Hillari Klintonning elektron pochta ziddiyati - Hillary Clinton email controversy
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Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi xonimi Nyu-Yorkdan AQSh senatori AQSh davlat kotibi
Prezidentlik kampaniyalari Tashkilotlar
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Davomida uning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi lavozimida ishlashi, Hillari Klinton xususiy foydalanib, tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi elektron pochta serveri rasmiy foydalanishdan ko'ra rasmiy ommaviy kommunikatsiyalar uchun Davlat departamenti xavfsiz federal serverlarda saqlanadigan elektron pochta qayd yozuvlari. An Federal qidiruv byurosi Klinton serverini tekshirishda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan 100 dan ortiq elektron pochta xabarlari, shu jumladan 65 ta "Maxfiy" va 22 ta "Juda maxfiy" deb topilgan elektron pochta xabarlari topildi. Qo'shimcha 2093 ta elektron pochta xabarlari Davlat departamenti tomonidan retroaktiv tarzda tasniflangan deb belgilangan.[kim tomonidan? ]
Ba'zi ekspertlar, rasmiylar va a'zolari Kongress Klintonning oddiy askarni ishlatganiga qarshi chiqdi xabar almashish tizimi va xususiy server maxfiy hujjatlar yoki materiallarni ruxsatsiz olib tashlash va saqlash bilan bog'liq federal qonunni, xususan, AQShning 1924-yil 18-§-sonli kodini, shuningdek, Davlat departamenti bayonnomalari va protseduralari va tartibga soluvchi qoidalarni buzgan. hisobga olish. Klinton undan foydalanish federal qonunlar va Davlat departamenti qoidalariga mos kelishiga va sobiq davlat kotiblari shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvlarini yuritganiga javob berdi. Yangiliklar NBC va CNN elektron pochta xabarlarida jamoat domenida mavjud bo'lgan "zararsiz" masalalar muhokama qilinganligini ko'rsatdi. Masalan, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining uchuvchisiz dasturi 2000-yillarning boshidan beri jamoat mulki keng muhokama qilinmoqda; ammo, dasturning mavjudligi texnik jihatdan tasniflanadi, shuning uchun Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, gazetadagi maqolani baham ko'rish xavfsizlikning buzilishini anglatadi.[1][2]
Qarama-qarshiliklar davomida munozaralar va tortishuvlarning asosiy nuqtasi bo'lgan 2016 yilgi prezident saylovi, unda Klinton Demokratik partiyadan nomzod edi. May oyida Davlat departamentining Bosh inspektor idorasi Davlat departamentining elektron pochtasi, shu jumladan Klinton elektron pochtasi amaliyoti to'g'risida hisobot chiqardi. Iyul oyida FQB direktori Jeyms Komi Federal qidiruv byurosi tergovi Klintonni "o'ta beparvo" degan xulosaga kelganini e'lon qildi, ammo Klinton bilan ish tutmagani uchun hech qanday ayblov ilgari surilmasligini tavsiya qildi. jinoiy niyat, ta'qib qilishni ta'qib qilishning tarixiy standarti.[3] Klintonning raqibi, Donald Tramp, Klintonni tanqid qilish uchun "qiyshiq Xillari" taxallusidan foydalangan.[4]
Saylovdan o'n bir kun oldin, 2016 yil 28 oktyabrda Komi Kongressga FQB yangi kashf etilgan elektron pochta xabarlarini ko'rib chiqishni boshlaganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi. 6-noyabr kuni Komi Kongressga FQB xulosasini o'zgartirmaganligi to'g'risida xabar berdi.[5] Komining vaqti munozarali bo'lib, tanqidchilar uning Adliya vazirligining ko'rsatmalarini va pretsedentlarini buzganligini va Klintonga qarshi jamoatchilikka g'ayritabiiy munosabatda bo'lishganini aytishadi.[6] Prezidentlik saylovi kampaniyasi paytida boshqa mavzularga qaraganda ommaviy axborot vositalari ko'proq bahslashdi.[7][8][9] Klinton va boshqa kuzatuvchilarning ta'kidlashicha, tergovning qayta ochilishi uning saylovda yutqazishiga sabab bo'lgan. Komi 2018 yilgi kitobida shunday dedi Yuqori sadoqat uning qaroriga ongsiz ravishda Klintonning keyingi prezident bo'lish ehtimoli juda yuqori deb o'ylaganligi ta'sir qilgan bo'lishi mumkin.[10]
2018 yil 14-iyun kuni Bosh inspektorning Adliya boshqarmasi chiqargan uning hisoboti Federal qidiruv byurosi va DOJ tomonidan Klintonning tergov ishlarini olib borish, siyosiy tarafkashlik dalillarini topmaslik va Klintonni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortmaslik to'g'risidagi qarorni qo'llab-quvvatlash.[11] Davlat departamentining uch yillik tergovi natijasida 2019 yil sentyabr oyida Xillari Klintonning elektron pochta manziliga etib kelgan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni yuborgan 91 holatda 38 kishi "aybdor" deb topildi, ammo "maxfiy ma'lumotlarga tizimli ravishda, qasddan noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lishning ishonchli dalillari topilmadi".[12] 2020 yil oktyabr oyida davlat kotibi Mayk Pompeo Klintonning aniqlanmagan elektron pochta xabarlarini chiqarib yuborishini aytdi.[13]
Fon
Klintonning BlackBerrys-dan foydalanishi
Davlat kotibi lavozimiga tayinlanishidan oldin, 2009 yilda Klinton va uning do'stlari va hamkasblari doirasi orqali muloqot qilishgan BlackBerry telefonlar.[14] Davlat departamentining xavfsizlik xodimlari uning ish paytida xavfsizlik uchun xavf tug'dirishini taxmin qilishdi.[15] Keyinchalik Klintonning BlackBerry-da ishlatiladigan elektron pochta qayd yozuvlari uning uyidagi podvaldagi shaxsiy serverda joylashtirilgan Chappaqua, Nyu-York, ammo bu ma'lumotlar Davlat departamentining xavfsizlik xodimlari yoki Davlat departamentining yuqori lavozimli xodimlariga oshkor qilinmagan.[16]
Uning ofisida xavfsiz stol kompyuterini o'rnatish taklif qilingan edi, ammo Klinton ulardan foydalanish bilan tanish emas edi[17] va BlackBerry-ning qulayligini tanladi,[18] Davlat departamenti emas, balki himoyalangan statsionar kompyuterning hukumat protokoli. Xavfsiz echim topishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlarni Klinton tark etdi,[19] va u Davlat departamenti xavfsizlik xodimlari tomonidan himoyalanmagan BlackBerry-ning xakerlik himoyasi to'g'risida ogohlantirgan.[20] U xavf haqida bilishini tasdiqladi va xabarlarga ko'ra Diplomatik xavfsizlik byurosi Osiyoga sayohat qilayotganda uning zaifligi to'g'risida razvedka ma'lumotlarini olgan, ammo BlackBerry-dan ofisidan tashqarida foydalanishda davom etgan.[14]
Domen nomlari va elektron pochta serveri
Senatda Hillari Klintonning davlat kotibi lavozimiga nomzodini tasdiqlash bo'yicha tinglovlari vaqtida domen nomlari clintonemail.com, wjcoffice.com va presidentclinton.com edi Ro'yxatga olingan Erik Xotemga,[21] aloqa manzili sifatida Klinton va uning eri Chappaqua (Nyu-York) da joylashgan uy bilan.[22][23] Domenlar Klinton (hech qachon davlat.gov elektron pochta qayd yozuviga ega bo'lmagan) elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborishda va qabul qilishda foydalanadigan va u uchun sotib olingan va Klintonlar uyiga o'rnatilgan shaxsiy elektron pochta serveriga ishora qildi. uning 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi.[24]
