Dodo - Dodo - Wikipedia

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Dodo (ajralish).

Dodo
Vaqtinchalik diapazon: Golotsen
Dodoning skeleti va modeli
Dodo skeletlari va zamonaviy tadqiqotlar asosida model, da Oksford universiteti tabiiy tarix muzeyi
Ilmiy tasnif tahrirlash
Qirollik:Animalia
Filum:Chordata
Sinf:Aves
Buyurtma:Columbiformes
Oila:Columbidae
Subfamila:†Rafinalar
Tur:†Rafa
Brisson, 1760
Turlar:
†R. cucullatus
Binomial ism
†Raphus cucullatus
(Linney, 1758)
Mauritius Island location.svg
Manzil Mavrikiy (ko'kda)
Sinonimlar
  • Struthio cucullatus Linney, 1758 yil
  • Didus ineptus Linney, 1766 yil

The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) an yo'q bo'lib ketgan parvoz qilmaydigan qush bu edi endemik oroliga Mavrikiy, sharqda Madagaskar ichida Hind okeani. Dodo eng yaqin genetik qarindosh ham yo'q bo'lib ketgan Rodriges pasyansi, ikkitasini tashkil qiladi subfamily Rafinalar ning oila ning kabutarlar va kaptarlar. Eng yaqin yashash dodoning qarindoshi Nikobar kaptar. Oq dodo yaqinda orolda bo'lgan deb o'ylardi Reunion, ammo bu endi yo'q bo'lib ketishga asoslangan chalkashlik deb hisoblanmoqda Reunion ibis va oq dodalarning rasmlari.

Subfosil dodoning bo'yi taxminan 1 metr (3 fut 3 dyuym) bo'lganligi va yovvoyi tabiatda vazni 10,6-17,5 kg (23-39 funt) bo'lganligi ko'rsatilgan. Dodoning hayotda paydo bo'lishi faqat 17-asrga oid rasmlar, rasmlar va yozma ma'lumotlar bilan tasdiqlanadi. Bular bir-biridan sezilarli darajada farq qilar ekan va faqat ba'zi rasmlar jonli namunalardan olinganligi ma'lum bo'lib, uning hayotdagi aniq ko'rinishi hal qilinmagan va uning xatti-harakatlari haqida kam ma'lumot mavjud. Dodo tarixiy jihatdan semiz va beparvo deb hisoblangan bo'lsa-da, endi uning ekotizimiga yaxshi moslangan deb o'ylashadi. U jigarrang-kul rang bilan tasvirlangan tuklar, sariq oyoqlar, dum patlarining tupi, kulrang, yalang'och bosh va qora, sariq va yashil tumshuq. Bu ishlatilgan toshbo'ron toshlari yordamlashmoq hazm qilish uning tarkibiga mevalar kiritilgan deb o'ylanadigan oziq-ovqat va asosiysi yashash joyi Mavrikiyning quruqroq qirg'oq mintaqalaridagi o'rmon bo'lganligiga ishonishadi. Bitta hisob qaydnomasida ko'rsatilgan debriyaj bitta tuxumdan iborat edi. Dodo mo'l-ko'l oziq-ovqat manbalari va Mavrikiyda yirtqichlarning nisbatan yo'qligi sababli uchib keta olmagan deb taxmin qilinadi.

Dodo haqida birinchi marta 1598 yilda gollandiyalik dengizchilar eslatishgan. Keyingi yillarda qushni dengizchilar ovlagan va invaziv turlar, uning yashash joyi yo'q qilinayotganda. Dodoni so'nggi marta 1662 yilda ko'rish keng tarqalgan. Uning yo'q bo'lib ketishi darhol sezilmadi, ba'zilari esa uni afsona. 19-asrda 17-asr boshlarida Evropaga olib kelingan to'rtta namunaning oz miqdordagi qoldiqlari ustida tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Ularning orasida quritilgan bosh, bugungi kunda dodoning yagona yumshoq to'qimasi mavjud. O'shandan beri Mauritiusda katta miqdordagi toshqotgan materiallar to'plandi, asosan Mare aux Songes botqoq. Dodoning kashf etilganidan bir asrga yaqin vaqt ichida yo'q bo'lib ketishi, odamlarning butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketishiga aloqadorligi to'g'risida ilgari tan olinmagan muammoga e'tibor qaratdi. turlari. Dodo hikoyadagi rolidan keng tan olingan Elisning mo''jizalar dunyosidagi sarguzashtlari, va u o'sha paytdan boshlab ommaviy madaniyatning fikriga aylandi, ko'pincha yo'q bo'lib ketish belgisi va eskirganlik.

Taksonomiya

Skull and lower jaw of a dodo in a box
Boshsuyagi Kopengagen zoologik muzeyi, 1842 yilda dodoning kaptar deb tasniflanishiga olib kelgan tekshiruv

Dodo har xil kichik deb e'lon qilindi tuyaqush, a temir yo'l, an albatros yoki a tulpor, dastlabki olimlar tomonidan.[2] 1842 yilda Daniya zoologi Yoxannes Teodor Reyxardt dodoslar erga tushirilganligini taklif qildi kabutarlar, u to'plamda topgan dodo bosh suyagini o'rganish asosida Daniyaning tabiiy tarix muzeyi.[3] Ushbu qarash masxara qilingan, ammo keyinchalik ingliz tabiatshunoslari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Xyu Edvin Striklend va Aleksandr Gordon Melvill ularning 1848 yilda monografiya Dodo va uning mehribonlariajratishga urindi afsona haqiqatdan.[4] Keyin ajratish The saqlanib qolgan namunaning boshi va oyog'i Oksford universiteti muzeyi va uni yo'q bo'lib ketgan qoldiqlari bilan taqqoslash Rodriges pasyansi (Pezofaplar solitariya) ular ikkalasi chambarchas bog'liq degan xulosaga kelishdi. Striklendning ta'kidlashicha, bir xil bo'lmasa-da, bu qushlar oyoq suyaklarining ko'plab farq qiluvchi xususiyatlariga ega, aks holda faqat kaptarlarda ma'lum bo'lgan.[5]

Striklend va Melvild dodo ekanligini aniqladilar anatomik ravishda ko'plab xususiyatlarga ko'ra kaptarlarga o'xshash. Ular juda qisqa tomonga ishora qildilar keratinli qismi tumshuq, uzun, ingichka, yalang'och bazal qismi bilan. Boshqa kaptarlarning ham ko'zlari atrofida yalang'och teri bor, deyarli dodos singari tumshug'iga etib borishadi. Peshona tumshug'iga nisbatan baland edi va burun teshigi tumshug'ining o'rtasida pastda joylashgan va teri bilan o'ralgan, faqat kaptarlarga xos xususiyatlarning kombinatsiyasi. Dodoning oyoqlari odatda oyoqlariga o'xshash edi quruqlik boshqa qushlarga qaraganda kaptarlar, ikkalasi ham tarozi va ularning suyak xususiyatlarida. Katta tasvirlar hosil bu xususiyat boshqa qushlarga qaraganda ancha rivojlangan kaptarlar bilan munosabatlarga ishora qilmoqda. Kabutarlar odatda juda kichikdir debriyajlar, va dodo bitta tuxum qo'ygan deb aytiladi. Kabutarlar singari, dodo ham yo'q edi qusish va septum burun teshiklari va u batafsil ma'lumotlarni o'rtoqlashdi mandible, zigomatik suyak, tomoq, va hallux. Dodo boshqa kaptarlardan, asosan, qanotlarning kichikligi va tumshug'ining qolgan kattaligiga mutanosibligi bilan ajralib turardi. bosh suyagi.[5]

Oksford boshining eskizi 1848 yilda parchalanishidan oldin qilingan
1848 litografiya namuna olingan Oksford namunasining oyog'i DNK

19-asr davomida bir nechta turlar quyidagicha tasniflangan tug'ma dodo bilan, shu jumladan Rodriges pasyansi va Réunion solitaire, kabi Didus solitarius va Raphus solitariusnavbati bilan (Didus va Rafa vaqtning turli mualliflari tomonidan ishlatilgan dodo turiga nomlar bo'lish). 17-asrda Rodrigesda topilgan dodo va suyaklarning atipik tavsifi, endi u Rodriges pasyansiga tegishli ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi. Avraam Di Bartlett yangi turni nomlash, Didus nazarenus, 1852 yilda.[6] Solitaire qoldiqlariga asoslanib, endi bu turning sinonimi.[7] Ning xom chizmalari qizil temir yo'l ning Mavrikiy dodo turlari sifatida ham noto'g'ri talqin qilingan; Didus broeckii va Didus herberti.[8]

Ko'p yillar davomida dodo va Rodrigues pasyansi a-ga joylashtirilgan oila o'zlarining Raphidae (sobiq Dididae), chunki boshqa kaptarlar bilan aniq aloqalari hal qilinmagan. Ularning har biri o'zlariga joylashtirilgan monotipik oila (Raphidae va Pezophapidae), deb o'ylaganlar o'xshashliklarini mustaqil ravishda rivojlantirdi.[9] Osteologik va DNK tahlili shundan beri Raphidae oilasining tarqalishiga olib keldi va dodo va solitaire endi Columbidae oilasi tarkibidagi Raphinae o'z oilasiga joylashtirildi.[10]

