Jon Taylerning prezidentligi - Presidency of John Tyler

WHOportTyler.jpg
Jon Taylerning prezidentligi
1841 yil 4 aprel - 1845 yil 4 mart
PrezidentJon Tayler
KabinetRo'yxatni ko'ring
PartiyaWhig (1841)
Mustaqil (1841–44)
Demokratik-respublikachi (1844)
Mustaqil (1844-1845)
O'rindiqoq uy
1840-yillarda AQSh prezidentining seal.png
Prezident muhri
(1840–1850)

The Jon Taylerning prezidentligi qachon 1841 yil 4 aprelda boshlangan Jon Tayler bo'ldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezident vafotidan keyin Uilyam Genri Xarrison, va 1845 yil 4 martda tugagan. U shunday edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti u prezidentlikka kirishganidan atigi 31 kun davomida. O'ninchi Qo'shma Shtatlar prezident, u birinchi bo'lib lavozimga saylanmasdan muddatidan oldin muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Konstitutsiyaviy noaniqlikni bartaraf etish uchun Tayler buni oldi prezidentlik qasamyodi 6 aprelda ko'chib o'tdi oq uy va kelajakda favqulodda merosxo'rliklarni boshqaradigan va oxir-oqibat kodlashadigan prezidentga to'liq vakolatlarni oldi Yigirma beshinchi o'zgartirish.

Da vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod bo'lsa-da Whig partiyasi chipta, Tayler o'z partiyasidan bir nechta masalada farq qildi. A qat'iy qurilishchi, Tayler Whig platformasining ko'p qismini topdi konstitutsiyaga zid va u veto qo'ydi partiya rahbari tomonidan ma'qullangan bir nechta qonun loyihalari Genri Kley. Tayler veto qo'ygan qonun loyihalari orasida a ni qayta tiklash chorasi ham bor edi milliy bank. Ushbu vetolarga javoban Taylerning aksariyati kabinet iste'foga chiqdi va Vig kongressmenlari Taylerni partiyadan chiqarib yuborishdi. Palatada unga impichment e'lon qilishga qaror qilingan qaror qabul qilindi, ammo keyinchalik mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Kongress bilan kelishmovchiliklariga qaramay, Tayler imzoladi 1842 yilgi tarif, bu hali ham oqibatlari bilan shug'ullanadigan hukumatni zarur daromad bilan ta'minladi 1837 yilgi vahima.

Tayler xalqaro ishlarda ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Uning ma'muriyati Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi bilan munozarali hududni joylashtirdi Buyuk Britaniya. Tayler shuningdek, Amerika manfaatlarini ta'kidladi tinch okeani va u bilan savdo shartnomasini tuzdi Tsin Xitoy. U shuningdek printsiplarini kengaytirdi Monro doktrinasi ga Gavayi. So'nggi ikki yillik faoliyati davomida Tayler uni bosdi Texasning anneksiyasi qul davlati sifatida, anneksiya masalasini 1844 yil prezident saylovi. Qisman ushbu masala tufayli 1844 yilgi saylovlar g'alaba qozondi Demokrat Jeyms K. Polk. 1845 yil 1 martda, prezidentlik lavozimini Polkga topshirishdan uch kun oldin, Tayler Texasni anneksiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni imzoladi va Texas Polk prezidentligining birinchi yilida shtat sifatida qabul qilinadi.

Taylerning prezidentligi juda xilma-xil javoblarni keltirib chiqardi, ammo u odatda ushlab turiladi tarixchilar tomonidan past baho. Edvard P. Krapol o'zining tarjimai holini boshladi Jon Tayler, tasodifiy prezident (2006) ta'kidlab: "Boshqa biograflar va tarixchilar Jon Tayler baxtsiz va mahoratli ijrochi bo'lgan, uning prezidentligi jiddiy buzilgan edi", deb ta'kidlashdi.[1] Yilda Jon Taylerning respublika qarashlari (2003), Dan Monro Taylerning prezidentligi "umuman olganda eng kam muvaffaqiyatga erishganlardan biri" sifatida qayd etilgan.[2] Ba'zi tarixchilar va sharhlovchilar Taylerning tashqi siyosati, shaxsiy xulq-atvori va prezident vorisligi borasida o'rnatgan presedentini yuqori baholadilar.

Kirish

Shuningdek qarang: Uilyam Genri Xarrisonning prezidentligi

In 1840 yilgi prezident saylovi, Whig chiptasi Uilyam Genri Xarrison va Jon Tayler mag'lubiyatga uchradi Demokratik amaldagi Prezident boshchiligidagi chipta Martin Van Buren. Tayler 1841 yil 4 martda, prezident Xarrison bilan bir kunda, mamlakatning 10-vitse-prezidenti sifatida qasamyod qildi inauguratsiya. Xarrisonning 4-mart kuni sovuq va bulutli kunlarda qilgan ikki soatlik nutqidan so'ng vitse-prezident Senatning prezidenti lavozimiga nomzodlarni qabul qilish uchun Senatga qaytib, ertasi kuni tasdiqlovlarga rahbarlik qildi - jami ikki soat Senat Prezidenti sifatida. Bir nechta mas'uliyatni kutib, keyin u jo'nab ketdi Vashington, jimgina uyiga qaytib Uilyamsburg.[3][4] O'zining inauguratsiyasidan so'ng, Xarrison may oyi oxirida mamlakatning xavfli moliyaviy ahvolini hal qilish uchun may oyining oxirida boshlanishini talab qildi. 1837 yilgi vahima.[5] Prezidentlikning dastlabki bir necha haftasi Harrisonning sog'lig'iga zarar etkazdi va mart oyining oxirida yomg'ir bo'roniga tushib qolganidan keyin u zotiljam va plevrit. Harrisonning keksayganligi va sog'lig'i tobora pasayib borayotgani saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida hech kimga sir emas edi va prezident vorisligi masalasi har bir siyosatchining xayolida edi.[6][7]

Illyustratsiya: Tayler Virjiniyadagi ayvonda turibdi, unga konvertli odam yaqinlashdi. Suratda
1888 yil prezident Taylerning Prezident yangiliklarini qabul qilishi haqidagi rasm Xarrison o'limi Davlat departamentining bosh kotibi Fletcher Vebster

Davlat kotibi Daniel Uebster 1 aprel kuni Xarrisonning Tyler kasalligi to'g'risida xabar yubordi,[8] va 5 aprel kuni Tayler Garrisonning o'tgan kuni vafot etganini bilib oldi.[8] Xarrisonning prezidentlik lavozimida o'lishi misli ko'rilmagan hodisa bo'lib, prezident vorisligi borasida katta noaniqlik tug'dirdi. Huquqshunos olimlar uzoq vaqtdan beri prezident o'z lavozimida vafot etadi deb taxmin qilishgan, ammo vitse-prezident prezidentlik lavozimini to'liq egallashi yoki olmasligi to'g'risida qat'iy kelishuv mavjud emas edi.[9] II modda, 1-bo'lim, 6-band Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi, shu vaqt ichida prezident ichkarisidagi vorislikni boshqargan[10] quyidagilarni ta'kidlaydi:

Prezident lavozimidan chetlatilgan yoki uning o'limi, iste'fosi yoki ushbu idoraning vakolatlari va vazifalarini bajarishga qodir emasligi to'g'risida, xuddi shu narsa vitse-prezidentga topshiriladi,[11]

BEP Taylerning prezident sifatida portretini o'yib yozgan.
BEP Taylerning prezident sifatida tasvirlangan portreti.

