Richard Mentor Jonson - Richard Mentor Johnson

Richard Mentor Jonson
9-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti
Ofisda 1837 yil 4 mart - 1841 yil 4 mart
Prezident	Martin Van Buren
Oldingi	Martin Van Buren
Muvaffaqiyatli	Jon Tayler
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Kentukki
Ofisda 1819 yil 10 dekabr - 1829 yil 3 mart
Oldingi	Jon J. Krittenden
Muvaffaqiyatli	Jorj M. Bibb
A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi dan Kentukki
Ofisda 1829 yil 4 mart - 1837 yil 3 mart
Oldingi	Robert L. McHatton
Muvaffaqiyatli	Uilyam V. Sautgeyt
Saylov okrugi	13-tuman (1833–1837) 5-tuman (1829–1833)
Ofisda 1807 yil 4 mart - 1819 yil 3 mart
Oldingi	Tomas Sandford
Muvaffaqiyatli	Uilyam Braun
Saylov okrugi	4-tuman (1807–1813) 3-tuman (1813–1819)
A'zosi Kentukki Vakillar palatasi
Ofisda 1850 yil 5-noyabr - 1850 yil 19-noyabr
Ofisda 1804–1806
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1780-10-17)1780 yil 17 oktyabr Beargrass, Virjiniya, AQSh (hozir Louisville, Kentukki )
O'ldi	1850 yil 19-noyabr(1850-11-19) (70 yosh) Frankfort, Kentukki, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiya	Demokratik-respublikachi (1828 yilgacha) Demokratik (1828 yildan keyin)
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Julia Chinn (1790–1833) (umumiy qonuniy nikoh )
Bolalar	2
Qarindoshlar	Jeyms Jonson (aka) Benjamin Jonson (aka) Jon Telemakus Jonson (aka) Robert Uord Jonson (jiyani)
Ta'lim	Transilvaniya universiteti
Imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari	1812–1814
Rank	Polkovnik
Janglar / urushlar	1812 yilgi urush  • Temza jangi

Richard Mentor Jonson (1780 yil 17 oktyabr)^[a] - 1850 yil 19-noyabr) siyosatchi va to'qqizinchi edi AQSh vitse-prezidenti 1837 yildan 1841 yilgacha. U saylangan yagona vitse-prezident Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati qoidalariga muvofiq O'n ikkinchi tuzatish. Jonson ham vakili bo'lgan Kentukki ichida AQSh Vakillar palatasi va Senat. U siyosiy faoliyatini boshlagan va yakunlagan Kentukki Vakillar palatasi.

Jonson 1806 yilda erta Federal davrda Vakillar Palatasiga saylangan. U Kentukyan bilan o'rtoqlashdi Genri Kley a'zosi sifatida War Hawks 1812 yilda Angliya bilan urushni yoqlagan fraksiya 1812 yilgi urush, Jonsonga topshirildi polkovnik Kentukki Militsiyasida va 1812 yildan 1813 yilgacha otlangan ko'ngillilar polkini boshqargan. U va uning ukasi Jeyms ostida xizmat qilgan Uilyam Genri Xarrison yilda Yuqori Kanada. Jonson ishtirok etdi Temza jangi. Ba'zilar uning shaxsan o'zi o'ldirganligini xabar qilishdi Shouni boshliq Tekumseh, keyinchalik u o'zining siyosiy manfaati uchun foydalangan degan da'vo.

Urushdan keyin Jonson Vakillar Palatasiga qaytdi. Shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi uni 1819 yilda Senatdan bo'shatilgan joyni to'ldirish uchun tayinlagan Jon J. Krittenden. Borayotgan obro'si bilan Jonson uni tanqid qildi irqlararo munosabatlar Julia Chinn bilan, a aralash poyga qul kim sifatida tasniflangan oktorun (yoki etti-sakkizinchi oq). Bu uning siyosiy ambitsiyalariga qarshi ishladi, chunki Jonson munosabatlarni yashirmadi.

Boshqa yuqori sinf ekuvchilaridan va rahbarlaridan farqli o'laroq Afroamerikalik bekalari yoki kanizaklari, lekin ularni hech qachon tan olmagan, Jonson Chinni o'ziniki deb bilgan umumiy qonun. U ikkita qizini o'z farzandlari deb tan oldi va ularga o'z familiyasini berib, ba'zi saylovchilarini hayratda qoldirdi. Shu sababli, shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi 1828 yilda AQSh Senatiga yana bir nomzod tanlagan va 1829 yilda Jonsonni tark etishga majbur qilgan deb ishoniladi. Ammo uning Kongress okrugi unga ovoz berdi va keyingi saylovlarda uni uyga qaytarib berdi.

Yilda 1836, Jonson edi Demokratik a bo'yicha vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod chipta bilan Martin Van Buren. "Rumpsey Dumpey, Rumpey Dumpey, polkovnik Jonson Tecumsehni o'ldirdi" shiori bilan saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borgan Jonson, bir martadan kam qoldi. saylovchilarning ovozlari uning saylanishini ta'minlash uchun kerak edi. Virjiniya Saylov kollejidagi delegatsiya Jonsonni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortdi, aksincha betaraf qoldi.^[1]

U AQSh Senati tomonidan ofisga saylangan. Jonson 1836 yilgi saylovlarda demokratlar uchun shunday mas'uliyatni isbotlaganki, ular vitse-prezident lavozimiga nomzodini qaytarishni rad etishgan 1840. Prezident Van Buren a .siz qayta saylanish uchun tashviqot qildi yugurish jufti. U mag'lub bo'ldi Uilyam Genri Xarrison, Whig. Jonson davlat xizmatiga qaytishga urindi, ammo mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Nihoyat, 1850 yilda Kentukki Vakillar palatasiga saylandi, ammo u 1850 yil 19-noyabrda, muddatidan atigi ikki hafta o'tgach vafot etdi.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Richard Mentor Jonson Kentukki shtatidagi "Beargrass" aholi punktida tug'ilgan va hozirgi zamonga aylangan. Louisville 1780 yil 17 oktyabrda Robert va Jemima (Suggett) Jonsonning o'n bir farzandining beshinchisi va sakkiz o'g'ilning ikkinchisi. Uning ukalari Jon va Genri Jonson undan omon qolishdi.^[2] Uning ota-onasi 1770 yilda turmush qurgan. Robert Jonson hozirgi Kentukki hududini sotib olgan, ammo o'sha paytda Virjiniya shtatining bir qismi bo'lgan. Patrik Genri va dan Jeyms Medison.^[3] U marshrutchi bo'lib ishlagan va yaxshi erlarni tanlashga qodir edi. Uning rafiqasi Jemima Suggett "boy va siyosiy jihatdan bog'liq oiladan chiqqan".^[4]

Bryan stantsiyasining ayollari dushman qarab turgan paytda suv tortishadi

Richard tug'ilgan vaqtga kelib, oila ko'chib o'tdi Bryan stantsiyasi, hozirgi kunga yaqin Leksington ichida Bluegrass viloyati. O'sha paytgacha ularning to'rtta katta farzandi bor edi. Bu mustahkamlangan forpost edi, chunki tub amerikaliklarning oq aholiga qarshi turishi juda ko'p edi.^[5] The Shouni va Cherokee ushbu hududda ovlangan. Jonsonning onasi Jemima jamiyatdagi qahramon ayollar qatorida uning harakati haqida aytilgan so'zlari tufayli esda qoldi Simon Girti 1782 yil avgustda Bryan stantsiyasiga qilingan reyd.^[6] Keyinchalik xabarlarga ko'ra, hind jangchilari yaqin atrofdagi o'rmonda yashiringan va jamoat suvga etishmayotganligi sababli, Jemima Jonson ayollarni yaqin atrofdagi buloq tomon olib borgan va hujumchilar ularga suv bilan qal'aga qaytishlariga ruxsat bergan. Suvga ega bo'lish ko'chmanchilarga olovli o'qlar bilan qilingan hujumni engishga yordam berdi. O'sha paytda Robert Jonson Virjiniya shtatining Richmond shahridagi qonun chiqaruvchi idorasida ishlagan edi, chunki u vakili etib saylangan edi Fayet okrugi.^[7] (Mustamlakachilik davrida bu Kentukki hududi Virjiniyaning bir qismi hisoblangan.)

