Syanqi - Xiangqi - Wikipedia

Syanqi

Syanqi taxta va boshlang'ich sozlash
Janr (lar)	O'yin Abstrakt strategiya o'yini Aqlli sport
Aktyorlar	2
O'rnatish vaqti	<1 daqiqa
O'ynash vaqti	Norasmiy o'yinlar: 20 daqiqadan bir necha soatgacha o'zgarishi mumkin Blits o'yinlari: 10 daqiqagacha
Tasodifiy imkoniyat	Yo'q
Malaka (lar) talab qilinadi	Strategiya, taktika
Sinonim (lar)	Xitoy shaxmat Fil shaxmat Fil o'yini

Syanqi
Xitoycha ism
Xitoy	象棋
Transkripsiyalar Standart mandarin Xanyu Pinyin xiàngqí Ueyd-Giles xsiang4-ch'i2 IPA [ɕjâŋ.tɕʰǐ] (tinglang) Yue: kanton Yelni rimlashtirish jeuhng kéi Jyutping zoeng6 kei2 Janubiy Min Xokkien POJ chhiūⁿ-kî
Vetnam nomi
Vetnam	cờ tướng

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Syanqi (Xitoy : 象棋; pinyin : xiàngqí; Ingliz tili: /ˈʃɑːŋtʃmen/) deb nomlangan Xitoy shaxmat, a strategiya o'yin ikki o'yinchi uchun. Bu Xitoyda eng ommabop stol o'yinlaridan biri va u bilan bir oilada G'arbiy shaxmat, chaturanga, shogi, Hindiston shaxmat va janggi. Xitoydan tashqari va etnik xitoy jamoalari bo'lgan hududlardan tashqari xiangqi , shuningdek, Vetnamda taniqli o'yin-kulgi cờ tướng.

O'yin dushman generalini (podshohini) qo'lga olish maqsadi bilan ikki qo'shin o'rtasidagi jangni anglatadi. Xiangqining o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga zambarak kiradi (pao) qo'lga olish uchun sakrashi kerak bo'lgan; generallarning bir-biriga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qarashlarini taqiqlovchi qoida; taxtadagi maydonlar daryo va saroy, bu ba'zi qismlarning harakatini cheklaydi (lekin boshqalarini yaxshilaydi); va qismlarni kvadratchalar ichida emas, balki taxta chiziqlarining kesishgan joylarida joylashtirish.

Kengash

Syangqi kengligi to'qqiz va uzunligi o'n qator bo'lgan taxtada ijro etiladi. O'yinda bo'lgani kabi Boring (Wéiqí 圍棋 / 围棋), qismlar sifatida tanilgan chorrahalarga joylashtiriladi ochkolar. Vertikal chiziqlar sifatida tanilgan fayllar (Xitoy: 路; pinyin: lù; "yo'l") va gorizontal chiziqlar sifatida tanilgan darajalar (an'anaviy xitoy: 線; soddalashtirilgan xitoy: 线; pinyin: xiàn; "chiziq").

Taxtaning birinchi - uchinchi va sakkizinchi - o'ninchi qatorlarida ikkita zona joylashgan bo'lib, ularning har biri uchta nuqta uchta nuqtadan iborat bo'lib, ular qarama-qarshi burchaklarni birlashtirgan va markaziy nuqtada kesishgan ikkita diagonal chiziq bilan ajratilgan. Ushbu sohalarning har biri 宮 / 宫 deb tanilgan gōng, qasr.

Ikki qarama-qarshi tomonni beshinchi va oltinchi qatorlar orasida bo'lish 河 salom, Daryo". Daryo ko'pincha 楚 河 iboralari bilan belgilanadi chǔ hé, ma'nosi ". daryosi Chu ", va 漢 界 (in.) An'anaviy xitoy ), hàn jiè, "Chegarasi Xon "ga ishora Chu-Xan urushi. Daryo ikki tomon o'rtasida vizual bo'linishni ta'minlasa-da, uning mavjudligidan faqat ikkita bo'lak ta'sir qiladi: askarlar daryodan o'tgandan keyin kuchaytirilgan harakatga ega va fillar uni kesib o'tolmaydilar. Askarlar va to'plarning boshlang'ich nuqtalari odatda, lekin har doim ham kichik xochlar bilan belgilanmaydi.

Qoidalar

Xiangqi - Xitoy shaharlarida keng tarqalgan o'yin-kulgi.

Parchalar yuqoridagi diagrammada ko'rsatilgan holatda boshlanadi. Qaysi o'yinchining birinchi harakatlanishi tarix davomida va Xitoyning bir qismidan boshqasiga farq qilgan. Turli xil xiangqi kitoblarida qora yoki qizil tomon birinchi navbatda harakat qilish kerakligi haqida maslahat beriladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ba'zi kitoblarda ikki tomonga ishora qilingan shimoliy va janub; qaysi yo'nalish qaysi rangga mos keladi, shuningdek manbadan manbaga qarab farq qiladi. Odatda, qizil eng zamonaviy turnirlarda birinchi o'rinda turadi.^[1]

Har bir o'yinchi o'z navbatida bitta bo'lakni egallagan nuqtasidan boshqasiga o'tkazadi. Odatda parchalar boshqa qism egallagan nuqta bo'ylab harakatlanishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Bir parcha dushman bo'lagi egallagan nuqtaga ko'chirilishi mumkin, bu holda dushman bo'lagi ushlanib, taxtadan olib tashlanadi. Aktyor o'z qismlaridan birini qo'lga kirita olmaydi. Parchalar hech qachon targ'ib qilinmaydi (boshqa qismlarga aylantiriladi), garchi askar daryodan o'tganidan keyin yon tomonga o'tishga qodir. Deyarli barcha qismlar odatdagi harakatlari yordamida tortib olinadi, zambarakda esa quyida tasvirlangan maxsus tortishish harakati mavjud.

To'pni xavfsiz deb hisoblagan matematikaning misoli va Qora chekni to'sib qo'yolmaydi. Ushbu mat uchun ot kerak emas.

O'yin bitta o'yinchi boshqasining generalini mot qilganida tugaydi. Generalni keyingi harakatida dushman o'yinchisi qo'lga olish xavfi tug'ilganda, dushman o'yinchisi "chekni topshirdi" (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 照 将 / 将军; an'anaviy xitoy : 照 將 ​​/ 將軍, qisqartirilgan (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 将; an'anaviy xitoy : 將; pinyin : jiāngjiāng)), va general "nazorat ostida". Chek e'lon qilinishi kerak. Agar generalning o'yinchisi generalni qo'lga olishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun hech qanday harakat qilolmasa, vaziyat "mat" (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 将 死; an'anaviy xitoy : 將 死). Shaxmatdan farqli o'laroq, unda to'xtab qolish bu durang, xiangchida bu to'xtab qolgan o'yinchi uchun yo'qotish.

Xiangchida o'yinchi, ko'pincha moddiy yoki pozitsiyaviy kamchiliklari bor - harakatlarni tsiklda tushishi va raqibning g'olib bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan tarzda, parchalarni tekshirishga yoki ta'qib qilishga urinishi mumkin. G'arbiy shaxmatda, Xiangchida bu qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, buyumlarning pozitsiyalari takrorlangan yoki takrorlanmaganligidan qat'i nazar, o'yinni cheksiz tekshirish yoki ta'qib qilish orqali chizishni qiyinlashtiradigan quyidagi maxsus qoidalar qo'llaniladi:

• O'yinchi qilish doimiy tekshiruvlar agar u bunday tekshirishni to'xtatmasa, bitta bo'lak bilan yoki bir nechta bo'lak bilan yutqazgan deb hisoblash mumkin.
• Himoyalanmagan buyumlarni bir yoki bir nechta qismlar bilan doimiy ravishda quvib chiqaradigan, generallar va askarlar bundan mustasno, agar u bunday ta'qibni to'xtatmasa, yutqazgan deb hisoblanadi.^[2]
• Agar bir tomon doimiy ravishda tekshirsa va boshqa tomon doimiy ravishda ta'qib qilsa, tekshiruvchi tomon to'xtab turishi kerak yoki yo'qotilgan deb qaror qilish kerak.
• Ikkala tomon ham qoidalarni buzmasa va ikkalasi ham muqobil harakat qilmaslikda davom etsa, o'yin durang sifatida boshqarilishi mumkin.
• Agar ikkala tomon bir vaqtning o'zida bir xil qoidani buzsa va ikkalasi ham muqobil harakat qilmaslikda davom etsa, o'yin durang sifatida boshqarilishi mumkin.