Ushbu Konstitutsiyaviy retsept matni prezidentning amaldagi vakolatxonasi, yoki shunchaki prezidentning vakolatlari va vazifalari vitse-prezident Taylerga topshirilganmi degan savol tug'dirdi.[12] Vazirlar Mahkamasi Xarrison vafot etganidan keyin bir soat ichida yig'ilishdi va keyingi xabarlarga ko'ra Tayler "prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi vitse-prezident" bo'lishini aniqladi.[13] O'z navbatida, Tayler Konstitutsiya unga vakolatlarning to'liq va malakasiz vakolatlarini berdi va darhol prezident sifatida qasamyod qildi va prezident o'limidan keyin hokimiyatni tartibli ravishda topshirish uchun muhim pretsedent yaratdi, deb qat'iy ta'kidladi.[14] The prezidentlik qasamyodi Bosh hakam tomonidan boshqarilgan Uilyam Krench ning Kolumbiya okrugining AQSh tuman sudi Taylerning mehmonxona xonasida. Dastlab Tayler qasamyod qabul qilish zarurligini shubha ostiga qo'ygan va vitse-prezident sifatida bergan qasamyodan ortiqcha ekanligini ta'kidlagan, ammo uning qo'shilishidagi har qanday shubhani bartaraf etish uchun bunga qasamyod qilgan.[12]

Tayler avval ochilish marosimini o'tkazgan Kongress 9 aprelda u o'zining asosiy tamoyillariga bo'lgan ishonchini yana bir bor tasdiqladi Jefferson demokratiyasi va cheklangan federal hokimiyat. Taylerning prezident bo'lish haqidagi da'vosiga ko'plab Kongress a'zolari qarshilik ko'rsatdilar. Vakil (va sobiq prezident) Jon Kvinsi Adams Tayler a bo'lishi kerakligini his qildi qarovchi "sarlavhasi ostidaprezident vazifasini bajaruvchi "yoki nomidan vitse-prezident bo'lib qolavering.[15] Taylerning vakolatiga shubha qilganlar orasida senator ham bor edi Genri Kley Garrison tirikligida "qoqintiruvchi taxt ortidagi haqiqiy kuch" bo'lishni rejalashtirgan va Tayler uchun ham shuni nazarda tutgan.[16] Kley Taylerni "vitse-prezident", uning prezidentligini esa shunchaki ko'rgan "regentsiya ".[16]

Bir necha qizg'in bahs-munozaralardan so'ng Kongress Taylerning u haqiqatan ham yangi prezident ekanligi haqidagi talqinini tasdiqladi.[17] Ikkala palatada ham "prezident" so'zini til foydasiga, shu jumladan Taylerga nisbatan "vitse-prezident" atamasi bilan urish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz tuzatishlar taklif qilindi. Missisipi senatori Robert J. Uoker, oppozitsiyada, Tayler hali ham vitse-prezident bo'lib, Senatga raislik qilishi mumkin degan fikr bema'niligini bildirdi.[18] Tayler o'zining qonuniy prezident ekanligiga ishonishidan aslo qaytmadi; uning siyosiy raqiblari Oq uyga "vitse-prezident" yoki "prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi" nomiga yozishmalar yuborganida, Tayler uni ochmasdan qaytardi.[19]

Ma'muriyat

Tayler kabinet[20]
IdoraIsmMuddat
PrezidentJon Tayler1841–1845
Vitse prezidentyo'q1841–1845
Davlat kotibiDaniel Uebster1841–1843
Abel P. Upshur1843–1844
Jon C. Kalxun1844–1845
G'aznachilik kotibiTomas Eving1841
Valter Forward1841–1843
John Canfield Spencer1843–1844
Jorj M. Bibb1844–1845
Urush kotibiJon Bell1841
John Canfield Spencer1841–1843
Jeyms Medison Porter1843–1844
Uilyam Uilkins1844–1845
Bosh prokurorJon J. Krittenden1841
Xyu S. Legaré1841–1843
Jon Nelson1843–1845
Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisiFrensis Grenjer1841
Charlz A. Uiklif1841–1845
Dengiz kuchlari kotibiJorj Edmund Badger1841
Abel P. Upshur1841–1843
Devid Xensu1843–1844
Tomas Uoker Gilmer1844
Jon Y. Meyson1844–1845

Garrison tarafdorlarini begonalashtiraman deb qo'rqib, Tayler o'lgan prezidentning butun kabinetini saqlab qolishga qaror qildi, garchi bir nechta a'zo unga ochiqchasiga dushman bo'lgan va uning bu lavozimni egallashidan norozi bo'lgan.[14] Vazirlar Mahkamasining birinchi yig'ilishida Taylerga Xarrison katta siyosiy qarorlarni ko'pchilik ovozi bilan hal qilishga ruxsat berganligi haqida xabar berildi va vazirlar mahkamasi yangi prezident ushbu amaliyotni davom ettirishini kutishdi. Tayler hayratga tushdi va ularni darhol tuzatdi:

Kechirim so'rayman, janoblar; Mening kabinetimda siz o'zingizni isbotlagan bunday mahoratli davlat arboblari bo'lganidan juda xursandman. Va sizning maslahatingiz va maslahatingizdan foydalanishdan mamnunman. Lekin men nima qilishim kerak yoki qilmasligim kerakligini aytib qo'yishga hech qachon rozi bo'lolmayman. Men prezident sifatida ma'muriyatim uchun javobgardirman. Uning chora-tadbirlarini amalga oshirishda samimiy hamkorlik qilishingizga umid qilaman. Agar siz bunga munosib ko'rsangiz, men siz bilan bo'lganimdan xursand bo'laman. Boshqacha o'ylaganingizda, sizning iste'foingiz qabul qilinadi.[21][22]

Davlat kotibi Vebsterdan tashqari,[23] yangi prezidentning kabinetda ittifoqchilari yo'q edi va bundan tashqari tez orada uning Kongressda ham ozligi borligini aniqladi. Unga rioya qilish davlatlarning huquqlari, qat'iy-konstruktsionistik mafkura va faqat qarama-qarshi bo'lib Whiglarga qo'shilish Endryu Jekson, u quchoqlamadi Amerika ichki takomillashtirish tizimi, himoya tariflar va milliy bank partiya rahbarlarining takliflari. Taylerning Whigning bir nechta bank veksellariga qo'ygan vetosidan so'ng, 1841 yil sentyabrda Vebsterdan tashqari barcha vazirlar mahkamasi a'zolari iste'foga chiqdilar, bu Kley tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan manevr edi.[17] Kabinetning katta qismi iste'foga chiqishiga shubha qilib, Tayler tezda Kleyga qarshi bo'lgan Whiglardan tashkil topgan yangi kabinetni birlashtirdi.[24]

Vebster uzoq vaqt davomida Viglar partiyasidagi va Tayler ma'muriyatidagi roli bilan kurashgan va nihoyat 1843 yil may oyida vazirlar mahkamasidan iste'foga chiqqan.[25] Abel Upshur Uebsterni davlat kotibi lavozimiga tayinladi va u Taylerni qo'shilish ustuvorligiga e'tibor qaratdi Texas Respublikasi. O'zining janubiy Whigs va Shimoliy Demokratlar partiyasini barpo etish umidida Tayler ma'muriyati yana bir qancha muhim amaldorlarni "Tayler Men" foydasiga chetlashtirdi.[26] Ushbu taxmin qilingan sodiqlardan biri, Tomas Gilmer, Upshurni dengiz floti kotibi etib almashtirdi.[26] Taylerning kabineti teng ravishda demokratlar va viglardan iborat tarkibni tark etdi.[27] Keyinchalik Taylerning ko'plab tayinlashlari, jumladan Upshur va Gilmerlar senatorning izdoshlari edi Jon C. Kalxun Janubiy Karolina shtati; Taylerga noma'lum bo'lib, ularning harakatlari Kalxunning 1844 yilgi prezidentlikka nomzodini oshirish uchun hisoblangan.[28] Upshur va Gilmer ikkalasi ham 1844 yil boshida dengiz halokatida halok bo'lganlaridan so'ng, Tayler Calxunni davlat kotibi sifatida olib keldi va Jon Y. Meyson Virjiniya dengiz floti kotibi sifatida.[29] Keyinchalik o'sha yili G'aznachilik kotibi Jon C. Spenser kabinetdan chiqib, uning o'rnini egalladi Jorj M. Bibb, Taylerning kabinetidan faqat bitta Northerner, urush kotibi qoldi Uilyam Uilkins.[30]

