning "jinsga asoslangan diskriminatsiya" ni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi da'vosini bajarishdan ozod qildi.^[376]

Tramp ma'muriyati, Adliya vazirligi uchta ish da'vosiga aralashgan Oliy sud darajasida diskriminatsiya himoyasini bekor qilishga urinib ko'rdi.Bostok va Kleyton okrugi, Jorjiya; Altitude Express, Inc., Zarda; va Harrisning dafn marosimlari uylari va EEOC - ning VII sarlavhasi bilan bahslashish Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y asosida ish kamsitilishini taqiqlamaydi jinsiy orientatsiya^[377][378] yoki "transgender maqomi".^[379] Biroq, Tramp ma'muriyatining aralashuviga qaramay, Oliy sud ushbu uch ish bo'yicha 2020 yil 15 iyunda qaror qildi: jinsiy orientatsiya va jinsi identifikatsiyasi haqiqatan ham "jinsiy kamsitish" himoyasi ostida.

Sog'liqni saqlash sohasida kamsitish

The Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun Obama davrida odamlarga jinsi va jinsi o'ziga xosligidan qat'i nazar, parvarish olish huquqini beradigan huquqqa ega bo'lgan kamsitishni taqiqlovchi qoidani o'z ichiga olgan edi, ammo Tramp ma'muriyati buni bekor qildi. 2020 yil 12-iyun kuni Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi uning o'rnini bosuvchi qoidani yakunladi va oshkor qildi. Endi tibbiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar va sug'urtalovchilar transgenderlarga xizmat ko'rsatish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishlari mumkin.^[380][381]

Transgender huquqlari

Ishga kirishganidan bir oy o'tgach, Tramp Obama ma'muriyatining ruxsat bergan ko'rsatmasini bekor qildi transgender talabalar o'zlariga mos keladigan hammomlardan foydalanishlari jinsiy identifikatsiya; ushbu bekor qilish davlat maktablariga jinsi vannalar to'g'risida o'z qoidalarini ishlab chiqishga imkon berdi.^[382] 2020 yilda Ta'lim departamenti, transgender o'quvchilarning ishtiroki buzilganligi sababli, transgender qizlarga qizlar jamoalarida raqobatlashishga imkon beradigan Konnektikut maktablaridagi mablag'larni ushlab qolish bilan tahdid qildi. IX sarlavha.^[383]

Olti oy prezidentlik lavozimini egallaganidan keyin Tramp tvitterda transgender shaxslarga AQSh armiyasida "biron-bir tarzda" xizmat qilishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi, bu buyruq Pentagon rasmiylarini hayratga soldi.^[384] Oxir-oqibat, 2019 yilda Oliy sud - argumentlarni eshitmasdan yoki o'z qarorini tushuntirmasdan - Tramp ma'muriyatiga taqiq bilan oldinga siljishga imkon berdi.^[385][386]

2018 yilda Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi asosida jinsi ta'rifini o'rnatishni rejalashtirgan eslatma yozdi tug'ilish paytida jinsiy tayinlash. Yodnomada jinsni "biologik asosda aniq, ilm-fanga asoslangan, ob'ektiv va boshqariladigan" va hukumatning imtiyozli ta'rifi foydasiga genetik sinov ularning jinsini aniqlash uchun shaxslar. Agar Adliya vazirligi tomonidan ma'qullansa, ta'rif federal agentliklarga, xususan, bo'limlarga tegishli bo'ladi Ta'lim, adolat va Mehnat, sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish bilan bir qatorda, ularni amalga oshirish uchun javobgardir IX sarlavha diskriminatsiya to'g'risidagi nizom.^[387]

Tramp ma'muriyati, shuningdek, Obama davridagi ko'rsatmalarni bekor qildi transgender mahbuslar, buyurtma berish Qamoqxonalar byurosi o'rniga ularni "biologik jinsi" ga binoan joylashtirish.^[388]

