Uilyam Xovard Taftning prezidentligi - Presidency of William Howard Taft

Uilyam Xovard Taft cph.3b35813.jpg
Uilyam Xovard Taftning prezidentligi
1909 yil 4 mart - 1913 yil 4 mart
PrezidentUilyam Xovard Taft
KabinetRo'yxatni ko'ring
PartiyaRespublika
Saylov1908
O'rindiqoq uy
1894 yil AQSh Prezidentining Seal.jpg
Prezident muhri
(1894–1945)

The Uilyam Xovard Taftning prezidentligi qachon, 1909 yil 4 martda boshlangan Uilyam Xovard Taft edi ochilish marosimi kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti, va 1913 yil 4 martda tugagan. Taft, a Respublika Ogayo shtatidan edi 27-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidenti. Prezidentning himoyachisi va tanlangan vorisi Teodor Ruzvelt, u osonlikcha mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin lavozimini egalladi Demokrat Uilyam Jennings Bryan ichida 1908 yilgi prezident saylovi. Uning prezidentligi mag'lubiyati bilan yakunlandi 1912 yilgi saylov Demokrat tomonidan Vudro Uilson.

Taft ma'muriyati savdo-sotiqni qisqartirishga intildi tariflar, keyin davlat daromadining asosiy manbai, ammo Peyn-Aldrich tariflari to'g'risidagi qonun Aksariyat odamlar pasayishni kutishganda, 1909 yildagi ko'rsatkichlar ko'tarildi. Taft avvalgisining ajralish harakatlarini davom ettirdi va kengaytirdi ishonchlar, qarshi ish qo'zg'atish AQSh po'lati va boshqa kompaniyalar. Taft oltita uchrashuvni amalga oshirdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi, boshqa ikkala prezidentdan tashqari barchadan ko'proq. Xalqaro aloqalarda, Taft yo'naltirilgan Xitoy va Yaponiyada bo'lib, ularni olib tashlash yoki olib tashlash uchun bir necha bor aralashgan Lotin Amerikasi hukumatlar. Uning ma'muriyati huquqni himoya qilishga intildi Monro doktrinasi amal qilgan siyosat Dollar diplomatiyasi, Lotin Amerikasi va Osiyoda ta'sirni kuchaytirish uchun AQSh sarmoyasidan foydalangan holda.

Uning ma'muriyati Taft ko'pincha xayrixoh bo'lgan Respublikachilar partiyasining konservativ qanoti va progressiv Taft prezidentligi davrida Ruzvelt tobora ko'proq harakatlanadigan qanot. Qarama-qarshiliklar konservatsiya ustidan va ustidan antitrest Taft ma'muriyati tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan ishlar ikki kishini yanada ajratishga xizmat qildi. Ruzvelt Taftga qarshi maydonga tushdi 1912 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani, ammo Taft partiyaning nomzodligini ozgina yutib olish uchun partiya mexanizmlarini boshqarish imkoniyatidan foydalana oldi. Qurultoydan so'ng Ruzvelt partiyani tark etdi va tashkil etdi Progressive Party va Taft va Uilsonga qarshi 1912 yilgi saylovlarga qarshi chiqdi. Bu respublikachilar o'rtasida bo'linish Taftning qayta saylanish imkoniyatini yo'qqa chiqarib, demokratlarga O'n olti yil ichida birinchi marta Oq uyni va Kongressni boshqarish huquqini berdi. Tarixchilar umuman ko'rib chiqing Taft o'rtacha prezident bo'lgan.

1908 yilgi saylov

Asosiy maqola: 1908 yil AQShda prezident saylovi
Nomi bilan tanilgan bir qator samimiy fotosuratlardan biri Tabassum evolyutsiyasi, Taft telefon orqali prezidentlikka nomzodini Ruzveltdan bilib oladi.

Uning g'alabasidan keyin 1904 yilgi prezident saylovi, Teodor Ruzvelt 1908 yilda qayta saylanishga intilmasligini e'lon qildi. Ruzvelt ko'rib chiqdi Urush kotibi Taft uning mantiqiy vorisiga aylandi, garchi Taft dastlab qochishni istamasa ham,[1] va lavozimiga tayinlanishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi bosh sudya ning Oliy sud.[2] Ruzvelt o'zining merosxo'riga yordam berish uchun partiya mexanizmlarini boshqarishidan foydalangan,[1] va Ruzveltning siyosiy tayinlovchilari Taftni qo'llab-quvvatlashlari yoki sukut saqlashlari kerak edi.[3] Kabi bir qator respublikachi siyosatchilar Moliya kotibi Jorj Kortelyu, yugurish uchun suvlarni sinovdan o'tkazdi, ammo tashqarida qolishni tanladi. Nyu-York gubernatori Charlz Evans Xyuz yugurdi, ammo katta siyosiy ma'ruza qilganida Ruzvelt Xyuz nomzodini yoritishni minimallashtirish choralarini ko'rdi.[4] Taft jiddiy qarshiliklarga duch kelmadi 1908 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani va u birinchi saylov byulletenida prezident nomzodini qo'lga kiritdi. Taft uning juftligi Ayova shtatining senatori kabi O'rta G'arbiy progressiv bo'lishiga umid qildi Jonathan Dolliver, ammo buning o'rniga Kongress a'zosi deb nomlangan konventsiya Jeyms S. Sherman Nyu-Yorkdan, konservativ. Taft o'zini doimiy ravishda kampaniyaga bag'ishlash uchun 30 iyun kuni Taft harbiy kotibi lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi.[5][6]

1908 yil Taft / Sherman afishasi

Taft kampaniyani noto'g'ri piyoda boshladi va Ruzveltning uyiga sayohat qilib, u o'zimning odamim emas deganlar fikrini kuchaytirdi. Sagamor tepaligi "prezidentning fikri va tanqidiga" muhtojligini aytib, uni qabul qilish nutqi bo'yicha maslahat uchun.[7] Taft Ruzveltning aksariyat siyosatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. U mehnatni uyushtirish huquqiga ega, ammo boykot qilmasligini va korporatsiyalar va boylar ham qonunga bo'ysunishi kerakligini ta'kidladi. Taft so'nggi turg'unlik uchun aybdor deb atadi 1907 yilgi vahima, chayqovchilik va boshqa suiiste'mollarni to'ldirish uchun va valyutani biroz isloh qilganini his qildi (AQSh bu erda edi oltin standart ) hukumatning yomon iqtisodiy vaqtga bo'lgan ta'sirida moslashuvchanlikni ta'minlash uchun zarur edi. Shuningdek, u qayta ko'rib chiqilishi tarafdori edi tarif stavkalari va kuchaytirishni ma'qulladi Sherman antitrestlik qonuni.[8] Taftning umumiy saylovlardagi raqibi edi Uilyam Jennings Bryan, to'rtinchi prezidentlik saylovlarida uchinchi marta Demokratlardan nomzod. U "imtiyozli hukumat" ga hujum qiluvchi ilg'or platformada kampaniya olib bordi,[9] va respublikachilarni kuchli korporativ manfaatlar va boylarga qarashli sifatida tasvirlash.[10] Ruzveltning ko'plab islohotlari uning takliflaridan kelib chiqqan ekan, demokrat o'zini Ruzvelt mantiyasining haqiqiy merosxo'ri deb ta'kidladi.[11]

1908 yilgi saylov natijalari.