Elektron pochta serveri 2009 yil yanvaridan 2013 yilgacha Nyu-Yorkdagi Chappaqua shahridagi Klintonlar uyida bo'lgan va u elektron pochta manziliga yuborilgan. ma'lumotlar markazi Nyu-Jersida Denverda joylashgan Platte River Networks-ga topshirilishidan oldin axborot texnologiyalari elektron pochta tizimini boshqarish uchun Klinton yollagan firma.[25][26][27][28][29]
Server o'zi ishlaydi Microsoft Exchange 2010[30][31] Internet orqali elektron pochta xabarlariga kirish huquqiga ega server Outlook veb-ilovasi. Veb-sahifa a bilan himoyalangan TLS sertifikati veb-saytdan foydalanishda ma'lumotni xavfsiz uzatilishiga imkon berish. Biroq, foydalanilgan dastlabki ikki oy davomida - 2009 yil yanvaridan 2009 yil 29 martigacha veb-sahifa TLS sertifikati bilan ta'minlanmaganligi, ya'ni xizmat yordamida uzatiladigan ma'lumotlar shifrlanmaganligi va ularni ushlab qolish uchun javobgar bo'lishi mumkinligi xabar qilingan.[14]
Dastlabki xabardorlik
Hali 2009 yilda rasmiylar Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi (NARA) o'sha paytdagi davlat kotibi Klinton davridagi Davlat departamentida federal hukumatning ish yuritish tartib-qoidalarini buzilishi mumkinligidan xavotir bildirdi.[32]
2012 yil dekabrida, Klintonning davlat kotibi lavozimidagi faoliyati tugashiga yaqin, notijorat guruh qo'ng'iroq qildi Vashingtonda fuqarolar javobgarlik va axloq qoidalari uchun yoki CREW, a FOIA uning elektron pochtasi haqida yozuvlarni qidirishni so'rash. CREW 2013 yil may oyida javob oldi: "sizning so'rovingizga javob beradigan yozuvlar topilmadi."[14] Klintonning shaxsiy clintonemail.com manziliga yuborilgan elektron pochta xabarlari birinchi marta 2013 yil martida "deb nomlangan xaker aniqlangandi.Guccifer "Klintonga yuborilgan keng tarqalgan elektron pochta xabarlari Sidney Blumenthal, uni Guccifer Blumenthal elektron pochta qayd yozuviga noqonuniy kirish yo'li bilan olgan.[33][34][35] Elektron pochta xabarlari 2012 yil Bingazi hujumi va boshqa masalalar Liviya va uning clintonemail.com manzili mavjudligini aniqladi.[33][34][35]
Blumenthal, Klintondan Davlat departamenti tomonidan maxfiylashtirilgan deb topilgan materialni olganida xavfsizlikni rasmiylashtirmagan.[36][37]
2014 yilning yozida Davlat departamenti advokatlari Klintonning shaxsiy kabinetidan elektron pochta xabarlarini Bingazi shahridagi Vakillar palatasi qo'mitasi tomonidan so'ralgan hujjatlarni ko'rib chiqish paytida payqashdi. Qo'shimcha elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborish bo'yicha Davlat departamentining so'rovi uning advokatlari va maslahatchilari bilan muzokaralarga sabab bo'ldi. Oktyabr oyida Davlat departamenti Klintonga va avvalgi barcha davlat kotiblariga maktublar yubordi Madlen Olbrayt ish paytida ishlariga tegishli elektron pochta xabarlari va hujjatlarni talab qilish. 2014 yil 5 dekabrda Klinton advokatlari 30 mingdan ortiq elektron pochta xabarlarini o'z ichiga olgan bosma qog'oz bilan to'ldirilgan 12 ta qutilarni etkazib berishdi. Klinton shaxsiy xarakterga ega deb hisoblangan deyarli 32000 elektron xabarni yashirgan.[14] Taqdim etgan Datto, Inc. ma'lumotlarni zaxiralash Klintonning elektron pochtasi xizmati, Federal Qidiruv Byurosiga zaxira nusxalarini saqlaydigan uskunani berishga rozi bo'ldi.[38]
2016 yil may oyidan boshlab, Hillari Klinton tomonidan shaxsiy sifatida o'chirilgan yoki qayta tiklanishi mumkin bo'lgan 31000 elektron pochta xabarlari jamoatchilikka hech qanday javob berilmagan.[39]
2015 yil 2 mart Nyu-York Tayms maqola Bingazi shtati Klinton davlat kotibi lavozimida bo'lgan vaqt mobaynida hukumat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan elektron pochta serveridan emas, balki faqat o'zining shaxsiy elektron pochta serveridan foydalanganligi va uning yordamchilari shaxsiy elektron pochta xabarlarini saqlab qolish uchun hech qanday choralar ko'rmaganligi haqidagi xabarni buzdi. qonun hujjatlariga muvofiq hisob-kitoblar.[40][41][42] O'sha paytda Klinton Davlat departamentidan elektron pochta xabarlarini chiqarishni so'raganini e'lon qildi.[43] Ommaviy axborot vositalarida ba'zilar bahsni "elektron pochta darvozasi" deb nomlashgan.[44][45][46]
Davlat biznesida xususiy serverdan foydalanish
Klintonning matbuot kotibi Nik Merrilning so'zlariga ko'ra, bir qator hukumat amaldorlari rasmiy elektron pochta orqali shaxsiy elektron pochta manzillarini, shu jumladan Klintondan oldingi davlat kotiblarini ishlatgan.[47]
Davlat departamenti vakili Mari Xarf dedi: "Ba'zi bir tarixiy sharoitlar uchun Kotib Kerri birinchi navbatda state.gov elektron pochta qayd yozuviga ishongan birinchi davlat kotibi. "[40] John Wonderlich, shaffoflik tarafdori Quyosh nurlari fondi, ko'plab hukumat amaldorlari shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvlaridan foydalangan paytda kuzatilgan, ularning shaxsiy elektron pochta serverlaridan foydalanish ancha kam bo'lgan.[48] A taniqli istisno davomida edi Bush ma'muriyati, Oq uyning o'nlab yuqori martabali amaldorlari respublika milliy qo'mitasiga tegishli bo'lgan serverdagi akkauntlari yordamida 22 million elektron pochta orqali hukumat ishlarini olib borganlarida.[49]
Adliya vazirligining Axborot va maxfiylik idorasining sobiq rahbari Den Metkalfning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu unga elektron pochta orqali Google kabi uchinchi tomonni jalb qilmaslik orqali yanada qattiqroq nazorat qilish va ularni Kongress chaqiruvlari bilan oshkor qilishning oldini olishga yordam bergan. U qo'shimcha qildi: "U o'zining FOIA-dan rasmiy elektron pochta xabarlarini, shtatda ishlagan paytida ham, undan ketganidan keyin ham, ehtimol abadiy izolyatsiyalashga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ehtimol uni abadiy buzib yubordi. FOIA shubhasiz yaxshiroq biladigan kishi tomonidan. "[40][50]