Evolyutsiya

2002 yilda amerikalik genetikchi Bet Shapiro va hamkasblar birinchi marta dodoning DNKini tahlil qildilar. Taqqoslash mitoxondrial sitoxrom b va 12S rRNK ketma-ketliklar dan ajratilgan tarsal Oksford namunasi va a suyak suyagi Rodrigues soliteri ularning yaqin munosabatlari va Columbidae-ga joylashishini tasdiqladi. Genetik dalillar Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoni ko'rsatgan deb talqin qilingan Nikobar kaptar (Caloenas nicobarica) ularning eng yaqin qarindoshi bo'lish, keyin esa tojli kaptarlar (Goura) ning Yangi Gvineya, va yuzaki dodo kabi tish bilan qoplangan kaptar (Didunculus strigirostris) dan Samoa (uning ilmiy nomi dodoga o'xshash tumshug'iga ishora qiladi). Bu qoplama odatda quruqlikda yashovchi orol endemik kaptarlaridan iborat. Quyidagi kladogramma dodoning Columbidae ichidagi eng yaqin aloqalarini ko'rsatadi, Shapiro va boshq., 2002:[11][12]

 
 
 

Goura victoria (Viktoriya kaptarga toj kiygan)

 
 
 
 
 

Caloenas nicobarica (Nikobar kaptar)

 
 
 

Pezofaplar solitariya (Rodriges solitaire)

 
 

Raphus cucullatus (dodo)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Didunculus strigirostris (tish bilan qoplangan kaptar)

 
 

Shunga o'xshash kladogramma 2007 yilda joylashtirilgan bo'lib, nashr etilgan Goura va Didunculus va shu jumladan qirg'ovul kaptar (Otidiphaps nobilis) va qalin gumbazli kaptar (Trugon terrestrislari) qoplama tagida.[13] Ushbu tadqiqotlarda foydalanilgan DNK Oksford namunasidan olingan va ushbu material buzilganligi sababli va subfosil qoldiqlaridan foydalanishga yaroqli DNK olinmaganligi sababli, ushbu topilmalar hanuzgacha mustaqil ravishda tekshirilishi kerak.[14] Xulq-atvor va morfologik dalillarga asoslanib, Jolyon C. Parish dodo va Rodrigues pasyansini subfamilyaga joylashtirishni taklif qildi. Gurinlar bilan birga Goura kaptarlar va boshqalar, genetik dalillar bilan kelishilgan holda.[15] 2014 yilda yaqinda yo'q bo'lib ketgan yagona ma'lum bo'lgan DNK dog'li yashil kaptar (Caloenas maculata) tahlil qilindi va u Nikobar kabutarining yaqin qarindoshi va shu bilan birga dodo va Rodrigues pasyansi ekanligi aniqlandi.[16]

The Nikobar kaptar dodoning eng yaqin tirik qarindoshi

2002 yildagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, dodo va solitaire ajdodlari atrofida ajralib ketishgan Paleogen -Neogen chegara, taxminan 23,03 million yil oldin. The Maskarene orollari (Mavrikiy, Reunion va Rodriges ), ning vulkanik kelib chiqishi va 10 million yoshdan kichik. Shuning uchun, ikkala qushning ajdodlari, ehtimol, ular ajralib chiqqanidan keyin ancha vaqt parvoz qilishga qodir bo'lib qolishgan nasab.[17] Nikobar va dog'li yashil kaptar Raphinae-ga olib boradigan naslning tagiga joylashtirilgan, bu esa parvozsiz rafinlarning ucha oladigan, yarim quruqlikdagi va yashaydigan orollari bo'lgan ajdodlari bo'lgan. Bu o'z navbatida o'sha qushlarning ajdodlari tomonidan Maskarene orollariga etib borganligi haqidagi gipotezani qo'llab-quvvatlaydi orol sakrash Janubiy Osiyodan.[16] Yo'qligi sutemizuvchi o'txo'rlar ushbu orollardagi resurslar uchun raqobatlashish pasyansga va dodoga erishishga imkon berdi juda katta o'lchamlar va parvozsizlik.[18][19] Boshsuyagi morfologiyasi va kattaligi uchun moslashganiga qaramay, skeletining ko'plab xususiyatlari kichikroq, uchib yurgan kaptarlarga o'xshash bo'lib qoldi.[20] Yana bir katta, uchmaydigan kaptar, Viti Levu ulkan kaptar (Natunaornis gigoura), 2001 yilda tasvirlangan subfosil dan material Fidji. Bu dodo va pasyansga qaraganda biroz kichikroq edi va u ham toj kaptarlari bilan bog'liq deb o'ylashadi.[21]

Etimologiya

Engraving showing Dutch sailors working on Mauritius, as well as several local animals, including a dodo
Mavritsiya qirg'og'idagi Gollandiyalik faoliyatni ko'rsatadigan 1601 o'yma va chap tomonda dodoning birinchi nashr etilgan tasviri (2 deb nomlangan "Valchvoghel")

Dodoning asl ismlaridan biri gollandiyalik edi "Walghvoghel", birinchi bo'lib Gollandiyalik jurnalda ishlatilgan Vitse-admiral 1598 yilda Indoneziyadagi Ikkinchi Gollandiyalik ekspeditsiyasi paytida Mavrikiyga tashrif buyurgan Uybrend van Uorveyk.[22] Walghe "didsiz", "insipid" yoki "kasal" va "." vogel "qush" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Bu ismni Yakob Fridlib nemis tiliga tarjima qilgan Walchstök yoki Valchvogel.[23] Gollandiyalik asl hisobot Vaarachtige Beschryving yo'qolgan, ammo ingliz tilidagi tarjimasi omon qoldi:[24]

Ularning chap tomonida Xemskirk oroli deb nomlangan kichkina orol bor edi va u o'zi ko'rfazini ular Uorvik ko'rfazi deb atashdi ... Bu erda ular o'zlarining go'zalligini yangilash uchun 12 ta papatyani nishonladilar, bu erda oqqushlardan ikki baravar katta foulalarni topdilar, ular Walghstocks yoki Wallowbirdes deb atashadi, bu juda yaxshi go'sht. Ko'plab kaptarlar va popinnaylar [to'tiqushlar] ni topib, ularni buyuk qushlarni, ya'ni juda ko'p yoki shafqatsiz qushlarni aytadigan buyuk foulalarni eyishdan boshqa nafratlanishdi.[25][26]

Ushbu sayohatdan olingan yana bir xabarda, ehtimol dodo haqida birinchi bo'lib eslatib o'tilganida, portugallar ularni pingvin deb atashgan. Ma'nosi bundan kelib chiqmagan bo'lishi mumkin pingvin (portugallar bu qushlarni "fotilicaios"o'sha paytda), lekin dan pinion, kichik qanotlarga havola.[22] Gollandiya kemasining ekipaji Gelderland qushni 1602 yilda "Dronte" ("shishgan" degan ma'noni anglatadi) deb atagan, bu nom hali ham ba'zi tillarda ishlatilgan.[27] Ushbu ekipaj ularni "griff-eendt" va "kermisganlar" deb atagan qush uchun semirgan Kermesse festivali yilda Amsterdam Mavrikiyga langar tashlaganidan bir kun o'tgach bo'lib o'tdi.[28]

Crude sketch of three terrestrial birds, captioned with the words
1634 yilga oid yorliqli eskiz Ser Tomas Gerbert, ko'rsatib a keng to'tiqush ("Kakato"), a qizil temir yo'l ("Tovuq") va dodo

The etimologiya so'zning dodo aniq emas. Ba'zilar buni Gollandiyalik so'zga bog'lashadi dodoor "sustkashlik" uchun, lekin bu ehtimol ko'proq bog'liqdir Dodaars, bu "semiz eshak" yoki "tugun eshak" degan ma'noni anglatadi, bu orqa uchidagi patlarning tuguniga ishora qiladi.[29] So'zning birinchi yozuvi Dodaars kapitan Uillem Van Vest-Zanenning jurnalida 1602 yilda.[30] Ingliz yozuvchisi Ser Tomas Gerbert so'zini birinchi bo'lib ishlatgan dodo uning 1634 yilda bosma nashrida sayohatnoma uni 1507 yilda Mavrikiyga tashrif buyurgan portugallar shunday deb atashgan.[28] Boshqa bir ingliz Emmanuel Altham bu so'zni 1628 yilda yozilgan maktubida ishlatgan va unda uning kelib chiqishi portugal ekanligini da'vo qilgan. "Dodar" nomi ingliz tiliga dodo bilan bir vaqtda kiritilgan, ammo faqat XVIII asrgacha ishlatilgan.[31] Ma'lumki, portugallar qushni hech qachon eslamagan. Shunga qaramay, ba'zi manbalarda hanuzgacha bu so'z borligi aytilmoqda dodo dan kelib chiqadi Portugal so'z dudo (hozirda doido), "ahmoq" yoki "aqldan ozgan" ma'nosini anglatadi. Shuningdek, shunday taklif qilingan dodo edi onomatopoeic qush chaqirig'ining yaqinlashishi, "doo-doo" ga o'xshash ikkita notali kaptarga o'xshash ovoz.[32]