Kuzgi kampaniya paytida Ruzvelt Taftga maslahatlar berdi va o'z kampaniyasiga kuch sarfladi. Binobarin, prezident aslida Taftning saylovoldi kampaniyasini olib bormoqda degan ayblovlar ko'payib ketdi.[12] Uning kampaniyada hayotdan kattaroq ishtirok etishi, shuningdek, jurnalistlarning e'tiborini tortdi va hazilkashlar Taftni Ruzvelt stendidan boshqa narsa emasligi haqida hazillar bilan jamoatchilikni bombardimon qilgan; bittasi "T.A.F.T." "Teodordan maslahat oling.[2][13] Yakunda Taft Brayanni 321 hisobida mag'lub etdi saylovchilarning ovozlari 162 gacha,[14] uchta shtatdan tashqari barcha davlatlarni Demokratikdan tashqarida olib yurish Qattiq janubiy. U shuningdek, 7,675,320 ovozni (51,6 foiz) Bryanning 6,412,294 (43,1 foiz) ovozini olgan holda, mashhur ovozni qo'lga kiritdi; Sotsialistik partiya nomzod Evgeniy V. Debs 420,793 ovoz (2,8 foiz) qo'lga kiritdi.[2] Nelli Taft kampaniya haqida shunday dedi: "Tanqid qilish uchun hech narsa yo'q edi, faqat uning siyosat o'yini o'ynash uslubini bilmasligi yoki unga ahamiyat bermasligi".[15] Ayni paytda Ruzvelt, juda yoqtirgan lavozimdagi faoliyati tugaganiga afsuslanib, ishdan ketdi. Taftga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun u bir yil davomida Afrikaga ov qilish uchun sayohat uyushtirdi.[16]

Inauguratsiya

Asosiy maqola: Uilyam Xovard Taftning inauguratsiyasi

Taftning prezident inauguratsiyasi 1909 yil 4 martda bo'lib o'tdi. Qishdagi bo'ron tufayli qoplandi Vashington muz bilan Taft Senat palatasi ichkarisida emas, qasamyod qildi Kapitoliy, odatdagidek. Yangi prezident o'zining ochilish marosimida "Men taniqli salafimning maslahatchilaridan biri" bo'lganimdan va u boshlagan islohotlarda "ishtirok etganimdan faxrlanaman, deb aytdi. Men o'zimga, bergan va'dalarimga sodiq bo'lmasligim kerak. va agar men ushbu islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash va amalga oshirishni ma'muriyatimning eng muhim xususiyatiga aylantirmagan bo'lsam, men saylangan partiya platformasi deklaratsiyalariga.[17] U siyosatni o'zgartirish orqali halol ishbilarmonlarning noaniqliklarga duchor bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun ushbu islohotlarni uzoq muddatli qilishga va'da berdi. U 1897 yilni qisqartirish zarurligi haqida gapirdi Dingli tarifi, monopoliyaga qarshi islohot uchun va doimiy ravishda rivojlanish uchun Filippinlar to'liq o'zini o'zi boshqarish tomon.[18]

Ma'muriyat

Kabinet

Taft shkafi
IdoraIsmMuddat
PrezidentUilyam Xovard Taft1909–1913
Vitse prezidentJeyms S. Sherman1909–1912
yo'q1912–1913
Davlat kotibiFilander C. Noks1909–1913
G'aznachilik kotibiFranklin MacVeagh1909–1913
Urush kotibiJeykob M. Dikkinson1909–1911
Genri L. Stimson1911–1913
Bosh prokurorJorj V. Vikersham1909–1913
Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisiFrank Xarris Xitkok1909–1913
Dengiz kuchlari kotibiJorj fon Lengerke Meyer1909–1913
Ichki ishlar kotibiRichard A. Ballinger1909–1911
Uolter L. Fisher1911–1913
Qishloq xo'jaligi kotibiJeyms Uilson1909–1913
Savdo va mehnat kotibiCharlz Nagel1909–1913
Markazda o'tirgan Taft va uning kabineti (1910 yil sentyabr) chapdan o'ngga: Richard Axilles Ballinger, Jorj von Lengerke Meyer, Filandr C. Noks, Charlz Dayer Norton, Frank Xarris Xitkok, Jeyms Uilson, Franklin Makvig, Jorj V. Vikersham , Charlz Nagel

1908 yilgi kampaniya davomida Taft va Ruzvelt vazirlar mahkamasining qaysi amaldorlari qolishini muhokama qilishgan, ammo Taft faqatgina uni saqlab qolgan Qishloq xo'jaligi kotibi Jeyms Uilson va Jorj fon Lengerke Meyer. Meyer postmaster lavozimidan dengiz floti kotibi lavozimiga o'tkazildi. Taft davlat kotibidan ham so'radi Elixu Root uning o'rnida qolish uchun, lekin Root rad etdi va o'rniga sobiq Bosh prokurorni tavsiya qildi Filander C. Noks lavozim uchun.[19][20] Taftning ochilish kabinetiga tayinlanganlar orasida ichki ishlar kotibi ham bor Richard A. Ballinger, G'aznachilik kotibi Franklin MacVeagh, Urush kotibi Jeykob M. Dikkinson, Postmaster General Frank Xarris Xitkok, Savdo va mehnat kotibi Charlz Nagel va Bosh prokuror Jorj V. Vikersham. 1911 yilda, Genri L. Stimson Dikkinson o'rnini egalladi va Uolter L. Fisher Ballinger o'rnini egalladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Vitse-prezident

Jeyms S. Sherman 1908 yilgi respublika chiptasiga Taftni progressiv deb hisoblagan GOPning konservativ qanotini tinchlantirish vositasi sifatida qo'shilgan edi. Taft prezidentligi davrida o'ng tomonga qarab harakatlanar ekan, Sherman prezident uchun muhim ittifoqchiga aylandi. Da ikkinchi muddatga nomzod 1912 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani, u saylovoldi kampaniyasi paytida kasal bo'lib, 1912 yil 30 oktyabrda, saylov oldidan vafot etdi.[21] Chunki Konstitutsiyani ratifikatsiya qilishdan oldin uning muddatini almashtirishni tanlash mexanizmi yo'q edi Yigirma beshinchi o'zgartirish 1967 yilda Taft prezidentligining oxirgi 125 kunida vitse-prezident bo'sh qoldi. Shu vaqt ichida davlat kotibi Filandr K.Noks keyingi o'rinda edi Prezidentlikka to'g'ri keladi, boshiga 1886 yildagi Prezident vorisligi to'g'risidagi qonun.[iqtibos kerak ]

Korpuslarni bosing

Taft Ruzvelt bilan bo'lgan matbuot bilan oson aloqadan zavqlanmadi, chunki u avvalgisi kabi intervyular yoki fotosuratlar uchun o'zini taklif qilmaslikni tanladi.[22] Uning ma'muriyati Ruzveltning xarizmatik rahbarligidan Taftning qonun ustuvorligi uchun jimgina ehtirosiga qadar uslubning o'zgarishini belgilab qo'ydi.[23]

Sud tayinlovlari

Asosiy maqola: Uilyam Xovard Taft sud tayinlovlari
Taft tayinlandi Edvard Duglas Oq bolmoq Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bosh sudyasi. Taftning o'zi 1921 yilda Uaytning bosh sudyasi lavozimini egalladi.

Taft Oliy sudga oltita tayinlovni amalga oshirdi, boshqa barcha prezidentlardan tashqari Jorj Vashington va Franklin D. Ruzvelt.[24] U tayinladi Horace H. Lurton 1909 yilda Charlz Evans Xyuz, Uillis Van Devanter va Jozef R. Lamar 1910 yilda va Mahlon Pitni 1912 yilda. Bundan tashqari, Taft Associate Justice-ni ko'targan Edvard Duglas Oq 1910 yilda bosh sudya lavozimiga.[25][26] The Bosh sudya Uaytga qarashli Oliy sud oldingi ikkalasiga qaraganda kamroq konservativ ekanligi isbotlandi Fuller sudi va muvaffaqiyatli Taft sudi, garchi sud ko'plab iqtisodiy qoidalarni buzishni davom ettirsa ham Lochner davri. Taftning uchta tayinlovchisi 1917 yilgacha sudni tark etishgan, Pitni va Uayt esa 1920 yil boshlariga qadar sudda qolishgan. Konservativ Van Devanter 1922 yildan beri xizmat qilish uchun yolg'iz Taft tayinlangan edi va u bir qismni tashkil qildi. To'rt otliq qarshi chiqqan blok Franklin D. Ruzvelt "s Yangi bitim. Taftning o'zi 1921 yilda Uaytning bosh sudyasi lavozimini egallagan va u Taft sudida Pitni va Van Devanter bilan birga xizmat qilgan.[27]