Harfning so'zlariga ko'ra, hukumat amaldorlari tomonidan shaxsiy elektron pochtasidan davlat ishi uchun foydalanish mumkin Federal yozuvlar to'g'risidagi qonun, tegishli rasmiy kommunikatsiyalar, shu jumladan ish bilan bog'liq barcha elektron pochta xabarlari agentlik tomonidan saqlanib turilgan ekan. Qonun (edi) 2014 yil oxirida o'zgartirilgan Klinton lavozimidan ketganidan so'ng, shaxsiy elektron pochta xabarlarini 20 kun ichida hukumat serverlariga o'tkazishni talab qilish) agentliklardan barcha rasmiy aloqalarni, shu jumladan ish bilan bog'liq barcha elektron pochta xabarlarini saqlashni talab qiladi va davlat xizmatchilari tegishli yozuvlarni yo'q qila olmasligi yoki olib tashlay olmasligini belgilaydi.[40] NARA qoidalari yozuvlarni qanday yaratish va yuritish kerakligini belgilaydi, ularni "agentlik" va "osonlikcha topib olish" ni ta'minlashni talab qiladi va yozuvlar "Kongress tomonidan tegishli tekshiruvni o'tkazishi kerak".[40] 1924-bo'lim Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari kodeksining 18-sarlavhasi maxfiy hujjatlarni yo'q qilish va saqlash bilan shug'ullanadi, bunga binoan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni "bila turib" olib tashlash yoki "ruxsatsiz joyda" saqlash uchun jarima yoki bir yilgacha ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosi qo'llaniladi.[40]
Metkalf singari mutaxassislar ushbu amaliyotlarga federal qonun tomonidan ruxsat berilgan deb hisoblashadi, chunki material tasniflanmasligi kerak,[47][51] yoki hech bo'lmaganda favqulodda holatlarda ushbu amaliyotlarga ruxsat beriladi,[41] ammo ular rasmiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvlaridan foydalanish kerak deb hisoblab, ushbu amaliyotlardan voz kechmoqdalar.[40]
Jeyson R. Baron, sobiq rahbari sud jarayoni NARA-da ushbu amaliyotni "o'ta noodatiy" deb ta'riflagan, ammo qonun buzilgan emas. Alohida intervyusida u shunday dedi: "Yadro qishiga yaqin bo'lgan ssenariyni tasavvur qilish juda qiyin - bu erda agentlik o'zining kabinet darajasidagi bosh ofitseriga shaxsiy elektron pochta aloqasi kanalidan faqat shaxsiy elektron pochta aloqasi kanalidan foydalanishga ruxsat berishga haqli bo'lgan joyni tasavvur qilish juda qiyin. davlat biznesi "deb nomlangan.[41][52][53] Baron 2015 yil may oyida Senat Adliya qo'mitasiga "har qanday xodimning elektron pochta xabarlarini shaxsiy elektron pochta tarmog'i orqali amalga oshirish to'g'risida.gov manzili, Federal Yozuvlar to'g'risidagi qonun va barcha federal agentliklarni tartibga soluvchi NARA qoidalariga muvofiq uzoq vaqtdan beri amal qilib kelayotgan siyosat va amaliyotga ziddir. "[54]
2016 yil may oyida Davlat departamentining bosh inspektorining hisoboti
2016 yil may oyida, bo'limning idorasi ning Bosh inspektor Stiv A. Linik Davlat departamentining elektron pochta orqali ishlash amaliyoti to'g'risida 83 sahifadan iborat hisobot chiqardi.[55][56][57] Bosh inspektor Klinton hech qachon shaxsiy elektron pochta serveridan foydalanganligi uchun Davlat departamenti xodimlaridan roziligini so'raganligini tasdiqlovchi dalillarni topa olmadi, agar Klinton ma'qullash uchun murojaat qilganida, Departament xodimlari uning xavfsizligini xavf ostiga qo'yganligi sababli uni o'rnatishni rad etgan bo'lardi. shunday qilish. "[55] Xavfsizlik xatarlaridan tashqari, hisobotda "u Departamentning Federal yozuvlar to'g'risidagi qonunga muvofiq amalga oshirilgan siyosatiga rioya qilmaganligi" ta'kidlangan.[58] Ushbu topilmalarning har biri Klinton va uning yordamchilari shu paytgacha aytgan so'zlariga zid edi.[59][60][61] Hisobotda, shuningdek, Klinton va uning katta yordamchilari tergovchilar bilan suhbatlashishdan bosh tortgani, oldingi to'rtta davlat kotibi esa buni qilgani aytilgan.[55]
Hisobotda bir qator avvalgi davlat kotiblarining amaliyotlari ko'rib chiqildi va Departamentning ish yuritish amaliyoti ko'p yillar davomida subpar bo'lib kelgan degan xulosaga kelishdi.[55] Bosh inspektor Klintonning departament ishi uchun shaxsiy elektron pochtadan foydalanishni tanqid qilib, bu hujjatlarni saqlashning "tegishli usuli emas" degan xulosaga keldi va federal yozuvlar qonunlariga rioya qilishni maqsad qilgan departament siyosatiga rioya qilmadi. Hisobotda, shuningdek, shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvini biznes uchun ishlatgan Kolin Pauellni ham tanqid qilishdi va bu xuddi shu Departament qoidalarini buzganligini aytdi.[55] Davlat departamenti vakili Mark Tonerning ta'kidlashicha, hisobotda federal agentliklarning "o'nlab yillik yozuvlarni elektron pochta orqali boshqariladigan zamonaviy amaliyotga" moslashtirish zarurligi ta'kidlangan va departamentning yozuvlarni saqlash amaliyoti amaldagi davlat kotibi davrida takomillashtirilgan. Jon F. Kerri, Klintonning vorisi.[55] Hisobotda, shuningdek, ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlarini saqlash qoidalari 2009 yilda yangilanganligi ta'kidlangan.[62]
Bosh inspektor Linik "yuridik maslahatchi idorasi xodimlari kotib Klintonning shaxsiy tizimini ko'rib chiqqanligi yoki tasdiqlaganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil topmadim" deb yozgan va shuningdek, Klintonning serveriga tegishli muammolarni ko'targan bir nechta shtat xodimlariga yuridik maslahatchi idorasi aytilganligini aniqlagan. uni ma'qullagan va bundan keyin "Kotibning shaxsiy elektron pochta tizimi haqida boshqa hech qachon gapirmang" deyilgan.[63][64][65][15]
Klinton saylov kampaniyasi vakili Brayan Fallon bayonot bilan chiqdi: "Hisobotda Davlat departamentining elektron yozuvlarni saqlash tizimlari bilan bog'liq muammolar uzoq vaqtdan beri mavjud bo'lganligi" va Klinton "o'z yozuvlarini tegishli darajada saqlash va ozod qilish uchun boshqalarnikidan ancha uzoqroq qadamlar qo'ygani" ko'rsatildi.[55] Biroq, Assoshieyted Pressning ta'kidlashicha, "Auditorlik tekshiruvida ta'kidlanishicha, sobiq davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell ham faqat shaxsiy elektron pochta hisob qaydnomasidan foydalangan. ... Ammo auditda Klintonning muvaffaqiyatsizliklari avvalgisidan ko'ra jiddiyroq ekanligi alohida ta'kidlandi. "[66] Hisobotda "Kotib Klintonning vakolatiga binoan, bo'lim rahbarligi ancha batafsil va murakkabroq bo'lganligi sababli, Kotib Klintonning kiberxavfsizlik amaliyoti shunga muvofiq ravishda ushbu keng qamrovli ko'rsatmalar asosida baholanishi kerak" deb ta'kidlangan.[66]
Server xavfsizligi va buzish urinishlari
Shifrlash va xavfsizlik
2008 yilda, Hillari Klinton davlat kotibi bo'lishidan oldin, Jastin Kuper, Klintonning eri, sobiq prezidentning uzoq yillik yordamchisi Bill Klinton, tizimni boshqargan. Kuperda xavfsizlik xavfsizligi yoki kompyuter xavfsizligi bo'yicha tajriba yo'q edi.[67] Keyinchalik, Klintonning 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasining sobiq IT-direktori Bryan Pagliano Klinton davlat kotibi bo'lgan paytda shaxsiy elektron pochta serverini saqlash uchun yollangan.[68][69] Pagliano uni chaqirdi Beshinchi o'zgartirish Kongressda Klintonning serveriga oid savollar paytida. 2016 yil boshida prokuratura bilan hamkorlik qilish evaziga Adliya vazirligi tomonidan unga daxlsizlik huquqi berildi.[70] Klinton vakili uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Pagliano endi prokuratura bilan hamkorlik qilayotganidan "mamnun" ekanligini aytdi.[71] 2016 yil may oyidan boshlab, Davlat departamenti Paglianoning ushbu bo'limga kotib Klinton boshchiligida ishlagan davridagi ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlarining ko'pini topa olmadi.[72]