Lotin nomi bodringulus ("qalpoqcha") tomonidan birinchi marta ishlatilgan Xuan Eysebio Nieremberg 1635 yilda Cygnus bodringulus, ga murojaat qilib Kerolus Kluziy 1605 yilda dodoning tasviri. Uning 18-asr klassik asarida Systema Naturae, Karl Linney ishlatilgan bodringulus o'ziga xos ism sifatida, lekin uni turkum nomi bilan birlashtirdi Struthio (tuyaqush).[5] Maturin Jak Brisson avlod nomini yaratdi Rafa (ga ishora qiladi bustards ) 1760 yilda, natijada hozirgi nomi paydo bo'ldi Raphus cucullatus. 1766 yilda Linney yangi binomiyani yaratdi Didus ineptus ("inept dodo" ma'nosini anglatadi). Bu aylandi sinonim tufayli oldingi ism nomenklatura ustuvorligi.[33]

Tavsif

Oksford namunasi boshining o'ng yarmi (chap yarmi alohida)
Lithograph of the dodo skull at the Oxford Museum
1848 yilda Oksford namunasi bosh suyagi litografiyasi bir nechta ko'rinishda

To'liq dodo namunalari mavjud bo'lmaganligi sababli, uning tashqi ko'rinishini, masalan, tuklar va ranglarni aniqlash qiyin.[22] Dodo bilan kashf etilishi va yo'q bo'lib ketishi (1598–1662) o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvlar haqidagi rasmlar va yozma ma'lumotlar uning tashqi ko'rinishining asosiy dalilidir.[34] Ko'pgina vakillarning fikriga ko'ra, dodo kulrang yoki jigarrang rangga ega edi tuklar, zajigalka bilan asosiy patlar va uning orqa qismida baland jingalak yengil tuklar. Boshi kulrang va yalang'och, tumshug'i yashil, qora va sariq, oyoqlari esa qo'pol va sarg'ish, qora tirnoqli edi.[35] Oksford namunasi boshida qolgan bir nechta patlarni o'rganish ularning ekanligini ko'rsatdi pennaceous dan ko'ra shilimshiq (pastga) va boshqa kabutarlarnikiga o'xshash.[36]

17-asrda Evropaga olib kelingan qushlarning qoldiqlari va qoldiqlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, dodolar balandligi 1 m (3 fut 3 dyuym) gacha bo'lgan juda katta qushlar bo'lgan. Qush edi jinsiy dimorfik; erkaklar kattaroq va tumshuqlari mutanosib uzunroq bo'lgan. Vazn baholari har bir tadqiqotda har xil edi. 1993 yilda, Bredli C. Livezey erkaklar 21 kilogramm (46 funt) va ayollar 17 kilogramm (37 funt) vaznga ega bo'lishlarini taklif qildi.[37] Shuningdek, 1993 yilda Endryu C.Kiteren Evropada tasvirlangan dodalarning vaznini baholash va dumaloqlikning yuqoriligini ushbu qushlar asirga to'yib ovqatlantirilganligi bilan bog'lagan; yovvoyi tabiatdagi og'irliklar 10,6-17,5 kg (23-39 funt) oralig'ida bo'lganligi va semirgan qushlarning vazni 21,7-27,8 kg (48-61 funt) bo'lishi mumkin edi.[38] Angst va uning hamkasblari tomonidan 2011 yildagi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra o'rtacha og'irlik 10,2 kg (22 lb) gacha bo'lgan.[39] Bu ham shubha ostiga qo'yilgan va vaznni baholash bo'yicha hali ham tortishuvlar mavjud.[40][41] 2016 yildagi tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra og'irlikni 10,6 dan 14,3 kg gacha (23 dan 32 funtgacha) baholadi KT tekshiruvi kompozit skeletlari.[42] Bundan tashqari, vazn mavsumga bog'liqligi va salqin mavsumda odamlar semirganligi, ammo issiq paytida kamroq ekanligi taxmin qilingan.[43]

Painting of a dodo among native Indian birds
Dodo hind qushlari orasida, tomonidan Ustoz Mansur, v. 1625; jonli dodoning eng aniq tasviri

Dodoning bosh suyagi boshqa kabutarlarnikidan ancha farq qilar edi, ayniqsa baquvvatligi, qandil uchi ilmoqli va jag'lar bilan taqqoslaganda kalta kranium bo'lganligi bilan. Yuqori hisob-kitob kraniumdan qariyb ikki baravar ko'p edi, bu uning eng yaqin kaptar qarindoshlarinikiga nisbatan qisqa edi. Suyak burun teshiklarining teshiklari tumshug'i bo'ylab cho'zilgan va ularda suyak septum yo'q edi. Boshsuyagi (tumshug'i bundan mustasno) uzunligidan kengroq edi va peshona suyagi gumbaz shaklini hosil qilib, eng yuqori nuqtasi ko'z teshigi orqa qismining ustki qismida joylashgan. Bosh suyagi orqa tomonga qarab pastga egildi. Ko'z teshiklari bosh suyagining orqa qismining katta qismini egallagan. The sklerotik halqalar ko'z ichidagi boshqa kaptarlarning miqdoriga o'xshash o'n bitta suyak (kichik suyaklar) tomonidan hosil bo'lgan. Pastki jag 'bir oz kavisli bo'lib, har bir yarmida bitta edi fenestra (ochilish), boshqa kaptarlarda bo'lgani kabi.[20]

Dododa o'n to'qqizta presinsakral vertebra (bo'yin va.) Bor edi ko'krak qafasi, shu jumladan uchta notarius ), o'n olti sinakral umurtqalar (ular bel sohasi va sakrum ), oltita erkin quyruq (kaudal) vertebra va a pigostil. Bo'yin mushak va ligamentlarni biriktirish uchun yaxshi rivojlangan joylarga ega edi, ehtimol og'ir bosh suyagi va tumshug'ini qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkin. Ikkala tomonida oltita qovurg'a bor edi, ularning to'rttasi ko'krak suyagi sternal qovurg'alar orqali. Ko'krak qafasi uchishga qodir bo'lgan juda kichik kaptarlarga qaraganda tanaga nisbatan katta, ammo kichik edi. Sternum juda baland edi pnevmatik, kesmasi bo'yicha keng va nisbatan qalin. Suyaklari ko'krak kamari, yelka pichoqlari va qanot suyaklari uchib yurgan kaptarnikiga nisbatan kichraytirilgan va Rodrigues pasyansiga qaraganda ancha xushbichim bo'lgan, ammo skeletning alohida tarkibiy qismlarining hech biri yo'qolmagan. The karpometakarpus ammo dodo pasyansga qaraganda ancha kuchli edi. Tos suyagi solitaire va boshqa qarindoshlarnikidan kengroq bo'lgan, ammo uchib ketgan kaptarlarning nisbati bilan solishtirish mumkin edi. Oyoq suyaklarining aksariyati mavjud bo'lgan kaptarlarga va pasyanskalarga qaraganda ancha mustahkam edi, ammo uzunlik nisbati biroz boshqacha edi.[20]

Dodo va uning eng yaqin qarindoshi Rodriges solitasini kaptarlardan ajratib turadigan ko'plab skelet xususiyatlari ularning uchib ketmasligi bilan bog'liq. Tos elementlari uchib ketgan kaptarlarga qaraganda qalinroq bo'lib, yuqori vaznni qo'llab-quvvatladi va ko'krak qafasi mintaqa va kichik qanotlar edi paedomorfik, demak, ular kam rivojlangan va voyaga etmaganlarning xususiyatlarini saqlab qolishgan. Bosh suyagi, magistral va tos suyagi oyoq-qo'llari edi peramorfik, demak, ular yoshga qarab sezilarli darajada o'zgargan. Dodo Rodrigues solitaire bilan bosh suyagi, tos suyagi va sternumning xususiyatlari, shuningdek ularning kattaligi kabi bir nechta boshqa xususiyatlarni baham ko'rdi. U boshqa jihatlari bilan ajralib turardi, masalan, pasyansga qaraganda ancha kuchli va qisqaroq, bosh suyagi va tumshug'i kattaroq, yumaloq bosh suyagi tomi va kichikroq orbitalar. Dodoning bo'yni va oyoqlari mutanosib ravishda qisqaroq edi va u plyonkaning bilaklaridagi tugmachaga teng keladigan narsaga ega emas edi.[37]