1783 yildan boshlab Kentukki etarlicha xavfsiz deb hisoblandi, shuning uchun ko'chmanchilar fermer xo'jaliklarini yaratish uchun mustahkamlangan stantsiyalardan chiqib ketishni boshladilar. Jonsonlar Robert sotib olgan erga joylashdilar Ajoyib o'tish.^[8] Surveyer sifatida Robert Jonson yaxshi tanlangan erlarni sotib olish va ulkan er grantlaridan foydalanishda mintaqada bo'lish orqali muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.^[2][9]

Maylz Smitning Richard Jonsonga bag'ishlangan doktorlik dissertatsiyasiga ko'ra, "Richard xushchaqchaqlik kayfiyatini rivojlantirdi va umuman baxtli va mamnun bola bo'lganga o'xshaydi".^[10] Richard 16 yoshigacha oilaviy plantatsiyada yashagan. 1796 yilda u qisqa vaqt ichida mahalliy gimnaziyaga yuborilgan va keyin o'qigan. Transilvaniya universiteti, Appalachi tog'larining g'arbidagi birinchi kollej. Lexington kollejida, otasi ishonchli bo'lgan joyda, u qonunni o'qing bilan yuridik shogird sifatida Jorj Nikolay va Jeyms Braun, keyinchalik AQSh senatori.^[11]

Karyera

Jonson Kentukki shtatiga qabul qilindi bar 1802 yilda,^[11] va Great Crossing-da o'z ofisini ochdi.^[12] Keyinchalik u savdogar sifatida chakana savdo do'koniga egalik qildi va akalari bilan bir qator biznes ishlarini boshladi.^[13] Jonson ko'pincha ishlagan pro bono kambag'al odamlar uchun, agar ularning ishi bor bo'lsa, ularning ishlarini sudga berish.^[14] Shuningdek, u o'z uyini nogiron faxriylarga, beva ayollarga va etimlarga ochdi.^[13]

Nikoh va oila

Oilaviy an'analarga ko'ra Jonson erta ajralib chiqqan nikoh aloqasi onasining noroziligi tufayli u o'n olti yoshga to'lganida.^[13] Go'yo Jonson onasining aralashuvi uchun qasos olishga va'da bergan. Uning sobiq kelinining Seliya ismli qizi bor edi. U Jonson oilasida tarbiyalangan. Keyinchalik Celia Jonson Temza jangida Jonsonning polkida xizmat qilgan odamlardan biri Uesli Fancherga uylandi.

Otasi vafot etganidan so'ng, Richard Jonson Julia Chinning merosxo'ri oktorun aralash poyga 1790 yil atrofida qullikda tug'ilgan ayol (ajdodi ettinchi sakkizinchi evropalik va afrikalik sakkizinchi ayol). U onasi xizmat qilgan Jonson xonadonida o'sgan.^[15][16] Julia Chin Benjamin Chinning qizi edi,^[17] Malden, Yuqori Kanadada yoki Londonda, Kanadada yashagan va Daniel Chinning singlisi. 1845 yilda yozilgan Nyuton Kreygning maktubi Kentukki shtatidagi Frankfort shahridagi jazoni ijro etish muassasasi Daniel Chinnga yozilgan maktubda polkovnik Jonson o'zining vitse-prezidentlik uchun birinchi saylovoldi safari chog'ida olib borgan Juliya Chinning yana bir ukasi Marcellus deb eslaydi. Marchellus polkovnik Jonsonni Nyu-Yorkda tark etdi va polkovnik Jonson Marselning joylashgan joyini Artur Tappandan, Esqdan topishga urindi.^[18][19]

Jonson uzoq muddatli ish boshladi munosabatlar Julia bilan va unga o'zining odatdagi rafiqasi sifatida munosabatda bo'ldi. Chin qonuniy ravishda Jonsonning kanizagi edi. Ularning ikkita qizi bor edi va keyinchalik u plantatsiyasini boshqaruvchisi bo'ldi.^[20] Jonson ham, Chinn ham ko'p millatli, asosan oq tanli oilasi tomonidan "xilma-xil jamiyat tushunchasi" ni qo'llab-quvvatladilar. U qul bo'lgani uchun ularga uylanish taqiqlangan.^[21] Jonson Kentukki plantatsiyasidan uzoqda bo'lganida, Chinnga uning ishlarini boshqarishga vakolat bergan.^[13] U keng tarqalgan joyda vafot etdi vabo 1833 yil yozida sodir bo'lgan epidemiya. Jonson uning yo'qolishini chuqur xafa qildi.^[22]

Jonson va Chinn o'rtasidagi munosabatlar o'sha paytda qullik ichidagi ziddiyatlarni ko'rsatadi. Albatta, "Kin ham mulk bo'lishi mumkin" degan ko'plab misollar mavjud edi. Jonson o'z munosabatlariga ochiq munosabatda bo'lish va Chinni odatdagi turmush o'rtog'i sifatida qarash uchun g'ayrioddiy edi. U hech bo'lmaganda bir marta uni "mening kelinim" deb chaqirgani eshitildi va ular er-xotin kabi harakat qilishdi. Og'zaki an'analarga ko'ra, Buyuk Xochdagi boshqa qullar o'zlarining to'ylarida ishlaydi deb aytilgan.^[23]

Chin asta-sekin ko'proq mas'uliyat oldi. U ko'p vaqtini "plantatsiyaning katta uyi" da, ikki qavatli g'ishtli uyda o'tkazar ekan, u har yili kamida yarim yil davomida Jonsonning ko'chmas mulkini boshqargan, keyinchalik uning fikri uning barcha mulkiga kengaygan, hattoki "Richardning uyi" rolini o'ynagan. vakili "va unga pul bilan ishlashga imkon berish.^[24] Tarixshunos olim Kristina Snayder ta'kidlaganidek, bu Jonson o'zining oq tanli ishchilariga Chinning obro'sini hurmat qilish kerakligini va uning farzandlarining hayoti "Buyuk Xochdagi boshqa afrikalik kelib chiqishi" dan farqli bo'lishiga imkon beradigan rolini aytganligi sababli ularga mustaqillik berdi. plantatsiya ichida imtiyozli foydalanish. Bu Chinning hanuzgacha qullikda bo'lganligi, ammo Chinn oilasi hech qachon sotmagan yoki garovga qo'ymagan qullar ishiga rahbarlik qilgani bilan yanada murakkablashdi, ammo u "qullik institutiga qarshi chiqish yoki uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan hukumatni ag'darish" kuchiga ega emas edi. ", u faqat shaxsiy avtonomiyani qo'lga kiritishga qodir edi, chunki Jonson uni hech qachon qonuniy ravishda ozod qilmagan.^[25] Snyder aytganidek, uni odam qulligidan ozod qilish, uni "unga bog'lab turgan aloqalarni" buzadi va uni qullikda saqlash uning "xayrixoh patriarx" bo'lish g'oyasini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi sababli bo'lishi mumkin.

Jonson va Chinning ikkita qizi bor edi: Adalin (yoki Adeline) Chinn Jonson va Imogen Chinn Jonson, ular tan olgan va familiyasini bergan, Jonson va Chinn ularni "kelajakka erkin ayol sifatida" tayyorlashgan.^[26] Jonson ularga axloq va asosiy savodxonlikni o'rgatdi, shubhasiz Julia o'z mahoratini o'rgatdi, keyinchalik ikkalasi ham keyinchalik "qo'shnilari va saylovchilarning tahqirlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun uyda o'qitgan" muntazam ravishda akademik darslarni olishlari "kerak. Keyinchalik Jonson Adaline va Imogene-ning ta'limini ta'minlaydi.^[22][21] Ikkala qiz ham oq tanli erkaklarga uylandilar. Jonson ularga o'z xo'jaliklaridan mahr sifatida yirik fermer xo'jaliklarini berdi.^[14] Adeline Chinn Scottning bolalari bor-yo'qligi haqida chalkashliklar mavjud; Skott okrugi tarix muzeyi tomonidan 2007 yil yozilgan hisobotda uning kamida bitta o'g'li bor edi, u Robert Jonson Skott (eri Tomas V. Skott bilan birga) bo'lib, u shifokor bo'lib ishlagan. Missuri.^[4][22] Meyers uning farzandsiz ekanligini aytdi.^[27] Uning vafot etgan yili haqida ham kelishmovchiliklar mavjud. Bevinsning yozishicha, Adelin 1833 yilgi vabo epidemiyasida vafot etgan.^[22] Meyers 1836 yilda vafot etganini yozgan.^[27] The Kongress kutubxonasi u 1836 yil fevral oyida vafot etganini ta'kidlaydi.^[28]

Garchi Jonson bu ikki qizga o'z qizi kabi munosabatda bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, Meyersning so'zlariga ko'ra, omon qolgan Imogenening o'limi paytida uning mulkini meros qilib olishning oldi olingan. Sud uning noqonuniy ekanligini va shu sababli ishda huquqsiz ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[27] Jonson vafotidan so'ng Fayet okrug sudi "u tirik ayol, farzand, otasi yoki onasini tirik qoldirmadi" deb topdi. Bu uning mulkini tirik akalari Jon va Genri o'rtasida taqsimlagan.^[29]

Jorjtaun va Skott okrugi muzeyi uchun yozilgan Bevinsning qayd etishicha, Adelinning o'g'li Robert Jonson Skott,^[4] uning birinchi amakivachchasi, kichik Richard M. Jonson va Imogenening oilasi (er Deniel Pens, birinchi qizi Malvina va kuyovi Robert Li, ikkinchi qizi va kuyovi Joziya Pens)^[4] o'limidan keyin Jonsonning qolgan erlarini "sotib oldi".^[22]

Chinning o'limidan so'ng, Jonson boshlandi yaqin munosabatlar boshqa bir oilaning quli bilan.^[30] Uni boshqa odamga qoldirganida, Jonson uni olib, kim oshdi savdosida sotgan. Keyinchalik u singlisi bilan ham, qul bilan ham xuddi shunday munosabatlarni boshladi.^[30][31]

Siyosiy martaba

Dastlabki yillar

Richard Mentor Jonsonning portretiga tegishli Metyu Xarris Douett, v. 1818 yil

Bardan o'tib, Richard Jonson Great Crossingga qaytib keldi, u erda otasi unga plantatsiya va unga ishlov berish uchun qullarni berdi. Erga egalik qilish to'g'risidagi ko'plab sud jarayonlari unga ko'plab yuridik ishlarni taqdim etdi va qishloq xo'jaligi manfaatlari bilan birgalikda tezda gullab-yashnadi.^[32]