Turli xil qoidalar abadiy deb hisoblanadigan narsalarga turli xil chegaralarni belgilaydi. Masalan, xiangqi klubi qoidalariga ko'ra, o'yinchi harakatni abadiy ko'rib chiqishdan oldin bitta bo'lak yordamida ketma-ket olti marta, ikkita dona yordamida o'n ikki marta va uchta qismdan foydalanib o'n sakkiz marta tekshirishi yoki ta'qib qilishi mumkin.^[2]

Doimiy tekshirish va ta'qib qilishni oldini olish uchun yuqoridagi qoidalar mashhur bo'lsa-da, yagona narsa emas; ko'plab so'nggi o'yin vaziyatlari mavjud.^[3]

Parchalar

Har bir o'yinchi 16 kishilik qo'shinni boshqaradi; qo'shinlar odatda qizil va qora ranglarda bo'ladi.^[4] Parchalar - a bilan yozilgan yoki o'yib yozilgan tekis dumaloq disklar Xitoy xarakteri parcha turini va qaysi o'yinchi egalik qilishini ko'rsatadigan rangda. Qora qismlar tegishli qizil qismlardan bir oz farqli belgilar bilan belgilanadi.

Xitoy materikida aksariyat to'plamlar hanuzgacha foydalanilmoqda an'anaviy xitoycha belgilar (aksincha soddalashtirilgan xitoycha belgilar ). Zamonaviy buyumlar odatda plastmassadan iborat, garchi ba'zi to'plamlar yog'och va undan qimmatroq to'plamlardan foydalanish mumkin yashma. Qadimgi davrlarda ko'plab to'plamlar oddiy bo'yalgan bo'lmagan yog'och o'ymakorligi edi; Shunday qilib, ikki tomonning bo'laklarini ajratish uchun, aksariyat mos keladigan qismlar o'xshash, ammo biroz farq qiladigan belgilarni ishlatgan.^[4] Ushbu amaliyot parchalarni tayyorlash uchun bitta material mavjud bo'lganida va qarama-qarshi qo'shinlarni ajratib turadigan rang beruvchi material mavjud bo'lmagan holatlarda paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Bugungi kunga qadar topilgan eng qadimgi xiangqi bo'lagi - bu (arava) parcha. U saqlanadi Xenan viloyat muzeyi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Umumiy

Bosh va maslahatchilar

Generallar (yoki shohlar) 將 (savdo.) / 将 (oddiy.) jiàng ("umumiy") qora tomonda va 帥 (savdo.) / 帅 (oddiy.) shuài ("marshal") qizil tomonda.

General o'yinni saroy ichida, orqa tomonning o'rtasidan boshlaydi. General qo'zg'alishi va bitta nuqtani egallashi mumkin ortogonal ravishda va quyidagi istisno bilan saroyni tark etmasligi mumkin.

Agar ikkala general bir xil fayl bo'ylab bir-biriga to'sqinlik qilmasdan qarasalar,, 將 ("uchib boruvchi general") harakati bajarilishi mumkin, unda general harakatlanadigan dushman generalini qo'lga olish uchun taxtani kesib o'tadi. Amalda ushbu qoida birinchi navbatda ushbu vaziyatni yaratish nazoratga o'tishni anglatishini anglatadi va shuning uchun unga yo'l qo'yilmaydi.^[5]

Hindiston nomi shoh chunki bu qism o'zgartirildi umumiy chunki xitoyliklar tabularni nomlash; Xitoy hukmdorlari qirollik unvonlarining o'yin qismlariga berilishiga qarshi chiqishdi.^{[6][shubhali – muhokama qilish]}

Maslahatchi

Maslahatchilar (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan soqchilar yoki vazirlarva kamroq tarqalgani kabi yordamchilar, mandarinlar, yoki jangchilar) 士 bilan belgilanadi shì ("olim", "janob", "ofitser "," vasiy ") qora va 仕 uchun shì ("olim", "rasmiy", "qo'riqchi") qizil rang uchun. Kamdan-kam hollarda to'plamlar ikkala rang uchun ham 士 belgisini ishlatadilar.

Maslahatchilar generalning har ikki tomonida boshlanadi. Ular harakat qilishadi va bitta nuqtani ushlab olishadi diagonal bilan va ularni taxtada beshta nuqta bilan chegaralaydigan saroyni tark etmasligi mumkin. Maslahatchi, ehtimol mantridan olingan chaturanga, G'arb shaxmatidagi malika singari.

"士" haqiqatan ham "olim", "janob" degan ma'noni anglatadimi yoki "士人" bo'ladimi yoki "qo'riqchi", "qo'riqchi" bo'ladimi (soddalashtirilgan xitoycha: 卫士). Ikkinchisining dalillaridan biri shundaki, ularning funktsional imkoniyatlari generalni himoya qilish / himoya qilish kabi ko'rinadi. G'arbning keng tarqalgan "maslahatchi" tarjimasi ushbu ma'no qatlamini aks ettirmaydi.

Fil

Fillar (yoki episkoplar) 象 bilan belgilanadi xiang Qora va for uchun ("fil") xiang Qizil uchun ("vazir"). Ular maslahatchilar yonida joylashgan. Ushbu qismlar harakatlanadilar va diagonali bo'yicha aniq ikkita nuqtani ushlaydilar va oraliq qismlardan sakrab o'tmasliklari mumkin; harakat the belgisiga o'xshab tasvirlangan Tián ("maydon"), taxtaning kvadratlariga nisbatan. Agar fil diagonal ravishda tutashgan bo'lak tufayli harakatlana olmasa, u "filning ko'zini to'sib qo'yish" (y phi ph) deb nomlanadi.^{[shubhali – muhokama qilish]}

Dushmanga hujum qilish uchun fillar daryodan o'tmasligi mumkin umumiy va mudofaa qismlari sifatida xizmat qiladi. Filning harakati faqat ettita taxta holati bilan cheklanganligi sababli, uni osongina tuzoqqa tushirish yoki tahdid qilish mumkin. Ikki fil ko'pincha bir-birlarini himoya qilish uchun ishlatiladi.

The Xitoycha belgilar "vazir" va "fil" uchun gomofonlar yilda mandarin (Tinglang) va ikkalasi ham "tashqi ko'rinish" yoki "tasvir" kabi muqobil ma'nolarga ega. Biroq, ingliz tilida ikkalasi ham fil deb nomlanadi.

Ot

Qizil ot qora otni ushlashi mumkin, ammo qora ot qizil otni ushlay olmaydi, chunki uning harakatiga boshqa parcha xalaqit beradi.

Yashil harakatlar qonuniydir; qizillari noqonuniy hisoblanadi, chunki boshqa bir qism otning harakatiga to'sqinlik qiladi.

Otlar (yoki ritsarlar) 馬 bilan belgilanadi mǎ qora va 傌 uchun mǎ bilan belgilangan to'plamlarda qizil uchun An'anaviy xitoycha belgilar va 马 mǎ bilan belgilangan to'plamlarda qora va qizil uchun Soddalashtirilgan xitoycha belgilar. Ba'zi an'anaviy to'plamlarda ikkala rang uchun ham 馬 ishlatiladi. Otlar o'yinni fillarning yonida, ularning tashqi qanotlarida boshlashadi. Ot harakat qiladi va bir nuqtani ortogonal ravishda, so'ngra bitta nuqtani diagonal bilan avvalgi holatidan uzoqlashtiradi, bu harakat an'anaviy ravishda kun belgilariga o'xshash deb ta'riflanadi Rì. G'arb shaxmatida ritsar kabi ot sakramaydi va unga gorizontal yoki vertikal ravishda bir nuqta joylashgan parcha to'sib qo'yishi mumkin. Otni to'sib qo'yish "sevimli mashg'ulot otning oyog'i "(蹩 馬腿). Chapdagi diagrammada otning harakati tasvirlangan.

Otlarni to'sib qo'yish mumkinligi sababli, ba'zida raqibning otini tuzoqqa olish mumkin. Agar o'ng tarafdagi diagrammada ko'rinib turganidek, raqibning oti to'sib qo'yilgan bo'lsa, bitta o'yinchi oti assimetrik hujum ustunligiga ega bo'lishi mumkin.