Tayler o'zining vazirlar mahkamasi nomzodlariga ega bo'lgan birinchi prezident edi rad etildi Senat tomonidan. Rad etilgan to'rt nomzod edi Xolib Kushing (Xazina), Devid Xensu (Dengiz kuchlari), Jeyms Porter (Urush) va Jeyms S. Yashil (Xazina). Xenshu va Porter rad etilishidan oldin tanaffusga tayinlanganlar sifatida xizmat qilishgan. Tayler bir kun ichida uch marta rad etilgan Cushing nomini qayta-qayta takrorladi, 1843 yil 3-mart, oxirgi kun 27-kongress.[31] Taylerning vakolat muddati tugaganidan so'ng, vazirlar mahkamasi nomzodi Senat tomonidan 1860 yillarga qadar yana rad etilmas edi.[32]

Sud tayinlovlari

Shuningdek qarang: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudiga nomzodlar muvaffaqiyatsiz

Uning kabinetga nomzodlari bilan bo'lganidek, Taylerning raqiblari uning sudya nomzodlarini bir necha bor bekor qilishdi.[33] Tayler prezidentlik qilayotgan paytda Oliy sudda ikkita vakansiya paydo bo'ldi Smit Tompson va Genri Bolduin mos ravishda 1843 va 1844 yillarda vafot etdi. Tayler har doim Kongress bilan ziddiyatda bo'lib, besh kishini Oliy sud tomonidan tasdiqlash uchun jami to'qqiz marta taklif qildi. Jon C. Spenser, Ruben Uolvort, Edvard King Hammasi o'z nomzodlarini bir necha bor buzib tashlagan va Senat to'liq ish tutmagan Jon M. o'qing nomzodlik.[34] Viglar nazorati ostidagi Senat Taylerning nomzodlarini qisman rad etdi, chunki ular Genri Kley bo'lishidan umidvor bo'lgan keyingi prezident uchun joylarni ochiq qoldirishni istashdi.[35]

Va nihoyat, 1845 yil 14 fevralda, muddatiga bir oydan kam vaqt qolganida, Tayler nomzodini ilgari surdi Samuel Nelson Tompsonning o'rniga Senat tomonidan tasdiqlangan.[36] Demokrat Nelson ehtiyotkorlik bilan va munozarasiz yurist sifatida obro'ga ega edi. Hali ham uning tasdig'i kutilmagan bo'ldi. U 1872 yilgacha Oliy sudda ishlagan. Bolduinning o'rni shu vaqtgacha bo'sh edi Jeyms K. Polk nomzod, Robert Grier, 1846 yil 4-avgustda tasdiqlangan.[36] Tayler ish paytida federal partiyaga yana oltita muvaffaqiyatli nomzodlarni qo'ydi, barchasi federal okrug sudlari.[37]

Iqtisodiy siyosat va partiyalarning ziddiyatlari

Whig siyosati

Prezident Xarrison Vig partiyasi siyosatiga qat'iy rioya qilishi va Kongress rahbarlari, xususan Kleyni kechiktirishi kutilgan edi. U Whig rahbarlari bilan boshqa siyosat yuzasidan to'qnashsa ham, Tayler Uig qonunchilik dasturining ayrim qismlariga, shu jumladan, Mustaqil xazina Prezident Van Buren davrida yaratilgan.[38] Tayler shuningdek imzoladi 1841 yilgi imtiyozlar to'g'risidagi qonun G'arbning joylashishini engillashtirish uchun mo'ljallangan. Ushbu qonun ko'chmanchilarga G'arbda 160 gektar er uchastkalarini kim oshdi savdosi orqali raqobatlashmasdan sotib olishga imkon berdi. Aynan o'sha hujjat tarqatish dasturini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, unda davlatlar sotishdan tushadigan daromad oldi, ular orqali infratuzilma loyihalarini moliyalashtirish va boshqa investitsiyalarni amalga oshirish mumkin edi. Taylerning talabiga binoan tarqatish dasturi faqat tarif stavkalari 20 foizdan pastroq bo'lgan taqdirda amalda qoladi. Boshqa bir Whig siyosati, 1841 yilgi bankrotlik to'g'risidagi qonun, shaxslarga e'lon qilishga imkon berdi bankrotlik. Ushbu qonun AQSh tarixida ixtiyoriy ravishda bankrotlikka yo'l qo'ygan birinchi qonun edi.[39]

Milliy bank

Kongress Mustaqil G'aznachilikni bekor qilish uchun ovoz berganidan so'ng, viglar tiklangan milliy bankni yaratishga e'tiborlarini qaratishdi, ular Mustaqil G'aznachilik o'rnini hukumat mablag'lari depozitori sifatida egallashiga umid qilishdi.[40] Federal nizomi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ikkinchi banki Endryu Jekson uni qayta nizomga kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ygandan so'ng, muddati tugagan va Kley yangi milliy bankni tashkil etishni uning qonunchilik kun tartibiga aylantirgan. Kleyning targ'ibotiga qisman Van Buren ma'muriyatidan meros bo'lib o'tgan yomon iqtisodiy sharoit sabab bo'lgan; u va uning ittifoqchilari milliy bankni qayta tiklash iqtisodiyotni ko'tarishga yordam berishini ta'kidladilar.[41] Taylerning milliy bankka qarshi bo'lgan uzoq yillik qarama-qarshiligiga qaramay, Kley o'zining Amerika tizimini Vig kongressidagi ko'pchilik bilan qonun sifatida qabul qilishga qaror qildi.[38]

1841 yil iyun oyida G'aznachilik kotibi Tomas Eving Taylerning Konstitutsiyaning qat'iy qurilishini aks ettiruvchi milliy bank qonun loyihasini taklif qildi; bankning shtab-kvartirasi Vashingtonda joylashgan bo'lib, uning filiallari faqat bank mavjudligiga rozi bo'lgan davlatlarda joylashgan. Kley Tayler ma'muriyatining taklifini rad etdi va bankning davlatlar bilan yoki ularning roziligisiz ishlashiga imkon beradigan o'z qonunchiligini targ'ib qildi. Kleyning loyihasi 6-avgustda Kongressdan o'tgan va Tayler 16-avgustda qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ygan. Tayler nafaqat bu qonunni konstitutsiyaga zid deb o'ylagan, balki u milliy bank ustidan olib borilgan kurashni o'zi va Kley o'rtasidagi shaxsiy kurash sifatida qabul qilgan. xavf ostida bo'lgan mamlakatni boshqarish. Vetoga munosabat sifatida ko'plab Whigs va Whig gazetalari Taylerni qoraladi.[42]

Tayler uning e'tirozlarini qondiradigan murosaga ega bank qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'ldi va vazirlar mahkamasi qonun loyihasining yana bir versiyasini ishlab chiqdi.[43] Kongress G'aznachilik kotibi Evinning taklifi asosida qonun loyihasini qabul qildi, ammo Tayler ushbu qonun loyihasiga ham veto qo'ydi.[44] Taylerning ikkinchi vetosi butun mamlakat bo'ylab Whigsni g'azablantirdi, Taylerga qarshi ko'plab mitinglar va Oq uyga g'azablangan maktublarni ilhomlantirdi.[45] 11 sentyabrda vazirlar mahkamasi a'zolari birin-ketin Taylerning ofisiga kirib, iste'foga chiqdilar - Kleyning Taylerni iste'fosini majburlash va o'z leytenanti, Senat Prezidenti lavozimiga tayinlash orkestri pro tempore Samuel L. Sautard, Oq uyda. Iste'foga chiqmagan yakka kabinet a'zosi Vebster bo'lib, u 1842 yilga kelib nima bo'lganini yakunlash uchun ikkalasida qoldi Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi va Kleydan mustaqilligini namoyish etish.[46] Vebsterga u qolishga tayyorligini aytganida, Tayler: "Menga qo'lingni ber, endi senga aytaman, Genri Kley - halokatli odam", dedi.[47] 13 sentyabr kuni, prezident iste'foga chiqmasa yoki taslim bo'lmaganda, Kongressdagi viglar Taylerni partiyadan chiqarib yuborishdi.[48] Kongressdagi whiglar Taylerga shunchalik g'azablandilarki, ular buzilib ketgan Oq uyni tuzatish uchun mablag 'ajratishdan bosh tortdilar.[47]