Jonson 1803 yilda AQSh Vakillar palatasidagi o'rin uchun kurashgan, ammo g'olibni ortda qoldirib, uchinchi o'rinni egallagan. Tomas Sandford va Uilyam Genri. O'sha paytda, inauguratsiyasidan keyin Tomas Jefferson 1801 yilda ko'plab yosh, demokratik fikrga intilgan siyosatchilar lavozimga intilishdi.^[33] Jefferson va Jonson katta demokratiya zarurligi to'g'risida kelishib olsalar, Jeferson xalqni o'zi kabi elita boshqarishi kerak, deb hisoblasa, Jonson ko'proq populistik nuqtai nazarga ega edi.^[34]

1804 yilda Jonson nomzodi uchun yugurdi Kentukki Vakillar palatasi uchun Skott okrugi (Buyuk o'tish joyi mavjud) va bu safar shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organida xizmat qilgan birinchi mahalliy Kentukyan saylandi.^[35] Garchi Kentukki Konstitutsiyasi Vakillar Palatasi a'zolari uchun yoshi yigirma to'rt yoshni talab qildi, Jonson shu qadar mashhur ediki, hech kim uning yoshi to'g'risida savol tug'dirmadi va unga o'z o'rnini egallashga ruxsat berildi.^[36][37] Aksariyati mayda dehqonlar bo'lgan o'z saylovchilarini himoya qilishga intilib, u AQSh konstitutsiyasiga federal sudlarning vakolatlarini AQSh konstitutsiyasi bilan bog'liq cheklaydigan cheklangan cheklovlarni taklif qildi. Jonson o'zining siyosiy faoliyati davomida demokratik bo'lmagan deb hisoblagan federal sudlarning vakolatlarini cheklashga intildi.^[38][39]

1806 yilda Jonson a Demokratik-respublikachi Kongressga saylangan birinchi mahalliy Kentukyan bo'lib xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar Palatasiga.^[36][37] Uch tomonlama saylovlarda u kongressmen Sandford va Jeyms Murni mag'lub etdi.^[40] 1806 yil avgustda saylanganida, u uchrashmagan AQSh konstitutsiyasi "s yoshga bo'lgan talab Uyda xizmat qilish uchun (25), ammo keyingi mart oyida Kongress muddati boshlanganda u 25 yoshga to'lgan edi.^[36] U qayta saylandi va ketma-ket olti muddatga xizmat qildi. 1807 yildan 1813 yilgacha bo'lgan dastlabki uch davr mobaynida u Kentukki vakili edi To'rtinchi okrug.^[41]

Jonson 1807 yil 26-oktabrda palatadagi o'rnini egalladi; Prezident Jefferson tomonidan Kongressga qanday munosabatda bo'lish masalasini ko'rib chiqish uchun maxsus sessiya chaqirilgan edi Chesapeake–Qoplon ish,^[42] to'rtta dengizchi qochib ketgan deb tan olingan va bittasi osib qo'yilgan ingliz kemasi bilan Amerika harbiy dengiz kemasini majburan bortga qo'yish. Jefferson asosiy jangchilar bilan betaraflikni saqlashga harakat qilgan Napoleon urushlari, Buyuk Britaniya va Frantsiya va uning da'vati bilan Kongress 1807 yilgi Embargo qonuni Jonson ovoz berish bilan ovoz berib, qurol ishlatishdan afzalroq bo'lgan iqtisodiy urushni topdi: "biz hech bir millatdan qo'rqmaymiz, lekin bizning xavfsizligimizga mos ravishda inson qonini to'kish uchun vaqt uzaytirilsin".^[43]

Keyingi yil davomida Kongress Embargo-ni qattiq tortishga urinib ko'rdi, bu keng tarqalgan, ayniqsa shimoli-sharqda, Jonson har safar yoqlab ovoz bergan.^[44] Jonson odatda Jeffersonning takliflarini va uning o'rnini bosuvchi shaxsning takliflarini qo'llab-quvvatladi Jeyms Medison: uchalasi ham edi Demokrat-respublikachilar va Jonson partiyaning takliflarini taklif qilganlardan ustun deb bildi Federalistlar, u mamlakat manfaatlari uchun harakat qilmaydigan deb hisoblagan.^[45] 1809 yilda Jonson Jefersonni Embargo qonuni bilan almashtirish haqidagi ma'muriyat taklifini qabul qilishda qo'llab-quvvatladi Jinsiy aloqaga oid bo'lmagan qonun, "Embargo" ning samarasizligi isbotlanganidek, Qo'shma Shtatlarda jiddiy tanazzulga sabab bo'lgandan tashqari.^[46]

Jonson Uor Xoklardan biri deb hisoblansa ham, millatning kengayishi va rivojlanishiga intilgan yosh Janubiy va G'arbiy Demokratik-respublikachilar,^[47] u ishga tushishda ehtiyotkor edi 1812 yilgi urush. Jonson Buyuk Britaniyani AQShning Shimoliy Amerikani nazorat qilishidagi asosiy to'siq deb bilar edi, ammo urush nimaga olib kelishi mumkinligidan xavotirda edi.^[48] Kongress 1811 yil oxirlarida yig'ilishganda, u urushga kelgan va War Hawks-ga qo'shilib, o'zlaridan birini saylagan, Genri Kley Kentukki shtati Spiker. Boshqa War Hawks singari, u dastlab soliqlarning ko'payishini va dengiz kemalari qurilishini moliyalashtirish uchun qarz olishni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqchi emas edi.^[49] Madison 1812 yil iyun oyida Kongressdan Britaniyaga qarshi urush e'lon qilishni so'raganda, Jonson unga ovoz berdi^[50] Palata qarorni qabul qilganida, 79-49. Medison 1812 yil 18 iyunda deklaratsiyani imzoladi.^[51]

1813 yildan 1815 yilgacha ketma-ket to'rtinchi muddat davomida u Kentukki davridan birini qo'lga kiritdi umuman Uydagi o'rindiqlar. 1815 yildan 1819 yilgacha ketma-ket beshinchi va oltinchi davrlarida u Kentukki vakili sifatida qatnashdi Uchinchi tuman. Jonson palata a'zosi sifatida kambag'allarning manfaatlarini himoya qilishni davom ettirdi. U birinchi marta zaryadni qayta tiklashga qarshi chiqishi bilan milliy e'tiborga tushdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi banki.^[13]

Jonson rais bo'lib ishlagan Da'volar bo'yicha qo'mita davomida O'n birinchi kongress (1809–1811).^[52] Qo'mitaga faxriylar tomonidan qilingan moliyaviy da'volarni ko'rib chiqish ayblovi qo'yildi Inqilobiy urush. U da'voni qondirish uchun qo'mitaga ta'sir o'tkazmoqchi bo'ldi Aleksandr Xemilton Hamilton xizmat ko'rsatishda rad etgan ish haqi uchun beva ayol Jorj Vashington.^[53] Garchi Xemilton raqibning chempioni bo'lgan Federalistlar partiyasi, Jonson Hamiltonning beva ayoliga rahm qildi; muddati tugamay, u ish haqini to'lashni ta'minladi.^[53]

1812 yilgi urush

Dastlabki xizmat

Urush e'lon qilinganidan bir hafta o'tgach, Jonson Vakillar Palatasini chegaradagi ko'chmanchilarga falokat tushmasligi uchun g'arbiy shtatlarda qo'shinlar sonini ko'paytirishni tavsiya qilishga chaqirdi.^[54] Tanaffusdan keyin Jonson Kentukkiga ko'ngillilarni jalb qilish uchun qaytib keldi. Shuncha odam javob berdiki, u faqat otli kishilarni tanladi va o'rnatilgan miltiq tanasini ko'tardi.^[55] 1812 yilgi urush Kentukki shahrida favqulodda mashhur bo'lgan; Kentukiyaliklar port orqali dengiz savdosiga bog'liq edi Yangi Orlean va inglizlar yana bir hind urushini qo'zg'atishidan qo'rqdilar.^[56][b] Shimoliy Qo'shma Shtatlarda olib borilgan quruqlik urushi Amerika qo'shinlarini ingliz qo'shinlari va ularning hind ittifoqchilariga qarshi qo'zg'atdi.^[57] Jonson 300 kishidan iborat bo'lib, uchga bo'lingan kompaniyalar, uni kim saylagan katta. Ular boshqasi bilan birlashdilar batalyon, shakllantirish a polk 500 kishidan, Jonson kabi polkovnik, birlashgan ko'ngilli kuchlar a bo'lish bilan brigada general tomonidan boshqariladi Edvard V. Tupper Ogayo shtati.^[58] Kentukki militsiyasi general qo'mondonligida edi Uilyam Genri Xarrison, Indiana hududining gubernatori.^[59]

Jonsonning kuchi dastlab generalga qo'shilishga mo'ljallangan edi Uilyam Xall Detroytda, ammo Xall taslim bo'lgan Detroyt 16 avgustda va uning armiyasi qo'lga olindi. O'sha paytgacha Garrison butun shimoli-g'arbiy chegarani qo'mondon qilib, Jonsonga bo'shashishni buyurdi Fort Ueyn allaqachon hindular tomonidan hujumga uchragan hududning shimoli-sharqida. 1812 yil 18-sentabrda Jonsonning odamlari uni saqlab qolish uchun o'z vaqtida Fort Veynga etib kelishdi va hindlarning pistirmasini qaytarishdi. Ular Kentukki shtatiga qaytib kelishdi va kuyish uchun yo'llaridan ketishdi Potawatomi bo'yidagi qishloqlar Elxart daryosi yo'nalishida.^[60]