Aravasi

Aravalar (yoki rooks) 車 bilan belgilanadi jū qora va 俥 uchun jū bilan belgilangan to'plamlarda qizil uchun An'anaviy xitoycha belgilar va 车 bilan belgilangan to'plamlarda Qora va Qizil uchun Soddalashtirilgan xitoycha belgilar. Ba'zi an'anaviy to'plamlarda ikkala rang uchun ham 車 ishlatiladi. Xitoy shaxmatining kontekstida bu belgilarning barchasi quyidagicha talaffuz qilinadi jū (umumiy talaffuz o'rniga chē). Aravani harakatlantiradi va biron bir masofani ortogonal ravishda bosib o'tadi, lekin oraliq qismlardan sakrab o'tmasligi mumkin. Aravalar taxtaning burchaklaridagi nuqtalarda o'yinni boshlaydi. Ko'chib yurish erkinligi va cheklovlar yo'qligi sababli, arava ko'pincha o'yinning eng kuchli bo'lagi deb hisoblanadi.

Aravani ba'zida ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan o'yinchilar rok deb atashadi, chunki u G'arb shaxmatidagi rokga o'xshaydi. Xitoylik o'yinchilar (va boshqalar) ko'pincha bu qismni mashina deb atashadi, chunki bu belgining zamonaviy ma'nosi.

To'p

To'pning uzoq masofali tahdidi

To'plar 砲 deb belgilanadi pào ("katapulta ") Qora va uchun 炮 pào Qizil uchun ("to'p"). Ismlar gomofonlar, ba'zida 炮 qizil va qora uchun ishlatiladi.石 shí radikal ning 砲 "tosh" degan ma'noni anglatadi va 火 huǒ 炮 ning radikal ma'nosi "olov" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Ikkala rangning parchalari ham odatda ingliz tilida zambaraklar deb nomlanadi. Qora qism ba'zan etiketlanadi 包 bāo.

Har bir o'yinchida ikkita to'p bor, ular askarlarning orqasida, otlarning oldida ikkita nuqta bilan boshlanadi. To'plar aravalar singari harakatlanadi, har qanday masofa sakrab o'ralmasdan, ortogonal ravishda, lekin faqat bitta parcha, do'st yoki dushmanni hujum yo'li bo'ylab sakrab otish mumkin. To'p sakrab o'tadigan qismga 炮臺 (savdo.) / 炮台 (sodda.) Deyiladi. pào tái ("zambaraklar platformasi" yoki "ekran"). To'p, ekran va qo'lga olinadigan buyum o'rtasida har qanday bo'sh joylar, shu jumladan bo'sh joylar ham bo'lishi mumkin. To'plarni darhol dastlabki holatidan otlarga almashtirish mumkin.

Askar

Askarlar 卒 deb belgilanadi zu Qora va 兵 uchun ("piyon" yoki "xususiy") bīng Qizil uchun ("askar"). Har bir tomon beshta askar bilan boshlanadi. Askarlar o'yinni daryoning chetidan bir qator orqaga qarab har bir boshqa nuqtada boshlashadi. Ular harakatlanadilar va bitta nuqtani oldinga siljitish orqali qo'lga kiritadilar. Ular daryodan o'tgandan so'ng, ular ham harakat qilishlari va gorizontal ravishda bitta nuqtani egallab olishlari mumkin. Askarlar orqaga qarab harakatlana olmaydilar va shuning uchun orqaga chekinishmaydi; ammo taxtaning so'nggi darajasiga ko'tarilgandan so'ng, askar hali ham dushman chekkasida yon tomonga o'tishi mumkin. Asarni ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan o'yinchilar ba'zan "piyoda" deb atashadi, chunki bu qismlarning o'xshashligi.

Parchalarning taxminiy nisbiy qiymatlari

Xiangqi - hafta oxiri mashhur mashg'ulot Pekin.

Ushbu taxminiy qiymatlar^[7] ko'rib chiqilayotgan buyumning holatini (umumiy ma'noda askardan tashqari), taxtadagi boshqa qismlarning pozitsiyalarini yoki qolgan qismlarning sonini hisobga olmang.

Boshqa umumiy baholash qoidalari:

• Ot va to'p ko'proq odatda ikkita ot yoki ikkita to'pdan yaxshiroqdir.
• Aravalar nafaqat eng kuchli qism, balki u ikkita kichik qismning (ot / zambarak) har qanday birikmasidan kuchliroqdir. Ikkala tomonning nisbiy qiymatlari taxminan teng bo'lganda, ko'proq aravachalar bo'lgan tomon odatda ustunlikka ega, ayniqsa, bir tomoni aravaga ega bo'lsa, bir tomoni yo'q (xitoycha: 有 有 壓 無 車). Biroq, arava asosiy o'yinlarda unchalik kuchli emas: Masalan, 2 aravachaga va 2 ta filga qarshi jang aravachasi odatda durang natija beradi, agar hujum tomoni o'rniga ikkita ot yoki hattoki uchta yaroqsiz askar bo'lsa, bu g'alaba.
• Oldingi bosqichlarda to'p otdan kuchliroq. Oxirgi o'yinda ot hujum qiladigan qismga o'xshab kuchliroqdir, ammo to'p, odatda, mudofaa qobiliyatiga ega.
• Askarlarning qadriyatlari o'yinning turli bosqichlarida turlicha. Ochilish va o'rta o'yinda tashabbuskorlik va harakatchanlik ko'pincha qurbon bo'lgan askarlarni talab qiladi. Ushbu bosqichlarda, o'rta faylga yaqin bo'lgan askarlar odatda ko'proq qimmatga ega, chunki ular jinoyatga samarali qo'shilishlari mumkin. Bortda ozgina hujum qiladigan qismlar bo'lsa, askarlar ko'proq kuchga ega va daryodan osonroq o'tishlari mumkin. Ushbu bosqichda ilg'or askarlar umuman kuchga ega emaslar, chunki askarlar orqaga qarab harakat qila olmaydi. Asosiy o'yinlarda 7-darajadan boshlangan uchta askar aravaga teng: ular 2 ta maslahatchi va 2 ta filga yoki ot / to'p va 2 ta filga qarshi g'alaba qozonishi mumkin, buning o'rniga arava qila olmaydi va arava majbur qila olmaydi. yaxshi himoyalanganida 7-darajadagi uchta askarga qarshi g'alaba.

Notation

Xiangqi o'yinlarini yozib olish uchun bir necha turdagi yozuvlar mavjud. Har holda, harakatlar bir xil umumiy naqsh bilan raqamlanadi va yoziladi.

1. (birinchi harakat) (birinchi javob)
2. (ikkinchi harakat) (ikkinchi javob)
3. ...

Har bir harakatlanish juftligini alohida satrda yozish aniqroq, ammo talab qilinmaydi.

Tizim 1

Kitob Xitoy shaxmati ko'chirish yozuvlari usulini tavsiflaydi, unda taxtaning saflari eng uzoqdan 1 dan 10 gacha raqamlanadi, so'ngra o'ngdan chapga fayllar uchun 1 dan 9 gacha raqam qo'yiladi.^[8] Ikkala qiymat ham harakatlanuvchi o'yinchiga nisbatan. Ko'chirishlar quyidagi tarzda ko'rsatiladi:

[parcha nomi] ([avvalgi daraja] [avvalgi fayl]) - [yangi daraja] [yangi fayl]

Shunday qilib, o'yinning eng keng tarqalgan ochilishi quyidagicha yoziladi:

1. B (32) –35   馬 (18) –37

Tizim 2

Ism	Abbr.	Parchalar
Maslahatchi	A
To'p	C
Aravasi	R *
Fil	E
Umumiy	G
Ot	H
Askar	S
* Rook uchun, chunki C dan foydalanish Cannon harfiga zid keladi

Qisman tavsiflangan yozuvlar tizimi Xitoy shaxmatiga oid qo'llanma^[9] va bir nechta kompyuter dasturiy ta'minotida qo'llaniladigan harakatlarni nisbiy ravishda quyidagicha tavsiflaydi:

[bitta harfli qisqartma] [avvalgi fayl] [harakat yo'nalishini ko'rsatuvchi operator] [yangi fayl yoki faqat vertikal harakat holatida, qatorlar soni]

Fayl raqamlari har bir o'yinchining o'ngidan har bir futbolchining chap tomoniga qarab hisoblanadi.

Agar bitta faylda ikkita bir xil bo'lak bo'lsa, oldingi fayl raqami o'rniga + (old) va - (orqa) belgilaridan foydalaniladi, harakatning yo'nalishi operator belgisi orqali ko'rsatiladi. A plyus belgisi oldinga siljishni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. A minus belgisi orqaga qarab harakatlanishni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. A nuqta yoki nuqta yoki teng belgi gorizontal yoki lateral harakatni ko'rsatish uchun ishlatiladi. Diagonal ravishda harakatlanadigan buyum uchun (masalan, ot yoki fil) davrdan ko'ra ortiqcha yoki minus belgisi ishlatiladi.