Zamonaviy tavsiflar

Dodoning aksariyat zamonaviy tavsiflarida topilgan kema jurnallari va Gollandiyaning Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi kemalari jurnallari, qachonki Mavrikiyda joylashgan Gollandiya imperiyasi orolni boshqargan. Ushbu yozuvlar kelajakdagi sayohatlar uchun qo'llanma sifatida ishlatilgan.[14] Bir nechta zamonaviy hisob ishonchli, chunki ko'pchilik avvalgi hisob-kitoblarga asoslanib ko'rinadi va hech biri olimlar tomonidan yozilmagan.[22] Van Varvaykning 1598 yilgi jurnalidan olingan dastlabki ma'lumotlardan biri qushni quyidagicha tasvirlaydi:

Painting of a dodo head from the chest up
Dodo boshini bo'yash Kornelis Saftleven 1638 yildan, ehtimol bu turlarning eng so'nggi asl tasviri

U erda ko'k parrots va boshqa qushlar juda ko'p; ularning orasida bizning o'lchamimizga nisbatan mehribon, ko'zga tashlanadigan, bizning oqqushlarimizdan kattaroq, ulkan boshlari qalpoqchani kiygandek yarmi teri bilan qoplangan. Ushbu qushlarning qanotlari yo'q, ularning o'rnida 3-4 ta qora tuklar chiqib turadi. Quyruq kul rangga bo'yalgan bir nechta yumshoq o'ralgan patlardan iborat. Biz ularni "Walghvogel" deb atardik, chunki ular qancha ko'p va tez-tez pishirilsa, shunchalik yumshoq va beozor ovqatlanar edi. Shunga qaramay, ularning qorinlari va ko'kraklari yoqimli ta'mga ega edi va osongina mastit qilindi.[44]

Eng batafsil tavsiflardan biri Herbert tomonidan Afrikada va Buyuk Osiyoda bir necha yillik munosabatlar 1634 yildan:

Avvalo bu erda va faqat Dygarroisda [Rodrigesda] Dodo ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, u shakli va kamligi uchun antagonist bo'lishi mumkin Feniks Arabistoni: uning tanasi yumaloq va semiz, ozlari ellik funtdan ozroq. Bu oziq-ovqatdan ko'ra hayratlanish uchun ko'proq tanilgan, yog'li stomaklar ularni izlashi mumkin, ammo noziklarga nisbatan ular haqoratli va hech qanday ovqatlanmaydi. Uning vizioni bir-birini to'ldiruvchi qanotlar bilan boshqariladigan, shunchalik kichkina va iktidarsiz tanani ramkalashda tabiatning injuriyasidan oqilona melankoliyani ochib beradi, shunchaki uning qushini isbotlash uchun xizmat qiladi. Uning boshining yarmi yalang'och go'dak bilan go'dak po'stlog'iga o'xshaydi, uning hisobi pastga qarab egri, o'rtada hayajon [burun teshigi] bor, u qismdan oxirigacha och yashil rangga bo'yalgan, och sariq damlamasi bilan aralashtirilgan; uning ko'zlari kichkina va olmosga o'xshaydi, dumaloq va eshkak eshish; uning kiyimi past patlar, poezdida uch mayda plyonka, kalta va mutanosib bo'lmagan, oyoqlari tanasiga yarashgan, pog'onasi keskin, ishtahasi kuchli va ochko'zlik. Toshlar va temir hazm qilinadi, bu uning tavsifida yaxshiroq tavsiflanadi.[45]

Zamonaviy tasvirlar

Several pages of a journal containing sketches of live and dead dodos
Tuzilishi Gelderland 1601 jonli va yaqinda o'ldirilgan dodalarning eskizlari, Joris Laerlega tegishli

Gollandiya kemasining sayohat jurnali Gelderland (1601-1603), 1860-yillarda qayta kashf etilgan, Mavrikiyda chizilgan jonli yoki yaqinda o'ldirilgan namunalarning ma'lum bo'lgan yagona eskizlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Ularni Mavritaniyaning boshqa yo'q bo'lib ketgan qushlarini ham chizgan professional rassom Joris Joostensz Laerle va ikkinchi darajali, unchalik nozik bo'lmagan rassom deb atashgan.[46] Ushbu eskizlardan tashqari, 17-asrga oid dodalarning yigirmaga yaqin rasmining qanchasi hayotdan yoki to'ldirilgan namunalardan olinganligi noma'lum, bu ularning ishonchliligiga ta'sir qiladi.[22] Dodoslar faqat cheklangan jismoniy qoldiqlar va tavsiflardan ma'lum bo'lganligi sababli, zamonaviy san'at asarlari ularning tashqi qiyofasini tiklash uchun muhimdir. 19-asr o'rtalaridan beri dodalarning barcha tarixiy rasmlarini sanab o'tishga harakat qilingan bo'lsa-da, ilgari noma'lum tasvirlar vaqti-vaqti bilan topilmoqda.[47]

Dodoning an'anaviy qiyofasi juda semiz va jirkanch qushdir, ammo bu qarash mubolag'a bo'lishi mumkin. Bugungi kunda olimlarning umumiy fikri shundan iboratki, ko'plab eski Evropa tasvirlari haddan tashqari to'yingan asir qushlari yoki qo'pol ravishda to'ldirilgan namunalar asosida yaratilgan.[48] Bundan tashqari, tasvirlarda displey xatti-harakatining bir qismi sifatida puflangan patlar bilan dodos ko'rsatilishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan.[39] Gollandiyalik rassom Roelant Savery dodoning eng samarali va ta'sirchan illyustratori bo'lib, kamida o'n ikkita tasvirni yaratgan va ko'pincha uni pastki burchaklarda ko'rsatgan. Uning 1626 yildagi mashhur rasmlari hozirda nomlangan Edvardsning Dodo chunki u ilgari ornitologga tegishli edi Jorj Edvards, shundan beri dodoning standart qiyofasiga aylandi. U ichida joylashgan Tabiiy tarix muzeyi, London. Rasmda ayniqsa semiz qush ko'rsatilgan va boshqa ko'plab dodo illyustratsiyalarining manbai hisoblanadi.[49][50]

Painting of a dodo, with a red parrot on its left side, and a blue one at its right
Mashhur Edvards Dodotomonidan bo'yalgan Roelant Savery 1626 yilda

Hind Mogal rasmlari ichida qayta kashf etilgan Ermitaj muzeyi, Sankt-Peterburg, 1955 yilda dodoni mahalliy hind qushlari bilan birga namoyish etadi.[51] Unda ingichka, jigarrang qush va uning kashfiyotchisi Aleksandr Ivanov va ingliz paleontologi tasvirlangan Julian Xum uni tirik dodoning eng aniq tasvirlaridan biri deb hisoblagan; atrofdagi qushlar aniq aniqlanadi va tegishli rang bilan tasvirlangan.[52] Bu 17-asrdan ekanligiga ishonishadi va unga tegishli Mughal rassomi Ustoz Mansur. Tasvirlangan qush, ehtimol, yashagan menagerie ning Mughal imperatori Jahongir, joylashgan Surat, bu erda ingliz sayohatchisi Piter Muni 1628 va 1633 yillar orasida ikkita dodoni ko'rgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[53][22] 2014 yilda yana bir hindistonlik dodoning illyustratsiyasi haqida xabar berilgan edi, ammo bu 1836 yilgi nemis illyustratsiyasining lotin ekanligi aniqlandi.[54]

1638 yildan keyingi barcha tasvirlar avvalgi tasvirlarga asoslangan bo'lib ko'rinadi, vaqt o'tishi bilan dodlar haqida eslatmalar kamdan-kam uchraydi. Tasvirlardagi farqlar kabi ornitologlarni olib keldi Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans va Masauji Xachisuka jinsiy dimorfizm haqida taxmin qilish, ontogen xususiyatlar, mavsumiy o'zgarish va hatto turli xil turlarning mavjudligi, ammo bu nazariyalar bugungi kunda qabul qilinmaydi. Gaga markalari, dum patlarining shakli va ranglanishi kabi tafsilotlar har bir hisobda turlicha bo'lganligi sababli, bu xususiyatlarning aniq morfologiyasini aniqlash mumkin emas, ular yoshga yoki jinsga ishora qiladimi yoki hatto ular haqiqatni aks ettiradimi.[55] Hum, tirik dodoning burun teshiklari, ko'rinib turganidek, yoriqlar bo'lar edi, deb ta'kidladi Gelderland, Kornelis Saftleven, Saverining Crocker Art Gallery va ustoz Mansur tasvirlari. Ushbu da'voga ko'ra, rasmlarda tez-tez uchraydigan bo'shliq teshiklari shundan dalolat beradi taksidermiya namunalar namuna sifatida ishlatilgan.[22] Aksariyat tasvirlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, qanotlar uchib ketgan kaptarlardan farqli o'laroq kengaytirilgan holatda ushlab turilgan, ammo shunga o'xshash ratitlar masalan, tuyaqush va kivi.[20]

Xulq-atvor va ekologiya

Painting of a dodo preening its foot
Dodo oldindan ko'rish o'zi 1626 yilda Savery rasmining pastki chap qismida joylashgan
Painting of a forest filled with birds, including a dodo
1628 yilgi Savery tomonidan pastki o'ng tomondagi dodoni aks ettiruvchi rasm