Viglar Mustaqil G'aznachilikni bekor qilishgan, ammo uning o'rnini bosa olmaganligi sababli, federal hukumat o'z pullarini shtat jadvalidagi banklarga joylashtirdi.[49] Kongress ta'tilidan so'ng Tayler milliy bankning o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida "mablag 'rejasini" taklif qildi. G'aznachilik rejasida prezident tayinlanganlar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan va davlat mablag'larini saqlaydigan va chiqaradigan davlat idorasi tashkil etiladi banknotalar. Vebsterning ta'kidlashicha, agentlik "bu mamlakatda qabul qilingan har qanday turdagi eng foydali o'lchov bo'ladi, faqat Konstitutsiya bundan mustasno". Vebsterning ishtiyoqiga qaramay, bu reja Kongress tomonidan jiddiy ko'rib chiqilmadi, chunki Vigs hanuzgacha milliy bankni istagan va demokratlar Mustaqil G'aznachilikni tiklashni ma'qullashgan.[50] 1842 yil boshida Kley bo'lajak prezidentlik saylovlariga e'tibor qaratish uchun Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi.[51] Kley iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, yangi milliy bankni yaratish g'oyasi Taylerning qolgan prezidentligi davrida harakatsiz bo'lib qoldi va Kongress boshqa masalalarga o'tdi.[51]

Tariflar va tarqatish bo'yicha munozaralar

Whig Devorda Jekson va Van Burenning suratlari tushirilgan oilaga ishsizlik ta'sirini aks ettiruvchi multfilm

1837 yildagi vahima davom etayotgan iqtisodiy muammolar, shuningdek, tomonidan belgilangan nisbatan past tarif stavkalari tufayli 1833 yilgi tarif, hukumat o'sib borayotgan byudjet tanqisligiga duch keldi.[52] Kongress Whigs federal daromadni ta'minlash uchun ham, mahalliy sanoatni himoya qilish uchun ham tarifni oshirmoqchi edi. Shunga qaramay, Whig rahbarlari, agar tarif stavkalari yigirma foizdan oshsa, muddati tugashi kerak bo'lgan tarqatish dasturini uzaytirmoqchi edilar.[53] 1842 yil iyun oyida Vig Kongressi tariflarni oshiradigan va tarqatish dasturini so'zsiz kengaytiradigan ikkita qonun loyihasini qabul qildi. Federal daromad taqchilligi bojni oshirishni talab qilgan bir paytda tarqatishni davom ettirish noo'rin deb hisoblagan Tayler ikkala qonun loyihasiga ham veto qo'ydi va o'zi bilan Whiglar o'rtasidagi qolgan ko'priklarni yoqib yubordi.[54] Kongress ikkitasini bitta qonun loyihasiga birlashtirib, yana urinib ko'rdi; Kongressdagi ko'pchilikning g'azabiga duchor bo'lgan Tayler yana veto qo'ydi, ammo baribir vetoni bekor qilolmadi. Byudjet kamomadini bartaraf etish uchun ba'zi harakatlar zarur bo'lganligi sababli, Kongressdagi Whigs Uyning usullari va vositalari Rais Millard Fillmor, har bir uyda bitta ovoz bilan tariflarni qayta tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qabul qildi 1832 darajalari va tarqatish dasturini tugatish. Tayler imzoladi 1842 yilgi tarif 30 avgustda cho'ntakka veto qo'yish tarqatishni tiklash uchun alohida qonun loyihasi.[55]

Impichment bo'yicha sud jarayoni

Tarifga veto qo'yilgandan ko'p o'tmay, Vakillar Palatasidagi Whigs Amerika tarixida birinchi bo'lib tashabbus ko'rsatdi impichment prezidentga qarshi sud jarayoni. Impichment uchun Whig haydovchisiga tariflar va boshqa masalalar bo'yicha fikrlarning xilma-xilligi sabab bo'ldi. Taylerning xatti-harakatlari Whig prezidentlik kontseptsiyasini buzdi, chunki partiyalar rahbarlari prezident qonunchilik va ichki siyosat masalalarida Kongress vakolatiga ega bo'lishi kerak deb hisobladilar. Ushbu nuqtai nazar, hech bo'lmaganda qisman oldingi prezidentlarning qanday harakat qilganiga bog'liq edi. Whigs-ning ashaddiy dushmani Endryu Jekson prezidentligigacha prezidentlar kamdan-kam qonun loyihalariga veto qo'ygan, keyin esa, odatda, qonun loyihasi konstitutsiyaga zidmi yoki yo'qmi degan asosda.[56]

1842 yil iyulda kongressmen Jon Botts Taylerga qarshi bir nechta ayblovlarni undiradigan va to'qqiz kishilik qo'mitani uning xatti-harakatlarini tekshirishga chaqiruvchi rezolyutsiya taqdim etdi, chunki bu qo'mita rasmiy impichment tavsiyasini berishini kutgan edi. Kley bu chorani muddatidan oldin tajovuzkor deb topdi va Taylerning "muqarrar" impichmentiga nisbatan mo''tadil rivojlanishni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Botts rezolyutsiyasi 127−83 gacha rad qilingan keyingi yanvargacha tuzilgan.[57][58] Botts qarori rad etilganiga qaramay, bir uy qo'mitani tanlang, Jon Kvinsi Adams boshchiligidagi prezident vetodan foydalanishni qoraladi va uning xarakteriga tajovuz qildi. Qo'mita rasmiy ravishda impichmentni tavsiya qilmagan, ammo impichment bo'yicha ish yuritish imkoniyatini aniq belgilab qo'ygan hisobotni e'lon qildi. 1842 yil avgustda 98-90 ovoz bilan Palata qo'mitaning hisobotini ma'qulladi. Adams, shuningdek, Kongressga vetolarni bekor qilishni osonlashtirishi uchun konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritishni homiylik qildi, ammo ikkala uy ham bunday chorani ko'rmadi.[59][60] Oxir oqibat, viglar Taylerni impichment qilmadilar, chunki ular uning oqlanishi partiyani buzishiga ishongan.[61]

1842 yil oraliq saylovlari

Asosiy maqola: 1842 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi saylovlar

Mamlakat 1837 yildagi vahima ta'siridan azob chekishda davom etar ekan, viglar 1842 yilgi o'rta muddatli saylovlarda ko'plab irqlardan mahrum bo'ldilar. Viglar "yengillik va islohotlar" berishni va'da berishdi va saylovchilar partiyani o'zgarish yo'qligi uchun jazolashdi.[62] Demokratlar palatani nazoratga olishdi va Tayler Kongressdagi Whigs mag'lubiyatidan o'zini oqladi. 1844 yilgi saylovda o'z nomzodlarini saylash niyatida bo'lgan ikkala partiya asosan Taylerga qarshi chiqishda davom etishdi.[63] 27-Kongressning oqsoq o'rdak sessiyasida yoki biron bir yirik qonunchilik qabul qilinmaydi 28-kongress.[64] Taylerning amaldagi muddati tugashi bilanoq, 1845 yil 3 martda Kongress uning kichik qonun loyihasiga qo'ygan vetosini bekor qildi. daromad kesuvchilar. Bu AQSh tarixidagi har qanday prezident vetosining birinchi muvaffaqiyatli bekor qilinishi edi.[65]

Tashqi va harbiy ishlar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: AQSh tashqi siyosati tarixi, 1829–1861

Britaniya bilan aloqalar

Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi

Ichki kun tartibi Kongressda hafsalasi pir bo'lganligi sababli, Tayler davlat kotibi Uebster bilan katta tashqi siyosat olib borishda ishlagan.[66] Vebster ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlarni to'xtatish uchun Buyuk Britaniya bilan katta shartnoma tuzishga intildi.[67] Keyinchalik Angliya-Amerika diplomatik aloqalari eng past darajaga etgan edi Kerolin ishi va Aroostook urushi 1830 yillarning oxirlarida.[68] Vebster va boshqa Whig rahbarlari Angliyaning yomon ahvolda bo'lgan iqtisodiyotiga sarmoyalarini jalb qilish uchun Britaniya bilan yaqinroq munosabatlarni ma'qullashdi, Tayler esa AQShning Texasni qo'shib olishiga qo'shilishlariga erishish uchun inglizlar bilan murosaga kelish siyosatini olib bordi.[69] Ushbu murosaga keltiruvchi siyosat doirasida Tayler ma'muriyati o'zaro chegarani belgilaydigan Angliya-Amerika shartnomasi foydasiga jamoatchilik fikriga ta'sir o'tkazish uchun maxfiy tashviqot kampaniyasini boshladi. Meyn va Kanada.[67] Da hal qilinmagan ushbu masala Parij shartnomasi yoki Gent shartnomasi, o'nlab yillar davomida Qo'shma Shtatlar va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni keskinlashtirgan.[68]