Shunday qilib, o'yinning eng keng tarqalgan ochilishi quyidagicha yoziladi:

1. C2.5 H8 + 7

Jahon Xiangqi Federatsiyasi (WXF) ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, faylda (tandem piyonlar)> = 3 bo'lsa, tandem piyonlar ishi bo'yicha yozuvlar, garov uchun P ni ko'rsatishning hojati yo'q. Buning o'rniga, pandning tandem chizig'idagi pozitsiyasi birinchi tamsayı sifatida ishlatiladi (oldingi eng ko'p piyon 1 deb belgilangan). Ikkinchi butun son u joylashgan fayl bo'ladi. Bu, shuningdek, ikkita turli xil fayllardagi ikkita tandem piyonlar muammosini yaxshi hal qiladi.

Shunday qilib, 5-faylda o'rta piyonni (fayldagi 3 tandem piyon) 4-faylga o'tkazish uchun yozuvlar quyidagicha bo'ladi:

1. 25=4

Xitoy tilida yozilgan eski kitoblarda tizim bir xil, faqat bundan tashqari: qismlarning nomlari xitoy tilida yozilgan; to'pning nomi ikkala tomonida 炮; otning nomi ikkala tomonda 馬; oldinga siljish進 bilan ko'rsatilgan (talaffuz qilingan jìn); orqaga qarab harakatlanish 退 (tuì); yonma-yon harakat 平 (píngva raqamlar xitoy tilida ikkala o'yinchi uchun yoki faqat qora uchun yozilgan.

Shunday qilib, o'yinning eng keng tarqalgan ochilishi quyidagicha yozilishi mumkin:

1. 二 平 五 馬 8 進 7

Tizim 3

Ushbu tizim norasmiy va asosan G'arb futbolchilari tomonidan qo'llaniladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bunga o'xshash algebraik yozuv G'arbiy shaxmat uchun. Fayllar uchun harflar va darajalar uchun raqamlar ishlatiladi. "A" fayli qizilning chap tomonida va "1" darajasi qizil rangga eng yaqin. Nuqtaning belgilanishi qaysi o'yinchi harakatiga bog'liq emas; ikkala tomon uchun ham "a1" - qizil tomonning chap tomonidagi eng past nuqta.

[bitta harfli parcha qisqartmasi] [avvalgi holat] [tasvirga olish ko'rsatkichi] [yangi holat] [tekshiruv ko'rsatkichi] [tahlil]

Parchalar 2-yozuv tizimidagi kabi qisqartiriladi, faqat askar uchun biron bir harf ishlatilmaydi.

Oldingi pozitsiya, agar harakatni amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan ikkita bir xil bo'laklarni ajratish uchun kerak bo'lsa, ko'rsatiladi. Agar ular bitta faylni baham ko'rsalar, qaysi daraja harakatlanishini ko'rsating; agar ular bir xil darajaga ega bo'lsa, qaysi fayl harakatlanishini ko'rsating. Agar ular na daraja, na faylga ega bo'lishsa, unda fayl ko'rsatiladi.

Suratga olish "x" belgisi bilan ko'rsatilgan. Tasvirga olinmaydigan harakatni ko'rsatish uchun hech qanday belgi ishlatilmaydi.

Tekshirish "+", ikki marta "++", uch marta "+++" va to'rt marta tekshirish "++++" bilan belgilanadi. Matematika "#" belgisi bilan ko'rsatilgan.

Tahlil qilish uchun yomon harakatlar "?" va "!" tomonidan yaxshi harakatlar. Agar ularni tahlil qilish noaniq bo'lsa ("!?" Bo'lishi mumkin, lekin ehtimol yaxshi; "?!" Ehtimol yomon) yoki ta'kidlash uchun takrorlangan bo'lsa ("??" bu falokat).

Shunday qilib, o'yinning eng keng tarqalgan ochilishi quyidagicha yoziladi:

1. Che3 Hg8

Qisqa o'yinning misoli ("erta mat"):

Cbe3 Che8 Ch6? Cb4? Cxe7 +? Cexe4 ?? Che6 # (diagramaga qarang) Qora rang juftlashadi va shuning uchun yo'qotadi. Redning ikki baravar to'plarini to'sib bo'lmaydi va general elektron fayldan ko'chib o'tolmaydi.

O'yin

Taxtaning kattaligi va uzoq masofali qismlarning soni kamligi sababli, jangda taxtaning ma'lum bir maydoniga e'tibor berish tendentsiyasi mavjud.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}

Taktikalar

Xiangqi shaxmat oilasidagi o'yinlarga xos bo'lgan bir necha taktikani o'z ichiga oladi. Ba'zi keng tarqalganlari bu erda qisqacha muhokama qilinadi.

• Agar bitta dona bir nechta dushman qismiga hujum qilishi mumkin bo'lsa, ular vilkalar.
• Bir parcha mahkamlangan u qo'lga olish uchun muhimroq qismni namoyish qilmasdan harakatlana olmasa. Faqat arava pinlari g'arbiy shaxmatdagi pinalarga o'xshaydi; xiangqi-dagi boshqa qismlarning pinlari juda ko'p o'ziga xos shakllarga ega: to'plar bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita faylni bitta faylga yoki martabaga mahkamlashi mumkin, otlar ularni to'sib qo'yishi mumkin va generallar "uchadigan general" qoidasi tufayli pin qilishlari mumkin. Otlar va fillarning pinalarida pinning bo'lagi hech qachon mahkamlangan qismga hujum qilmaydi, zambarak pinasida esa faqat bitta qismiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri to'p hujum qiladi. General faqat dushman generaliga qismlarni mahkamlashi mumkin, va pinner general hech qachon mahkamlangan qismni ushlay olmaydi, chunki bu uni dushman generalining nazorati ostiga qo'yadi.
• Bir parcha shish unga hujum qilinganda va harakatlanayotganda, qo'lga olinadigan unchalik muhim bo'lmagan qismni ochib beradi. Faqat zambaraklar va aravalar shishiradi.

Vilka	PIN-kod	Shish
D5 da qizil ot (傌) c7 da qora askar (卒) va e7 da arava (車) vilkalar.	E8-dagi Qora to'p (e) qizil rangdagi arava (俥) tomonidan e5-da mahkamlanadi.	E5 da qizilning aravasi (俥) e8 da qora umumiy (將) va e10 da arava (車) chayqalmoqda. General qo'lga tushmaslik uchun yon tomonga o'tsa, uning aravasi qo'lga olinishi mumkin.

• A chekni aniqladi hujum qilayotgan qism, dushman generalini tekshirish uchun arava, to'p va / yoki ot uchun chiziqni ochib qo'yishi uchun harakat qilganda sodir bo'ladi. Chekni ochib beradigan buyum, raqibning himoya ostida bo'lgan kvadratchalarga ega bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, o'z vakolatlari doirasida har qanday joyda xavfsiz harakatlanishi mumkin.
• A ikki marta tekshirish ikki qism bir vaqtning o'zida dushman generaliga tahdid qilganda sodir bo'ladi. G'arbiy shaxmatning ikki karra chekidan farqli o'laroq, xiangchidagi ikki kishilik chek bloklanishi mumkin, ammo tekshiruvlardan birini qo'lga kiritish tahdidni bartaraf etish uchun etarli emas (agar general qo'lga kiritmasa). Faqatgina blokirovka qilinadigan holatlar - bu general bilan bir xil faylda joylashgan arava va to'p, bu arava to'p uchun ekran vazifasini bajaradi yoki ikkita ot hujumni ikkalasini ham blokdan chiqarganidan keyin topilgan tekshiruvni beradi. Boshqa vositalar yordamida etkazib beriladigan ikki tomonlama tekshiruvlar blokirovka qilinmaydi.
• Xiangqi uchun noyob narsa a uch karra chekto'rtta kombinatsiyada paydo bo'ladi. To'p, arava yoki askar va otning birinchi holatida ot chekni berish uchun harakat qiladi, arava va to'pdan ikki martalik chexni ochib beradi. Ikkinchidan, kamdan-kam uchraydigan arava yoki askar va ikkita ot, arava chexni berish uchun harakat qiladi va ikkita otdan ikki martalik chexni ochib beradi. Ikkita to'p va ikkita otning uchinchi holatida, bitta to'p otlardan ikki martalik tekshiruvni ochishi va boshqa to'p uchun ekran vazifasini bajarishi mumkin. Va nihoyat, arava yoki askar chekni berish uchun harakat qilishi mumkin, yana bir chek berish uchun to'p uchun platforma vazifasini bajarayotganda otdan chekni ochib beradi. To'rt marta tekshirish ikki ot, arava va zambarak bilan paydo bo'lishi ham mumkin. Uch va to'rt marta tekshirishni bloklab bo'lmaydi.