Kabi xavfsizlik bo'yicha mutaxassislar Kris Sogoyan Klintonga va undan kelgan elektron pochta xabarlari xavf ostida bo'lishi mumkinligiga ishonaman xakerlik va xorijiy kuzatuv.[73] Mark Maiffret, kiberxavfsizlik bo'yicha mutaxassisning ta'kidlashicha, serverda "havaskor soat" zaifliklari mavjud.[74] Klinton davlat kotibi etib tayinlanganidan va BlackBerry orqali serverdagi pochta xabarlariga kirishni boshlaganidan keyingi dastlabki ikki oy davomida serverga va serverdan uzatmalar shifrlanmagan. 2009 yil 29 martda a raqamli sertifikat shifrlash uchun ruxsat berilgan edi.[14]
Avvalgi Mudofaa razvedkasi agentligining direktori Maykl T. Flinn,[75] avvalgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vaziri Robert Geyts,[76][77] va direktorning sobiq o'rinbosari Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Maykl Morell[78][79] ehtimol chet el hukumatlari Klintonning serveridagi ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishgan. Maykl Xeyden, avvalgi Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi direktori, Asosiy o'rinbosar Milliy razvedka direktori va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi direktori "Agar bir qator chet el razvedka agentliklari, agar ular e-pochta orqali varaqlashib o'tirmaganlarida, men ularga bo'lgan hurmatimni yo'qotar edim".[80]
Hack urinishlari
Klintonning serveri foydalanuvchilarga Internetdan ochiq ulanish va uni Microsoft-dan foydalanib masofadan boshqarish imkoniyatini berish uchun tuzilgan Masofadagi ish stoli xizmatlari.[74]
Ma'lumki, xakerlar Klintonning ommaviy bo'lmagan elektron pochta manzilidan 2011 yilidayoq xabardor bo'lgan.[81] Davlat kotibi Klinton va uning xodimlari 2011 yilda amalga oshirilgan xakerlik urinishlaridan xabardor edilar va ular haqida tashvishlanayotganliklari xabar qilindi.[82]
2012 yilda, server yozuvlariga ko'ra, xaker Serbiya 2012 yil avgust va dekabr oylarida kamida ikki marta Klintonning Chappaqua serverini skanerdan o'tkazdi. Xaker ushbu serverni Klintonga tegishli ekanligini biladimi yoki yo'qmi, noma'lum edi, garchi u o'zini clintonemail.com uchun elektron pochta orqali xizmat ko'rsatuvchi sifatida ko'rsatgan bo'lsa ham.[74] 2014 yil davomida Klintonning serveri Germaniya, Xitoy va Janubiy Koreyadan kelib chiqqan takroriy hujumlarning maqsadi bo'lgan. Serverda tahdidni nazorat qilish dasturi kamida beshta bunday urinishni blokirovka qildi. Dastur 2013 yil oktyabr oyida o'rnatildi va undan oldin uch oy davomida bunday dastur o'rnatilmagan edi.[83][84]
Pagliano xabariga ko'ra, Klintonning elektron pochta serverining xavfsizlik jurnallarida muvaffaqiyatli xakerlik dalillari bo'lmagan.[85] The Nyu-York Tayms "sud ekspertlari ba'zida jurnallarda ko'rinmaydigan murakkab xakerliklarni aniqlay olishadi, ammo kompyuter xavfsizligi bo'yicha mutaxassislar jurnallarni xakerlarni aniqlashda asosiy hujjatlar sifatida ko'rishadi", deb xabar berishdi va "jurnallarni qo'shib qo'yish" Klinton xonimning shaxsiy elektron pochta hisob qaydnomasidan foydalanganligi haqidagi bayonotini kuchaytirdi. .. Amerika sirlarini xakerlar yoki chet el hukumatlari qo'liga bermadi. "[73][85][86]
2013 yilda, Rumin xaker Marcel Lehel Lazur (aka ")Guccifer ") tomonidan tarqatilgan shaxsiy eslatmalar Sidney Blumenthal Klintonga Liviyadagi voqealar u Blumenthal elektron pochta hisobini buzish orqali sotib olgan.[87][88] 2016 yilda Lazur Ruminiyadan AQShga ekstraditsiya qilingan va AQShning bir qator taniqli shaxslarining hisob raqamlariga xakerlik hujumi bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan federal ayblovlarni ilgari surish uchun,[89] ushbu ayblov bo'yicha aybini tan olish.[90][91] Sudgacha qamoqqa olingan paytda Lazer OAVga Klintonning serverini muvaffaqiyatli buzib kirganini da'vo qildi, ammo bu da'voni isbotlamadi.[92] Tergov bilan bog'liq rasmiylar OAVga Lazerning da'vosini tasdiqlovchi hech qanday dalil topmaganligini aytdilar,[93] va Klintonning matbuot kotibi Brayan Fallon "Ushbu jinoyatchining qamoqxonasidan chiqqan da'volariga ishonish uchun mutlaqo asos yo'q".[94][95] Keyinchalik Federal Qidiruv Byurosi direktori Jyeyms Komi Kongressdagi tinglovda Gucciferning da'vosi yolg'on ekanligini tan olganini aytdi.[96]
Xavfsizlik tadqiqotchilarining fikriga ko'ra Xavfsiz ishlar elektron pochta xabarining tarqalishi keyinchalik tahdid guruhi-4127 tomonidan kelib chiqqan Chiroyli ayiq, hukumatlar, harbiy va xalqaro nodavlat tashkilotlarga qaratilgan bo'linma. Tadqiqotchilar ushbu bo'lim Rossiya hukumati nomidan razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ib olishlariga mo''tadil ishonch bildirmoqda.[97]
Elektron pochta xabarlarini o'chirish
2014 yilda, server mavjudligi haqida jamoatchilik xabardor bo'lishidan bir necha oy oldin, Klinton shtabining boshlig'i Cheryl Mills va ikki advokat arxivga olinadigan va Davlat departamenti uchun saqlanadigan serverdagi ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlarini aniqlash ustida ishladilar. 2014 yil dekabr oyida ushbu topshiriq bajarilgandan so'ng, Mills Klintonning kompyuter xizmatlarini etkazib beruvchi Platte River Networks (PRN) ga serverni o'zgartirishni buyurdi. saqlash muddati 31 kundan 830 yoshgacha bo'lgan shaxsiy elektron pochta xabarlarini serverdan avtomatik ravishda o'chirishga imkon beruvchi 60 kungacha, chunki Klinton endi ularga kerak emas deb qaror qildi. Biroq, ushbu vazifa uchun tayinlangan PRN mutaxassisi o'sha paytda uni bajara olmadi.[98]
Serverning mavjudligi 2015 yil 2 martda ommaga ma'lum bo'lgandan keyin,[41] The Bingazi bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang ikki kundan keyin Bingazi bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlari uchun chaqiruv e'lon qildi. Mills 9 mart kuni PRN-ga elektron pochta xabarini yuborib, Qo'mitani saqlab qolish to'g'risidagi talabni eslatib o'tdi.[98] Keyin PRN mutaxassisi FBIga shaxsiy elektron pochta xabarlarini bir necha oy oldin ko'rsatmalarga binoan o'chirilishini o'rnatmaganligini tushunib, "oh shit moment" deb ta'riflagan. Keyin mutaxassis elektron pochta xabarlarini bepul yordam dasturi yordamida o'chirib tashladi, BleachBit, 25 va 31 mart kunlari o'rtasida.[99] Bloomberg yangiliklari 2015 yil sentyabr oyida Federal qidiruv byurosi o'chirilgan elektron pochtalarning bir qismini qayta tiklaganligi haqida xabar bergan.[100]