Jonson 1812 yil kuzining oxirida Kongressdagi o'rindig'iga qaytdi. O'zining tajribasiga asoslanib, u uyali telefonni mag'lub etish rejasini taklif qildi, partizan urushi hindlarning. Amerika qo'shinlari ta'minot liniyasiga bog'liq bo'lib, sekin harakat qilishdi. Amerikalik kuchlar chiqib ketguncha yoki ularni bosib olguncha hindular jang va reyd materiallaridan qochishardi. O'rnatilgan miltiqchilar tezda harakat qilishlari, o'zlarining mollarini olib yurishlari va o'rmondan tashqarida yashashlari mumkin edi. Agar ular qishda hind qishloqlariga hujum qilsalar, hindular o'zlari urush olib borgan buyumlari uchun turish va kurashishga majbur bo'lishlari va qat'iy mag'lub bo'lishlari mumkin edi. Jonson ushbu rejani Prezidentga taqdim etdi Jeyms Medison va Urush kotibi Jon Armstrong, kim uni printsipial jihatdan ma'qulladi. Ular rejani Xarrisonga topshirishdi, u qishki operatsiyalarni imkonsiz deb topdi. Jonsonga 1813 yil yozida taktikani sinab ko'rishga ruxsat berildi; keyinchalik, AQSh o'zining strategiyasi bilan qishda hind urushlarini o'tkazdi.^[61]

Jonson Kongress tanaffusdan oldin Vashingtonni tark etdi. U Kentukki militsiyasining nominal qismi bo'lgan ming kishini tarbiyaladi Hokim Isaak Shelby, lekin asosan mustaqil ravishda ishlaydi. U o'z odamlarini intizomiy tartibga solib, har bir kishining qo'llari eng yaxshi holatda bo'lishi va topshirishga tayyor bo'lishini talab qildi va yolladi qurolsozlar, temirchilar va shifokorlar o'z hisobidan. U yangi taktik tizimni o'ylab topdi: har qanday odamlar guruhi dushmanga duch kelganda, ular otdan tushishlari, yashirinishlari va dushmanni joylarida ushlab turishlari kerak edi. Aloqada bo'lmagan barcha guruhlar otish ovoziga minib, u erga etib borgach, dushmanni o'rab, otdan tushishlari kerak edi. May va sentyabr oylari orasida Jonson butun shimoli-g'arbiy qismida reyd o'tkazib, hind qishloqlarining urush markazlarini yoqib, ularning jangovar bo'linmalarini o'rab olib, ularni tarqatib yubordi va har safar ba'zi jangchilarni o'ldirdi.^[62]

Temza jangi

Sentyabrda, Oliver Hazard Perry da Britaniya flotining katta qismini yo'q qildi Eri ko'li jangi, ko'lni nazoratga olish. Bu ingliz qo'shinini, keyin esa Malden Fort (hozir Amherstburg, Ontario ) etkazib berish liniyalari kesilishi uchun himoyasiz. Generallar boshchiligidagi inglizlar Genri Prokter, o'tib ketgan Harrison tomonidan ta'qib qilingan shimoli-sharqqa qarab tortildi Michigan Jonson esa hindularni tutib turardi. Hindiston boshlig'i Tekumseh va uning ittifoqchilari inglizlarning chekinishini qopladilar, ammo reyddan qaytarib yuborilgan Jonson ularga qarshi chiqdi Kaskaskiya bu inglizlar hindularga qurol va pul tarqatgan postni egallagan. Jonsonning otliq askarlari 29 sentyabrda Tekumsehning asosiy kuchini mag'lubiyatga uchratdilar, 3 oktyabrda Britaniyaning ta'minot poezdlarida qatnashdilar va Prokterni turishga va jang qilishga undagan omillardan biri edi. Temza jangi 5 oktyabr kuni, Tecumseh talab qilganidek. Jonsonning qullaridan biri Deniel Chinn jangga Jonson bilan birga bordi.^[63]

Nataniel Currier litografi (taxminan 1841 yil) Jonsonni Tecumsehning qotili sifatida ko'rsatgan ko'plab rasmlardan biridir.

Jangning o'zida Jonsonning kuchlari birinchi bo'lib hujum qilishdi. Jonsonning akasi Jeyms Jonson boshchiligidagi besh yuz kishilik bir batalyon sakkiz yuz kishilik ingliz qo'shinini jalb qildi doimiy; bir vaqtning o'zida Richard Jonson, boshqasi bilan, hozirda biroz kichikroq bo'lgan batalon bilan Tekumseh boshchiligidagi o'n besh yuz hinduga hujum qildi. Jeyms Jonsonga qarshi samarali bo'lishi uchun ingliz voleybollari uchun juda ko'p daraxt qoplamasi bor edi; oddiylarning to'rtdan uch qismi o'ldirilgan yoki qo'lga olingan.

Hindlar qiyinroq kurash olib borishdi; ular qo'shni botqoqning chekkasida to'qnashib, asosiy jang maydonidan tashqarida edilar. Richard Jonson yigirma kishidan iborat o'z joniga qasd qilish guruhiga u bilan ayblash va hindular olovini yoqish uchun buyruq berdi, qolganlari hindular qayta yuklanganda hujum qilishdi. Ammo u botqoqli er tufayli o'z qo'shinlarini dushman pozitsiyasidan o'tkazib yuborolmadi. Jonson o'z odamlariga otdan tushishni va Shelbining piyoda askarlari paydo bo'lguncha ushlab turishni buyurishi kerak edi. O'sha vaqtga kelib, Jonsonning hujumi ostida tub amerikaliklar kuchlari buzilib botqoqqa qochib ketishdi va shu vaqt ichida Tekumseh o'ldirildi.^[64][65]

Tecumsehni kim otib o'ldirganligi haqidagi savol Jonsonning hayoti davomida juda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lgan, chunki u ko'pincha otuvchi deb nomlangan. Jonsonning o'zi "baland bo'yli, kelishgan hindu" ni o'ldirganini aytib, Tekumsehni o'ldirganini ochiq aytmagan, ammo dastlabki nashr qilingan hisob-kitoblar uning nomini bergan va 1816 yilga kelibgina boshqa da'vogar Devid King ismli kishi paydo bo'ldi.^[66] Jon Sugden, Temza jangi haqidagi kitobida Jonsonning "da'vosi shubhasiz kuchliroq" ekanligini aniqladi.^[67] Jons Jonson 1830-yillarda milliy lavozimga potentsial nomzodga aylanmaguncha va tashviqot tarjimai holi, sahna asarlari va qo'shiqlari orqali targ'ib qilinmaguncha, bu masala haqiqatan ham jamoatchilik e'tiborini jalb qilmagan deb taxmin qildi. Qanday bo'lmasin, u "Polkovnik Jonson Temza jangida haqiqatan ham urush qahramoni bo'lgan. Ot bilan o'z joniga qasd qilish missiyasini boshqarganida, yo'qolganlardan ko'ra ko'proq odamlarning hayoti saqlab qolingan. Jonson baxtli edi, chunki u faqat yarador bo'lgan, chunki ayblov paytida bir zumda o'n besh kishi vafot etdi. "^[68]

Jonsonning akkauntini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi hindularning xabarlari bor, ammo aksariyati jangdan o'nlab yillar o'tib qilingan, shu vaqtgacha Jonson Tekumsehni otib tashlaganmi yoki yo'qmi degan savol siyosiy ayblovga aylangan.^[69] Tekumsehni otish qurolidan xuddi burchakka qaratib, xuddi otdan, xuddi Jonsonning to'pponchasiga yuklatilgan deb aytilgan to'p va uchta baktshot bilan o'q uzgani aytilgan. Uning shunchalik yuklangani haqida dalillar etishmayapti va yara burchagi uning otish paytida engashib qolganligini istisno qilmadi. Ba'zi hisoblarda, amerikalik askarlar odatda to'p va uchta baktshot bo'lgan patronlar bilan to'ldirilgan mushketlarga ega va amerikaliklar to'g'ri tanani Tecumseh deb aniqladilarmi (uning o'limi jangda bo'lgan ingliz zobitlari tomonidan tasdiqlangan) bahs.^[70]

1818-yil 4-aprelda Kongress aktida AQSh Prezidenti Jonsonga Temza jangidagi "jasur va taniqli jasorati" sharafiga qilich sovg'a qilishni talab qildi.^[71] Jonsonga qilich Prezident tomonidan sovg'a qilingan Jeyms Monro 1820 yil aprel oyida.^[72] Jonson Amerika fuqarolar urushiga qadar Kongress akti bilan qilich sovg'a qilingan 14 nafar harbiy ofitserlardan biri edi.^[73]