Uch karra chek	To'rt marta tekshirish	Uch marta tekshirish, muqobil holat
Redning oti (傌) e5 dan d7 ga o'tdi, u che3 berdi va aravadan (俥) e3 va zambarak (炮) dan e2 da ikki karra chek qo'ydi.	Redning aravasi (俥) f9 dan e9 ga o'tdi, chek berib, e7 da to'pdan (炮) va f8 va g9 da ikkala ot (傌) dan uch karra chek qo'ydi. Aravani zambarak bilan almashtirish yoki otni olib tashlash uch karra tekshirishni keltirib chiqaradi.	Redning aravasi (() f9 dan e9 ga o'tdi, f8 va g9 da ikkala otdan (傌) ikkita chexni topdi va o'zini tekshirishga imkon berdi.

Odatda, askarlar so'nggi o'yingacha bir-birlarini qo'llab-quvvatlamaydilar, chunki dastlabki holatdan ikkitasi o'rtasida o'zaro himoya qilish uchun askarning kamida beshta yurishi kerak va ular ko'pincha boshqa qismlar tomonidan qo'lga olinishga moyil.

Askarlar, otlar, zambaraklar va aravalar bir-birlarini himoya qiladigan tuzilmalar tuzishlari mumkin. Biroq, aravalarni safga qo'yish ehtiyotkorlik bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak, chunki bu bitta aravani dushmanning pastki qismiga yo'qotish xavfini tug'diradi. Bir-birini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan otlar bog'langan otlar (xitoycha: 連環 are) deb ataladi, bu otlarning nisbatan xavfsiz shakllanishi, ammo unga hali ham askar, arava va boshqa mayda qism yoki ulardan birini to'sib qo'yadigan qism bilan tahdid qilish mumkin. otlar shunday qilib himoyani bir tomonlama qiladi.

Muayyan darajalar va fayllarni boshqarish uchun to'plardan mustaqil ravishda foydalanish odatiy holdir. O'rta faylni boshqarish uchun to'pdan foydalanish ko'pincha muhim strategiya hisoblanadi, chunki u maslahatchilar va fillar kabi qismlarni mahkamlaydi. O'rta faylga qo'shni ikkita fayl ham muhim deb hisoblanadi va otlar va jang aravalari bu erda matni surish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.

General, odatda so'nggi o'yin bosqichidan oldin o'zining asl holatida eng xavfsiz bo'lganligi sababli, generalga hujum qilish, odatda, generalni dastlabki holatidan chek yoki tahdid bilan majburlashni o'z ichiga oladi. Shunday qilib, Xiangchida o'ziga xos nuqtalar va shakllanishlar juda muhimdir.

Hujum qiladigan (qizil) ot uchun eng xavfli nuqtalar - c9 va g9 (xitoycha: 臥 槽 馬), ayniqsa, tezkor turmush o'rtog'i qo'shimcha arava yoki to'p bilan yurishi mumkin.

Liang va Zhao, 1982 yil Qizil to'p bilan ikkita bo'lakning pimi tufayli, Blekning markaziy oti aktivga emas, balki majburiyatga aylandi.

To'p uchun eng halokatli shakllanishlardan biri bu ochiq to'pdir (xitoycha: 空心 炮), bu erda to'p to'g'ridan-to'g'ri o'rta faylni to'p va general o'rtasida boshqa qismlarsiz boshqaradi. Ushbu shakllanish ayniqsa xavflidir, chunki mudofaa tomoni to'p oldida hech qanday bo'lakni harakatga keltira olmaydi; Qo'shimcha to'p bilan hujumga qo'shilish paytida, er-xotin ergashishi mumkin va qo'shimcha tayoq bilan mudofaa tomoni er-xotin tekshiruvni amalga oshirishi mumkin (to'p oldida rook bilan), so'ngra shamol tegirmoni, keyinchalik kamida bir bo'lakni yutib olish. Agar mudofaa tomoni to'pni quvib chiqara olmasa yoki uni qo'lga kirita olmasa, u bu tahdidlardan qochish uchun generalni oldinga siljitib, hujumga qarshi himoyasiz qoldirishi kerak.

"To'plar tomonidan boshqariladigan markaziy ot" deb nomlangan yana bir halokatli shakllanish (xitoycha: 炮 鎮 窩心 馬, o'ng tomondagi diagramma) ham dushman qismlarini juda yomon muvofiqlashtirishni talab qiladi. Diagrammada Blekning "tsentroid oti" saroyning markazini egallab, Blekning o'z generali va maslahatchilariga to'sqinlik qiladi va qizil to'p bilan generalga mahkamlanadi. E8-dagi Blekning to'pi ham o'z generaliga mahkamlangan; u ham harakatlana olmaydi va Blekning ikkita filining harakatini cheklaydi, shu sababli ularni bir-birini himoya qila olmaydi. O'rta o'yinda bunday shakllanish ko'pincha bo'g'ib qo'yilgan juftlikning o'lik tahdidlarini keltirib chiqaradi, oxirgi o'yinda esa, diagrammadagi kabi, Redning to'pini quvib bo'lmaydi, shuning uchun Blekning generalini, maslahatchilarini, e8-da to'pni va otning hammasini doimiy ravishda harakat qila olmaydi. Qora kichik bir bo'lak bo'lsa ham, Qizil aniq g'alabaga ega: O'yin 41.Hg7 ni tashkil etdi (fil va mahkamlangan to'pni urish va juftlashish tahdidini yaratish) Eg10 42.Hh9 Ci9 43.Hf8 + Cf9 (agar boshqa qora uchun bo'lmasa) to'p, bu tezkor sherik) 44. Hxg6 va Qora iste'foga chiqdi: Qora yagona faol bo'lagi (f9-dagi to'p) Redning otini va askarlarini to'xtatish uchun juda ojiz, ular tez orada saroyga bostirib kirishadi.

Umumiy mudofaa konfiguratsiyasi - generalni boshlang'ich pozitsiyasida qoldirish, bitta maslahatchi va bitta filni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri generalning oldida joylashgan ikkita nuqtaga joylashtirish va boshqa maslahatchi va filni boshlang'ich pozitsiyalarida general tomoniga qoldirish. . Ushbu sozlamada maslahatchi-fil juftlari bir-birlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar va general to'plar hujumlaridan immunitetga ega. Har qanday qismni yo'qotish, umuman, to'pga nisbatan zaif bo'lib qoladi va sozlashdan voz kechish kerak bo'lishi mumkin. Himoyachi to'pni hujumiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun maslahatchilarni yoki fillarni generaldan uzoqlashtirishi yoki hatto qasddan qurbon qilishi mumkin.

11 yoshidagi qizil juftliklar Biznes: 1.Rh10 ++ 1. ... Eig10 tezroq juftlashadi: 2.Rgxg10 + Af10 (Exg10 3.Rxg10 #) 3.Rxf10 + Ge9 4.Rh9 #. 1. ... Eeg10 darhol 2.Rhxg10 # bilan juftlashadi 1. ... Af10 2. Rh9 + Afe9 3. Rg10 ++ Af10 4. Rg9 + Afe9 5. Rh10 ++ Yana 5. ... Eig10 va 5. ... Eeg10 ham tezroq juftlarni olib boradi. 5. ... Af10 6.Re9 + !! Yaltiroq cheklangan qo'zg'atuvchi harakat. Agar 6. ... Gxe9 7. Rh9 # bo'lsa 6. ... Adxe9 7. Rh9 + Eeg10 8. Rxe9 + (aravani qonuniy harakatlar bilan tegizish mumkin emas) Gd10 9. Re10 + Gd9 10.d8 + Gxd8 11.Rd10 # E'tibor bering, agar Qizil 4.Re9 + o'ynasa? Buning o'rniga, Qizil turmush o'rtog'ini majbur qila olmaydi: 4. ... Adxe9 5.Rg9 + Eig10 va Qizil Rxe9 + ni keyingi harakatlarda o'ynata olmaydi, chunki bu aravani general qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi va qora rang shunchaki Gxe9 o'ynashi mumkin. Tekshirish berish uchun g-aravani ishlatishdan maqsad h-aravani h9 nuqtasiga joylashtirish, Blekning Eig10-ni blokirovka qilishdir.