Ushbu epizoddan beri Klinton tanqidchilari uni yoki uning yordamchilarini "juda qimmat" jarayon bilan server "oqartirilgan" yoki "kislota bilan yuvilgan" deb da'vo qilingan elektron pochta xabarlarini o'chirishda ayblashmoqda.[101] dalillarni yo'q qilish maqsadida, nomzod Donald Tramp 2016 yilgi saylovlardan bir kun oldin "Hillari Klinton 30 mingdan ortiq elektron pochtani yashirish maqsadida o'chirib tashlagan" deb aytgan.[102] Tramp o'z pozitsiyasini 2018 yil avgustida yana takrorlab, "Klinton elektron pochta orqali qilgan jinoyatlarini ko'ring va u Kongressdan chaqiruv qog'ozini olganidan keyin u 33000 ta elektron xatni o'chirib tashlaydi va bu Adliya vazirligi bu haqda hech narsa qilmaydi?"[103]
Elektron pochta xabarlarida maxfiy ma'lumotlar
Turli intervyularda Klinton "men maxfiy materiallarni yubormaganman va hech qanday belgi qo'yilgan yoki belgilangan deb topmaganman" deb aytgan.[104] Biroq, 2016 yil iyun va iyul oylarida bir qator yangiliklar nashrlari Klintonning elektron pochta xabarlarida "Maxfiy" uchun "(c)" bilan belgilangan ba'zi xatboshilardan iborat xabarlar borligini xabar qilishdi.[105][106] Federal qidiruv byurosining tergovi shuni ko'rsatdiki, 110 ta xabarda u yuborilgan paytda maxfiy bo'lgan ma'lumotlar mavjud. Ushbu elektron pochtalarning 65 tasida "Yashirin" deb tasniflangan ma'lumotlar topilgan. 20 dan ortiq "juda maxfiy" ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan.[107][108] Uch mingta elektron pochta xabarlari tasniflangan deb topilgan, garchi ularda tasniflangan sarlavhalar mavjud emas va ular faqat qavs ichida kichik "c" belgisi bilan belgilangan, ular Comey tomonidan "qism belgilari" deb ta'riflangan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Klinton uchta texnik belgilar nimani anglatishini tushunadigan darajada "texnik jihatdan murakkab" emas edi[109][110][111] bu Klintonning bunday belgilarning ma'nosidan xabardor emasligi haqidagi da'vosiga mos keladi.[112]
Klinton shaxsan orqaga qaytarilgan 2093 ta elektron pochtadan 104 tasini yozgan[113][114][115] "maxfiy" deb tasniflangan ma'lumotlarga ega ekanligi aniqlandi.[55][116] Yuborilganidan keyin tasniflangan qolgan elektron pochta xabarlari orasida Klintonning yordamchisi Jeyk Sallivan eng ko'p yozgan, 215 da.[113]
Davlat departamentining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, serverda 2093 ta elektron pochta zanjiri mavjud bo'lib, ular retroaktiv ravishda Davlat departamenti tomonidan "maxfiy", 65 tasi "maxfiy" va 22 tasi "o'ta maxfiy" deb tasniflangan.[117][118]
Razvedka idoralari tomonidan olingan va "egalik" qilingan ma'lumotlar mustaqil ravishda va ommaviy ravishda matbuot yoki boshqalar tomonidan "parallel hisobot berish" orqali ochiq bo'lganida, "maxfiy" maqomni nima tashkil etishi to'g'risida idoralararo nizo yuzaga keldi. Xabar qilingan bir misolda razvedka hamjamiyati maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan elektron pochta zanjiri a munozarasini o'z ichiga olgan Nyu-York Tayms Pokistonda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining uchuvchisiz samolyoti hujumi haqida xabar berilgan maqola; uchuvchisiz samolyotlar dasturi to'g'risida keng ma'lumotga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi - "egalik qiluvchi agentlik" sifatida - o'zining uchuvchisiz samolyot dasturining mavjudligini to'liq tasniflangan deb hisoblaydi. Davlat kotibining qonunchilik masalalari bo'yicha yordamchisi Julia Frifild "Siyosat mansabdor shaxslari ma'lumotni ochiq manbalardan," tahlil markazlari "dan, ekspertlardan, xorijiy davlat rasmiylaridan yoki boshqalardan olganda, ba'zi ma'lumotlarning razvedka kanallari orqali ham bo'lishi mumkinligi, bu ma'lumotlarning maxfiyligini anglatmaydi. . ”[119][1]
Davlat departamentining bosh inspektori hisobotlar va bayonotlar
Davlat departamenti bosh inspektori Stiv A. Linikning 2015 yil 29 iyundagi memorandumida 55000 sahifadan iborat elektron pochta xabarlarini ko'rib chiqishda "yuzlab potentsial maxfiy elektron pochta xabarlari" topilganligi aytilgan.[120] 2015 yil 17-iyul, Linik va Razvedka hamjamiyati (IC) bosh inspektor, I. Charlz Makkullo III, to Davlat kotibining menejment bo'yicha o'rinbosari Patrik F. Kennedi, elektron pochta xabarlarining bir nechtasida maxfiy deb belgilanmagan maxfiy ma'lumotlar mavjudligini tasdiqlaganligini va hech bo'lmaganda bittasi ommaviy ravishda e'lon qilinganligini ta'kidladilar.[120]
2015 yil 24-iyulda Linik va Makkullo Klintonning elektron pochta manzilidan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni topganliklarini aytishdi,[121] ammo Klinton elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborganmi yoki olganmi, demagan.[121] O'zlarining ish joyidagi tergovchilar tasodifiy tanlangan 40 ta elektron pochta xabarlarini qidirib topishda AQSh razvedka idoralaridan, shu jumladan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi (Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi) va Milliy xavfsizlik agentligidan (NSA) olingan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan to'rtta topdilar.[121] Ularning bayonotida aytilishicha, ular topilgan ma'lumotlar jo'natilganda maxfiylashtirilib, tekshirilgunga qadar saqlanib qolgan va "hech qachon tasniflanmagan shaxsiy tizim orqali uzatilmasligi kerak edi".[121]
Kongressga maktub shaklida alohida bayonotda Makkulou Davlat departamentiga Klinton tomonidan yuborilgan elektron pochta xabarlarining to'liq to'plamiga kirish uchun iltimos qilganligini, ammo Departament uning so'rovini rad etganini aytdi.[121][122] Xatda hech qanday elektron pochta xabarlari maxfiy deb belgilanmaganligi, ammo ular maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olganligi sababli ular belgilanishi va ishlov berilishi va xavfsiz uzatilishi kerakligi aytilgan.[122]
2015 yil 10 avgustda IC bosh inspektori namunadagi 40 ta elektron xatdan ikkitasi "Juda maxfiy /" ekanligini aytdi.Hissali ma'lumot "va keyinchalik" TK "ning tasniflangan yorliqlari (" Talent Keyhole "uchun, havodagi yoki kosmik tasvir manbalari tomonidan olingan materialni ko'rsatadigan va NOFORN ).[123] Ulardan biri haqida yangiliklar maqolasining muhokamasi AQShning uchuvchisiz uchish operatsiyasi.[123] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ikkinchisi, maxfiy materiallarni nazarda tutgan yoki "parallel ravishda hisobot berish" ochiq manbali razvedka, bu hanuzgacha maxfiy yo'llar bilan ta'minlangan hukumatning "egalik qiluvchi agentligi" tomonidan tasniflanishi mumkin, garchi xuddi shu ma'lumotlar jamoat domenida ham mavjud bo'lsa.[123][124][125] Klintonning prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti va Davlat departamenti ushbu maktubni nizolashdi va elektron pochta xabarlari o'zboshimchalik bilan olib borilganligi sababli haddan tashqari tasniflanganmi yoki yo'qmi degan savol tug'dirdi. Noma'lum manbaga ko'ra, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi va Milliy geografik-razvedka agentligi avvalgi inspektorlarning umumiy xulosalarini ma'qulladi (elektron pochta xabarlari (shulardan biri Shimoliy Koreyaning yadro quroli dasturiga tegishli) Klinton tomonidan 2009 va 2011 yillarda shaxsiy server orqali qabul qilinganda "o'ta maxfiy" ", degan xulosaga kelgan.[126]