Vashingtonga qaytish

Amerikaliklarning Temza jangidagi muvaffaqiyati bilan Shimoli-G'arbdagi urush samarali yakunlandi. Uning Kanadada bo'lishiga uyushgan qarshilik ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa-da, Xarrison ta'minot muammolari tufayli Detroytga yo'l oldi.^[15] Jonson Detroytda yarador bo'lib qoldi, chunki uning odamlari Kentukkiga qaytishni boshladilar. U safarga bardosh bera olgach, uni uyga karavotda karavotda etkazishdi va u erga 1813 yil noyabr oyining boshlarida etib kelishdi.^[74] Unga tiklanish uchun besh oy kerak bo'ldi, garchi u hali ham chap qo'li va qo'li zarar ko'rgan bo'lsa ham, keyinchalik u oqsoqlanib yurgan deb ta'riflangan. U 1814 yil fevralda Kongressga qaytib keldi, ammo jarohati tufayli Kongressning keyingi sessiyasigacha munozaralarda ishtirok eta olmadi.^[75] U qahramonni kutib oldi, u hali ham butun umri davomida azob chekadigan urush jarohatlaridan azob chekmoqda.^[76]

1814 yil avgustda ingliz qo'shinlari Vashingtonga hujum qilib, yoqib yuborishdi oq uy va Kapitoliy, va Kongress 19 sentyabrda Jonson ishtirokida qayta yig'ilganda, u vaqtincha kvartalda edi.^[77] 22-sentabrda Jonson nega inglizlarga shaharni yoqib yuborishga ruxsat berilganligini tekshirish uchun qo'mita tayinlash uchun ko'chib o'tdi va u rais etib tayinlandi. Jonsonning qo'mitasi katta ma'ruza tuzdi, ammo Vakil unga e'tiroz bildirdi Daniel Uebster, hisobotni, shu jumladan ko'plab yozishmalarni his qilgan, barcha kongressmenlar uni o'rganishi uchun bosib chiqarilishi kerak edi. Bu har qanday bahsni 1815 yilga qoldirdi, shu vaqtgacha Gent shartnomasi ratifikatsiya qilingan edi va Qo'shma Shtatlar yana tinch edi. Kongress bu masalada munozaralarga unchalik qiziqmaganligi sababli, u bekor qilindi.^[78] Agar urush davom etsa, Jonson Kentukki shtatiga yana bir harbiy qismni ko'tarish uchun qaytib kelishga tayyor edi.^[79]

Uydagi urushdan keyingi martaba

Urush tugashi bilan Jonson Vakillar palatasining Harbiy masalalar bo'yicha qo'mitasining raisi etib tayinlandi va qonunchilik e'tiborini ta'minlash kabi masalalarga qaratdi. pensiya beva va etimlarga va mablag 'uchun ichki yaxshilanishlar ichida G'arb.^[15] Urush paytida hindular tomonidan asirga olingan amerikaliklar, shu jumladan ayollar va bolalar haqida keng tarqalgan xabarlar bor edi va Jonson bu masalalarni tekshirish uchun va asirlarni ozod qilishni ta'minlash uchun o'zining Kongress idorasidan foydalangan.^[80] Jonson kabi G'arbiy Demokratik-Respublikachilar harbiylarni qattiq qo'llab-quvvatladilar va faxriylarga yordam berishni talab qildilar; 1815 yil dekabrda Jonson "zaif, nogiron va o'ta tarbiyalangan ofitserlar va askarlarga yordam berish" to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarini taqdim etdi.^[81] Qo'rqaman Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi da West Point, Nyu-York askarlar emas, balki dandies ishlab chiqargan, Jonson Prezident Medison tomonidan uchta qo'shimcha harbiy akademiyani tashkil etish to'g'risidagi taklifni kengaytirdi va ulardan birini Kentukki shtatiga joylashtirishni talab qildi.^[82] Uyning Clay va kabi nufuzli a'zolarini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qaramay Jon C. Kalxun, taklif o'tmadi, ammo Jonson Kongressdagi barcha vaqt davomida G'arbda federal ob'ektlarni qurish uchun ishladi.^[83]

Jonson Kongress biznesi juda sekin va zerikarli ekanligiga ishongan va kunlik kompensatsiya tizimi a'zolarning kechikishini rag'batlantiradi.^[84] Buni bartaraf etish uchun u kongressmenlarga yillik maoshni 6 dollar emas, 1500 dollar miqdorida to'lash to'g'risidagi qonunchilikka homiylik qildi kunlik jasad sessiyada bo'lgan kunlar uchun.^[85] O'sha paytda, bu umumiy tovon puli taxminan 900 dan 1500 dollargacha oshishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Jonson kongressmenlar 27 yil ichida oylik maoshini ko'paytirmaganligini, shu vaqt ichida yashash narxi juda oshganini va 1500 dollar hukumat tomonidan ishlagan 28 xizmatchining maoshidan kamligini ta'kidladi.^[86] Ommabop Jonsonning ushbu tadbirga homiylik qilishi tarafdorlari uchun siyosiy qopqoqni taqdim etdi; Merilendniki Robert Rayt agar "Tecumsehni o'z qo'li bilan o'ldirgan ushbu qonun loyihasining juda obro'li tashuvchisi ... bu erga yaralar va shon-shuhrat bilan ko'tarilgan, eng yaxshi ko'rgan oti va eng sevimli xizmatkori bilan kelgan bo'lsa, hamkasblari o'zlarini qanday his qilishadi?" armiyadagi xizmatchisi, hamshirasi va kerakli yordamchisi "jangovar otini yoki xizmatchisini sotishga majbur" bo'lgan; ish haqi bunday narsalarning paydo bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladi.^[87] Qonun loyihasi Vakillar palatasi va Senatdan tezda o'tdi va 1816 yil 19 martda qonun chiqarildi.^[86] Ammo, bu chora saylovchilarga juda yoqmadi, chunki qisman Kongressga keyingi saylovlardan keyin kutishni emas, balki darhol oylik maoshini oshirdi.^[88][e] Natijada qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlagan ko'plab a'zolar, shu jumladan Jonsonning hamkasbi o'z o'rinlaridan mahrum bo'lishdi Sulaymon P. Sharp Kentukki shtatidan. Jonsonning umumiy mashhurligi unga qarshi kurashda o'z o'rnini saqlab qolishga yordam berdi, 81 kishidan atigi 15 kishidan biri, palatada o'z o'rinlarini saqlab qolish uchun qonun loyihasini qabul qilishga ovoz berdi. Eski Kongress a uchun uchrashdi oqsoq o'rdak sessiyasi dekabrda yangi Kongress qasamyod qabul qilganida kuchga kirgan yangi qonunni bekor qildi, ammo Jonsonning taklifiga binoan eskisini qayta tiklamadi kunlikShunday qilib, yangi qonun chiqaruvchilarni, agar ular maosh olishni xohlasalar, bu masala bo'yicha harakat qilishga majbur qilishadi.^[89] Kongress a'zolari uchun tovon puli qolgan kunlik yillik ish haqi 1855 yilda belgilangan qadar 3000 dollar.^[90] Jonsonning yozuvini yozgan Edvard J. Makmanusning so'zlariga ko'ra Amerika milliy biografiyasi, "Jonson, islohotning afzalliklarini himoya qilish o'rniga, o'z choralarini bekor qilish uchun ishlashga va'da berib, teskari reaktsiyadan qochdi. U o'zlarining teskari tomonlarini vakillarning xalq irodasini aks ettirishi kerakligini ta'kidladi, ammo siyosiy chidamlilik yo'q bo'lishi mumkin haqiqatga yaqinroq. "^[2]

Jonson milliy bank g'oyasini yoqtirmasdi va 1811 yilda uning ustavini yangilamaslikka ovoz bergan edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi banki.^[91] Kalxunning hisob-kitobi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ikkinchi banki 1816 yil boshida Kongressdan o'tgan. Jonson qarshi bo'lgan, ammo ovoz berishda qatnashmagan va boshqa masalalar bilan shug'ullangan.^[92] Bonus hukumatga Ikkinchi bank tomonidan to'lanishi kerak edi va 1817 yil boshida ushbu mablag'ni ichki obodonlashtirishga sarflash uchun qonun loyihasi kiritildi. Jonson milliy bankka qarshi bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, transportni takomillashtirish uning saylovchilariga foyda keltiradi, deb hisoblab, qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatladi va qonun loyihasi palatani ikki ovoz bilan qabul qildi. Medison, keyin ish boshlagan so'nggi kunlarida qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi. Jonson vetoni bekor qilish harakatiga qo'shildi, ammo bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.^[93] Ma'muriyatning tanaffusi Jonson uchun g'ayrioddiy edi, ammo u urush yaxshi yo'llar va kanallarga ehtiyoj borligini ko'rsatdi, deb ishondi.^[94]

1817 yilda u ish boshlaganida, Prezident Jeyms Monro Harbiy kotib uchun birinchi tanlov bu pozitsiyani rad etgan Genri Kley edi. Xabar oxir-oqibat Calxunga ketdi.^[13] Natijada Jonson kafedraning raisi bo'ldi Xarajatlar bo'yicha qo'mita u erda mudofaa siyosatiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan Urush bo'limi davomida O'n beshinchi kongress.^[52] 1817 yilda Kongress Generalni tergov qildi Endryu Jekson ning ijro etilishi ikki ingliz sub'ekti davomida Birinchi Seminole urushi. Jonson surishtiruv qo'mitasini boshqargan. Qo'mitaning aksariyati salbiy hisobotni ma'qulladi va a qoralash Jekson uchun. Jeksonni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Jonson ozchiliklar haqidagi hisobotni tuzdi va Jekson uchun qulayroq bo'lib, tanqidga qarshi chiqdi. Keyingi bahs Jonsonni o'rtoq Kentukyan Kleyga qarshi o'tkazdi. Jonsonning hisoboti ustun keldi va Jeksonni tanqid qilishdan qutulib qoldi.^[95] Jonson va Kley o'rtasidagi bu kelishmovchilik, ammo ularning kariyeralari davomida davom etgan siyosiy ajralishning boshlanishini ko'rsatdi.^[96]