Juftlikka yoki materialni olishga olib keladigan uzoq tekshiruvlar ketma-ketligi shaxmat kompozitsiyalarida ham, haqiqiy o'yinlarda ham keng tarqalgan. Malakali xiangqi o'yinchisi majburiy ketma-ketlik uchun ko'pincha bir necha qadamlarni, hatto o'nlab qadamlarni hisoblashi kerak edi. O'ngdagi diagrammada Qora zudlik bilan juftlik tahdidiga ega, uni qaytarib bo'lmaydi, bu esa qizilni har bir qadamda Qora rangni tekshirishga majbur qiladi. Juftlik qilish uchun 11 ta harakat zarur bo'lsa-da, uning umumiy g'oyasi aniq: saroyning markazida aravani qurbon qilib (e9), so'ngra Blekni qizil faylga hujum qilishga yordam berishga imkon berib, markaz faylini ochishga majbur qiling, va nihoyat qarama-qarshi generallar bilan juftlik.

Teshiklar

Eng keng tarqalgan ochilish juftligi

Boshlang'ich moslamasining chap va o'ng qanotlari nosimmetrik bo'lganligi sababli, birinchi harakatni o'ng qanotda bajarish odatiy holdir. Chap qanotdan boshlash keraksiz chalkash deb hisoblanadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Eng keng tarqalgan ochilish - bu to'pni markaziy ustunga ko'chirish, ya'ni ochilish 當頭 炮 (savdo.) / 当头 炮 (sodda). dāng tóu pào yoki "Markaziy to'p". Eng ko'p uchraydigan javob - otni bir qanotda oldinga siljitish. Birgalikda, bu harakatlanish va javoblar me 炮 ， 馬來 跳 (savdo.) / 当头 炮 ， 马来 跳 (sodda.) Qofiyasi bilan ma'lum. dāng tóu pào, mǎ lái tiào. Buning yozuvi "1. 炮 (32) -35, 馬 (18) -37", "1. C2.5 H8 + 7" yoki "1. Che3 Hg8" (o'ng tomondagi diagramma). Blekning 1. ... H8 + 7 (Hg8) javobidan so'ng, o'yin turli xil teshiklarga aylanishi mumkin, eng keng tarqalgan bo'lib 屏風 馬 (savdo.) / 屏风 马 (sodda) yoki "Ekran otlari (mudofaa) "unda Qora ikkinchi pog'onasini himoya qilish uchun boshqa otni rivojlantiradi (... H2 + 3 yoki ... Hc8) yoki ikkinchi harakatida darhol, yoki keyinroq Blek o'yinni ushbu teshikka o'tkazganda.

Blek tomonidan olib boriladigan muqobil keng tarqalgan birinchi harakatlar ham to'plar rivojlanmoqda (1. ... C8.5 / 1.. ... Che8, yoki 1. ... C2.5 / 1.. ... Cbe8); ushbu harakatlarning har ikkisidan keyin ham markaziy askarni zambarak bilan olib borish (2. C5 + 4 yoki 2. Cxe7 +) - boshlang'ich tuzoq, agar Qora to'g'ri o'ynasa, qizil qismlarning rivojlanishi va koordinatsiyasiga to'sqinlik qiladi (masalan, 1. Che3 Che8 2. Cxe7 + ?? Ade9 3. Hg3 Hg8 4. Ce5 Rh10, birinchi navbatda Qora irmoqni rivojlantirganda va Blekning o'rta piyonining yo'qolishi, aslida Blekning otlari keyingi harakatlarda markazni egallashiga imkon berdi).

Qizil tomonidan boshqa keng tarqalgan birinchi harakatlar orasida filni markaziy ustunga siljitish (1. Ege3), uchinchi yoki ettinchi faylda askarni oldinga siljitish (1. c5), otni oldinga siljitish (1. Hg3) va ikkala to'pni 4 yoki 6-chi (d- yoki f-) fayl (1. Chd3 yoki 1. Chf3). Markaziy Cannon teshiklari bilan taqqoslaganda, bu teshiklar odatda nazariya bilan kamroq cheklangan.

Ochilish bo'yicha umumiy tavsiyalar kamida bitta aravani tezkor ravishda ishlab chiqishni va uni ochiq fayllar va qatorlarga qo'yishni o'z ichiga oladi, chunki bu uzoq hujumlar oralig'idagi eng kuchli qismdir. Birinchi uchta yurishda faqat kambag'al o'yinchi aravani harakatga keltirmaydi degan gap bor (xitoycha: 三步 不出 車 ， 必定 必定 要 輸棋); ammo buni so'zma-so'z tushunmaslik kerak va aslida zamonaviy Syangqi o'yinlarida ko'pincha buziladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Markazga hujum qilish va uni himoya qilish, ayniqsa markaziy askarlar / markaziy piyonlar, ochilishdagi umumiy mavzudir, shuning uchun Markaziy Kannon teshiklari. Odatda, markaziy askarni himoya qilish uchun kamida bitta otni o'rtaga o'tkazish kerak; ammo himoyalanmagan markaziy askarlar dastlabki harakatlarda ham "zaharlangan garovga" aylanishi mumkin, ayniqsa, hujum qiluvchi tomon markaziy faylga bosimni ushlab turish uchun darhol kuzatuvga ega bo'lmasa.

O'rta o'yin strategiyasi

Xiangqi strategy share common themes with chess, but have some differences:

• Occupying the centre is relatively less important in xiangqi, but controlling and attacking the middle file is still one of the vital themes. Since the middle file is often well defended, players would then seek to mount an offence on either of the flanks on the enemy side, especially when the defence of one flank is neglected.
• The significance of pawn formation in xiangqi and chess are different. In xiangqi, soldiers (pawns) are often pushed to avoid blocking their own horses, and it is uncommon for them to defend each other (in contrast with a Western chess garov zanjiri ). Successfully getting a soldier to cross a river as an attacking force can often tilt the scales of the middlegame by a large margin.
• In high-level play, the initiative is highly important, and a minor mistake can doom a game.
• Sacrifices are common in xiangqi, however they are more often tactical rather than positional. Usually, at most a minor piece is sacrificed for positional advantages, or a semi-tactical attack.

Endgame

Though xiangqi endgames require remarkable skill to be played well, there are a number of widely known book wins and book draws. Without a counterpart to garovni targ'ib qilish, xiangqi endgames instead focus more directly on forcing checkmate or stalemate, and in this regard resemble garovsiz shaxmat o'yinlari. Since stalemate is a loss for the stalemated player instead of a draw, most book draws in xiangqi are due to qal'alar, with a few draws due to material yetarli emas.

A general rule in xiangqi endgames for the advantageous side is that, when there's less material on the board, do not trade pieces easily, as with fewer attacking pieces on the board, defending is easier (in contrast to Western chess, where it is almost always advantageous to trade pieces when up on material). Hence, if a certain type of endgame can transpose, by trading pieces, into another type of endgame which is a book win, then this endgame itself is a book win.

Zugzwang in xiangqi endgames

Red wins with either side to move.

Induktsiya qilish zugzwang is a crucial theme in winning simple endgames, and almost exclusively in simple endgames. In the general + soldier vs general endgame shown on the right, Red's first main goal is to occupy the middle file. Red wins with 1. Gd1, a waiting move, and Black is in zugzwang. Black must proceed with 1. ...Ge8, as 1. ...Ge10 instantly loses after 2. f9#. After 1. ...Ge8 2. f9 Gf8 3. e9 Ge8 4. d9 Gf8 5. Ge1, Red's general successfully occupies the middle file. The game would conclude with 5. ...Gf9 6. e9+, and regardless of Black's reply, 7. Ge2# (stale)mates Black and thus winning the game.

Reciprocal zugzwang: Whoever moves first loses.

Reciprocal zugzwang is possible, but very rare and usually seen in endgame compositions. In this endgame shown on the right, whoever moves loses, since when any of the two generals moves to an open d- or f- file, a mate in 1 is threatened with this move, while the player to move only helps the enemy general occupy one of the files. For instance, Red can only move his two soldiers if he is to move. Moving the f-(or d-)soldier allows the enemy general to occupy the f-file(d-file). Even if 1. fe9+ Gf10 2. d10, when Red threatens mate in 1, Black still mates immediately with either 2. ...fe2# or 2. ...f1#.

Soldier (pawn) endgames

Red to play wins; Black to play draws.