IC bosh inspektori 2016 yil 14 yanvarda Kongressga yana bir xat yubordi. Ushbu maktubda u noma'lum razvedka agentligi "IC elementi tomonidan MAXFIY bo'lganligi aniqlangan bir necha o'nlab elektron pochta xabarlari [aniqlandi]", deb qasamyod qildi. SECRET va TOP SECRET /SAP Razvedka xizmatining boshqa rasmiylari qo'shimcha qilishlaricha, bir necha o'nlab odamlar avvalgi namunadagi ikkita elektron pochta xabarlari emas va elektron pochta orqali havola qilingan dasturlar to'g'risida bilib olishdan oldin IC bosh inspektorining o'zi rasmiylashtirilishi kerak edi.[127][128][129] NBC News 2016 yil 20-yanvar kuni Amerikaning yuqori lavozimli rasmiylari ushbu elektron pochta xabarlarini "zararsiz" deb ta'riflaganliklari haqida xabar berishdi, chunki ular Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining texnik jihatdan TOP SECRET deb nomlangan uchuvchisiz dasturini muhokama qilishdi /SAP - Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining uchuvchisiz samolyot dasturining mavjudligi ko'p yillar davomida jamoatchilikka ma'lum va muhokama qilingan edi. Ushbu rasmiylar IC bosh inspektorini ushbu masalani qanday hal qilganlikda adolatsiz deb ta'riflashdi.[130]
2016 yil 29 yanvarda Davlat departamenti Klintonning elektron pochta serveridan 22 ta hujjat oshkor qilinmasligini e'lon qildi, chunki ular jamoat iste'moliga juda sezgir bo'lgan juda maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Shu bilan birga, Davlat departamenti serverda jo'natish yoki qabul qilish paytida maxfiy ma'lumotlar mavjudmi yoki yo'qligi to'g'risida o'z tekshiruvini boshlaganligini e'lon qildi.[131]
2016 yil fevral oyida Davlat departamenti IG Linik davlat kotibi o'rinbosari Kennediga yana bir hisobot bilan murojaat qildi, uning idorasi sobiq kotib a'zolarining shaxsiy elektron pochta hisoblarida 10 ta elektron pochtada maxfiy material topilganligini aytdi. Kondoliza Rays xodimlari va sobiq davlat kotibi shaxsiy elektron pochta hisobidagi ikkita elektron pochta xabarida Kolin Pauell.[132][133] Elektron pochta xabarlarining hech biri razvedka ma'lumotlariga ko'ra tasniflanmagan.[134] PolitiFact bir yil oldin Pauell shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvidan foydalangan yagona sobiq davlat kotibi bo'lganligini aniqladi.[135] 2016 yil fevral oyida Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi raisi o'zining elektron pochtalari, avvalgilariga o'xshab, "noo'rin ravishda haddan tashqari tasnifga duch kelinayotgani" da'vo bilan chiqdi.[132]
Federal qidiruv byurosi tergovi
2015 yil iyul - Xavfsizlik bo'yicha ma'lumotnoma
Davlat departamenti va Razvedka hamjamiyati (IC) inspektor generallar tasodifiy 40 kishidan iborat bo'lgan maxfiy ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan to'rtta elektron pochtani topib, ularni Federal Qidiruv Byurosining teskari razvedka idorasiga xavfsizlikni ta'minlashga, maxfiy ma'lumotlar Klintonning serverida va u tomonidan saqlanayotgani to'g'risida ogohlantirishga undashdi. advokat bosh barmog'i.[121][122] Federal qidiruv byurosining bir qismi sifatida O'rta yil tergovi,[136] IC talabiga binoan bosh inspektor, Klinton elektron pochta serverini AQSh Adliya vazirligi, shuningdek, uning ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlari nusxalarini o'z ichiga olgan bosh barmoq disklari. Boshqa elektron pochta xabarlari Bingazi bo'yicha Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uylarini tanlash qo'mitasi qo'mita so'rovi bilan bog'liq holda boshqa manbalardan. Davlat departamenti Klintonning o'z elektron pochta xabarlarini bosqichma-bosqich jadval asosida bosqichma-bosqich e'lon qilmoqda.[137][138][139]
The New York Times 2015 yil 24 iyuldagi birinchi sahifadagi hikoyani "Klintonning elektron pochtasidan foydalanishda jinoiy tergov o'tkazildi" sarlavhasi bilan olib bordi va bosh hukmni "Ikki bosh inspektor Adliya vazirligidan Hillari Rodham Klintonning jinoiy ish ochilishini so'radi. U davlat kotibi sifatida foydalangan shaxsiy elektron pochta manzilidagi hukumatning maxfiy ma'lumotlarini noto'g'ri ishlatgan.[140] Hikoya nashr etilganidan ko'p o'tmay, Razvedka Jamiyatining Bosh inspektorlari va Davlat Departamenti bayonot berib, quyidagilarni aniqladilar: "Muhim farq shundaki, IG IG buni amalga oshirmadi jinoiy yo'llanma - bu kontrrazvedka maqsadida qilingan xavfsizlik ma'lumotnomasi edi. "[141] The Times keyinchalik ikkita tuzatish kiritdi, birinchi navbatda Klinton tavsiyanomaning o'ziga xos maqsadi emas edi, keyinroq bu yo'nalish "jinoiy" emas edi.[142][143][140]
Klintonning IT-pudratchilari shaxsiy elektron pochta serverini FBRga 2015 yil 12 avgustda topshirgan,[29] shuningdek, uning elektron pochta nusxalarini o'z ichiga olgan bosh barmog'i.[144][145]
Bu masalani senatorga yozgan xatida Ron Jonson, Chairman of the Senate Homeland Security Committee, Clinton's lawyer Devid E. Kendall said that emails, and all other data stored on the server, had earlier been erased prior to the device being turned over to the authorities, and that both he and another lawyer had been given security clearances by the State Department to handle thumb drives containing about 30,000 emails that Clinton subsequently also turned over to authorities. Kendall said the thumb drives had been stored in a safe provided to him in July by the State Department.[146]
August 2015 – Investigation continues; email recovery
On August 20, 2015, U.S. District Judge Emmet G. Sallivan stated that Hillary Clinton's actions of maintaining a private email server were in direct conflict with U.S. government policy. "We wouldn't be here today if this employee had followed government policy," he said, and ordered the State Department to work with the FBI to determine if any emails on the server during her tenure as Secretary of State could be recovered.[147][148][149]
Platte River Networks, the Denver-based firm that managed the Clinton server since 2013, said it had no knowledge of the server being wiped. "Platte River has no knowledge of the server being wiped," company spokesman Andy Boian told the Vashington Post. "All the information we have is that the server wasn't wiped."[150] Tomonidan so'ralganda Vashington Post, the Clinton campaign declined to comment.[150]