1818 yilda Kalxun an ekspeditsiya mavjud joy yaqinida harbiy zaxira punkti qurish Bismark, Shimoliy Dakota ustida Yellowstone daryosi; Jonson shartnomani ukasi Jeymsga topshirdi.^[13] Garchi Yellowstone ekspeditsiyasi AQSh G'aznachiligi uchun muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va qimmatga tushdi, Jonsonlar o'z tumanlarida siyosiy irodadan qochib qutulishdi, chunki bu korxona chegarada tinchlikparvar harakat sifatida qabul qilindi.^[13] Biroq, 1819 yilgi vahima Kongressning Yellouston masalasini tekshirishiga sabab bo'ldi va 1820 yilda hisobotda Jeyms Jonson hukumatdan 76000 dollar ortiqcha zaryad olganligi aniqlandi.^[97] Richard va Jeyms Jonson, shuningdek boshqa oila a'zolari 1824 yilgacha, eng katta kreditor bilan kelishuvlar tuzilgunga qadar qarzdor bo'lib qolishdi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ikkinchi banki, majburiyatlarni bajarish uchun.^[98]

Senator

Monro yillari (1819-1825)

Jonson 1818 yil boshida palatadan nafaqaga chiqish niyatini e'lon qildi.^[99] Uning nima uchun qilganligi haqida manbalar turlicha; Devid Petriello, Jonsonning tarjimai holida, Kentukki kongressmenining Senatga o'tishga qaror qilganligini ta'kidladi;^[72] avvalgi biograf Leland Uinfild Meyer Jonsonning Uydan ketishi uning ishonganligi bilan bog'liqligini aytgan ofisda aylanish va u erda etarlicha uzoq vaqt xizmat qilganini his qildi.^[99] Jonsning ta'kidlashicha, Jonson oilaviy biznes manfaatlari bilan shug'ullanish uchun shaxsiy hayotga qaytishni rejalashtirgan.^[100]

Dastlabki federal konstitutsiyaga binoan, saylangan AQSh senatorlari emas, balki shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari,^[72] va Kentukki Bosh assambleyasi muddati o'tgan senatorning o'rnini tanlash kerak edi Isham Talbot in December 1818. Johnson was considered a strong contender if he entered the race, and in October he let it be known through the press that he would accept the Senate seat if the General Assembly elected him. On December 18, 1818, legislators chose Uilyam Logan over Johnson, 67–55.^[101] Newspapers noted that the former congressman had never officially declared his candidacy, and that Johnson's political friends intended to nominate him for governor in the 1820 election.^[102]

Johnson's term in the House expired March 3, 1819, but by August, he had been elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, where he worked to secure passage of a law that abolished imprisonment for debtors in the state,^[12] though it did not pass until 1821.^[76] But when Senator John J. Crittenden resigned in November 1819, the legislature was called upon to fill the seat.^[12] The following month, the General Assembly elected Johnson to the Senate in a 68–53 vote over Jon Adair, who would be Kentucky's next governor.^[103]

Johnson was sworn in on January 3, 1820. The Senate was at that time grappling with the admission of the Missuri hududi va Meyn okrugi (then part of Massachusetts) as states. When a bill was introduced which would bar slavery in the territories north and west of Missouri, Johnson was assigned to a select committee of five senators to consider it. The Maine and Missouri questions had been combined into one bill; Johnson voted against an amendment to separate them, which was defeated.^[104]On February 17, the Senate voted to bar slavery outside Missouri in the part of the Louisiana Xarid qilish shimoliy 36°30′ north latitude line, with Johnson voting in favor. The bill passed, and was signed by President Monroe in March. Missouri's admission was delayed due to controversial clauses in its draft constitution, such as one forbidding the entry to the state of free African-Americans. Johnson served on the committee of House and Senate members which brokered a resolution, enabling Missouri's admission in August 1821.^[105]

Johnson was re-elected to a full term in 1822, so that in total, his Senate tenure ran from December 10, 1819, to March 4, 1829.^[52] In 1821, he introduced legislation chartering Columbian College (later Jorj Vashington universiteti ) Vashingtonda^[12] During this time period, his views on Western expansion were clear. He believed that the US "empire of liberty" should extend across the continent, arguing in debates leading up to the Missuri murosasi that western expansion and emancipation should go hand in hand, acknowledging issues with white irqchilik but advocating for gradual emancipation.^[106] Furthermore, he went against the ideas put forward by sympathizers of the Colonization movement, arguing in "favor of meaningfully incorporating people of color into a multiracial empire".^[107]

In December 1822, Johnson introduced legislation to abolish imprisonment for debt at the federal level.^[108] He first spoke to the issue in the Senate on December 14, 1822, pointing to the positive effects its cessation had effected in his home state. The bill failed, but Johnson persisted in re-introducing it every year. In 1824, it passed the Senate, but was too late to be acted upon by the House. It passed the Senate a second time in 1828, but again, the House failed to act on it, and the measure died for some years, owing to Johnson's exit from the Senate the next year.^[109] Passage would only have made a modest impact, since few were imprisoned for debt at the federal level, but Johnson hoped to advance the cause of abolishing it in the states. The reform was opposed by the business community, but Jackson's support after he became president in 1829 eventually gave the movement fresh life, and a limited bill was passed in 1832. Within ten years after that, imprisonment for debt had been abolished in most states.^[110]

Johnson also sought help for debtors not in prison, such as some form of bankruptcy legislation, which would help his own problems and those of his neighbors.^[111] Johnson knew this politically pressing issue, which he worked on into the 1830s, quite well because it affected him personally. He was in debt himself from his business losses and support for Western expansion.^[112] He also continued to advocate for the positions he had held while a member of the House. As the chair of the Committee on Military Affairs, Johnson pushed for higher veterans pensions, and a liberal policy to enable settlers to buy land in the West more easily.^[113]

Adams opponent (1825–1829)

The Kongress nomzodlarini ko'rsatuvchi kokus system for choosing presidential and vice presidential candidate was unpopular by 1824, though a caucus did choose Uilyam H. Krouford Gruziya. State legislatures chose the other presidential candidates: Clay, Jackson and Davlat kotibi Jon Kvinsi Adams. Johnson supported Clay, his fellow Kentuckian, and Clay gained the state's electoral votes. Jackson led in both the popular and electoral vote for president, but did not have a majority, so saylov for president was thrown into the House of Representatives, though Calhoun gained a majority of the electoral vote for vice president. Clay had finished fourth in electoral vote, and as the Constitution limits the House's choice to the top three finishers, he was eliminated.^[114] Johnson supported Jackson, and there were rumors Johnson would be Secretary of War in a Jackson administration. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was elected, and many believed Clay (who became Secretary of State) and Adams had made a Buzuq savdolashish. Johnson was the one who informed Jackson of this. Many of Jackson's supporters were enraged by the outcome,^[115] including Johnson, who promised to oppose the Adams administration: "for by the Eternal, if they act as pure as the angels that stand at the right hand of the throne of God, we'll put them down".^[116] Johnson opposed Adams's policies, and became a member of the faction, later the Demokratik partiya, that New York Senator Martin Van Buren was forming to promote Jackson's candidacy in 1828.^[117]

Already known for securing government contracts for himself, as well as his brothers and friends, he offered land to establish the Choctaw Academy, a school devoted to the European-American education of Indians from the Southeast tribes. Johnson had tied to establish an Indian school at Great Crossings in 1818, partnering with the Kentucky Baptist Society, but the school folded in 1821 after it didn't gain support of the federal government or private donors.^[118] The new academy would come into being a few years later. The academy, sitting on his farm in Scott County in 1825, was overseen by Johnson, not only was part of treaty negotiations with the Chokta Nation but appealed to his colleagues as a form "peaceful conquest" or "expansion with honor" as Genri Noks qo'ydi.^[119][120] Although he never ran afoul of the manfaatlar to'qnashuvi standards of his day, some of his colleagues considered his actions ethically questionable.^[14] Johnson was paid well for the school by the federal government, which gave him a portion of the annuities for the Choctaw. Bu tomonidan targ'ib qilingan Baptist missionerlar jamiyati shuningdek.^[121] Some European-American students also attended the Academy, including his nephew Robert Uord Jonson Arkanzasdan.^[122]

Another pet project Johnson supported was prompted by his friendship with Jon Klivz Simms, kichik, who proposed that the Earth was hollow. In 1823, Johnson proposed in the Senate that the government fund an expedition to the center of the Earth. The proposal was soundly defeated, receiving only twenty-five votes in the House and Senate combined.^[30]

Johnson served as chairman of the Pochta aloqasi va pochta yo'llari qo'mitasi davomida O'n to'qqizinchi va Yigirmanchi Kongresslar. Near the end of his term in the Senate, petitioners asked Congress to prevent the handling and delivery of mail on Sunday because it violated Injilga oid principles about not working on the Shanba.^[14] These petitions were referred to Johnson's committee. In response, Johnson, a practicing Baptist, drafted a report now commonly referred to as The Sunday Mail Report.^[14][123] In the report, presented to Congress on January 19, 1829, Johnson argued that government was "a civil, and not a religious institution", and as such could not legislate the tenets of any particular nominal.^[13] The report was applauded as an elegant defense of the doctrine of cherkov va davlatning ajralishi. But, Johnson was criticized for conflict of interest in his defense, as he had friends who were contracted to haul mail, and who would have suffered financially from such a ban.^[14]