• A soldier, as long as it does not reach the opposite rank, wins against a bare general easily. With any extra defensive piece on the defensive side, it is a draw; however, soldier vs advisor requires skill to play well.
• Two unadvanced (i.e., on the 6th or 7th ranks) soldiers win against the following combinations: Two advisors, two elephants, a bare horse/cannon. Generally a draw against one advisor plus one elephant, or a horse/cannon plus a defending piece.
• Three unadvanced soldiers win against the following combinations: All 4 defensive pieces (2 advisors plus 2 elephants, Chinese: 士象全), a horse plus two advisors/two elephants, a cannon plus two elephants.

Horse endgames

Red to play wins with 1. Hd7, preventing the elephant from getting to the opposite flank, and thus placing Black in zugzwang (1...Gd9 loses to the fork 2.Hb8+ while after 1...Ea8, 2.Hb8 puts Black in zugzwang again and the elephant is lost on the following move). Black to play draws with 1. ...Ee8.

• A bare horse wins against a bare advisor, but not a bare elephant.
• A horse plus an unadvanced soldier wins against both combinations of 3 defensive pieces, or any combination of a minor piece plus a defensive piece except horse + elephant. This combination draws against all 4 defensive pieces.
• A horse plus an advanced soldier(on the 8th or 9th rank) draws against either combination of 3 defensive pieces, but defending requires precise positions.
• A horse plus a soldier on the 10th rank wins against two advisors, or one advisor plus one elephant. This combination draws against 2 elephants.
• A horse plus two soldiers can win against one minor piece + one advisor + two elephants. With an extra advisor on the defensive side, it is a book draw.
• Two horses win against all 4 defensive pieces, or any combination of a minor piece plus 2 defensive pieces except cannon + 2 elephants.

Cannon endgames

After 1. Ge3, Black must lose an advisor, since 1...Gd9 is met by 2.Ae2#. Note that after 1. ...Ge10 2. Cxd8, taking the cannon with Axd8 is illegal as the advisor is pinned to its general (the generals may not face each other on the same file).

• A bare cannon, or a cannon with elephants, cannot win against a bare general due to insufficient material. Cannons need defensive pieces for cooperation, especially the advisor.
• A cannon needs only one advisor to win against two advisors, or a single elephant. Meanwhile, even with all 4 defensive pieces, it is a book draw against two elephants, one advisor + one elephant, one soldier + one advisor, or any minor piece.
• A cannon with all 4 defensive pieces needs at least an extra soldier to win against 4 defensive pieces. A bare cannon with a soldier on the 6th rank wins against any combination of 2 defensive pieces.
• A cannon + 4 defensive pieces + 2 unadvanced soldiers generally draw against one minor piece + 4 defensive pieces. But if the defensive side lacks a single piece, it is a book win.

Horse+Cannon endgames

This type of endgame is considered one of the more complex endgames. Commonly known book wins and book draws are:

• Horse + Cannon + 4 defensive pieces vs a minor piece vs 4 defensive pieces: A win if the minor piece is a horse (the attacking side does not need all 4 defensive pieces to win), a draw if it is a cannon.
• With the same combination of the two minor pieces and all 4 defensive pieces on both sides, one needs two extra soldiers for a book win.
• If both sides have 2 minor pieces and 4 defensive pieces, and the advantegeous side only has one extra soldier, then regardless of the combination of the two minor pieces, it is a book draw.

Chariot endgames

The drawing fortress for chariot vs horse + 2 elephants. Other defensive positions, aside from this position's symmetrical variation, generally lose: If, instead, the elephant on g6 had been on g10, then Red to play wins, starting with 1. Rb7.

Single chariot endgames:

• A single chariot generally cannot win against 4 defensive pieces, but with 3 or fewer defensive pieces, it is a forced win.
• Chariot vs one minor piece plus 2 defensive pieces: A win if the 2 defensive pieces are not the same, or if the combination is horse + two advisors. If the defensive side has horse + two elephants, a specific fortress is required to draw.
• Chariot vs one minor piece plus 3 defensive pieces: A draw.
• Chariot vs two minor pieces with no defensive pieces: A draw, but requires good defensive positions.

Chariot + soldiers (unadvanced):

• Chariot + soldier, with sufficient defensive pieces on his own side, wins against a chariot plus an advisor, a chariot plus two elephants, or a chariot plus a soldier.
• Chariot + soldier wins against any 2 minor pieces + 2 advisors. This combination also wins against horse + 4 defensive pieces, but not cannon + 4 defensive pieces.
• Chariot + soldier vs 2 unadvanced soldiers + 4 defensive pieces: If the offensive side has no defensive piece, it is a draw since the 2 enemy soldiers can still be a formidable force. If the offensive side has one advisor, it is a win.
• Chariot + 2 soldiers cannot force a win against chariot + 4 defensive pieces. In this endgame, both attacking and defending require great skill.

Chariot + horse:

• A chariot plus a horse needs one advisor on his own side to win against a chariot plus two advisors.
• Chariot + horse vs chariot + two elephants: With enough defensive pieces for the attacking side, it is generally a win if the move limit is not taken into consideration.

Chariot + cannon:

• A chariot plus a cannon cannot win against a bare chariot, as long as the defending chariot occupies the middle file. However, with any extra defensive piece on the attacking side, it is a win.
• Chariot + cannon + 2 advisors would win against chariot + two elephants.
• Chariot + cannon + 4 defensive pieces vs chariot + 4 defensive pieces: Draw.

Two chariots:

• Two chariots vs chariot + 4 defensive pieces: A draw with good defensive positions.
• Two chariots vs chariot + minor piece + 2 defensive pieces: The only drawing combination is chariot + cannon + 2 advisors.
• Two chariots vs 2 minor pieces + 4 defensive pieces: A win if the 2 minor pieces are 2 horses.

Tarix

A game called "xiangqi" was mentioned as dating to the Urushayotgan davlatlar davri; according to the first-century-BC text Shuo Yuan (說苑/说苑), it was one of Lord Mengchang of Qi manfaatlari. But the rules of that game are not described, and it was not necessarily related to the present-day game.^[10] Shimoliy Chjou imperatori Vu wrote a book in AD 569 called Syan Tszin. It described the rules of an astronomically themed game called xiangqi or xiangxi (象戲/象戏). So'z xiàngqí 象棋 is usually translated as "elephant game" or "figure game", because the Xitoy xarakteri 象 means "elephant" and "figure"; it originated as a stylized drawing of an elephant, and was used to write a word meaning "figure", likely because the two words were pronounced the same.

For these reasons, Murray theorized that "in China [chess] took over the board and name of a game called 象棋 in the sense of 'Astronomical Game', which represented the apparent movements of naked-eye-visible astronomical objects in the night sky, and that the earliest Chinese references to 象棋 meant the Astronomical Game and not Chinese chess". Previous games called xiàngqí may have been based on the movements of sky objects. However, the connection between 象 and astronomiya is marginal, and arose from constellations being called "figures" in astronomical contexts where other meanings of "figure" were less likely; this usage may have led some ancient Chinese authors to theorize that the game 象棋 started as a simulation of astronomy.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Xiangqi game pieces dated to the Qo'shiqlar sulolasi (960–1279)

To support his argument, Murray quoted an old Chinese source that says that in the older xiangqi (which modern xiangqi may have taken some of its rules from) the game pieces could be aralashtirildi, which does not happen in the modern chess-style xiangqi.^[11] Murray also wrote that in ancient China there was more than one game called xiangqi.^[12]

An alternative hypothesis to Murray's is that xiangqi was patterned after the array of troops in the Urushayotgan davlatlar davri. Devid X. Li, for example, argues that the game was developed by Xan Sin in the winter of 204 BC-203 BC to prepare for an upcoming battle.^[13] His theories have been questioned by other chess researchers, however.^[14] The earliest description of the game's rules appears in the story "Cén Shùn" (岑順) in the collection Xuanguai lu (玄怪錄), written in the middle part of the Tang sulolasi.

With the economic and cultural development during the Tsin sulolasi, xiangqi entered a new stage. Many different schools of circles and players came into prominence. With the popularization of xiangqi, many books and manuals on the techniques of playing the game were published. They played an important role in popularizing xiangqi and improving the techniques of play in modern times. A Western-style Xitoy shaxmat o'yinlari ensiklopediyasi was written in 2004.^[15]

Zamonaviy o'yin

European xiangqi board

	a	b	v	d	e	f	g	h	men
10										10
9										9
8										8
7										7
6										6
5										5
4										4
3										3
2										2
1										1
	a	b	v	d	e	f	g	h	men

zl

Turnirlar va ligalar

Although xiangqi has its origin in Asia, there are xiangqi leagues and clubs all over the world. Each European nation generally has its own governing league; for example, in Britain, xiangqi is regulated by the United Kingdom Chinese Chess Association. Asian countries also have nationwide leagues, such as the Malaysia Chinese Chess Association.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

In addition, there are several international federations and tournaments. The Xitoyning Sianqsi uyushmasi hosts several tournaments every year, including the Yin Li and Ram Cup Tournaments.^[16] Other organizations include the Asian Xiangqi Federation^[17] and a World Xiangqi Federation,^[18] which hosts tournaments and competitions bi-annually, with most limited to players from member nations.