Dodoning xatti-harakatlari haqida kam narsa ma'lum, chunki aksariyat zamonaviy tavsiflar juda qisqa. Og'irlik bo'yicha taxminlarga ko'ra, erkak 21 yoshga, ayol esa 17 yoshga to'lishi mumkin.[37] Tadqiqotlar konsol oyoq suyaklarining mustahkamligi uning juda tez yugurishini ko'rsatmoqda.[38] Oyoqlari qushning asosiy qismini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun mustahkam va kuchli edi, shuningdek, uni odamzodgacha bo'lgan zich landshaftda epchil va manevr qildi. Qanotlar kichik bo'lsa-da, suyaklardagi yaxshi rivojlangan mushak izlari ularning to'liq emasligini ko'rsatadi tarixiy, va uchun ishlatilgan bo'lishi mumkin displey harakati va muvozanat; mavjud kaptarlar ham qanotlarini bunday maqsadlar uchun ishlatishadi.[20] Rodriges pasyansidan farqli o'laroq, dodoning turlar ichidagi janglarda qanotlarini ishlatganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q. Ba'zi dodo suyaklari shifo topgan bo'lsa ham, uning kuchsiz pektoral mushaklari va nisbatan qanotlari kamaygan. Dodo buning o'rniga katta, bog'langan tumshug'idan hududiy bahslarda foydalangan bo'lishi mumkin. Mavrikiyda yog'ingarchilik ko'p bo'lganligi sababli va orolda resurslarning mavjudligiga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan Rodrigesga qaraganda kamroq mavsumiy o'zgarishlarga ega bo'lganligi sababli, dodoning agressiv hududiy xatti-harakatlarini rivojlantirish uchun kamroq sabablari bor edi. Shuning uchun Rodrigesning pasyanskori, ehtimol bu ikkalasining eng tajovuzkori edi.[56] 2016 yilda birinchi 3D endokast dodoning miyasidan qilingan; The miya va tana o'lchamlari nisbati zamonaviy kaptarlarga o'xshardi, bu dodoslarning aql-idrok jihatidan teng bo'lishini ko'rsatdi.[57]

Old map showing a Mauritian bay, with a D indicating where dodos were found
Mavritsiyadagi ko'rfazning 1601 xaritasi; dodoslar topilgan joyning o'ng tomonidagi kichik D belgilari

Dodoning afzal yashash joyi noma'lum, ammo eski ta'riflar shuni ko'rsatadiki, u Mauritiusning janubi va g'arbiy qirg'og'idagi quruqroq sohillarida o'rmonda yashagan. Ushbu fikr haqiqat tomonidan tasdiqlangan Mare aux Songes Dodo qoldiqlari ko'pi qazilgan botqoq, Mavrikiyning janubi-sharqida dengizga yaqin joylashgan.[58] Orol bo'ylab bunday cheklangan taqsimot uning yo'q bo'lib ketishiga hissa qo'shishi mumkin edi.[59] 1601 xaritasi Gelderland jurnali Mauritius qirg'og'ida dodos tutilgan kichik orolni namoyish etadi. Julian Xyum bu orol bo'lgan deb taxmin qildi l'île aux Benitiers yilda Tamarin ko'rfazi, Mavrikiyning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida.[60][46] Baland tog 'hududlarida joylashgan g'orlar ichida ham tosh osti suyaklari topilgan, bu uning bir paytlar tog'larda bo'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Mare aux Songes botqog'ida ishlash uning yashash joylari ustun bo'lganligini ko'rsatdi tambalakok va Pandanus daraxtlar va endemik palmalar.[43] Mare aux Songesning qirg'oqqa yaqin joylashishi va namligi o'simlik turlarining xilma-xilligiga olib keldi, atrof esa quruqroq edi.[61]

Mavrikiyning ko'plab endemik turlari odamlar kelgandan keyin yo'q bo'lib ketdi, shuning uchun ekotizim orol juda shikastlangan va uni qayta tiklash qiyin. Odamlar kelishidan oldin Mauritius butunlay o'rmon bilan qoplangan edi, ammo bugungi kunda ularning qoldiqlari juda oz o'rmonlarni yo'q qilish.[62] Omon qolgan endemik fauna hali ham jiddiy tahdid ostida.[63] Dodo yaqinda yo'q bo'lib ketgan Mavritaniyalik qushlar bilan birga yashagan, masalan, uchib ketmaydigan qizil temir yo'l, keng to'tiqush, Maskaren kulrang parakti, Mavrikiy ko'k kaptar, Mavrikiy boyqush, Maskaren paltosi, Mavritaniya shelduck, Mavritaniyalik o'rdak, va Mavrikiy tungi bug'doyi. Yo'qolib ketgan Mavritan sudralib yuruvchilarga Mauritius ulkan toshbaqasi, gumbazli Mauritius ulkan toshbaqasi, Mavritaniyaning ulkan terisi, va Boa dumaloq orol. The Mavritaniyalik kichkina tulki va salyangoz Tropidofora karinatasi Mavrikiy va Reunionda yashagan, ammo ikkala oroldan g'oyib bo'lgan. Kabi ba'zi o'simliklar Casearia tinifolia va palma orkide, shuningdek yo'q bo'lib ketgan.[64]

Parhez

1631 yilgi Gollandiyalik maktub (uzoq vaqtdan beri yo'qolgan, ammo 2017 yilda qayta kashf etilgan) dodoning dietasi haqida yagona ma'lumot, shuningdek, uning tumshug'ini himoya qilish uchun ishlatganligi haqida eslatib o'tadi. Hujjat foydalanadi so'z o'ynash tasvirlangan hayvonlarga murojaat qilish, ehtimol dodos an kinoya boy merlar uchun:[65]

Sketch of three dodos, two in the foreground, one in the distance
Uchta dodaning saqlanadigan eskizlari v. 1626, Crocker Art Gallery

Hokimlar ajoyib va ​​mag'rur. Ular o'zlarini qat'iyatli, qattiq yuz va ochiq og'iz bilan namoyish etdilar, juda xushchaqchaq va yurish jasur. Ular bizning oldimizda turishni xohlamadilar; ularning urush quroli og'iz edi, ular bilan qattiq tishlashlari mumkin edi. Ularning ovqatlari xom meva edi; ular juda yaxshi kiyinmagan, ammo boy va semiz edi, shuning uchun biz ularning ko'plarini hammamizning mamnuniyatimizga olib bordik.[65]

Yiqilgan mevalardan tashqari, dodo, ehtimol, yong'oq, urug ', lampochka va ildizlarda yashagan.[66] Bundan tashqari, dodo yeb qo'ygan bo'lishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan Qisqichbaqa va qisqichbaqalar, qarindoshlari kabi tojli kaptarlar kabi. Ovqatlanish odatlari ko'p qirrali bo'lishi kerak edi, chunki asir olingan namunalarga uzoq dengiz sayohatlarida juda ko'p miqdordagi oziq-ovqat berildi.[67] Oudemansning ta'kidlashicha, Mauritius quruq va nam mavsumlarni belgilab qo'yganligi sababli, dodo quruq mavsumda, oziq-ovqat kam bo'lgan davrda omon qolish uchun o'zini ho'l mavsum oxirida pishgan mevalarga boqgan; zamonaviy xabarlarda qushning "ochko'z" ishtahasi tasvirlangan. Mavritaniyalik ornitolog Frantsiya Staub 1996 yilda ular asosan ovqatlanishlarini taklif qilishdi kaft mevalar va u dodoning yog 'aylanishini palmalarning meva rejimi bilan bog'lashga urindi.[30]

Yuqori jag'ning skeletlari topildi elementlari rinxokinetik (bir-biriga nisbatan harakatlanadigan), bu uning ovqatlanish holatiga ta'sir ko'rsatishi kerak. Kabi mavjud qushlarda tejamkor (mevali) kabutarlar, kinetik premaxillae katta oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini iste'mol qilishda yordam berish. Gaga yuqori kuch yuklariga ham bardosh bera olgan ko'rinadi, bu qattiq ovqatning parhezidan dalolat beradi.[20] Miya endokastini tekshirishda miya ko'p jihatdan boshqa kabutarlarnikiga o'xshash bo'lsa ham, dodoning nisbatan katta ekanligi aniqlandi xushbo'y lampochka. Bu dodoga yaxshi hid his qildi, bu meva va mayda o'ljani topishda yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin.[57]

Drawing of a dodo next to a large gizzard stone
Dodo va uning gijja toshi tomonidan Kerolus Kluziy 1605 yildan boshlab jurnaldagi illyustradan ko'chirilgan Jeykob van Nek

Bir nechta zamonaviy manbalarda dodo ishlatilganligi ta'kidlangan Gastrolitlar (gijja toshlari) ovqat hazm qilishga yordam beradi. Ingliz yozuvchisi Sir Hamon L'Estrange Londonda tirik qushga guvoh bo'ldi va uni quyidagicha ta'rifladi:

Taxminan 1638-yillarda London ko'chalarida yurganimda, kiyimga osilgan g'alati ko'rinadigan qush qushining rasmini ko'rdim va bir-ikki kishining safari bilan uni ko'rish uchun mehmonlar kirib kelishdi. U kamerada saqlanar edi va u eng katta Turkiya xo'rozidan bir oz kattaroq katta qush edi, shuning uchun oyoqli va oyoqli, ammo baqaloqroq va qalinroq va tikroq shaklga ega, ilgari yosh xo'roz fesanning ko'kragiga o'xshab ranglangan va dunn yoki dearc rangining orqa tomoni. Qo'riqchi uni Dodo deb atagan va kamerada mo'ri ichida katta toshli tosh yotar edi, uning yonida xiyobon bizning ko'zimizga ko'pini berdi, ba'zilari muskat yong'og'iga teng edi va qo'riqchi bizga ularni yeyishini aytdi. (ovqat hazm qilish uchun) va garchi u erda darvozabon qancha vaqt savolga tutilganini eslolmasam ham, keyinchalik ularning hammasini tashlaganiga aminman.[68]

Yoshlarni qanday boqishgani ma'lum emas, lekin qarindosh kaptarlar beradi ekin suti. Zamonaviy tasvirlar katta ekinlarni namoyish etadi, ehtimol bu oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash uchun joy qo'shish va ekin sutini ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatilgan. Dodo va solitaire erishgan maksimal kattalik ularning erta o'sishi davrida yosh bolalari uchun beradigan sut miqdori bilan cheklangan deb taxmin qilingan.[69]

1973 yilda tambalakok, shuningdek, dodo daraxti deb ham ataladigan, Mavrikiyda o'layapti deb o'ylardi, u bu endemik. Taxminan atigi 13 ta namunalar qolgan edi, ularning barchasi taxminan 300 yoshga teng. Stenli ibodatxonasi uning tarqalishi uchun dodoga bog'liqligini va uning urug'lari qushning ovqat hazm qilish traktidan o'tgandan keyingina unib chiqishini faraz qildi. U tambalakning deyarli deyarli borligini da'vo qildi qirilib ketish dodoning yo'qolishi sababli.[70] Ma'bad 1940-yillarda tambalak urug'lari juda kam bo'lsa-da, unib chiqmaganligini aniqlagan xabarlarni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. qirilib ketgan oshqozon paytida.[71] Boshqalar uning gipotezasiga qarshi chiqishdi va daraxtning pasayishi haddan tashqari oshirib yuborilganligini yoki urug'larni boshqa nobud bo'lgan hayvonlar tomonidan tarqatilishini taxmin qilishdi. Silindraspis toshbaqalar, mevali ko'rshapalaklar yoki keng gilali to'tiqush.[72] Vendi Strahm va Entoni Chekning so'zlariga ko'ra, ekologiya Maskarene orollaridan daraxt kamdan-kam uchraydigan bo'lsa-da, dodo va raqamlarning yo'q bo'lishidan keyin 13-chi Temple tomonidan da'vo qilinganidek unib chiqmadi, shuning uchun Temple-ning dodo va daraxtning yagona omon qolish munosabati haqidagi fikri obro'sizlantirildi.[73]

Braziliyalik ornitolog Karlos Yamashita 1997 yilda keng yoyli to'tiqush dodalarga bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin va Silindraspis toshbaqalar xurmo mevalarini iste'mol qilish va ularning urug'larini ajratib olish, bu to'tiqushlar uchun oziq-ovqatga aylandi. Anodorxinxus macaws yo'q bo'lib ketishiga bog'liq edi Janubiy Amerika megafauna xuddi shu tarzda, lekin endi ushbu xizmat uchun uy hayvonlariga murojaat qiling.[74]

Ko'paytirish va rivojlantirish

Replica dodo egg and nest
Qayta qurilgan uyadagi taxmin qilingan dodo tuxumining nusxasi, Sharqiy London muzeyi

Chunki u parvozsiz va quruqlikda edi va yo'q edi sutemizuvchi Mavritiyadagi yirtqichlar yoki boshqa tabiiy dushmanlar, ehtimol dodo erga joylashgan.[75] 1651 yildagi Fransua Koshning yozuvi - bu tuxum va qo'ng'iroq qiling:

Mavrikiyda oq tanadan kattaroq, tanasida tuklarsiz, qora pastga burkangan qushlarni ko'rdim; orqa qismi dumaloq, dumaloq tuklar bilan bezatilgan, qushning yoshi qancha bo'lsa, shuncha ko'p. Qanotlarning o'rniga ular so'nggi, qora va kavisli, to'rsiz patlar kabi. Ularning tillari yo'q, tumshug'i katta, biroz pastga egilib; ularning oyoqlari uzun bo'yli bo'lib, har bir oyog'ida faqat uchta barmoq bor. Uning a kabi qichqirig'i bor gosling, va hech qachon biz aytgan Flamingolar va O'rdaklar kabi ovqatlanish juda mazali emas. Ular faqat yarim dona rulon kattaligida oq bo'lgan bitta tuxum qo'yadilar, uning yoniga tovuq tuxumiga teng oq tosh qo'yadilar. Ular yig'ilgan o'tga yotib, o'rmonlarda uyalarini quradilar; agar kimdir yoshni o'ldirsa, kulrang tosh toshda topiladi. Biz ularni chaqiramiz Oiseaux de Nazaret. Yog 'mushaklar va asablarni engillashtirish uchun juda yaxshi.[5]

Orqa oyoq suyaklarining ingichka bo'laklari o'sish seriyasi
Dodoning hayot tarixi voqealarini aks ettiruvchi diagramma; ko'k - Avstraliya yozi

Cauche's account is problematic, since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue, unlike dodos. This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo ("Didus nazarenus"). The description was most probably mingled with that of a kassa, and Cauche's writings have other inconsistencies.[76] A mention of a "young ostrich" taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo.[77] An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the East London Museum Janubiy Afrikada. It was donated by the South African museum official Marjori Kurteni-Latimer, whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius. In 2010, the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity.[78] It may instead be an aberrant tuyaqush tuxumi.[32]

Because of the possible single-egg clutch and the bird's large size, it has been proposed that the dodo was K tanlangan, meaning that it produced few altrikial offspring, which required parental care until they matured. Some evidence, including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period.[37] The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring, that they matured rapidly, that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp, or that the risk of miring was seasonal.[79]

A 2017 study examined the gistologiya ning thin-sectioned dodo bones, modern Mauritian birds, local ecology, and contemporary accounts, to recover information about the life history of the dodo. The study suggested that dodos bred around August, after having potentially fattened themselves, corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of Mauritius. The chicks grew rapidly, reaching robust, almost adult, sizes, and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season. Adult dodos which had just bred moulted after Austral summer, around March. The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first, and the moulting would have completed at the end of July, in time for the next breeding season. Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage.[80]

Odamlar bilan munosabatlar

Engraving showing scenes of Dutch killing animals on Mauritius, including dodos
1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos (centre left, erroneously depicted as pingvin -like) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius

Mauritius had previously been visited by Arab tomirlar O'rta yosh and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, but was settled by neither. No records of dodos by these are known, although the Portuguese name for Mauritius, "Cerne (swan) Island", may have been a reference to dodos.[81] The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598, renaming it after Nassaulik Moris, and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the Dutch East India kompaniyasi henceforward.[82] The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travelers during the Indoneziyaga ikkinchi Gollandiya ekspeditsiyasi, boshchiligida admiral Jeykob van Nek in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first published illustration of the bird.[83] Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time, their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary. The 1602 journal by Willem Van West-Zanen of the ship Bruin-Vis mentions that 24–25 dodos were hunted for food, which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime, their remains being preserved by tuzlash.[84] An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal, showing the killing of dodos, a dugong, and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets, was captioned with a Dutch poem,[85] here in Hugh Strickland's 1848 translation:

For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl,
They tap the palms, and round-rumped dodos they destroy,
The parrot's life they spare that he may peep and howl,
And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy.[86]

Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury, and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons; others described it as tough but good. Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards, as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird. Dodos were easy to catch, but hunters had to be careful not to be bitten by their powerful beaks.[87]

The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate, 230 years before Charlz Darvin nazariyasi evolyutsiya:

Parrandachilikning ushbu 2 turidan, chunki biz hali bilmasligimiz kerak, Sankt-Lourensdan taxminan 100 ligani tashkil etadigan ushbu Ilandadan birorta ham ari topilmadi. Biron bir savol, ular qanday qilib boshqa joyda emas, balki boshqa erdan Farerni olib, qanday qilib uchishlari va suzishlari mumkin emasligi haqida ariza berishlari mumkin. Qaerda mixlash va monstrous formalarni ishlab chiqaradigan turdagi aralashmalar yoki iqlim tabiati, er va erning uzun shakllarida birinchi shakllarni aylantirishda yoki qanday qilib.[27]

Dodos transported abroad

Painting of a slender, brownish dodo
Painting of a specimen in the collection of Imperator Rudolph II in Prague, by Jeykob Xefnagel, early 1600s