Britaniya diplomati Lord Ashburton 1842 yil aprelda Vashingtonga keldi va bir necha oy davom etgan muzokaralardan so'ng AQSh va Buyuk Britaniya bunga rozi bo'ldi Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi 1842 yil avgustda.[70] Veb-tomonidan davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishini ta'minlash uchun taklif qilingan Men shtatidan kelgan delegatlar biroz istaksiz ravishda shartnomani qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'lishdi.[71] Shartnomada Meynning Shimoliy chegarasi, shuningdek, AQSh-Kanada chegarasining bahsli bo'lgan boshqa qismlari aniq belgilangan edi. Shartnomada, shuningdek, Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan ularga qarshi ijro choralarini kuchaytirish to'g'risidagi va'da berilgan Atlantika qul savdosi.[72]

Senator Tomas Xart Benton Senatning shartnomaga qarshi chiqishiga olib keldi va u "keraksiz va uyatsiz" Amerika hududidan voz kechdi, degan fikrga keldi, ammo Bentonga qo'shilib, shartnomaga qarshilik ko'rsatishda yana bir necha kishi qatnashdi.[73] Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi Senatning 39 dan 9 gacha ovoz berish natijalariga ko'ra ratifikatsiyasini qo'lga kiritdi va bu amerikaliklar orasida mashhur bo'lib ketdi, ammo ikkala partiyadan ham ozlari Taylerga buning uchun kredit berishdi.[74] Shartnoma Angliya-Amerika munosabatlaridan keyin tobora iliqlashib borayotgan davrda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi 1812 yilgi urush, chunki bu ikkala mamlakat ham Shimoliy Amerikani qo'shma nazoratini qabul qilganligini ko'rsatdi. Amerikalik ekspansistlar aksincha Britaniyaning hukumati ostida bo'lganida, Meksikaga e'tibor berishadi Robert Peel ichki va Evropa muammolariga e'tiborini qaratish uchun ozod qilindi.[75]

Oregon

Tayler shuningdek, inglizlar bilan shartnoma tuzishga intildi bo'lim ning Oregon shtati imzolanganidan beri ikki mamlakat birgalikda egallab olgan 1818 yilgi shartnoma.[76] Angliya va Qo'shma Shtatlar vaqti-vaqti bilan hududning bo'linishi masalasida munozaralarga kirishgan, ammo kelisha olmagan. Inglizlar AQSh-Kanada chegarasini g'arbga 49-parallel shimol bo'ylab uzaytirilgunga qadar uzaytirishni ma'qul ko'rishdi Kolumbiya daryosi, o'sha paytda daryo chegara bo'lib xizmat qiladi. AQSh uchun asosiy maqsad chuqur dengiz porti maydonini sotib olish edi Puget ovozi; mintaqadagi yolg'iz chuqur suv porti maydoni Kolumbiya daryosining shimolida, ammo 49-parallelning janubida joylashgan.[77] Tayler, shuningdek, hududning bir qismini egallab olish Texasning bir vaqtning o'zida qo'shilishini shimolliklar uchun yanada mazali qilishga yordam beradi deb hisoblagan.[78] Borgan sari ko'proq amerikaliklar sayohat qilishdi Oregon-Trail Oregon shtatiga joylashish uchun hududning maqomi tobora muhim masalaga aylandi. Ba'zi amerikaliklar, yoqadi Charlz Uilks ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ekspeditsiyasi, 54 ° 40 ′ parallelgacha cho'zilgan butun hududni da'vo qilishni ma'qul ko'rdi.[79]

Taylerning Oregon shtati bo'yicha Angliya bilan kelishuvga bo'lgan ishtiyoqini Upshur va Kalxun baham ko'rmadilar, ikkalasi ham Texasni qo'shib olishga e'tibor berishdi.[80] Hududni sotib olish 1844 yilgi saylovlarda asosiy tashviqot masalasiga aylanadi, aksariyat ekspansistlar butun hududni kengaytirishga chaqiradilar.[81] 1846 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar va Buyuk Britaniya Oregonni Tayler tomonidan ilgari surilgan yo'nalish bo'yicha taqsimlash to'g'risida kelishuvga erishadilar.[82]

Tinch okeani

1842 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ekspeditsiyasining qaytishi Amerikaning savdoga bo'lgan qiziqishini kuchaytirdi Osiyo. Tayler Amerika portini yaratmoqchi bo'ldi tinch okeani yoki Puget Sound-da yoki San-Fransisko, ammo uning ma'muriyati ikkala hudud ustidan ham tortishuvsiz nazorat o'rnatolmadi. Vebster inglizlarni San-Frantsiskoni sotish uchun Meksikaga bosim o'tkazishga ishontirishga urindi, ammo inglizlar ham, meksikaliklar ham bu taklifga qiziqish bildirishmadi.[83]

Avvalgi ma'muriyatlar ushbu dasturga unchalik qiziqish bildirmagan edilar Gavayi orollari, ammo amerikalik savdogarlar Tinch okeanining savdosida muhim mavqega ega bo'lgan orollarda nufuzli bo'lib qolishdi. Vebsterning da'vati bilan Tayler 1842 yilda AQSh Gavayi orollarini istalgan Evropa kuchlari tomonidan mustamlaka qilishga qarshi turishini e'lon qildi. Samarali ravishda kengaytirilgan ushbu siyosat Monro doktrinasi Gavayiga "Tayler doktrinasi" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[84]

Xalqaro bozorlarda Buyuk Britaniya bilan raqobatlashishni istagan Tayler advokat yubordi Xolib Kushing ga Xitoy, bu erda Cushing 1844 yil shartlari bilan muzokara olib borgan Vanxiya shartnomasi.[85] Qo'shma Shtatlar va Xitoy o'rtasidagi birinchi ikki tomonlama kelishuv bo'lgan ushbu shartnoma, keyingi yillarda ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi savdo-sotiqning sezilarli darajada kengayishiga hissa qo'shdi.[86]

Dorr isyoni

Ko'pgina boshqa davlatlardan farqli o'laroq, 1840 yillarning boshlarida Rod-Aylend barcha oq tanli erkaklarga ovoz berish huquqini kengaytirmagan edi. Islohotchilar yoqadi Tomas Dorr bu holatdan tobora ko'proq norozi bo'lib qolishdi va islohotchilar konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyani yangilashga intilishdi Roy-Aylend qirollik xartiyasi shtat konstitutsiyasi sifatida ishlashni davom ettirgan 1663 y.[87] 1830-yillarda, Tomas Uilson Dorr, Rod-Aylend shtati qonun chiqaruvchisi, uchinchi tomonni tuzgan edi, u umumiy erkaklar saylov huquqini chaqirdi. 1842 yil boshida Dorr Gubernator hukumatiga raqib hukumat tuzdi Shomuil Uord King bahsli gubernatorlik saylovlaridan so'ng.[88] Sifatida Dorr isyoni boshiga keldi, Tayler gubernator va qonun chiqaruvchining federal qo'shinlarni dorit isyonchilarini bostirishga yordam berish to'g'risida iltimosini o'ylab topdi. Tayler ikkala tomonni ham tinchlikka chaqirdi va gubernatorga franchayzani ko'paytirishni tavsiya qildi, aksariyat erkaklar ovoz berishi mumkin. Tayler Rod-Aylendda qo'zg'olon ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lsa, u doimiy hukumatga yoki Xartiyaga yordam berish uchun kuch ishlatishini va'da qildi. U federal yordamning oldini olish uchun emas, balki faqat qo'zg'olonni bostirish uchun berilishini va zo'ravonlik sodir etilmaguncha berilmasligini aniq aytdi. Maxfiy agentlarining hisobotlarini tinglaganidan so'ng, Tayler "qonunsiz yig'ilishlar" tarqalib ketgan degan qarorga keldi va "yarashish xarakteriga, shuningdek kuch va qarorga" ishonishini bildirdi. U hech qanday federal kuchlarni yubormadi. Davlat militsiyasi ularga qarshi yurish qilganida isyonchilar shtatdan qochib ketishdi, ammo bu voqea Rod-Aylendda keng saylov huquqiga olib keldi.[89]