There are europeanized versions of boards (10 × 9) and figures of xiangqi.^[19][20][21]

Reytinglar

The Asian Xiangqi Federation (AXF) and its corresponding member associations rank players in a format similar to the Elo reyting tizimi shaxmat According to the XiangQi DataBase, the top-ranking female and male players in China, as of June 2012, were Tan Dan and Jiang Chuan, with ratings of 2529 and 2667, respectively.^[22][23] Other strong players include Zhao GuanFang (female), Xu Yinchuan (male), Lu Qin (male), and Wang LinNa (female).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

The Asian Xiangqi Federation also bestows the title of grandmaster to select individuals around the world who have excelled at xiangqi or made special contributions to the game. There are no specific criteria for becoming a grandmaster and the list of grandmasters was fewer than a hundred people in September 1996.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} The titles of grandmaster is bestowed by bodies such as the AXF and the Chinese Xiangqi Association (CXA).^[24]

Kompyuterlar

The o'yin daraxtining murakkabligi of xiangqi is approximately 10¹⁵⁰; in 2004 it was projected that a human top player would be defeated before 2010.^[25] Xiangqi is one of the more popular computer-versus-computer competitions at the Computer Olympiads.^[26]

Computer programs for playing xiangqi show the same development trend as has occurred for international chess: they are usually console applications (called engines) which communicate their moves in text form through some standard protocol. For displaying the board graphically, they then rely on a separate grafik foydalanuvchi interfeysi (GUI). Through such standardization, many different engines can be used through the same GUI, which can also be used for automated play of different engines against each other. Popular protocols are UCI (Universal shaxmat interfeysi ), UCCI (Universal Chinese Chess Interface), Qianhong (QH) protocol, and WinBoard /XBoard (WB) protocol (the latter two named after the GUIs that implemented them). There now exist many dozens of xiangqi engines supporting one or more of these protocols, including some commercial engines.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

O'zgarishlar

Blits shaxmat
Each player only has around 5–10 minutes each.

Manchu shaxmat
Invented during the Tsing sulolasi. Red horses, cannons, and one of the chariots are absent, but the remaining chariot can be played as horses and cannons as well.

Supply chess
Similar to the Western chess variant Bughouse shaxmat, this variant features the ability to re-deploy captured pieces, similar to a rule in shogi. Four players play as two-person teams in two side-by-side games. One teammate plays Black and other plays Red. Any piece obtained by capturing the opponent's piece is given to the teammate for use in the other game. These pieces can be deployed by the teammate to give him an advantage over the other player, so long as the piece starts on the player's own side of the board and does not cause the opponent to be in check.

Shakllanish
O'xshash Fischer tasodifiy shaxmat, one player's pieces are placed randomly on one side of the river, except for the generals and advisors, which must be at their usual positions, and the elephants, which must start at two of the seven points they can normally reach. The other player's pieces are set up to mirror the first's. Boshqa barcha qoidalar bir xil.

Banqi
This variation is more well known in Gonkong than in mainland China. It uses the xiangqi pieces and board, but does not follow any of its rules, bearing more of a resemblance to the Western game Stratego as well as the Chinese game Lujanqi.

Variations played with special boards or pieces

There are many versions of three-player xiangqi, or san xiangqui, all played on special boards.

San Guo Qi
"Game of the Three Kingdoms" is played on a special hexagonal board with three xiangqi armies (red, blue, and green) vying for dominance. A Y-shaped river divides the board into three gem-shaped territories, each containing the grid found on one side of a xiangqi board, but distorted to make the game playable by three people. Each player has eighteen pieces: the sixteen of regular xiangqi, plus two new ones that stand on the same rank as the cannons. The new pieces have different names depending on their side: huo ("fire") for Red, qi ("flag") for Blue, and feng ("wind") for Green. They move two spaces orthogonally, then one space diagonally. The generals each bear the name of a historical Chinese kingdom—Shu for Red, Wei for Blue, and Wu for Green—from China's Uch qirollik davr.^[27] It is likely that San Guo Qi first appeared under the Janubiy Song sulolasi (960–1279).^[28]

San You Qi
"Three Friends Chess" was invented by Zheng Jinde from Sheksian ichida Anxuiy hukmronligi davrida viloyat Kansi imperatori ning Tsing sulolasi (1661–1722). It is played on a Y-shaped board with a full army of xiangqi pieces set up at the end of each of the board's three wide radii. In the centre of the board sits a triangular zone with certain features, such as ocean, mountain, or city walls, each of which is impassable by certain pieces. Two of an army's five soldiers are replaced by new pieces called huo ("fire") pieces, which move one space diagonally forward. Ikki qi ("flag") pieces are positioned on the front corners of the palace; they move two spaces forward inside their own camp, and then one space in any direction inside an enemy camp.^[28]

Sanrenqi
"Three Men Chess" is a riverless, commercial variant played on a cross-shaped board with some special rules, including a fourth, neutral country called Xon. Han has three Chariots, one Cannon, and one General named "Emperor Xian of Han", but these pieces do not move and do not belong to any of the players until a certain point in the game when two players team up against the third player. At that point the third player gets to also control Han.^[28]

Si Guo Qi
"Four Kingdoms Chess" is also played on a riverless, cross-shaped board, but with four players. Because there are no rivers, elephants may move about the board freely.^[28]

Qi Guo Xiang Qi
"Game of the Seven Kingdoms" is based symbolically on the Warring States Period.

Unicode

Xiangqi pieces were added to the Unicode Standard in June 2018 with the release of version 11.0.

They appear in the Chess Symbols Unicode block, which is U+1FA00–U+1FA6F:

Ommaviy madaniyat

The game appears in the early 17th-century novel Jin Ping Mei.^[29]

Yilda Season 1, Episode 21 ning Qiziqarli shaxs, bosh qahramon Jon Riz plays the game with an older Chinese man.^[30]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

• Lau, H. T. (1985). Xitoy shaxmat. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN  0-8048-3508-X.
• Leventhal, Dennis A. The Chess of China. Taipei, Taiwan: Mei Ya, 1978. (out-of-print but can be partly downloaded)
• Li, Devid H. Shaxmat nasabnomasi. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN  0-9637852-2-2.
• Myurrey, H. J. R. (1913). Shaxmat tarixi (Qayta nashr etilgan). Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-19-827403-3.
• Wilkes, Charles Fred. A Manual of Chinese Chess. 1952.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Li, Devid H. First Syllabus on Xiangqi: Chinese Chess 1. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1996. ISBN  0-9637852-5-7.
• Li, Devid H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Cannon: Chinese Chess 2. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 1998. ISBN  0-9637852-7-3.
• Li, Devid H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Elephant: Chinese Chess 3. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2000. ISBN  0-9637852-0-6.
• Li, Devid H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Pawn: Chinese Chess 4. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2002. ISBN  0-9711690-1-2.
• Li, Devid H. Xiangqi Syllabus on Horse: Chinese Chess 5. Premier Publishing, Bethesda, Maryland, 2004. ISBN  0-9711690-2-0.
• Lo, Andrew; Wang, Tzi-Cheng. "'The Earthworms Tame the Dragon': The Game of Xiangqi" in Asian Games, The Art of Contest, edited by Asia Society, 2004. (a serious and updated reading about xiangqi history)
• Sloan, Sam. Yangi boshlanuvchilar uchun Xitoy shaxmat. Ishi Press International, San Rafael, Tokyo, 1989. ISBN  0-923891-11-0.

Tashqi havolalar

• World Xiangqi League
• Xiangqi Championships
• Learn Chinese Chess in English Rules, openings, strategy, ancient manuals
• An Introduction to Xiangqi for Chess Players
• Xiangqi, Chinese Chess Presentation, rules, history and variants, by Jean-Louis Cazaux
• Xiangqi (象棋): Chinese Chess tomonidan Xans Bodlaender, tahrir. Fergus Duniho, Shaxmatning turli xil sahifalari