Shuningdek, Taft sudyalarga 13 nafar sudyani tayinladi federal apellyatsiya sudlari va 38 hakamlar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining tuman sudlari. Shuningdek, Taft har xil ixtisoslashtirilgan sudlarga sudyalarni tayinladi, shu jumladan har biriga sudya tayinlangan birinchi beshtasi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari savdo sudi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bojxona apellyatsiya sudi.[28]

Ichki ishlar

Tariflar va soliqqa tortish

Peyn-Aldrich tariflari

Taft o'zining inauguratsiyasidan so'ng darhol Kongressni qayta ko'rib chiqish maqsadida 1909 yil mart oyida chaqirilishi uchun Kongressning maxsus sessiyasini chaqirdi. tarif jadvallari.[29] O'sha paytdagi stavkalar 1897 yilga muvofiq belgilandi Dingli qonuni va AQSh tarixidagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkich edi. Respublikachilar partiyasi yuqori darajaga erishgan edi tarif oxiridan beri ularning iqtisodiy siyosatining markaziy taxtasi Fuqarolar urushi, ammo Taft va boshqa ba'zi respublikachilar Dingli qonuni stavkalarni juda yuqori darajada o'rnatganiga ishonishgan edi. Yuqori tarif bo'lsa ham himoyalangan mahalliy ishlab chiqarish, bu shuningdek AQSh eksportiga zarar etkazdi va o'rtacha amerikaliklar uchun yashash narxini oshirdi.[30] Ko'pchilik tarifni amalda ko'rgan regressiv soliq iste'molchilarga nisbatan, ammo soliq yukini korporatsiyalar va yuqori daromad oluvchilarga yuklaydigan siyosatni ma'qul ko'rdi.[31] Ruzvelt asosan tarif masalasidan qochgan bo'lsa-da, Taft tarif stavkalarini pasaytirishga faol intilgan birinchi respublikachi prezident bo'ldi.[30]

Kongress odami Sereno E. Payne, raisi Uy usullari va vositalari bo'yicha qo'mita va palataning konservativ spikerining ittifoqchisi Jozef Gurni Kannon, tariflar to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarini tayyorlashni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Balansda, Payne hisob-kitoblari biroz pasaytirilgan tariflarni kiritdi, ammo Taft va ilg'or respublikachilar afzal ko'rganidek emas.[32] Peynning qonun loyihasi 1909 yil aprel oyida palatadan o'tgan; Senatga etib borgach, rais Senatning moliya qo'mitasi, Nelson V. Aldrich, tarif stavkalarini oshiradigan ko'plab tuzatishlarni ilova qildi. Aldrichning tuzatishlari Viskonsin singari taraqqiyparvarlarni g'azablantirdi Robert M. La Follette, Payne-Aldrich tariflari stavkasining yuqori stavkalariga qat'iy qarshi chiqqan.[33] Progressiv senatorlarning bosimiga duch kelib, daromad solig'ini qonun loyihasiga qo'shish uchun Taft va Aldrich o'rniga senatorni kelishib oldilar Genri Kabot uyi qonun loyihasiga yuridik shaxslarning daromadlariga ikki foizli soliqni o'z ichiga olgan 5000 AQSh dollaridan ortiq bo'lgan yana bir o'zgartirish kiritish. Ushbu tuzatish kiritilgandan so'ng, qonun loyihasi Senatdan o'tdi va a konferentsiya qo'mitasi, bu erda tarif stavkalarida kichik pasayishlar amalga oshirildi va korporativ daromad solig'i stavkasi ikki foizdan bir foizga tushirildi. Yakuniy hisob-kitobda mavjud bo'lgan yuqori tarif stavkalari bilan hafsalasi pir bo'lganiga qaramay, Taft imzoladi Peyn-Aldrich tarifi qonunga muvofiq.[34]

Hisob-kitoblar yakuniy hisob-kitob varag'idagi tariflarning o'rtacha o'rtacha pasayishiga qarab farq qiladi; ba'zi taxminlarga ko'ra, bu ad valorem tarif stavkalarini o'rtacha 40,2 foizdan 37 foizgacha pasayishiga olib keladi, ammo boshqalar bu o'rtacha stavkalarni ko'targan deb ta'kidlashdi. Korxonalar solig'i federal hukumat tomonidan tinchlik davrida amalga oshirilgan birinchi shunday soliq bo'lib, u 1909-1913 yillarda federal hukumat daromadlarining to'rt foizini tashkil etadi.[35] Soliqning muxoliflari Oliy sud uni konstitutsiyaga zid deb topishga harakat qilishdi, ammo soliq 1911 yil ishida qo'llab-quvvatlandi Flint va Stone Tracy Co.[36] Ushbu soliq kiritilganiga qaramay, Peyn-Aldrich tariflari ilg'or respublikachilarni juda xafa qildi va natijada Respublikachilar partiyasidagi kelishmovchilik matbuotda keng tarqalib, demokratlarga 1910 yilgi Kongress saylovlari uchun kuchli tashviqot masalasini taqdim etdi. Tarif munozarasi paytida ochilgan partiyadagi bo'linishlar Taft prezidentligining qolgan davrida Respublikachilar partiyasini qiynashiga olib keladi.[37]

O'n oltinchi o'zgartirish

1909 yil o'rtalarida Peyn-Aldrich tariflari bo'yicha munozaralar paytida Kongress konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qilgan rezolyutsiyani qabul qildi, bu federal hukumatga ushbu soliqni shtatlar o'rtasida taqsimlamasdan daromad solig'ini undirishga imkon beradi. O'zgartirish asosan Oliy sudning 1895 yil ishi bo'yicha qarorini bekor qiladi Pollock va Fermerlarning Kreditlari va Trust Co., shu bilan Kongressga daromad solig'ini Oliy sud tomonidan urib tushirilish imkoniyatisiz amalga oshirishga imkon beradi. Tuzatishning qabul qilinishi Payne-Aldrich tarifining ilg'or raqiblarini tinchlantirishga yordam berdi va ushbu qonun Kongressdan o'tishini ta'minlashga yordam berdi. Kongressdagi konservativ rahbarlar asosan ushbu tuzatishning haqiqiy ratifikatsiyasiga qarshi chiqdilar, ammo ular uni ratifikatsiya qilish imkoniyati kam deb hisobladilar, chunki ratifikatsiya qilish shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarining to'rtdan uch qismi tomonidan tasdiqlanishi kerak edi.[38] Taftning o'zi shtat qonun chiqaruvchilariga tuzatish kiritishni taklif qilishni ma'qulladi, chunki u Oliy sud qaroridan keyin daromad solig'ini to'lashga ishongan Pollok potentsial tarmoqlararo ziddiyatga olib kelishi va Oliy sudning qonuniyligini buzishi mumkin.[39]

Kongress ushbu tuzatishni taklif qilgandan so'ng, respublikachilarning konservativ rahbarlari, shuningdek, ishbilarmonlarga yoqadi Jon D. Rokfeller, uning ratifikatsiya qilinishini oldini olish bo'yicha uyushgan harakatlar. Ushbu konservativ kuchlar dastlab shtat qonunchilik organining to'rtdan bir qismi daromad solig'i bo'yicha tuzatishni rad etishiga amin edilar, ammo mamlakat 1909 yildan keyin progressiv yo'nalishga o'tdi. Ko'plab konservativ shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari 1910 va 1912 yillardagi saylov tsikllarida hokimiyatni yo'qotdilar va Viskonsin va boshqa shtatlardagi soliqlar federal daromad solig'ining hayotiyligini tasdiqlovchi dalil bo'lib xizmat qildi.[40] 1913 yil 3-fevralda Vayoming ushbu tuzatishni ma'qullagan 36-shtat bo'ldi va shu oyning oxirida davlat kotibi Noks AQSh tomonidan ratifikatsiya qilinganligini e'lon qildi. O'n oltinchi o'zgartirish.[41] Taft lavozimini tark etganidan so'ng, yangi federal daromad solig'i 1913 yilgi daromad to'g'risidagi qonun.