Boshqa masalalar

Tayler va harbiy dengiz flotining kotibi Upshur dengizni moliyalashtirishni va islohotlarni Atlantika va Tinch okeanida Amerika savdosini himoya qilishi uchun ko'paytirishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Upshurning ko'plab takliflari, shu jumladan dengiz ofitseri korpusini kengaytirish va dengiz akademiyasini tashkil etish Kongressda mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Upshur ko'plab kemalarni bug 'energiyasiga o'tkazishga rahbarlik qilgan va uni yaratishda yordam bergan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz rasadxonasi.[90] Shuningdek, Upshur dengiz flotining birinchi qurilishini boshlab berdi[91] vida bug ' harbiy kemasi USSPrinston.[92]

Tayler uzoq, qonli olib keldi Ikkinchi Seminole urushi yilda Florida oxiriga qadar 1842 yilda va majburiy madaniy assimilyatsiya manfaatdorligini bildirdi Mahalliy amerikaliklar.[93] 1845 yil 3 martda Florida 27-shtat bo'ldi, chunki Tayler qonunlarni imzoladi ittifoqqa qabul qilish.[94]

Genri Uiton, vazir Prussiyada, 1835–46 yillarda nemis bilan o'zaro tijorat shartnomasini tuzdi Zollverein yoki iqtisodiy ittifoq. Ittifoq Prussiya va o'n sakkizta kichik shtatlarni qamrab oldi. Shartnoma, xususan, Amerika tamaki va paxtasi va nemis cho'chqa yog'i va ishlab chiqarilgan buyumlarga tariflarni o'zaro pasaytirishni talab qildi. Zollvereinning barcha a'zolari ushbu shartnomani ma'qulladilar va 1844 yil 25-martda imzolandi. Ammo Senatning Xalqaro aloqalar qo'mitasi 1844 yil 14-iyunda ratifikatsiya qilinishiga qarshi chiqdi va u hech qachon kuchga kirmadi. Shartnoma Senat Texasni qo'shib olish to'g'risidagi shartnomani muhokama qilgan bir vaqtning o'zida ko'rib chiqildi va dushman Vig Senati ikkala shartnomani tasdiqlashdan bosh tortdi.[95] Senatorlarga tarif stavkalari qonun hujjatlarida emas, balki shartnomada belgilanganligi yoqmadi. Britaniya bunga qarshi lobbichilik qildi va Prussiyada Vashingtonda diplomat etishmadi. Prezident Tayler noma'lum edi va Amerikaning ba'zi merkantil manfaatlariga qarshi edi.[96].

Texasning qo'shib olinishi va abort qilingan 1844 yilgi nomzod

Fon

Shuningdek qarang: Texas anneksiyasi

Da'vatida Ispaniya rasmiylar, ko'plab amerikaliklar joylashdilar Texas 1820-yillarda va mintaqa tarkibiga kirdi Meksika quyidagilarga rioya qilish Meksikaning mustaqillik urushi. Qo'shma Shtatlar tez-tez Texasni sotib olishga urindi, ammo Meksika bu takliflarni doimiy ravishda rad etdi. 1836 yilga kelib, ingliz-amerikaliklar Texasda ispanlardan ikki baravar ko'p ustunlik qildilar va amerikalik ko'chmanchilar davom etdi qullarni ushlab turing Meksika qonunchiligiga qaramay, qullikni taqiqlaydi. 1833 yilda Meksika prezidenti lavozimiga kirishgandan so'ng, Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna markazlashtirish siyosati qo'zg'olonlarni qo'zg'atdi, shu jumladan Texas inqilobi. Buyrug'i ostida Sem Xyuston, kuchlari Texas Respublikasi da Santa Anna armiyasini qat'iy mag'lub etdi San-Jasinto jangi. Jangdan so'ng, Santa Anna imzolashga rozi bo'ldi Velasko shartnomalari Texas rahbarlari buni Texan mustaqilligini tan olish deb bildilar. Meksika Kongressi Santa-Annadan tazyiq ostida olingan shartnomani ratifikatsiya qilishdan bosh tortdi va Meksika Texasni ajralgan viloyat sifatida ko'rib chiqishda davom etdi. Meksika keyingi yillarda Texasni nazoratini qaytarib olish uchun ekspeditsiyalarni boshladi, ammo bu ekspeditsiyalar muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi.[97] Texas aholisi faol ravishda Qo'shma Shtatlarga qo'shilishni ta'qib qildilar, ammo Jekson va Van Buren boshqa bir qul egaligidagi davlatni qo'shib olib, qullik haqidagi ziddiyatni ko'tarishni istamadilar.[98] Texas rahbarlari bir vaqtning o'zida inglizlarga Meksikaga qarshi iqtisodiy, harbiy va diplomatik yordam ko'rsatamiz degan umidda murojaat qilishdi.[99] Ishga kirishgandan so'ng Tayler anneksiyani amalga oshirishni qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo Kotib Vebsterning qarama-qarshiligi Taylerni o'z muddatining oxirigacha Tinch okeani tashabbuslariga e'tibor qaratishga ishontirdi.[98]

Tarixiy AQSh xaritasi, 1843. Sharqiy shtatlarning aksariyati tashkil etilgan, g'arbiy yarmi esa hududlarga bo'linib qolgan. Meksika va Texas Respublikasi bahsli chegarada bo'lishadi.
Qo'shma Shtatlar va qo'shni davlatlarning chegaralari 1843 yilda paydo bo'lgan Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi ning chegarasini rasmiylashtirgan edi Meyn shimoli-sharqda, esa Texas Respublikasi janubi-g'arbiy qismida bahsli chegara bo'lgan Meksika. Tayler teksaliklarning qo'shib olish istagini o'rtoqlashdi, ammo bunga erishish uchun bir necha yil davom etgan siyosiy janjallar talab qilindi.

Garchi Taylerning g'arbiy ekspansionizmga bo'lgan istagi tarixchilar va olimlar tomonidan kelishilgan bo'lsa-da, uning ortidagi turtki haqida turli xil qarashlar mavjud. Biograf Edvard Krapolning ta'kidlashicha, prezidentlik davrida Jeyms Monro, Tayler (o'shanda Vakillar Palatasida) qullik ittifoq bo'ylab aylanib yurgan "qora bulut" ekanligini va "bu bulutni tarqatib yuborganimiz ma'qul", deb aytgan edi, shuning uchun eski qul davlatlarida qora tanlilar soni ozayib, bu jarayon asta-sekin ozod qilish Virjiniya va boshqa yuqori janubiy shtatlarda boshlanadi.[100] Tarixchi Uilyam V.Frihling, shu bilan birga, Taylerni Texasni qo'shib olishda asosiy motivatsiya Buyuk Britaniyaning Texasdagi qullarning ozod qilinishini targ'ib qilishda gumon qilinayotgan sa'y-harakatlarini chetlab o'tish edi, deb yozgan edi.[101] Norma Lois Pitersonning yozishicha, Tayler qo'shilish uning ma'muriyatining aniq yutug'i va qayta saylanish istiqbollarini oshiradi deb ishongan.[102]