In 1828, Johnson was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election, owing in part to his relationship with the biracial slave Julia Chinn, with whom he lived in a common-law marriage.^[13] Although residents of his own district seemed little bothered by the arrangement, slaveholders elsewhere in the state were not so forgiving.^[13] The Democratic Party in Kentucky was split, with enough dissidents to be able to join with the opposition to block Johnson's re-election. Johnson's managers withdrew his name and proposed Jorj M. Bibb, kim saylangan.^[124] In his own defense, Johnson said, "Unlike Jefferson, Clay, Poindekster and others I married my wife under the eyes of Xudo, and apparently He has found no objections."^[125] (Note: The named men were suspected or known to have similar relationships with slave women.)^[125] According to Henry Robert Burke, what people objected to was Johnson trying to introduce his daughters to "polite society". People were used to planters and overseers having relationships with slave women, but they were expected to deny them.^[125]

Return to the House

After his failed Senatorial re-election bid, Johnson returned to the House, representing Kentucky's Beshinchi okrug from 1829 to 1833, and O'n uchinchi tuman from 1833 to 1837. During the Yigirma birinchi va Yigirma ikkinchi Congresses, he again served as chairman of the Pochta aloqasi va pochta yo'llari qo'mitasi.^[52] In this capacity, he was again asked to address the question of Sunday mail delivery. He drew up a second report, largely similar in content to the first, arguing against legislation preventing mail delivery on Sunday.^[126] The report, commonly called "Col. Johnson's second Sunday mail report", was delivered to Congress in March 1830.^[126]

Some contemporaries doubted Johnson's authorship of this second report.^[13] Many claimed it was instead written by Amos Kendall.^[127] Kendall claimed he had seen the report only after it had been drafted and said he had only altered "one or two words".^[127] Kendall speculated that the author could be Reverend O.B. Brown, but historian Leland Meyer concludes that there is no reason to doubt that Johnson authored the report himself.^[127]

Johnson chaired the Harbiy ishlar bo'yicha qo'mita during the Twenty-second, Yigirma uchdan biri va Yigirma to'rtinchi Kongresslar.^[52] Beginning in 1830, there arose a groundswell of public support for Johnson's "pet project" of ending debt imprisonment.^[128] The subject began to appear more frequently in President Jackson's addresses to the legislature.^[129] Johnson chaired a House committee to report on the subject, and delivered the committee's report on January 17, 1832.^[130] Later that year, a bill abolishing the practice of debt imprisonment passed both houses of Congress, and was signed into law on July 14.^[131]

Johnson's stands won him widespread popularity and endorsement by George H. Evans, Robert Deyl Ouen va Theophilus Fisk for the presidency in 1832, but Johnson abandoned his campaign when Andrew Jackson announced he would seek a second term. He then began campaigning to become Jackson's running mate, but Jackson favored Martin Van Buren instead. Da Demokratik milliy konventsiya, Johnson finished a distant third in the vice-presidential balloting, receiving only the votes of the Kentucky, Indiana va Illinoys delegations; Uilyam B. Lyuis had to persuade him to withdraw^[132]

Election of 1836

After the election of 1832, Johnson continued to campaign for the vice presidency which would be available in 1836; he was endorsed by the New York labor leader Ely Moore on March 13, 1833, nine days after Jackson and Van Buren were inaugurated. Moore praised his devotion to din erkinligi and his opposition to imprisonment for debt.^[133][f]

William Emmons, Boston printer, published a tarjimai holi of Johnson in New York dated July 1833.^[134] Richard Emmons, from Great Crossing, Kentucky, followed this up with a play entitled Tecumseh, of the Battle of the Thames and a poem in honor of Johnson. Many of Johnson's friends and supporters – Devi Kroket va Jon Bell among them – encouraged him to run for president. Jackson, however, supported Vice-President Van Buren for the office. Johnson accepted this choice, and worked to gain the nomination for vice-president.^[13]

Emmons' poem provided the line that became Johnson's campaign slogan: "Rumpsey Dumpsey, Rumpsey Dumpsey, Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh."^[13] Jackson supported Johnson for vice-president, thinking that the war hero would balance the ticket with Van Buren, who had not served in the War of 1812.^[15] Jackson made his decision based on Johnson's loyalty but also the president's anger at the primary rival candidate, Uilyam Kabell Rives.^[13]

Despite Jackson's support, the party was far from united behind Johnson. Van Buren preferred Rives as a running mate.^[13] In a letter to Jackson, Tennessi Oliy sudi adolat Jon Katron doubted that "a lucky random shot, even if it did hit Tecumseh, qualifies a man for the vice presidency".^[14] Although Johnson was a "widower", after Chinn's death in 1833, there was still dissension related to Johnson's open relationship with a slave.^[125] The 1835 yilgi Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, yilda Baltimor, in May 1835, was held under the two-thirds rule, largely to demonstrate Van Buren's wide popularity. Although Van Buren was nominated unanimously, Johnson barely obtained the necessary two-thirds of the vote. (A motion was made to change the rule, but it obtained only a bare majority, not two-thirds.)

Tennessee's delegation did not attend the convention. Edward Rucker, a Tennessean who happened to be in Baltimore, was picked to cast its 15 votes, so that all the states would endorse Van Buren. Senator Sila Rayt, of New York, prevailed upon Rucker to vote for Johnson, giving him just more than twice the votes cast for Rives, and the nomination.^[135]

Jackson's faith in Johnson to balance the ticket proved misplaced. In the general election, Johnson cost the Democrats votes in the Janubiy, where his relationship with Chinn was particularly unpopular. He also failed to garner much support from the West, where he was supposed to be strong due to his reputation as an Indian fighter and war hero.^[14] He even failed to deliver his home state of Kentucky for the Democrats.^[14] Regardless, the Democrats still won the popular vote.

When the electoral vote was counted in Congress on February 8, 1837, Van Buren was found to have received 170 votes for president, but Johnson had received only 147 for vice-president.^[14] Garchi Virjiniya had elected electors pledged to both Van Buren and Johnson, the state's 23 "imonsiz saylovchilar " refused to vote for Johnson, leaving him one electoral vote short of a majority.^[13] For the only time, the Senate was charged with electing the Vice President under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment.^[14] The vote on February 8, 1837, divided strictly along party lines, with Johnson becoming vice-president by a vote of 36, as opposed to 16 for Whig Frensis Grenjer, with three senators absent.^[13]

Vitse-prezident

Johnson in 1843, painted by John Neagle, showing the red vest and tie that he wore habitually in later life.

Johnson served as vice president from March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1841. His term was largely unremarkable, and he enjoyed little influence with President Van Buren.^[15] His penchant for wielding his power for his own interests did not abate. He lobbied the Senate to promote Samuel Milroy, whom he owed a favor, to the position of Indian agent.^[13] Qachon Lyuis Tappan requested presentation of an bekor qiluvchi petition to the Senate, Johnson, who was still a slaveholder, declined the request.^[13]

As presiding officer of the Senate, Johnson was called on to cast a tie-breaking vote fourteen times, more than all of his predecessors save Jon Adams and John Calhoun. Despite the precedent set by some of his predecessors, Johnson never addressed the Senate on the occasion of a tie-breaking vote; however, on one occasion, he did explain his vote — via an article in the Kentukki gazetasi.^[13]

After the financial 1837 yilgi vahima, Johnson took a nine-month leave of absence, during which he returned home to Kentucky and opened a taverna va kurort on his farm to offset his continued financial problems.^[13][136] Upon visiting the establishment, Amos Kendall wrote to President Van Buren that he found Johnson "happy in the inglorious pursuit of tavern keeping – even giving his personal superintendence to the chicken and egg purchasing and water-melon selling department".^[13]

In his later political career, he became known for wearing a bright red vest and tie.^[137] He adopted this dress during his term as vice-president when he and James Reeside, a mail contractor known for his drab dress, passed a tailor's shop that displayed a bright red cloth in the window.^[138] Johnson suggested that Reeside should wear a red vest because the mail coaches he owned and operated were red.^[138] Reeside agreed to do so if Johnson would also.^[138] Both men ordered red vests and neckties, and were known for donning this attire for the rest of their lives.^[138]

1840 yilgi saylov

By 1840, it had become clear that Johnson was a liability to the Democratic ticket. Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was "dead weight", and threw his support to Jeyms K. Polk.^[14][139] President Van Buren stood for re-election, and the Whigs once again countered with William Henry Harrison.^[14] Van Buren was reluctant to drop Johnson from the ticket, fearing that dropping the Democrats' own war hero would split the party and cost him votes to Harrison.^[14] A unique compromise ensued, with the Democratic National Convention refusing to nominate Johnson, or any other candidate, for vice-president.^[13] The idea was to allow the states to choose their own candidates, or perhaps return the question to the Senate should Van Buren be elected with no clear winner in the vice-presidential race.^[14]

Undaunted by this lack of confidence from his peers, Johnson continued to campaign to retain his office. Although his campaign was more vigorous than that of Van Buren, his behavior on the campaign trail raised concern among voters. He made rambling, incoherent speeches. During one speech in Ogayo shtati, he raised his shirt in order to display to the crowd the wounds he received during the Battle of the Thames. Charges he leveled against Harrison in Klivlend were so poorly received that they touched off a g'alayon shaharda.^[13]