Monopoliyaga qarshi kurash

Taft Ruzveltning da'vo arizalari bilan biznes birlashmalarini buzish bo'yicha harakatlarini kengaytirdi Sherman antitrestlik qonuni, to'rt yil ichida 70 ta ishni olib borish (Ruzvelt etti yil ichida 40 ta ishni keltirib chiqardi). Qarama-qarshi olib kelingan kostyumlar Standard Oil Company va American Tobacco Company Ruzvelt davrida boshlangan, 1911 yilda Oliy sud tomonidan hukumat foydasiga qaror qilingan.[42] 1911 yil iyun oyida Demokratlar nazorati ostidagi Vakillar palatasida eshituvlar boshlandi AQSh po'lati. Ruzvelt US Steelning Tennessee ko'mir, temir va temir yo'l kompaniyasini sotib olishini chuqurlashishni oldini olish vositasi sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlagan. 1907 yilgi vahima, sobiq prezident sud majlislarida ko'rsatma berishda himoya qilgan qaror. Taft, urush kotibi sifatida, sotib olishlarni maqtagan edi.[43]

1911 yil oktabrda Taft Adliya vazirligi U.Stilga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'atdi, uning yuzdan ortiq sho'ba korxonalariga korporativ mustaqillik berilishini talab qildi va ko'plab taniqli biznes rahbarlari va moliyachilarni ayblanuvchi sifatida nomladi. Ushbu ish bo'yicha da'volar Taft tomonidan ko'rib chiqilmagan va Ruzvelt "monopoliyani kuchaytirgan va aqlli sanoatchilar tomonidan aldab qo'yilgan" deb da'vo qilgan.[43] Ruzvelt sud jarayonlarida unga va uning ma'muriyatiga havola qilinganidan xafa bo'ldi va Taft ular haqida bilmasligini aytib qo'mondonlik javobgarligidan qochib qutula olmasligini his qildi.[44] Tarixchi Lui L.Guldning ta'kidlashicha, Ruzveltni aldanib, U.Stil Tennesi shirkatini sotib olishni istamaydi, deb ishongan, ammo aslida bu savdolashish bo'lgan.[45]

Taft Kongressga 1911 yil dekabrda o'zining navbatdagi sessiyasini chaqirganda yangilangan antitrestlik qonuni zarurligi to'g'risida maxsus xabar yubordi, ammo u hech qanday chora ko'rmadi. Taftga qarshi siyosiy oqibatlarga olib kelgan yana bir antitrestlik ishi qarshi chiqqan edi Xalqaro Harvester kompaniyasi, 1912 yil boshida qishloq xo'jaligi texnikalarining yirik ishlab chiqaruvchisi. Ruzvelt ma'muriyati Xalqaro Harvesterni tekshirgan, ammo hech qanday choralar ko'rmaganligi sababli (Taft qo'llab-quvvatlagan qaror), kostyum Ruzveltning Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun da'vosiga tushib qoldi. Taft tarafdorlari Ruzvelt noto'g'ri harakat qilgan deb da'vo qilishdi; sobiq prezident Taftni uch yarim yil kutgani uchun va uni qo'llab-quvvatlagan qarorini bekor qilish uchun qiynoqqa solinmaguncha portlatdi.[46]

Ballinger - Pinchot ishi

Asosiy maqola: Pinchot - Ballinger bahslari
1909 Puck jurnal muqovasi: Ruzvelt o'z siyosatini Taftga ishonib topshirib, jo'nab ketdi

Ruzvelt tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha jonkuyar edi, bunda unga hamfikrlar, jumladan, Ichki ishlar vaziri yordam berishdi. Jeyms R. Garfild va bosh o'rmonchi Gifford Pinchot. Taft tabiatni muhofaza qilish zarurligiga rozi bo'ldi, ammo buni ijro buyrug'i bilan emas, balki qonunchilik bilan bajarish kerak deb hisobladi. U Ogayo shtatining Garfildini kotib sifatida saqlamadi, uning o'rniga g'arbiy, Sietlning sobiq meri Richard Ballingerni tanladi. Ruzvelt Taft Garfildni saqlab qolishga va'da berganiga ishonib, uning o'rnini bosganidan hayron bo'ldi.[47] Ruzvelt ko'p erlarni jamoat mulkidan tortib olgan edi, shu jumladan ba'zi joylarni ham Alyaska ko'mirga boy deb o'ylardi. 1902 yilda Aydaho shtatidagi tadbirkor Klarens Kanningem Alyaskadagi ko'mir konlariga kon qazish bo'yicha da'volar bilan chiqdi va bu borada hukumat tekshiruvi Ruzvelt prezidentligi davrida davom etdi. Ushbu tergov davomida Ballinger boshliq bo'lib ishlagan Bosh er idorasi.[48] Ballinger, hozirda Ichki ishlar kotibi bo'lib, 1909 yilda nihoyat, Yer idorasi agenti da'volarni ma'qulladi Lui Glavis Ichki ishlar boshqarmasi tashqarisiga chiqib, Pinchotdan yordam so'rab hukumat protokolini buzdi.[49]

1909 yil sentyabrda Glavis o'z ayblovlarini jurnaldagi maqolasida oshkor qildi va Ballingerning davlat xizmatida bo'lgan ikki davrida Kanningem uchun advokat sifatida ishlaganligini oshkor qildi. Bu sobiq hukumat amaldoriga o'zi mas'ul bo'lgan masalada advokatlik qilishni taqiqlovchi manfaatlar to'qnashuvi qoidalarini buzdi.[50] 1909 yil 13 sentyabrda Taft Bosh prokuror Vikersxemning ikki kun oldin bergan hisobotiga tayanib, Glavisni davlat xizmatidan bo'shatdi.[51] Shuningdek, u hukumat vakillariga fraklarga izoh bermaslikni buyurdi.[52] Pinchot bu ishni Ruzvelt bilan tanaffusga olib kelishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib, Taft qochishga urinib ko'rgan o'z ishidan bo'shatishga majbur qilib, masalani dramatizatsiyalashga qaror qildi. Taft bu masalani ko'rib chiqishni senator Elixu Rootdan so'radi va Root Pinchotni ishdan bo'shatishga undadi.[50]

1910 yil yanvarda Pinchot senator Jonatan Dolliverga xat yuborib, bu masalani majbur qildi, ammo O'rmon xo'jaligi xizmatining xatti-harakatlari uchun Taft jamoat erlarida qalbaki da'voni ma'qullagan bo'lar edi. Pringlning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu "hukumatning qonun chiqaruvchi tarmog'iga bo'ysunuvchi ijro etuvchi va baxtsiz prezident tomonidan Pinchotni davlat lavozimidan ajratishga tayyorlanayotgan mutlaqo noo'rin murojaat" bo'lgan.[53] Pinchot quvonch bilan ishdan bo'shatildi va u o'z ishini Ruzveltga topshirish uchun Evropaga suzib ketdi.[54] Kongressda o'tkazilgan tergov natijasida Ballinger ko'pchilik ovoz bilan tozalandi, ammo Glavisning advokati, ma'muriyat xijolat tortdi. Louis D. Brandeis, Vikterxemning hisoboti orqaga surilganligini isbotladi va Taft buni kechiktirib tan oldi. Ballinger - Pinchot ishi Tress Ruzveltning kun tartibidan yuz o'girganini ilgarilaganlar va Ruzveltga sodiq kishilar his qilishlariga sabab bo'ldi.[55]