In September 2015, FBI investigators were engaged in sorting messages recovered from the server.[151] In November 2015, the FBI expanded its inquiry to examine whether Clinton or her aides jeopardized national security secrets, and if so, who should be held responsible.[152][153]
Conflicting media sources sized the FBI investigation from 12[154] to 30 agents[155] 2016 yil mart holatiga ko'ra.
May–July 2016 – Public statements
In May 2016, FBI Director Jeyms Komi said he was "not familiar with the term 'security inquiry'" as the Clinton campaign was characterizing the probe, adding that the word tergov is "in our name" and "We're conducting an investigation ... That's what we do. That's probably all I can say about it."[156][157] Comey noted in his 2018 memoir that he did not publicly contradict Clinton's characterization of the investigation as a "security inquiry" while it was underway[158] despite being directly prompted by a reporter to do so in May 2016.[157] In April 2017 it became known that the FBI had, in fact, opened a criminal investigation on July 10, 2015, telling The New York Times they had received a "criminal referral," although the following day they issued a public statement: "The department has received a referral related to the potential compromise of classified information. It is not a criminal referral."[159]
In late June 2016, it was reported that Bill Clinton met privately with Attorney General Loretta Linch on her private plane on the tarmac at Feniks Sky Harbor xalqaro aeroporti. Officials indicated that the 30 minute meeting took place when Clinton became aware that Lynch's plane was on the same tarmac at the airport. When the meeting became public, Lynch stated that it was "primarily social" and "there was no discussion of any matter pending for the department or any matter pending for any other body." Lynch was criticized for her involvement in the meeting and was called on by some critics to recuse herself from involvement in the FBI's investigation of the email case. In response, she stated "The F.B.I. is investigating whether Mrs. Clinton, her aides or anyone else broke the law by setting up a private email server for her to use as secretary of state," but "the case will be resolved by the same team that has been working on it from the beginning" and "I will be accepting their recommendations."[160][161][162]
2016 yil 1-iyul kuni Nyu-York Tayms reported in the name of a "Justice Department official" that Attorney General Loretta Lynch will accept "whatever recommendation career prosecutors and the F.B.I. director make about whether to bring charges related to Hillary Clinton's personal email server."[160]
Clinton maintained she did not send or receive any confidential emails from her personal server. In a Democratic debate with Berni Sanders on February 4, 2016, Clinton said, "I never sent or received any classified material." In a Meet the Press interview on July 2, 2016, she stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified."[163][164][165]
July 2016 – Investigation concludes
On July 5, 2016, FBI Director Comey announced in a statement he read to press and television reporters at FBI headquarters in Washington, DC, that the FBI had completed its investigation and was referring it to the State Department with the recommendation "that no charges are appropriate in this case."[166][167][168] He added, "Although there is evidence of potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information, our judgment is that no reasonable prosecutor would bring such a case."[166][167]
With regard to mishandling of classified information, Comey said, "there is evidence that they [Clinton and her team] were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information." The investigation found 110 emails that should have been regarded as classified at the time they were sent; another 2,000 emails were retroactively classified which means they were not classified at the time they were sent.[166][169] Comey said that "any reasonable person in Secretary Clinton's position, or in the position of those government employees with whom she was corresponding ... should have known that an unclassified system was no place for that conversation."[170][171]
The FBI learned that Clinton used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. The FBI did not find "direct evidence that Secretary Clinton's personal e-mail domain ... was successfully hacked;" they assessed it "possible that hostile actors gained access" to it.[166][168] Investigators found that State Department employees often used private emails to conduct business. Comey noted, "We also developed evidence that the security culture of the State Department in general, and with respect to use of unclassified e-mail systems in particular, was generally lacking in the kind of care for classified information found elsewhere in the government."[172]
On July 6, 2016, Lynch confirmed that the investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of private email servers while secretary of state would be closed without criminal charges.[173]
October 2016 – Additional investigation
In early October 2016, FBI criminal investigators working on a case involving former Congressman Entoni Vayner go'yo sending sexually explicit texts to a fifteen-year-old girl discovered emails from Weiner's estranged wife, Huma Abedin, vice chair of Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign, that they considered potentially relevant to the Clinton server investigation. FBI officials reportedly decided to disclose the development despite its potential effect on the pending presidential election to preempt the possibility that it would be leaked in another way.[174]
On October 28, 2016, Comey informed Congress that "in connection with an unrelated case, the FBI has learned of the existence of emails that appear pertinent to the investigation." He said the FBI will take "appropriate investigative steps designed to allow investigators to review these emails to determine whether they contain classified information, as well as to assess their importance to our investigation." He added that the FBI "cannot yet assess whether or not this material may be significant."[175] The FBI obtained a new search warrant to allow them to review Abedin's emails.[174]