The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East. The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain, and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in European museums. Based on a combination of contemporary accounts, paintings, and specimens, Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive.[88]

Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe. 1626 yilda Adriaen van de Venne drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam, but he did not mention if it were alive, and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery's Edwards's Dodo. Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat, India, between 1628 and 1634, one of which may have been the individual painted by Ustad Mansur around 1625.[22] In 1628, Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England:

Right wo and lovinge brother, we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called Mauritius, lying in 20d. of south latt., where we arrived ye 28th of May; this island having many goates, hogs and cowes upon it, and very strange fowles, called by ye portingalls Dodo, which for the rareness of the same, the like being not in ye world but here, I have sent you one by Mr. Perce, who did arrive with the ship William at this island ye 10th of June. [In the margin of the letter] Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister, some beades for my cousins your daughters, and a bird called a Dodo, if it live.[89]

Savery's Avliyo Entoni vasvasasi featuring a lobster with a dodo head in the lower left, c.1611–1613, probably based on a dried specimen

Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown, and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century.[90]The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a v. 1610 collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of Imperator Rudolph II Pragada. This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well, including a red rail. The dodo, which may be a juvenile, seems to have been dried or embalmed, and had probably lived in the emperor's zoo for a while together with the other animals. That whole stuffed dodos were present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships, and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens. Ko'pchilik tropik namunalar quritilgan bosh va oyoq sifatida saqlanib qolgan.[88]

One dodo was reportedly sent as far as Nagasaki, Japan in 1647, but it was long unknown whether it arrived.[74] Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story, and showed that it had arrived alive. It was meant as a gift, and, despite its rarity, was considered of equal value to a white deer and a bezoar tosh. It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity.[91]

Yo'qolib ketish

Colour illustration of men pursuing dodos
Illustration of Dutch sailors pursuing dodos, by Valter Paget, 1914. Hunting by humans is not believed to have been the cause of the bird's yo'q bo'lib ketish.

Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely qo'rqmas odamlarning. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey for sailors.[92] Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships' provisions, archaeological investigations have found scant evidence of human predation. Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered qochoq qullar and convicts in the 17th century, which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high, broken terrain.[10] The human population on Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km2 or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and Qisqichbaqa iste'mol qiladigan makakalar, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources.[43] At the same time, humans destroyed the forest yashash joyi of the dodos. The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population, especially the pigs and macaques, is today considered more severe than that of hunting.[93] Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local quruq qisqichbaqalar.[94]

It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island.[59] A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other animals killed by a toshqin toshqini. Such mass mortalities would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct.[95] Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climactic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem.[61]

Some controversy surrounds the date of its extinction. The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship Arnhem, who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius, now suggested to be Amber Island:

These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand, not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off, and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased. Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod-aersen (being a kind of very big goose); these birds are unable to fly, and instead of wings, they merely have a few small pins, yet they can run very swiftly. We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands, and when we held one of them by its leg, and that upon this it made a great noise, the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance, and by which they were caught and made prisoners also.[96]

The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species.[97] The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of Ishoq Yoxannes Lamotius in 1688. A 2003 statistik tahlil of these records by the biologists David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow gave a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95% ishonch oralig'i of 1688–1715. These authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave could not be dismissed out of hand.[98]

Drawing of a dodo, a one horned sheep and a red rail
Pieter van den Broek 's 1617 drawing of a dodo, a one-horned sheep, and a red rail; after the dodo became extinct, visitors may have confused it with the red rail

Britaniyalik ornitolog Alfred Nyuton suggested in 1868 that that the name of the dodo was transferred to the red rail after the former had gone extinct.[99] Cheke also pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names "Dodo" and "Dodaers" when referring to the red rail, indicating that they had been transferred to it.[100] He therefore pointed to the 1662 description as the last credible observation. A 1668 account by English traveller John Marshall, who used the names "Dodo" and "Red Hen" interchangeably for the red rail, mentioned that the meat was "hard", which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account.[101] Even the 1662 account has been questioned by the writer Errol Fuller, as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail.[102] Until this explanation was proposed, a description of "dodos" from 1681 was thought to be the last account, and that date still has proponents.[103]

Cheke stated in 2014 that then recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664–1674.[104] 2020 yilda Cheke va ingliz tadqiqotchisi Jolyon C.Parish 17-asr o'rtalaridan so'ng dodalar haqida barcha eslatmalar o'rniga qizil relslarga ishora qilishdi va dodo yirtqichlik tufayli yo'qolib qolishdi. yovvoyi cho'chqalar Mavrikiy aholi punktidagi tanaffus paytida (1658–1664). Shuning uchun dodoning yo'q bo'lib ketishi o'sha paytda amalga oshirilmadi, chunki yangi ko'chib kelganlar haqiqiy dodalarni ko'rmagan edilar, ammo ular uchib ketmaydigan qushlarni ko'rishni kutganliklari uchun, ular o'rniga qizil temir yo'lni bu nom bilan atashgan. Since red rails probably had larger clutches than dodos and their eggs could be incubated faster, and their nests were perhaps concealed, they probably bred more efficiently, and were less vulnerable to pigs.[105]

It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved, unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered.[94] The IUCN Qizil ro'yxati accepts Cheke's rationale for choosing the 1662 date, taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails. In any case, the dodo was probably extinct by 1700, about a century after its discovery in 1598.[1][101] The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710, but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial vertebrates there had become extinct.[43]

Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century, its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century. This was partly because, for religious reasons, extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by Jorj Kuvier, and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed. It seemed altogether too strange a creature, and many believed it a myth. The bird was first used as an example of human-induced extinction in Penny jurnali in 1833, and has since been referred to as an "icon" of extinction.[106]

Jismoniy qoldiqlar

17th-century specimens

Fragmentary leg and skull bones of a dodo
Upper jaw of a dodo in the National Museum of Prague

The only extant remains of dodos taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the Oksford universiteti tabiiy tarix muzeyi, a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost, a skull in the Kopengagen universiteti zoologiya muzeyi, and an upper jaw in the Milliy muzey, Praga. The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century.[107] Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories, but none are known to have survived.[108] Apart from these remains, a dried foot, which belonged to the Dutch professor Pieter Pauw, was mentioned by Carolus Clusius in 1605. Its provenance is unknown, and it is now lost, but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage.[22] Supposed stuffed dodos seen in museums around the world today have in fact been made from feathers of other birds, many of the older ones by the British taxidermist Roulend Uord kompaniyasi.[107]

White casts
Casts of the Oxford head before dissection and the lost London foot

The only known soft tissue remains, the Oxford head (specimen OUM 11605) and foot, belonged to the last known stuffed dodo, which was first mentioned as part of the Tradescant collection in 1656 and was moved to the Ashmolean muzeyi 1659 yilda.[22] It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London, the bird sent by Emanuel Altham, or a donation by Thomas Herbert. Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted, the specimen might instead have been preserved as a terini o'rganish.[109] In 2018, it was reported that scans of the Oxford dodo's head showed that its skin and bone contained o'q otish, pellets which were used to hunt birds in the 17th century. This indicates that the Oxford dodo was shot either before being transported to Britain, or some time after arriving. The circumstances of its killing are unknown, and the pellets are to be examined to identify where the lead was mined from.[110]

Many sources state that the Ashmolean Museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay, saving only the head and leg. Statute 8 of the museum states "That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository; and some other to be substituted."[111] The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it. This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further; the head was dissected by Strickland and Melville, separating the skin from the skull in two-halves. The foot is in a skeletal state, with only scraps of skin and tendonlar. Very few feathers remain on the head. It is probably a female, as the foot is 11% smaller and more gracile than the London foot, yet appears to be fully grown.[112] The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998, where-after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage.[113] Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide.[109]

Lithograph of a dried foot
1848 lithograph of the London foot

The dried London foot, first mentioned in 1665, and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century, was displayed next to Savery's Edwards's Dodo painting until the 1840s, and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville. It was not posed in a standing posture, which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen, not a mounted one. By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its integuments, and only the bones are believed to remain today, though its present whereabouts are unknown.[22]

The Copenhagen skull (specimen ZMUC 90-806) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in Enkhuizen until 1651, when it was moved to the museum in Gottorf qal'asi, Shlezvig.[114] After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702, the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection. The skull was rediscovered by J. T. Reinhardt in 1840. Based on its history, it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century.[22] It is 13 mm (0.51 in) shorter than the Oxford skull, and may have belonged to a female.[37] Bo'lgandi mumiyalangan, but the skin has perished.[43]

The front part of a skull (specimen NMP P6V-004389) in the National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum. Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature, but it appears only the partial skull was ever present (a partial right limb in the museum appears to be from a Rodrigues solitaire).[22][115][116] It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II, possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there.[117]

Subfossil specimens

Brown, mounted dodo skeleton
Skelet Richard Ouen assembled from bones found in the Mare aux Songes, Tabiiy tarix muzeyi, London
Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006, Naturalis