Inson huquqlari

Taft o'zining ochilish marosimida afroamerikaliklarni federal ishlarga, masalan, irqiy ishqalanishga olib keladigan postmasterga tayinlamasligini e'lon qildi. Bu Ruzveltdan farq qilar edi, u mahalliy oq tanlilar bilan muomala qilmaydigan qora tanli idora xodimlarini olib tashlamaydi yoki almashtirmaydi. Taftning "Janubiy siyosati" deb nomlangan ushbu pozitsiya qora tanlanganlarga qarshi oq tanli noroziliklarni taklif qildi. Taft janubdagi aksariyat qora tanli ofitserlarni ishdan bo'shatdi va shimolda ushbu musobaqadan kam tayinlandi.[56]

Taft ochilgan paytda, afroamerikaliklar uchun qanday yo'l borligi ularning rahbarlari tomonidan muhokama qilingan. Booker T. Vashington aksariyat qora tanlilar sanoat ishlariga o'qitilishi kerak, faqat bir nechtasi oliy ma'lumot olishga intilishi kerak; W.E.B. DuBois tenglik uchun ko'proq jangari pozitsiyani oldi. Taft Vashingtonga yaqinlashishga intildi. Kolettaning so'zlariga ko'ra, Taft afroamerikalikni "o'z o'rnida ushlab turishiga" ruxsat bergan ... U shu tariqa tarixiy respublikachilar partiyasi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan gumanitar missiyani ko'rmagan yoki unga ergashmagan, natijada shimol ham, janub ham negrlar siljiy boshlashgan. Demokratik partiyaga qarab. "[57]

Boshqa tashabbuslar

Taft temir yo'llarni yanada tartibga solishga intildi va u yo'lni yaratishni taklif qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari savdo sudi murojaatlarini eshitish Davlatlararo savdo komissiyasi (ICC), bu temir yo'llarni va boshqalarni federal nazorat bilan ta'minladi umumiy tashuvchilar davlatlararo savdo bilan shug'ullanadi. The Mann-Elkins qonuni Savdo sudini tashkil etdi va XMK vakolatlarini oshirdi telegraf va telefon uning vakolatiga kiradigan kompaniyalar va temir yo'l tariflarida narxlar chegaralarini belgilashga ruxsat berish.[58] Savdo sudi Kongress a'zolariga yoqmasligini isbotladi va 1913 yilda bekor qilindi.[59]

Taft pochta aloqasi bo'limiga kichik depozitlarni qabul qiladigan bank vazifasini o'tashni taklif qildi. Garchi bu g'oyaga senator Aldrich va palataning spikeri kabi konservativ respublikachilar qarshilik ko'rsatgan bo'lsa ham Jozef Kannon, Taft tashkil etgan qonunni qabul qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining pochta tejash tizimi. Taft, shuningdek, uy xo'jaligining tashkil etilishini nazorat qildi posilka posti etkazib berish tizimi.[60]

Natijalari 1910 yilgi oraliq saylovlar prezidentdan ko'ngli qolgan edi, chunki Demokratlar Uyni boshqarishni o'z zimmalariga olishdi va Taftning ko'plab afzal nomzodlari mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Saylov ikkala partiyadagi taraqqiyparvarlarning katta g'alabasi bo'ldi va pirovardida Ruzveltning 1912 yildagi uchinchi tomon nomzodini rag'batlantirishga yordam berdi.[61] Taft ham mag'lubiyatdan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi Uorren G. Xarding 1910 yilda Ogayo gubernatorlik poygasida, Nyu-Jersida esa demokrat Vudro Uilson gubernator etib saylandi.[62] Ikki bo'linib ketgan hukumat bilan Taft muddatining ikkinchi yarmida birinchi qonunchilikka qaraganda ancha kam qonunlar qabul qilindi.[63]

Senatorlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylash

Federal hukumat mavjud bo'lgan dastlabki 125 yil davomida amerikaliklar AQSh senatorlariga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ovoz bermadilar. Konstitutsiya, 1788 yilda qabul qilinganidek, senatorlar shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organlari tomonidan saylanadi. 1890-yillar davomida Vakillar Palatasi senatorlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylash uchun konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qilgan bir nechta qarorlarni qabul qildi, ammo Senat bunday choraga ovoz berishdan ham bosh tortdi. O'shandan beri bir qator shtatlar ushbu mavzu bo'yicha konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyani chaqira boshladilar Konstitutsiyaning V moddasi shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarining uchdan ikki qismi murojaat qilganida Kongress tuzatishlarni taklif qilish uchun konstitutsiyaviy konventsiyani chaqirishi kerak.[64] 1912 yilga kelib, 27 ta davlat ushbu mavzu bo'yicha konstitutsiyaviy konvensiyani chaqirgan edi, 31 ta davlat bu chegaraga erishishi kerak edi.[65] Arizalar soni uchdan ikki qismga yaqinlashganda, Senat to'sqinlik qilish strategiyasidan voz kechdi. AQSh senatorlarini shtatlar aholisi tomonidan ommaviy ravishda saylanishini belgilaydigan Konstitutsiyaga tuzatish 1912 yil 13 mayda Kongress tomonidan ma'qullandi va shtat qonun chiqaruvchilariga tasdiqlash uchun taqdim etildi. 1913 yil 8-aprelga qadar u kerakli davlatlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan (36) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'n ettinchi o'zgartirish.[66]

Ittifoqga qabul qilingan davlatlar

Beri Oklaxoma 1907 yilda qabul qilingan, ittifoq tarkibida 46 ta davlat bo'lgan Nyu-Meksiko hududi va Arizona hududi faqat qolgan hududlar ichida Qo'shni Qo'shma Shtatlar. The 1906 yildagi qonun Arizona va Nyu-Meksiko ittifoqiga bitta shtat sifatida qo'shilishga ruxsat bergan bo'lar edi, ammo Arizona referendumda kombinatsiyaga qarshi ovoz bergan edi.[67][68] 1910 yilda Nyu-Meksiko va Arizona davlatchilikni kutib konstitutsiya yozdilar va Arizona konstitutsiyasi kabi ilg'or g'oyalarni o'z ichiga oldi tashabbus, referendum va eslash. Taft ushbu mexanizmlarga, xususan sudyalarni chaqirib olish qobiliyatiga qarshi chiqdi va Arizonaning davlat to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi.[67] Bunday konstitutsiyaviy masalalarsiz Nyu-Meksiko 1912 yil 6-yanvarda ittifoqqa 47-shtat sifatida qo'shildi.[68] Arizona sudyalarni chaqirib olish vakolatini olib tashlagan yangi konstitutsiyani yozgandan so'ng, Taft 1912 yil 14-fevralda Arizonani qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini imzoladi.[67]

Tashqi ishlar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: AQSh tashqi siyosati tarixi, 1897–1913

Taft xalqaro aloqalarda, xalqaro arbitrajda o'qiganidan, Filippin ma'muriyatiga va ayniqsa, urush kotibi lavozimigacha yaxshi bilgan. Uning asosiy yangiligi jismoniy kuchdan foydalanish va hokimiyat tahdidlarini kamaytirish va xalqning tez o'sib borayotgan iqtisodiy qudratini ta'kidlash edi. U buni chaqirdi "Dollar diplomatiyasi. Bu Xitoy va Lotin Amerikasida rol o'ynadi. U Kanada bilan erkin savdo qilish uchun o'zaro kelishuv to'g'risida muzokaralar olib bordi, ammo u Kanada siyosatiga kirib qoldi va rad etildi. U ichki siyosat bilan bojxona masalasida yaxshilab chalkashib ketdi va natijada uning partiyasi ikkiga bo'linib ketdi.[69][70][71]