2019 yilda HUD yangi qoidani taklif qildi^[389] Jinsiy orientatsiya va jinsi o'ziga xosligidan qat'i nazar, uy-joylarga teng huquqli kirishni talab qiladigan 2012 yildagi teng kirish qoidasini zaiflashtirish. Bu uysizlar boshpanalariga transgender ayollarni erkaklar uyiga joylashtirishga yoki transgenderlarni qabul qilishni umuman rad etishga imkon berishi mumkin.^[390]

Bir jinsli nikoh

Bir necha o'n yillik milliy munozaralardan so'ng, AQSh Oliy sudi 2015 yilda butun dunyo bo'ylab bir jinsli nikohni qonuniylashtirdi Obergefell va Xodjes hukm qilish. Saylanganidan keyin Tramp sud bu masalani allaqachon "hal qilganini" tan oldi.^[182][372] Ammo Tramp bir jinsli nikohning shaxsiy tarafdori bo'lmagan va 2011 yilda "geylar nikohi tarafdor emasligini" aytgan^[391] va 2016 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi chog'ida u ag'darishga moyil bo'lgan Oliy sud sudyalarini tayinlashni "jiddiy ko'rib chiqishini" aytdi Obergefell va Xodjes.^{[392][393][338]}

Ma'lumot yig'ish

Tramp ma'muriyati 2020 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishdan LGBT kimligi va munosabatlariga oid savollarni olib tashlashga harakat qildi,^[394][395] Amerika hamjamiyati tadqiqotlari,^[396][397] keksa amerikaliklar ishtirokchilarining yillik milliy so'rovi (NSOAAP),^[398] Farzandlikka olish va homiylik qilishni tahlil qilish va hisobot berish tizimi.^[399]

OIV / OITS

2017 yilda Trump ularni tarqatib yubordi OITSga qarshi milliy siyosat idorasi va Prezidentning OIV / OITS bo'yicha maslahat kengashi, ikkalasi ham 1990 yildan beri mavjud edi. Har yili OITSga qarshi kurashning Butunjahon kuni - 2017, 2018, 2019 yillarda - Trampning e'lonlarida LGBT odamlari haqida so'z yuritilmagan.^{[400][401][402][403][404]}

Diniy imtiyozlar

2018 yilda Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish boshqarmasi (HHS) Vijdon va diniy erkinlik bo'limi tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi.^[405] Uning maqsadi - ijro etish "vijdon va diniy erkinlik" bilan bog'liq federal qonunlar; ya'ni jismoniy shaxslar va tadbirkorlik sub'ektlarini kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunlarga bo'ysunishdan ozod qilishlariga imkon berish.

2019-yilda HHS Janubiy Karolinadagi homiylik agentligiga Obama davridagi kamsitilmaslik to'g'risidagi nizomdan ozod qildi. HHS tomonidan keltirilgan Diniy erkinlikni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun (RFRA) federal mablag 'bilan ta'minlanadigan xristian guruhlariga nasroniy bo'lmaganlarni kamsitishga ruxsat berish uchun asos sifatida.^[406][407] Keyinchalik o'sha yili Mehnat bo'limi, shuningdek RFRA, "diniy tashkilotlarni" kamsitish uchun sabab sifatida "samimiy qabul qilingan diniy qarashlar va e'tiqodlarga" murojaat qilsalar, ularni kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonunga bo'ysunishdan ozod qilish uchun yangi qoida taklif qildi.^[408] 2020 yilda Adliya vazirligi Pensilvaniya shtatidagi yana bir homiylik agentligini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Oliy sudga qisqacha ariza bilan murojaat qildi va agentlikning "dinni bepul amalga oshirish" doirasida bir jinsli juftliklardan voz kechish huquqini himoya qildi.^[409]