Until 1860, the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th-century specimens. Philip Burnard Ayres found the first subfossil bones in 1860, which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum, who did not publish the findings. In 1863, Owen requested the Mauritian Episkop Vinsent Rayan to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found.[2] In 1865, George Clark, the government maktab ustasi da Maheburg, finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius, after a 30-year search inspired by Strickland and Melville's monograph.[22] In 1866, Clark explained his procedure to Ibis, an ornithology journal: he had sent his koullar to wade through the centre of the swamp, feeling for bones with their feet. At first they found few bones, until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp, where they found many fossils.[118] Garri Pasli Xigginson, a railway engineer from Yorkshir, reports discovering the Mare aux Songes bones at the same time as Clark and there is some dispute over who found them first. Higginson sent boxes of these bones to "Liverpul", Lids va York muzeylar.[119][120] The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos, but very few skull and wing bones, possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped. The situation is similar to many finds of moa ichida qoladi Yangi Zelandiya botqoqlar.[121] Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration.[79]

Clark's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird. Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the kranialdan keyingi anatomy of the dodo, and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton, which led to rivalry between the two. Owen described the bones in Memoir on the Dodo in October 1866, but erroneously based his reconstruction on the Edwards's Dodo painting by Savery, making it too squat and obese. In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance, making it more upright. Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead. The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums.[2] In 1889, Théodor Sauzier was commissioned to explore the "historical souvenirs" of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes. He was successful, and also found remains of other extinct species.[122]

Subfossil bones rediscovered in the Grant Museum 2011 yilda

In 2005, after a hundred years of neglect, a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers (International Dodo Research Project). Oldini olish uchun bezgak, the British had covered the swamp with hard core during their rule over Mauritius, which had to be removed. Many remains were found, including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity (though no juveniles), and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird, which have been preserved in their natural position.[123] These findings were made public in December 2005 in the Naturalis muzey Leyden. 63% of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct genus Silindraspis, and 7.1% belonged to dodos, which had been deposited within several centuries, 4,000 years ago.[124] Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago.[123] Bundan tashqari, siyanobakteriyalar thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp, which died of intoxication, dehydration, trampling, and miring.[125] Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp, few were found during the 19th century, probably owing to the employment of less refined methods when collecting.[79]

Louis Etienne Thirioux, an amateur naturalist at Port Louis, also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations. They included the first articulated specimen, which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes, and the only remains of a juvenile specimen, a now lost tarsometatarsus.[22][43] The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near Le Pouce mountain, and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo. Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins (now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute).[126][127] Thrioux's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton (composed of at least two skeletons, with a mainly reconstructed skull) to the Durban Museum of Natural Science in South Africa in 1918. Together, these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains, including bone elements previously unrecorded (such as knee-caps and wing bones). Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux's specimens, they were not scientifically studied, and were largely forgotten until 2011, when sought out by a group of researchers. The mounted skeletons were laser scanned, undan 3-D models were reconstructed, which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the osteologiya of the dodo.[128][129] In 2006, explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius. This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen ever found, and the only one in recent times.[130]

Worldwide, 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material, almost all found in the Mare aux Songes. The Natural History Museum, Amerika tabiiy tarixi muzeyi, Kembrij universiteti zoologiya muzeyi, Senckenberg muzeyi, and others have almost complete skeletons, assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals.[131] In 2011, a wooden box containing dodo bones from the Edvard davri was rediscovered at the Grant Museum da London universiteti kolleji during preparations for a move. They had been stored with crocodile bones until then.[132]

White dodo

Painting of a white dodo among various birds
Piter Vithoos 's late 17th-century painting of a white dodo, the first of such paintings to be discovered
Bittasi Piter Xolsteyn II 's mid-17th-century paintings of a white dodo

The supposed "white dodo" (or "solitaire") of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the Reunion ibis and 17th-century paintings of white, dodo-like birds by Piter Vithoos va Piter Xolsteyn that surfaced in the 19th century. The confusion began when Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe, who visited Réunion around 1619, mentioned fat, flightless birds that he referred to as "Dod-eersen" in his journal, though without mentioning their colouration. When the journal was published in 1646, it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery's "Crocker Art Gallery sketch".[133] A white, stocky, and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625. Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by Syur Dyubo and other contemporary writers.[134]

Baron Edmond de Selis Longchamps ismni o'ylab topdi Raphus solitarius for these birds in 1848, as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo. When 17th-century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th-century naturalists, it was assumed they depicted these birds. Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions was that the paintings showed females, and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic.[135] Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire, as it was referred to by the same name, or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island.[136]

Painting of various animals and people in a forest, including a whitish dodo
Savery's Landscape with Orfey and the animals showing a whitish dodo in the lower right, 1611 or later

The Pieter Withoos painting, which was discovered first, appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn, three versions of which are known to have existed. According to Hume, Cheke, and Valledor de Lozoya, it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery's painting Landscape with Orpheus and the animals, or on copies of it. The painting has generally been dated to 1611, though a post-1614, or even post-1626, date has also been proposed. The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague; a walghvogel described as having a "dirty off-white colouring" was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, to whom Savery was contracted at the time (1607–1611). Savery's several later images all show greyish birds, possibly because he had by then seen another specimen. Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white, owing to albinizm.[117][50] Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait, a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens, or simply artistic license.[137]

In 1987, scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of ibis from Réunion with a relatively short beak, Borbonibis latipes, before a connection to the solitaire reports had been made.[138] Cheke suggested to one of the authors, Francois Moutou, that the fossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire, and this suggestion was published in 1995. The ibis was reassigned to the genus Threskiornis, now combined with the o'ziga xos epitet solitarius dan binomial R. solitarius.[139] Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks, fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire. No fossil remains of dodo-like birds have ever been found on the island.[117]

Madaniy ahamiyati

Drawing of a little girl talking to a dodo with a cane
Jon Tenniel 's 1865 illustration of Elis va Dodo, dan Elisning mo''jizalar dunyosidagi sarguzashtlari
Artur Rakxem 's 1907 illustration of same

The dodo's significance as one of the best-known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object, as in the expression "dead as a dodo," which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete. Similarly, the phrase "to go the way of the dodo " means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past.[140] "Dodo" is also a slang term for a stupid, dull-witted person, as it was said to be stupid and easily caught.[141][142]

The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction, and even before its extinction, it was featured in European literature, as a symbol for exotic lands, and of gluttony, due to its apparent fatness.[143] In 1865, the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo fossils, the newly vindicated bird was featured as a character yilda Lyuis Kerol "s Elisning mo''jizalar dunyosidagi sarguzashtlari. It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer, which made him accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson", his legal surname.[106] Carroll and the girl who served as inspiration for Alice, Elis Liddell, had enjoyed visiting the Oxford museum to see the dodo remains there.[144] The book's popularity made the dodo a well-known icon of extinction.[145]

The dodo is used as a maskot for many kinds of products, especially in Mauritius.[146] Bu kabi ko'rinadi qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ustida Mavrikiy gerbi, on Mauritius coins, is used as a suv belgisi umuman Mavritaniya rupiyasi banknotes, and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form.[93][147][148] A smiling dodo is the symbol of the Burbon brasseries, a popular brewer on Réunion, whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there.[149]

Dodo on a 1971 Mauritius 10 Rupiya

The dodo is used to promote the protection of yo'qolib borayotgan turlari by environmental organisations, such as the Durrell yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish tresti va Durrell yovvoyi tabiat bog'i.[150] The Biologik xilma-xillik markazi gives an annual 'Rubber Dodo Award', to "those who have done the most to destroy wild places, species and biological diversity".[151] 2011 yilda nefilin o'rgimchak Nephilengys dodo, which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did, was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius biota.[152] Ikki xil chumoli from Mauritius have been named after the dodo: Pseudolasius dodo 1946 yilda va Pheidole dodo 2013 yilda.[153][154] Bir turi izopod dan marjon rifi off Réunion was named Hansenium dodo 1991 yilda.[155]

The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements, honoring the dodo's flightless nature. A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named "dodo".[156] In addition, a defective bir marta ishlatiladigan element oila Fitoftora infestansi nomi berilgan DodoPi as it contained mutations that eliminated the element's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome.[157]

In 2009, a previously unpublished 17th-century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at Christie's and was expected to sell for £6,000.[158] It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image, and the artist is unidentified. It sold for £44,450.[159][47]

Painting of a grey dodo, captioned with the word
Previously unpublished 17th-century illustration of a dodo sold in 2009

Shoir Hilaire Belloc included the following poem about the dodo in his Bad Child's Book of Beasts from 1896:

Dodo yurar edi,
Va quyoshni va havoni qabul qiling.
Quyosh hali o'z ona zaminini isitadi -
Dodo yo'q!

Ilgari qichqirgan va qichqirgan ovoz
Endi har doim soqov uchun -
Uning suyaklari va tumshug'ini ko'rasiz
Hammasi Mu-se-umda.[160][144]

Shuningdek qarang

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