Tashkiloti va printsiplari

Taft tarkibiy tuzilishni birinchi o'ringa qo'ydi Davlat departamenti ta'kidlab, "u hukumatning ehtiyojlari asosida 1900 yil o'rniga 1800 yilda tashkil etilgan".[72] Kafedra birinchi marta geografik bo'linmalar, shu jumladan stollar uchun tashkil etilgan Uzoq Sharq, lotin Amerikasi va G'arbiy Evropa.[73] Bo'limning birinchi malaka oshirish dasturi tashkil etildi va tayinlanganlar o'z lavozimlariga borishdan oldin bir oy Vashingtonda bo'lishdi.[74] Taft va davlat kotibi Noksning munosabatlari kuchli bo'lgan va prezident uning tashqi va ichki masalalar bo'yicha maslahatlarini tinglagan. Kolettaning so'zlariga ko'ra, ammo Noks yaxshi diplomat bo'lmagan va Senat, matbuot va ko'plab chet el rahbarlari, ayniqsa Lotin Amerikasidan bo'lgan rahbarlar bilan yomon munosabatda bo'lgan.[75]

Taft va Noks o'rtasida tashqi siyosatning asosiy maqsadlari to'g'risida keng kelishuv mavjud edi.[76] AQSh Evropa ishlariga aralashmas edi va agar kerak bo'lsa kuchni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatar edi Monro doktrinasi Amerikada. Himoyasi Panama kanali Taft davrida qurilgan (1914 yilda ochilgan), Karib dengizi va Markaziy Amerikada olib borilgan siyosat. Oldingi ma'muriyatlar Amerikaning chet eldagi biznes manfaatlarini ilgari surish uchun harakatlarni amalga oshirgan edilar, ammo Taft bir oz oldinga bordi va savdo-sotiqni davom ettirish uchun chet eldagi amerikalik diplomatlar va konsullar tarmog'idan foydalandi. Bunday aloqalar, Taft umid qilganidek, dunyo tinchligini ta'minlashga yordam beradi.[75] O'zidan avvalgidan farqli o'laroq, Taft boshqalari o'rtasida nizolarni hakamlik qilishga intilmadi buyuk kuchlar. Taft unga aralashishdan qochdi xalqaro tadbirlar kabi Agadir inqirozi, Italo-turk urushi, va Birinchi Bolqon urushi. Biroq, Taft xalqaro hakamlik sudini tashkil etishni qo'llab-quvvatladi va xalqaro sudni chaqirdi qurollarni qisqartirish to'g'risidagi bitim.[77]

Kanada bilan erkin savdo kelishuvi taklif etilmoqda

Nyuton Makkonell multfilmi Kanadada Taft va boshqalar Kanadaga faqat gullab-yashnagan paytlarda qiziqishgan degan shubhalarni aks ettiradi.

Qisman Payne-Aldrich tarifining yuqori stavkalari bilan bog'liq qarama-qarshilik tufayli Taft Kanada bilan erkin savdo shartnomasini qabul qilishga undadi.[78] O'sha paytda Angliya Kanadaning tashqi aloqalarini haligacha hal qilar edi va Taft Britaniya va Kanada hukumatlarini muzokaralar olib borishga tayyor deb topdi. Kanadada ko'pchilik kelishuvga qarshi chiqishdi, chunki AQSh uni qulay bo'lgan taqdirda uni bekor qilishidan qo'rqishadi Elgin-Marsi shartnomasi 1866 yilda. Amerika fermer xo'jaligi va baliqchilik manfaatlari ham shartnomaga qarshi edi. Shunga qaramay, Taft 1911 yil boshida Kanada rasmiylari bilan kelishuvga erishdi va Kongress uni iyul oyi oxirida tasdiqladi. The Kanada parlamenti Bosh vazir Sir boshchiligida Uilfrid Laurier, masala bo'yicha boshi berk ko'chaga kirib, Kanadaliklar Laurierni lavozimidan chetlashtirdilar 1911 yil sentyabr saylovlari. Chegaralararo shartnoma tuzilmadi va munozaralar Respublikachilar partiyasidagi kelishmovchiliklarni yanada kuchaytirdi.[79][80]

Markaziy Amerika

Shuningdek qarang: Dollar diplomatiyasi va Banan urushi
Taft va Porfirio Dias, Syudad Xuares, Meksika, 1909 yil

Taft va davlat kotibi Noksning siyosati o'rnatildi Dollar diplomatiyasi Lotin Amerikasi tomon, AQSh sarmoyasi, barcha ishtirokchilarga foyda keltiradi va bu sohada Evropaning ta'sirini minimallashtiradi. Taft ma'muriyati davrida eksport keskin o'sgan bo'lsa-da, uning Dollar diplomatiyasi siyosati AQShning moliyaviy protektorati bo'lishni istamagan Lotin Amerikasi davlatlari orasida mashhur bo'lmagan. Dollar diplomatiyasi AQSh Senatida ham qarshiliklarga duch keldi, chunki ko'plab senatorlar AQSh chet elga aralashmasligi kerak deb hisoblashdi.[81]

Yilda Nikaragua, Amerika diplomatlari Xuan J. Estrada boshchiligidagi isyonchi kuchlarni Prezident hukumatiga qarshi tinchgina qo'llab-quvvatladilar Xose Santos Zelaya, Amerika kompaniyalariga berilgan tijorat imtiyozlarini bekor qilmoqchi bo'lgan.[82] Xabarlarga ko'ra, kotib Noks bunday harakatlardan zarar ko'rishi mumkin bo'lgan kompaniyalardan birining asosiy aktsiyadori bo'lgan.[83] Mamlakat bir nechta xorijiy davlatlarga qarzdor edi va AQSh uni (muqobil kanal yo'li bilan birga) evropaliklarning qo'liga o'tishini xohlamadi. Zelaya va uning saylangan vorisi, Xose Madriz, qo'zg'olonni bostira olmadi va 1910 yil avgustda Estrada kuchlari poytaxtni egallab olishdi Managua. AQSh Nikaraguaga qarzni qabul qildi va rasmiylar uni davlat daromadlari hisobidan qaytarilishini ta'minlash uchun yubordi. Mamlakat beqaror bo'lib qoldi va 1911 yildagi navbatdagi to'ntarishdan va 1912 yildagi tartibsizliklardan so'ng Taft qo'shin yubordi; tez orada ko'plari olib qo'yilgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zilari 1933 yildayoq qolgan.[84][85]

Shartnomalar Panama, Kolumbiya, va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 1903 yildagi Panamadagi inqilob 1909 yil boshida cho'loq o'rdak Ruzvelt ma'muriyati tomonidan imzolangan va Senat tomonidan ma'qullangan va Panama tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Ammo Kolumbiya shartnomalarni tasdiqlashdan bosh tortdi va 1912 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng Noks kolumbiyaliklarga 10 million dollar taklif qildi (keyinchalik 25 millionga ko'tarildi). Kolumbiyaliklar bu miqdorni etarli emas deb hisobladilar va bu narsa Taft ma'muriyati tomonidan hal qilinmadi.[86]

Meksika

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Meksika inqilobi

Hech qanday tashqi ishlar bo'yicha tortishuvlar Taftning davlatchiligini va tinchlikka sodiqligini sinovdan o'tganidan ko'proq sinovdan o'tkazmadi Meksikalik rejim va undan keyingi tartibsizlik Meksika inqilobi.[87] Taft o'z lavozimiga kelganida, Meksika uzoq yillik diktaturasi ostida tobora bezovtalanib turardi Porfirio Dias. Dias kuchli siyosiy qarshiliklarga duch keldi Frantsisko Madero aholining katta qismi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan,[88] va shuningdek, jiddiy ijtimoiy notinchlikka duch keldi Emiliano Sapata janubda va tomonidan Pancho Villa shimolda. 1909 yil oktyabrda Taft va Dias o'zaro tashriflar bilan almashdilar Meksika - AQSh chegarasi, da El-Paso, Texas va Syudad Xuares, Meksika. Ularning uchrashuvlari AQSh va a o'rtasidagi birinchi uchrashuv edi Meksika prezidenti va shuningdek, Amerika prezidenti birinchi marta Meksikaga tashrif buyurgan.[89][90] Dias uchrashuvni o'zining hukumati AQShning so'zsiz qo'llab-quvvatlashini namoyish etish uchun targ'ibot vositasi sifatida ishlatishga umid qildi. O'z navbatida, Taft asosan Amerikaning Meksikadagi korporativ investitsiyalarini himoya qilishdan manfaatdor edi.[89] Ramziy ma'noda muhim uchrashuvlar qurilishning boshlanishiga yo'l ochib berdi Elephant Butte to'g'oni 1911 yilda loyiha.[89]