2019 yilda Davlat departamenti yaratgan Ajratib bo'lmaydigan huquqlar bo'yicha komissiya katolik tushunchasiga asoslangan inson huquqlari bo'yicha falsafiy munozaralarni boshlash "tabiiy qonun "jinsi va shahvoniyligiga asoslangan zamonaviy identifikatorlardan ko'ra. Komissiyaning o'n ikki a'zosining aksariyati LGBTga qarshi fikr bildirishgan.^[410]

Diplomatiya

Trump ma'muriyati a uchun Davlat departamentining pozitsiyasini yo'q qildi LGBTI shaxslarining inson huquqlari bo'yicha maxsus vakili.^[411]

2018 yilda Tramp ma'muriyati chet ellik diplomatlarning turmush qurmagan bir jinsli sheriklariga, agar ular faqat fuqarolik sherikligini tan oladigan yoki bir jinsli nikohni taqiqlaydigan mamlakatlar bo'lsa ham vizalarni rad etdi.^[412]

Richard Grenell, Tramp tomonidan AQShning Germaniyadagi elchisi etib tayinlangan, ochiqchasiga gey. 2019 yil fevral oyida Grenell butun dunyo bo'ylab gomoseksualizmni dekriminallashtirish bo'yicha yangi kampaniyaning etakchisi deb e'lon qilindi va u 11 evropalik faol bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi.^[413] Ertasi kuni undan bu haqda so'rashganda, Tramp bu tashabbusdan bexabar bo'lib tuyuldi.^[414] Bir necha oy o'tgach, Tramp tvitterda "biz LGBT mag'rurlik oyini nishonlar ekanmiz," amerikaliklar "odamlarni jinsiy orientatsiyasi uchun jazolaydigan, qamoqqa tashlaydigan yoki hatto o'ldiradigan dunyoning o'nlab mamlakatlarida yashovchi ko'plab LGBT odamlar bilan birdamlik qilishlari kerak" deb yozdi. Biroq, o'sha hafta Tramp ma'muriyati AQSh elchixonalariga Pride oyi davomida Pride bayrog'ini ko'tarmaslikni buyurdi.^[415]

Sud tayinlovlari

Trampning sudyalik nomzodlarining taxminan uchdan birida LGBTga qarshi yozuvlar mavjud.^[416][417] AQSh Senati 2020 yil may oyidan boshlab Trampning 400 ga yaqin nomzodlarini yangi rollariga tasdiqladi. Tasdiqlangan sudyalardan kamida bittasi, Patrik Bumatay, ochiqchasiga gey.^[418][419]

Tramp nomzodlari Nil Gorsuch, Bret Kavanaugh va Emi Koni Barret Oliy sudga tasdiqlangan.

Marixuana

Marixuana rekreatsion va tibbiy marixuanani legallashtirish bo'yicha ayrim davlatlarning huquqlari Trampning prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti masalasi edi va u o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida davlatlar tibbiy va rekreatsion marixuana bilan bog'liq o'z siyosatini boshqarish huquqiga ega bo'lishi kerak deb hisoblaganligini rasman ta'kidladi.^[420][421] Saylanganidan so'ng u rekreatsion marixuana haqidagi pozitsiyasini o'zgartirib, tibbiy marixuanaga ruxsat berilishi kerak, deb hisoblagan, ammo Federal hukumat rekreatsion marixuana o'sishi va sotilishini tartibga soluvchi davlatlar uchun qonuniy qarorlar qabul qilishi mumkinligini aytgan.^[422][423] Biroq, 2018 yil aprel oyida u yana bir bor teskari tomonga qaytib, bu masalani shtatlarga topshirishni ma'qulladi;^[424] va 2018 yil iyun oyida Tramp respublikachi senator tomonidan kiritilgan qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatladi Kori Gardner ning Kolorado va demokrat senator Elizabeth Uorren ning Massachusets shtati bu qarorni shtatlarga qoldiradi.^[425]

Shuningdek qarang

• Donald Tramp 2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi # Siyosiy lavozimlar
• Donald Tramp ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda
• Donald Trampning prezidentligi

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