Upshur rahbarligidagi muzokaralar

1843 yil boshida Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi va boshqa diplomatik sa'y-harakatlarni yakunlab, Tayler chin dildan Texasni ta'qib qilishga tayyorligini his qildi. Kabi sinov baloni, u o'z ittifoqchisini yubordi Tomas Uoker Gilmer, keyin Virjiniya shtatidan kelgan kongressmen, qo'shimchani himoya qilgan maktubni nashr etish uchun yaxshi qabul qilindi. Vebster bilan muvaffaqiyatli munosabatlariga qaramay, Tayler Texasning tashabbusini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan davlat kotibiga muhtoj bo'lishini bilar edi. Angliya shartnomasi bo'yicha Vebsterning ishi tugagandan so'ng, Tayler Vebsterni o'rniga qo'ydi Xyu S. Legaré Janubiy Karolina shtati.[103]

Yangi tayinlangan G'aznachilik kotibi Jon C. Spenser yordamida Tayler patronajga qarshi avvalgi pozitsiyasini o'zgartirib, bir qator ofis egalarini ularni anneksiya tarafdorlari bilan almashtirdi. U siyosiy tashkilotchining yordamini oldi Maykl Uolsh qurish siyosiy mashina Nyu-Yorkda. Uchrashuv evaziga Gavayidagi konsul, jurnalist Aleksandr G. Abell xushomadgo'y biografiyasini yozdi, Jon Taylerning hayoti, which was printed in large quantities and given to postmasters to distribute.[104] Seeking to rehabilitate his public image, Tyler embarked on a nationwide tour in the spring of 1843. The positive reception of the public at these events contrasted with his ostracism back in Washington. The tour centered on the dedication of the Bunker tepaligidagi yodgorlik Massachusets shtatining Boston shahrida. Shortly after the dedication, Tyler learned of Legaré's sudden death, which dampened the festivities and caused him to cancel the rest of the tour.[105] Following the death of Legaré, Tyler appointed Secretary of the Navy Abel Upshur as his new Secretary of State. Upshur and his adviser, Duff Green, believed that Britain sought to convince Texas to abolish slavery in a complicated scheme designed to undermine the interests of the Southern United States.[106] Though the government of British Prime Minister Robert Peel in fact had little interest in pushing abolitionism in Texas, the fear of such a scheme motivated Upshur to pursue annexation as quickly as possible in order to preserve slavery in Texas.[107]

Tyler and Upshur began quiet negotiations with the Texas government, promising military protection from Mexico in exchange for a commitment to annexation. Secrecy was necessary, as the Constitution required congressional approval for such military commitments. Upshur planted rumors of possible British designs on Texas to drum up support among Northern voters, who were wary of admitting a new pro-slavery state.[108] Texas leaders, meanwhile, were reluctant to sign any annexation treaty that might be rejected by the U.S. Senate.[109] Despite the continued skepticism of Texan leaders, the negotiators finalized the terms of an annexation treaty before the end of February 1844.[110] Under the terms of the treaty, Texas would join as a territory with statehood to follow later, and the United States would assume both the public lands and the public debt of Texas.[111]

USS Prinston falokat

Shuningdek qarang: USS Prinston disaster of 1844
Princeton to'pi portlashining tarixiy tasviri, bortida o'nlab mehmonlar bo'lgan. Sarlavhada
A lithograph of the Prinston disaster (1844).

A ceremonial cruise down the Potomak daryosi was held aboard the newly built USSPrinston on February 28, 1844, the day after completion of the annexation treaty. Aboard the ship were 400 guests, including Tyler and his cabinet, as well as the world's largest naval gun, the "Peacemaker." The gun was ceremonially fired several times in the afternoon to the great delight of the onlookers. Several hours later, Captain Robert F. Stokton was convinced by the crowd to fire one more shot.[112] A malfunction caused an explosion that killed Gilmer and Upshur, as well Virjil Makssi, Devid Gardiner, Commodore Beverly Kennon, and Armistead, Tyler's black slave and body servant. Having remained safely below deck, Tyler was unhurt. The death of David Gardiner had a devastating effect on David's daughter, Julia Gardiner, who fainted and was carried to safety by the president himself.[112] Julia later recovered from her grief and married President Tyler.[113]

Appointment of Calhoun

Tarixiy siyosiy multfilm. Sarlavhada
An anti-Tyler satire lampoons his efforts to secure a second term. Tyler pushes the door shut on opponents Clay, Polk, Calhoun, and Jackson, as Sem amaki demands that he let Clay in.

In early March 1844, Tyler appointed Senator Jon C. Kalxun as his Secretary of State. Tyler's good friend, Virginia Representative Genri A. Hikmat, wrote that following the Prinston disaster, Wise went on his own to extend Calhoun the position through a colleague, who assumed that the offer came from the president. When Wise went to tell Tyler what he had done, the president was angry but felt that the action now had to stand.[114] Though Tyler had long been hesitant to bring the ambitious Calhoun into his cabinet, some historians have cast doubt on Wise's interpretation of events.[115] Regardless of Tyler's motivations for appointing Calhoun, the decision was a serious tactical error that ruined any hopes Tyler had had for establishing his own political respectability.[116] Calhoun favored Texas annexation and had a strong following in the South. But in the eyes of Northerners, Calhoun was the symbol of Bekor qilish and efforts to extend slavery, and his appointment undercut Tyler's attempts to disassociate the issue of Texas from the issue of slavery.[114]

In April 1844, Calhoun and two Texas negotiators signed the treaty providing for the annexation of Texas.[117] When the text of the annexation treaty was leaked to the public, it met opposition from the Whigs, who would oppose anything that might enhance Tyler's status, as well as from foes of slavery and those who feared a confrontation with Mexico, which had announced that it would view annexation as a hostile act by the United States. Both Clay and Van Buren, the respective frontrunners for the Whig and Democratic nominations, decided to come out against annexation.[118] Knowing this, when Tyler sent the treaty to the Senate for ratification in April 1844, he did not expect it to pass.[119]

1844 candidacy

Following Tyler's break with the Whigs in 1841, he had begun to shift back to his old Democratic party, but its members, especially the followers of Van Buren, were not ready to receive him. Tyler knew that, with little chance of election, the only way to salvage his presidency and legacy was to move public opinion in favor of the Texas issue. He formed a third party, the Demokrat-respublikachilar, using the officeholders and political networks he had built over the previous year. A chain of pro-Tyler newspapers across the country put out editorials promoting his candidacy throughout the early months of 1844. Reports of meetings held throughout the country suggest that support for the president was not limited to officeholders. The Tyler supporters, holding signs reading "Tyler and Texas!", held their nominating convention in May 1844, just as the Democratic Party was holding its own presidential convention.[120]

Midway through Tyler's presidency, the Democrats were badly divided, especially between followers of Calhoun and Van Buren. Sobiq vitse-prezident Richard Mentor Jonson of Kentucky, former Secretary of War Lyuis Kass of Michigan, and Senator Jeyms Byukenen of Pennsylvania also loomed as contenders for the 1844 Democratic presidential nomination.[121] By late 1843, Van Buren had emerged as the front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination, and Calhoun decided that he would not seek the nomination.[122] As proponents of the annexation of Texas came to oppose his candidacy, Van Buren's strength in the party diminished.[123] Da 1844 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya, Van Buren failed to win the necessary super-majority of Democratic votes. It was not until the ninth ballot that the Democrats turned their sights to Jeyms K. Polk, a less prominent candidate who supported annexation.[120] A protege of Andrew Jackson, Polk had hoped to win the vice presidential nomination prior to the convention, but Democratic delegates instead made Polk the first "qora ot " presidential nominee in U.S. history. Polk's nomination pleased the followers of Calhoun, and they threw their support behind his candidacy rather than Tyler's.[124] Clay, meanwhile, had been nominated for president at the 1844 yil Whig milliy konventsiyasi.[125]