In the end, Johnson received only forty-eight saylovchilarning ovozlari.^[140] One elector from Virginia and all eleven from Janubiy Karolina voted for Van Buren for president but selected someone other than Johnson for vice-president.^[13] Johnson lost his home state of Kentucky again and added to the embarrassment by losing his home district as well.^[13]

Keyinchalik hayot va o'lim

After his term as vice-president, Johnson returned to Kentucky to tend to his farm and oversee his tavern.^[15] He again represented Scott County in the Kentucky House from 1841 to 1843.^[12] In 1845, he served as a pallbearer when Daniel Buni was re-interred in Frankfort qabristoni.^[14]

Johnson's gravesite at Frankfort qabristoni

Johnson never gave up on a return to public service. He ran an unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. Senate against John J. Crittenden in 1842.^[14] He briefly and futilely sought his party's nomination for president in 1844.^[14] He also ran as an independent candidate for Kentukki gubernatori in 1848, but after talking with the Democratic candidate, Lazarus W. Powell, kim o'rnini egalladi Linn Boyd on the ticket, Johnson decided to drop out and back Powell.^[141] Some speculated that the real object of this campaign was to secure another nomination to the vice-presidency, but this hope was denied.^[13]

Johnson finally returned to elected office in 1850, when he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives. By this time, however, his physical and mental health was already failing. On November 9, the Louisville Daily Journal reported that "Col. R. M. Johnson is laboring under an attack of dementia, which renders him totally unfit for business. It is painful to see him on the floor attempting to discharge the duties of a member. He is incapable of properly exercising his physical or mental powers."^[140]

U vafot etdi qon tomir on November 19, just two weeks into his term, aged 70.^[14] He was interred in the Frankfort Cemetery, in Frankfort, Kentukki.^[52] Ruling that his surviving daughter Imogene was illegitimate, the Frankfort County Court split his estate between his brothers John and Henry.^[142]

Meros

Johnson (center right) killing Tecumseh, from the frieze of the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol

The counties of five U.S. states bear Johnson's name, namely in Illinoys, Ayova, Kentukki,^[143] Missuri va Nebraska.^[144] Richard Mentor Johnson is also the namesake of Dick Johnson Township, Indiana.^[145]

His political prominence led to a family dynasty: his brothers James and Jon Telemakus Jonson va uning jiyani Robert Uord Jonson were all elected to the House of Representatives, the first two from Kentucky, and Robert from Arkansas. Robert was later elected as a senator before the Civil War.^[52]

Shuningdek qarang

• Oila (Arkanzas siyosati)
• Tomas S. Xinde
• Qo'shma Shtatlardagi federal siyosiy jinsiy mojarolar ro'yxati

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

Used in article:

• Mark O. Xetfild, ed.: "Richard Mentor Jonson, 9th Vice President (1837–1841)", AQSh vitse-prezidentlari, 1789–1993 yy (PDF ), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997: pp. 121–131. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
• Jonathan Milnor Jones, "The making of a vice president: The national political career of Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky" (Ph. D. thesis) Memphis, Tennessee: University of Memphis, 1998.
• John E. Kleber. "Johnson, Richard Mentor", in John E. Kleber, ed: Kentukki entsiklopediyasi, Associate editors: Tomas D. Klark, Lowell H. Harrison va Jeyms C. Klotter, Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1992. ISBN  0-8131-1772-0.
• Asahel Langworthy A Biographical Sketch of Col. Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. New York City, New York: Saxton & Miles. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
• Leyland Winfield Meyer, The Life and Times of Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky. New York: Columbia University, 1932. OCLC 459524641.
• David Petriello, The Days of Heroes are Over: A Brief Biography of Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson (Kindle nashri). Washington, D.C.: Westphalia Press, 2016. ISBN  978-1-63391-403-2.
• Artur M. Shlezinger, kichik., Jeksonning yoshi, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1945. OCLC 3077215.
• Miles Smith, "The Kentucky colonel: Richard M. Johnson and the rise of western democracy, 1780–1850" (Ph.D. thesis). Fort Worth, Texas: Texas Christian University, 2013.
• Christina Snyder Great Crossings: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in the Age of Jackson. Nyu-York: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2017 yil. ISBN  978-0-19-939907-9.

Boshqalar:

• Anonim:
  • Index to Politicians: Johnson, O to R. Siyosiy qabriston. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
  • "Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841)." Virjiniya universiteti. Retrieved on January 4, 2008.
• Per Berton, Flames across the Border, Little Brown, 1981.
• Ann Bevins, "Richard M Johnson narrative: Personal and Family Life" da Arxiv.bugun (archived August 18, 2007), Georgetown and Scott County Museum, 2007, Retrieved on March 25, 2008.
• Henry Robert Burke. "Window to the Past", Lest We Forget Communications. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
• "By His Hand the Chief Tecumseh Fell " (PDF ), The New York Times, August 13, 1895. Reprint from the Philadelphia Times. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
• Albert Z. Carr, The Coming of War; an account of the remarkable events leading to the War of 1812. Doubleday, 1960.
• Freeman Cleaves, Old Tippecanoe; William Henry Harrison and his Time. Scribner, 1939.
• William Emmons, Authentic Biography of Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentucky. Nyu York; H. Mason., 1833.
• Carolyn Thomas Foreman "The Choctaw Academy ". Oklaxoma yilnomalari 6 (4), December 1928. Oklahoma Historical Society. 2008 yil 3-yanvar.
• Jeyms G'alati frantsuz, Elksvatava, Harper Brothers, 1836. A historical novel with endnotes based on the author's research and interviews.
• Denis Tilden Lynch: An Epoch and a Man, Martin Van Buren and his Times, Liveright, 1929
• Edgar J. McManus, "Richard Mentor Jonson ", Amerika milliy biografiyasi. Online version posted February 2000, accessed April 5, 2008.
• Keven McQueen, "Richard Mentor Johnson: Vice President", in Yoqimli Kentukiyaliklar: Lunatiklarga afsonalar, Ill. Kayl McQueen tomonidan, Kuttava, Kentukki: Makklanaxon nashriyoti. ISBN  0-913383-80-5.
• Devid Mills. "Vitse-prezident va mulatlar ", Huffington Post, 2007 yil 26 aprel, 2008 yil 5 yanvarda olingan.
• Fletcher Pratt, "Richard M. Jonson: Ramsey-Dumpsi", O'n bitta general; Amerika qo'mondonligidagi tadqiqotlar, Nyu York; Uilyam Sloan Assots., 1949, 81-97 betlar.
• Artur M. Shlezinger, kichik., Jeksonning yoshi, Kichik Jigarrang, 1945 yil.
• Robert Sobel, "Jonson, Richard Mentor ", Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ijroiya bo'limi biografik ma'lumotnomasi, 1774–1989. Greenwood Press, 1990 yil ISBN  0-313-26593-3. 2008 yil 5-yanvarda olingan.
• Edmund Layn Starling, Kentukki shtatidagi Xenderson okrugi tarixi. Xenderson, Kentukki, 1887; repr. Unigrafik, Evansvill, Indiana, 1965. Kirish 5 aprel, 2008 yil.
• Maykl Stillman, "Tepadagi ekssentriklik: Richard Mentor Jonson." Americana Exchange oylik, 2004 yil yanvar. 2008 yil 3-yanvarda olingan.
• Jorj Uilyam Stimpson "Amerika siyosati haqida kitob. "1952. 2010 yil 11 avgustda olingan.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Kerolin Jan Pauell, "Bunga muhabbatning nima aloqasi bor?" Qul janubidagi istak, irq va qotillik dinamikasi, 2002 yil yanvar, # AAI3039386 doktorlik dissertatsiyasi, Massachusets shtati Amherst.
• Richard Shenkman, Kurt Reyger (2003). "Auktsionda o'z xo'jayinini sotgan vitse-prezident ", Amerika tarixi bilan bir kecha stendlari: g'alati, kulgili va kam ma'lum bo'lgan voqealar. HarperKollinz, 71-72 betlar. ISBN  0-06-053820-1.
• Jorj Stimpson, Amerika siyosati haqida kitob Nyu York; Harper 1952, p. 133.
• Uilyam Xobart Tyorner, Edvard J. Kabbell Appalaxiyadagi qora tanlilar. Leksington, Kentukki: Kentukki universiteti matbuoti, 1985. 75-80 betlar. ISBN  0-8131-0162-X.
• Qo'shma Shtatlarning qaysi vitse-prezidenti otasi bo'lgan ...?. Qora ovozli yangiliklar. 2005 yil 20-yanvarda nashr etilgan

Tashqi havolalar

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. "Richard Mentor Jonson (id: J000170)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi.
• Yakshanba kuni pochta hisoboti, muallifi va Jonson tomonidan 1829 yil 19-yanvarda Senatga etkazilgan (pochta xabarlarini etkazib berish bilan bog'liq Shanba )
• "Kentukki shahridagi ta'sirli manzara", Jonsonga Julia Chinn bilan bo'lgan munosabati uchun hujum qilgan siyosiy nashr (1836), nashr etilgan Harper haftaligi, Kongress kutubxonasida
• "Urushni Afrikaga olib borish", 1836 yilda nashr etilgan Julia Chinn bilan munosabati uchun Jonsonga hujum qilgan siyosiy bosma nashr Harper haftaligi, Kongress kutubxonasida