Meksikadagi vaziyat 1910 yil davomida yomonlashdi va Meksika isyonchilari otlar va qurol-yarog 'olish uchun AQSh chegarasini kesib o'tgan bir qator voqealar yuz berdi. 1910 yilgi prezident saylovidan oldin Dias muxolifat nomzodi Maderoni qamoqqa tashlaganidan so'ng, Maderoning tarafdorlari bunga javoban hukumatga qarshi qurol ko'tarishgan. Ushbu notinchlik Diasni ham quvib chiqarilishiga olib keldi inqilob bu yana o'n yil davom etadi. Arizona o'lkasida ikki fuqaro halok bo'ldi va deyarli o'nlab kishi jarohat oldi, ba'zilari chegaradan o'q otish natijasida. Taft jangga kirishib ketilmas edi va shuning uchun hududiy gubernatorga provokatsiyalarga javob bermaslikni buyurdi.[87] 1911 yil mart oyida u Amerika fuqarolarini va Meksikadagi moliyaviy sarmoyalarni himoya qilish uchun Meksika chegarasiga 20000 amerikalik askarni yubordi. U harbiy yordamchisiga, Archibald Butt, "Men qopqoqda o'tiraman va meni tortib olish uchun juda ko'p narsa kerak bo'ladi".[91]

Uzoq Sharq

Sifatida xizmat qilib hokim ning Filippinlar, Taft juda qiziqardi Osiyo-Tinch okeani ishlar.[92] Savdo va sarmoyalar salohiyati tufayli Taft vazir lavozimini egalladi Xitoy tashqi xizmatda eng muhimi. Noks rozi bo'lmadi va u borishni taklifini rad etdi Pekin faktlarni joyida ko'rish. Taft Ruzveltning vazirini almashtirdi, Uilyam V. Rokxill, bilan Xitoy savdosiga qiziqmaslik kabi Uilyam J. Kalxun, MakKinli va Ruzvelt bir nechta xorijiy missiyalarga jo'natishgan. Noks Kalxunni siyosat bo'yicha tinglamagan va ko'pincha mojarolar bo'lgan.[93] Taft va Noks, Jon Xeysning uyini uzaytirishga muvaffaq bo'lishmadi Ochiq eshik siyosati Manjuriyaga.[94] 1909 yilda Angliya boshchiligidagi konsortsium temir yo'lni moliyalashtirish bo'yicha muzokaralarni boshladi Xankov va Szechuan.[95] Taft shahzoda Regentga shaxsan murojaat qildi, Zayfeng, shahzoda Chun va AQShning temir yo'llarni moliyalashtirishda ishtirok etishida muvaffaqiyat qozondi.[96] However, the Chinese decree authorizing the agreement also required the nationalization of local railroad companies in the affected provinces. Inadequate compensation was paid to the shareholders, and these grievances were among those which touched off the 1911 yildagi Xitoy inqilobi.[97][98]

After the Chinese Revolution broke out, the revolt's leaders chose Sun Yat Sen as provisional president of what became the Xitoy Respublikasi, ag'darish Manchu sulolasi. Taft was reluctant to recognize the new government, although American public opinion was in favor of it. The U.S. House of Representatives in February 1912 passed a resolution supporting a Chinese republic, but Taft and Knox felt recognition should come as a concerted action by Western powers. Uning finalida annual message to Congress in December 1912, Taft indicated that he was moving towards recognition once the republic was fully established, but by then he had been defeated for re-election and he did not follow through.[99]

Taft continued the policy against immigration from China and Japan as under Roosevelt. A revised treaty of friendship and navigation entered into by the U.S. and Japan in 1911 granted broad reciprocal rights to Japanese in America and Americans in Japan, but were premised on the continuation of the Janoblarning 1907 yildagi shartnomasi. There was objection on the West Coast when the treaty was submitted to the Senate, but Taft informed politicians that there was no change in immigration policy.[100]

Arbitraj

Taft favored settling international disputes via arbitration, and in 1911 Taft and Secretary of State Knox negotiated major treaties with Great Britain and France providing that differences be arbitrated. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October 1911, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.[101] Roosevelt worked with his close friend, Senator Genri Kabot uyi, to impose the Senate amendments. Lodge thought that the treaties impinged on senatorial prerogatives,[102] while Roosevelt sought to sabotage Taft's campaign promises[103] and believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and that great issues had to be decided by warfare.[104] Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the Bering dengizi that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland.[105]

Moving apart from Roosevelt

The arbitration issue opens a window on a bitter dispute among progressives. Taft and many progressives looked to legal hakamlik sudi as an alternative to warfare. Roosevelt—a warrior not a lawyer—rejected that line of thought as the product of a too-soft business culture.[106] Taft was a constitutional lawyer who later became Chief Justice; he had a deep understanding of the legal issues.[107] Taft's political base was the conservative business community which largely supported arbitration and often talked peace. His mistake in this case was a failure to fully mobilize that base. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism. One early success came in the Newfoundland fisheries dispute between the United States and Britain in 1910. Taft's 1911 treaties with France and Britain were killed by Roosevelt, who had broken with his protégé in 1910. War and peace became issues in their duel for control of the Republican Party.[102][103] At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed that arbitration was a naïve solution and that great issues had to be decided by warfare. The Rooseveltian approach had a near-mystical faith in the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.[104]

During Roosevelt's fifteen months in Europe and Africa, from March 1909 to June 1910, neither man wrote much to the other. Taft biographer Lurie suggested that each expected the other to make the first move to re-establish their relationship on a new footing. Upon Roosevelt's triumphant return, Taft invited him to stay at the White House. The former president declined, and in private letters to friends expressed dissatisfaction at Taft's performance. Nevertheless, he wrote that he expected Taft to be renominated by the Republicans in 1912, and did not speak of himself as a candidate.[108] Taft and Roosevelt met twice in 1910; the meetings, though superficially cordial, did not display their former closeness.[62]

Roosevelt gave a series of speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910. Roosevelt not only attacked the Supreme Court's 1905 decision in Lochner va Nyu-York, he accused the federal courts of undermining democracy, and called for them to be deprived of the power to rule legislation unconstitutional. This attack horrified Taft, who privately agreed that Lochner had been wrongly decided but strongly supported judicial review. Roosevelt called for the "elimination of corporate expenditures for political purposes, physical valuation of railroad properties, regulation of industrial combinations, establishment of an export tariff commission, a graduated income tax ... workmen's compensation laws, state and national legislation to regulate the [labor] of women and children, and complete publicity of campaign expenditure".[109] John Murphy writes that, "as Roosevelt began to move to the left, Taft veered to the right."[109] Taft had become increasingly associated with the conservative "Old Guard" faction of the party, and progressive Republicans such as Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette became dissatisfied Taft's leadership.[110] La Follette and his followers formed the National Republican Progressive League as a platform to challenge Taft in 1912 presidential election, either for the Republican nomination or in the general election as a uchinchi tomon.[111]

Election of 1912

Respublika nominatsiyasi

Asosiy maqola: 1912 yil AQSh prezident saylovi
Taft and Roosevelt – political enemies in 1912

After the 1910 elections, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive ideals, a Yangi millatchilik, much to Taft's dismay. Roosevelt attacked his successor's administration, arguing that its guiding principles were not that of the party of Linkoln, but those of the Oltin oltin.[112] The feud continued on and off through 1911, a year in which there were few elections of significance. Backed by many progressives, La Follette announced a run for the 1912 Republican nomination.[113] Roosevelt received many letters from supporters urging him to run, and Republican office-holders were organizing on his behalf. Roosevelt believed these manifestations of public support represented a broader movement that would sweep him to the White House with a mandate to implement progressive policies.[114] In February 1912, Roosevelt announced he would accept the Republican nomination if it was offered to him, and many progressives abandoned La Follette's candidacy and threw their support behind Roosevelt.[115]