Ongoing debates and the 1844 election

The full Senate began to debate the Senate annexation treaty in mid-May 1844, and it rejected the treaty by a vote of 16–35 on June 8. Most of the support for the treaty came from Democrats who represented slave states.[126] Changing tactics, Tyler submitted the treaty to the House of Representatives. He hoped to convince Congress to annex Texas by joint resolution, which required a simple majority vote in both houses of Congress rather than a two-thirds vote in the Senate.[127] The debate over Texas, as well as Oregon to a lesser degree, dominated American political discourse throughout mid-1844.[128] Former President Andrew Jackson, a staunch supporter of annexation, persuaded Polk to welcome Tyler back into the Democratic Party and ordered Democratic editors to cease their attacks on him. Satisfied by these developments, Tyler dropped out of the race in August and endorsed Polk for the presidency. Tyler thus became the first sitting president to decline to seek a second term.[129] In the public letter announcing his withdrawal, Tyler stated his belief that Polk's administration "will be a continuance of my own, since he will be found the advocate of most of my measures."[130]

1844 electoral vote results

Clay had been confident of his own election after the Democratic convention, but his doubts grew as the election neared.[131] Democrats like Robert Walker recast the issue of Texas annexation, arguing that Texas and as Oregon were rightfully American but had been lost during the Monroe administration. Walker further argued that Texas would provide a market for Northern goods and would allow for the "diffusion" of slavery, which in turn would lead to gradual emancipation.[132] In response, Clay argued that the annexation of Texas would bring war with Mexico and increase sectional tensions.[133] Ultimately, Polk triumphed in an extremely close election, defeating Clay 170–105 in the Saylov kolleji; the flip of just a few thousand voters in New York would have given the election to Clay.[134] Nomzodi bekor qiluvchi Ozodlik partiyasi, Jeyms G. Birni, won several thousand anti-annexation votes in New York, and his presence in the race may have cost Clay the election.[135] Aside from New York, Clay lost several states that Harrison had won, including Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Maine, and Pennsylvania. In the concurrent congressional elections, the Democrats won control of the Senate and retained control of the House.[136]

Annexation achieved

After the election, Tyler announced in his annual message to Congress that "a controlling majority of the people and a large majority of the states have declared in favor of immediate annexation."[137] Congress debated annexation between December 1844 and February 1845. Polk's arrival in Washington, and his support for immediate annexation, helped unite Democrats behind Tyler's proposal to annex Texas by joint resolution.[138] In late February 1845, the House by a substantial margin and the Senate by a bare 27–25 majority approved a joint resolution offering terms of annexation to Texas.[139] Every Democratic senator voted for the bill, as did three Southern Whig senators.[140] On March 1, three days before the end of his term, Tyler signed the annexation bill into law.[139] The bill allowed the president to either re-open annexation negotiations or to extend an offer of statehood. It differed from Tyler's proposed treaty in that the United States would not take on the public lands or the public debt of Texas.[138]

On March 3, the final full day of his presidency, Tyler extended an offer of annexation and statehood to Texas through his envoy, Endryu Jekson Donelson. Upon taking office, Polk considered withdrawing the offer, but he ultimately decided to uphold Tyler's decision.[141] After some debate,[142] Texas accepted the terms and entered the union on December 29, 1845, as the 28th state.[143]

Shaxsiy hayot

Amidst the troubles in his administration, Tyler had to deal with personal tragedies as well. Uning xotini, Letitiya, had been ill for some time,[116] and did not participate in White House functions. She suffered a second stroke and died on September 10, 1842.[17]

After just five months, Tyler began courting the most beautiful and sought-after socialite in Washington, D.C., Julia Gardiner, who at 22 years of age was 30 years younger than the president, and younger than some of his seven children.[116] They were married in a small ceremony on June 26, 1844 in the Osmonga ko'tarilish cherkovi, Nyu-York shahri.[144] This was the first time a president married while in office, and the wedding was widely covered by newspapers.[145]

Tarixiy obro'-e'tibor

While academics and experts have both praised and criticized Tyler, the general public has little awareness of him at all. He was among the nation's most obscure presidents. 2014 yilda Vaqt magazine rerviewed the "Top 10 Forgettable Presidents":

After John Tyler earned the vice presidency on the strength of a campaign slogan that tacked him on as a postscript – "Tippekano va Tayler ham " – his fate as a historical footnote seemed likely; and when he ascended to the presidency following the death of William Henry Harrison, being dubbed "His Accidency" made it a lock.[146]

Nevertheless, Tyler's presidency has provoked highly divided responses. It is generally held in low esteem by historians; Edward P. Crapol began his biography Jon Tayler, tasodifiy prezident (2006) by noting: "Other biographers and historians have argued that John Tyler was a hapless and inept chief executive whose presidency was seriously flawed."[1] Yilda The Republican Vision of John Tyler (2003), Dan Monroe observed that the Tyler presidency "is generally ranked as one of the least successful".[2] Seager wrote that Tyler "was neither a great president nor a great intellectual," adding that despite a few achievements, "his administration has been and must be counted an unsuccessful one by any modern measure of accomplishment".[147] A 2018 poll of the Amerika siyosiy fanlar assotsiatsiyasi 's Presidents and Executive Politics section tartiblangan Tyler as the 36th best president,[148] while a 2017 C-oralig'i poll of historians ranked Tyler as the 39th best president.[149]

Tayler profilidagi tarixiy o'n sentli shtamp.
John Tyler appears on the ten-cent U.S. Pochta markasi 1938 yil Prezident seriyasi.

Others have expressed more positive view of Tyler, especially regarding foreign policy. Monroe credits him with "achievements like the Webster–Ashburton treaty which heralded the prospect of improved relations with Great Britain, and the annexation of Texas, which added millions of acres to the national domain." Crapol argued that Tyler "was a stronger and more effective president than generally remembered", while Seager wrote, "I find him to be a courageous, principled man, a fair and honest fighter for his beliefs. He was a president without a party."[147] Pointing to Tyler's advances in foreign policy and external factors such as Clay's determination to dominate Tyler's administration, Norma Lois Peterson deemed Tyler's presidency "flawed ... but ... not a failure".[150] Yilda Recarving Rushmore, libertarian author Ivan Eland ranked Tyler as the best president of all time.[151] Louis Kleber, in his article in Bugungi tarix, pointed out that Tyler brought integrity to the White House at a time when many in politics lacked it, and refused to compromise his principles to avoid the anger of his opponents.[152]

By decisive action and adroit political maneuvering during his first weeks in office, Tyler forever made moot any future constitutional objections and established by usage the precedent for the vice president to become president on the death of an incumbent.[153] His successful insistence that he was president, and not a caretaker or acting president, was a model for the succession of seven other presidents over the 19th and 20th centuries. Tyler's action of assuming both the title of the presidency and its full powers would be legally recognized in 1967, when it was codified in the Yigirma beshinchi o'zgartirish.[154] His use of veto power not only destroyed the Whig domestic program, but also established the precedent that the president could veto any bill passed by Congress.[155] Jordan T. Cash concludes that:

The administration of John Tyler, therefore, shows us a strong isolated president exercising constitutional powers while still having some institutional restraints. It is an example of the executive alone in all its strengths and weaknesses, but primarily demonstrating the great inherent strength and power of the office in its constitutional, institutional, and political capacities.[156]

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

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  2. ^ a b Monro, p. 3.
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  7. ^ Seager, pp. 142–47.
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  9. ^ Peterson, 47-48 betlar.
  10. ^ This constitutional provision was later superseded by the Yigirma beshinchi o'zgartirish
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  12. ^ a b Chitvud, pp. 202–03.
  13. ^ Dinnerstein, p. 447.
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  20. ^ Freehling.
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Asarlar keltirilgan

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • "John Tyler." Amerika biografiyasining lug'ati (1936) Onlayn
  • Cash, Jordan T. "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power." Amerika siyosiy fikri 7.1 (2018): 26–56. Onlayn
  • Crapol, Edward P. "President John Tyler, Henry Clay, and the Whig Party." in Joel H. Silbey, ed. Antebellum prezidentlarining hamrohi 1837–1861 (2014) pp: 173–194.
  • Merk, Frederick. The Fruits of Propaganda in the Tyler Administration (Harvard UP, 1971), Focus on Texas
  • Morgan, Robert J. A Whig Embattled: The Presidency under John Tyler (U of Nebraska, 1954)

Birlamchi manbalar

  • Lion Gardiner Tayler, tahrir. The Letters and Times of the Tylers (3 vols. 1884-1896).
  • James D. Richardson, ed. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, jild 4 (Washington, D.C., 1897).

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