As Roosevelt became more radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his resolve to achieve re-nomination, as he was convinced that the progressives threatened the very foundation of the government.[116] While Roosevelt attacked both parties as corrupt and overly dependent on special interests, Taft feared that Roosevelt was becoming a demagog.[117] Despite Roosevelt's popularity, Taft still held the loyalty of many Republican leaders, giving him a major advantage in the race for delegates. In an effort to shore up his support, Taft hit the campaign trail, becoming the first sitting president to do so during a primary campaign.[118] Roosevelt dominated the primaries, winning 278 of the 362 Republican delegates selected in primaries, but Taft's control of the party machinery proved critical in helping him win the bulk of the delegates decided at district or state conventions.[119]

Boshida 1912 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani, Roosevelt challenged the election of many pro-Taft Southern delegates, but the RNC overruled most objections. Roosevelt's sole remaining chance to win the Republican nomination was through the election of a friendly convention chairman, but Elihu Root, by then a Taft ally, won election as chairman.[120][121] Root made a crucial ruling that allowed contested delegates to vote on the seating of other contested delegates; a motion to defeat this ruling was offered by Roosevelt forces, but it failed in a 567–507 vote.[122] As it became clear Roosevelt would bolt the party if not nominated, some Republicans sought a compromise candidate to avert the electoral disaster to come; they were unsuccessful.[123] Taft's name was placed in nomination by Warren Harding, whose attempts to praise Taft and unify the party were met with angry interruptions from progressives.[124] Taft was nominated on the first ballot, though most Roosevelt delegates refused to vote.[122] Vice President Sherman was also nominated for a second term, making him the first incumbent vice president to win re-nomination since Jon C. Kalxun 1828 yilda.[iqtibos kerak ]

Umumiy saylov

1912 Electoral vote by state.

Alleging Taft had stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the Progressive Party, commonly known as the "Bull Moose Party."[125] Taft knew he would almost certainly be defeated, but concluded that through Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the party had been preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions."[126] Seeing Roosevelt as the greater electoral threat, Democratic nominee Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt had been lukewarm in opposing the trusts during his presidency, and that Wilson was the true reformer.[127] Reverting to the 19th century custom that presidents seeking re-election did not campaign, Taft retreated to the golf havolalari.[2] He spoke publicly only once, when making his nomination acceptance speech on August 1. He had difficulty in financing the campaign, as many industrialists had concluded he could not win and chose to support Wilson in order to block Roosevelt.[128] Any remaining sense of optimism within the campaign evaporated when Vice President Sherman became seriously ill in October, and died six days before the election. In January (two months after the election), the Republican National Committee named Kolumbiya universiteti Prezident Nikolas Myurrey Butler to replace Sherman and to receive his electoral votes.[21]

Taft won only Utah and Vermont, for a total of eight electoral votes, which set a record for electoral vote futility by a Republican candidate that was later matched by Alf Landon ichida 1936 yilgi saylov.[21] Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes, while Wilson won 435; Wilson's share of the electoral vote represented the best Democratic showing since the 1852 yilgi saylov. In the popular vote, Wilson won 41.8 percent, while Roosevelt won 27.4 percent, and Taft took 23.2 percent. Democrats won boshqaruv of not just the presidency but also both houses of Congress, giving them unified control of the executive and legislative branches for the first time since the 1894 yilgi saylovlar.[129]

Tarixiy obro'-e'tibor

Inevitably linked with Roosevelt, Taft generally falls in the shadow of the flamboyant Qo'pol chavandoz, who chose him to be president, and who took it away.[130] Political scientist Peri Arnold writes that most historians view Taft as a "conservative interregnum between activist reformers Roosevelt and Wilson," adding that "there can be no doubt that Taft's hesitancy as a leader and politician produced few accomplishments during his term."[131] Scott Bomboy for the Milliy Konstitutsiya markazi wrote that despite being "one of the most interesting, intellectual, and versatile presidents ... a chief justice of the United States, a wrestler at Yale, a reformer, a peace activist, and a baseball fan ... today, Taft is best remembered as the president who was so large that he got stuck in the White House bathtub," a story that is not true.[132] Lurie argued that Taft did not receive the public credit for his policies that he should have, especially with regards to accelerating efforts to break up trusts.[133] Taft, more quietly than his predecessor, filed many more cases than did Roosevelt, and rejected his predecessor's contention that there was such a thing as a "good" trust. This lack of flair marked Taft's presidency; according to Lurie, Taft "was boring—honest, likable, but boring".[134] Mason called Taft's years in the White House "undistinguished".[135] Coletta deemed Taft to have had a solid record of bills passed by Congress, but felt he could have accomplished more with political skill.[136]

On June 4, 1930, the AQSh pochta idorasi issued a 4-cent pochta markasi to commemorate William Howard Taft's life.

Roosevelt engraved in public memory the image of Taft as a Byukenen -like figure, with a narrow view of the presidency which made him unwilling to act for the public good. Roosevelt was not alone in his negative assessment,[137] as every major newspaper reporter of that time who left reminiscences of Taft's presidency was critical of him.[138] Taft was convinced he would be vindicated by history. After he left office, he was estimated to be about in the middle of U.S. presidents by greatness, and subsequent rankings by historians have by and large sustained that verdict. 2017 yilda C-SPAN survey 91 presidential historians ranked Taft 24th among the 43 former presidents, including then-president Barack Obama (unchanged from his ranking in 2009 and 2000). His rankings in the various categories of this most recent poll were as follows: public persuasion (31), crisis leadership (26), economic management (20), moral authority (25), international relations (21), administrative skills (12), relations with congress (23), vision/setting an agenda (28), pursued equal justice for all (22), performance with context of times (24).[139] 2018 yilgi so'rovnoma Amerika siyosiy fanlar assotsiatsiyasi 's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Taft as the 25th best president.[140]

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Works cited and further reading

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Uilyam Xovard Taftning bibliografiyasi
  • Anderson, Donald F. (1973). William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency. Kornell universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8014-0786-4.
  • Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 1982). "The Legacy of William Howard Taft". Prezidentlik tadqiqotlari chorakda. 12 (1): 26–33. JSTOR  27547774.
  • Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 2000). "Building National Consensus: The Career of William Howard Taft". Cincinnati universiteti yuridik sharhi. 68: 323–356.
  • Burton, David H. (2004). William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker. Saint Joseph's University Press. ISBN  0-916101-51-7.
  • Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). Uilyam Xovard Taftning prezidentligi. Kanzas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0700600960.
  • Coletta, Paolo E. “The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft.” Yilda American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review, edited by Gerald K. Haines and Samuel J. Walker, 91-114. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981).
  • Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft." Diplomatik tarix 19.3 (1995): 473–497. onlayn
  • Dekan, Jon V. (2004). Uorren Xarding (Kindle ed.). Genri Xolt va Ko. ISBN  0-8050-6956-9.
  • Gould, Lewis L. (2014). Chief Executive to Chief Justice:Taft Betwixt the White House and Supreme Court. Kanzas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-7006-2001-2.
  • Gould, Lewis L. (2008). Ringdagi to'rtta shapka: 1912 yilgi saylovlar va zamonaviy Amerika siyosatining tug'ilishi. Kanzas universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-7006-1564-3.
  • Gould, Lyuis L. Uilyam Xovard Taft prezidentligi (UP of Kansas 2009) parcha
  • Graf, Genri F., ed. Prezidentlar: ma'lumotnoma tarixi (2002 yil 3-nashr) onlayn
  • Xarris, Charlz X. III; Sadler, Lui R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920. Nyu-Meksiko universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8263-4652-0.
  • Xolli, Joshua Devid (2008). Teodor Ruzvelt: Adolat voizi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-300-14514-4.
  • Hechler, Ken. Insurgency; personalities and politics of the Taft era (1964) onlayn
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