Comey informed Congress of this additional investigation despite having been advised by Justice Department officials that such an announcement would violate department policies and procedures, including a policy not to comment on investigations close to an election.[176] Comey later explained, in a letter to FBI employees, "We don't ordinarily tell Congress about ongoing investigations, but here I feel an obligation to do so given that I testified repeatedly in recent months that our investigation was completed." Law enforcement sources added that he feared he would be accused of concealing relevant information if he did not disclose it.[176]
News of this renewed investigation being revealed shortly before the AQShda prezident saylovi led to the announcement being described as an "Oktyabr syurprizi,"[177] and prompted statements from both the Democratic and Republican campaigns. Donald Tramp repeated his characterization that Hillary Clinton's email usage as secretary of state was "worse than Votergeyt."[178][179] Clinton called for the FBI to immediately release all information about the newly discovered emails and said she was confident the FBI would not change its earlier conclusion that there is no basis for criminal prosecution.[180] Senator Dianne Faynshteyn (D-CA) said she was "shocked" by the letter, saying it "played right into the political campaign of Donald Trump."[176]
On November 6, in another letter to Congress, Comey stated that, after working "around the clock" to review all of the newly discovered emails, the FBI had not changed the conclusion it reached in July.[181][182][183] An unnamed government official added that the newly discovered emails turned out to be either personal or duplicates of emails previously reviewed, and that Comey's letter represents a conclusion of the investigation.[184] The following day, stock and currency markets around the world surged in response.[185][186][187]
On November 12, during a conference call to top donors, Hillary Clinton attributed her Prezident saylovi loss to Comey's announcements, saying they stopped her momentum.[188] In January 2017, the US Justice Department started an investigation of Comey's announcements.[189] A 2019 study found that Comey's letter substantially increased Trump's probability of winning the 2016 election.[190]
Senate probes Loretta Lynch interference
According to Comey's June 8, 2017, testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee, then-Attorney General Loretta Lynch had asked him to downplay the investigation into Clinton's emails by calling it a "matter" rather than an investigation. He said the request "confused and concerned" him. He added that Lynch's tarmac meeting with Bill Klinton also influenced his decision to publicly announce the results of the FBI probe.[191][192][193]
On June 23, 2017, several members of the Senate Judiciary Committee opened a bipartisan inquiry into whether former Attorney General Lynch interfered in the FBI's investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server.[194][195]
Internal State Department investigation
On July 7, 2016, the internal State Department resumed its review of whether classified information had been mishandled. The review had been suspended until the completion of the Justice Department investigation.[196][197] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti finished its investigation in September 2019, citing 588 security violations. The review found that 38 current and former State Department officials – some of whom may be punished – were culpable of mishandling classified information, but in 497 cases the culpability could not be established. The material was considered classified then or later, but none of the violations involved information marked classified. The investigation found Clinton's use of personal email server increased the risk of compromising State Department information, but "there was no persuasive evidence of systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information".[198][199]
Department of Justice Inspector General's report
The Adliya boshqarmasi bosh inspektori (IG) launched an investigation into how the DOJ and FBI had handled the investigation into Clinton's email. On June 14, 2018, the IG issued a report that was highly critical of Comey's actions.[11] Regarding his July press conference, in which he criticized Clinton even while announcing the investigation was over, the IG said it was "extraordinary and insubordinate for Comey to conceal his intentions (about the press conference) from his superiors," and that "we found none of his reasons to be a persuasive basis for deviating from well-established Department policies."[200] Comey's October decision to send a letter notifying Congress that the investigation had been re-opened one week before the election was described as "maxsus " and "a serious error in judgment."[200] However, in June 2018 the IG concluded that the decision to not prosecute Clinton was not affected by bias and "was consistent with the Department’s historical approach in prior cases under different leadership, including in the 2008 decision not to prosecute former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales for mishandling classified documents."[201][202]
The IG report also commented on "highly classified information" in a purported Russian intelligence document obtained by the FBI that included an unconfirmed allegation that Attorney General Loretta Linch assured a Clinton staffer that she would prevent the FBI investigation from digging too deeply into Clinton's affairs. The FBI long considered the document unreliable and a possible forgery, and Comey told IG investigators he knew the information was not true.[203] The IG report stated: "Comey said that he became concerned that the information about Lynch would taint the public's perception of the [Clinton] investigation if it leaked, particularly after DCLeaks and Guccifer 2.0 began releasing hacked emails in mid-June 2016," explaining why Comey chose to bypass Lynch and deputy AG Salli Yeyts to announce the FBI investigation findings himself.[204] The Vashington Post also stated that "current and former officials" told them that Comey relied on the questionable document in making his July decision to announce on his own without his superiors approval that the investigation was over.[203]
Opinions of journalists and experts
Ga ko'ra Nyu-York Tayms, if Clinton was a recipient of classified emails, "it is not clear that she would have known that they contained government secrets, since they were not marked classified."[104][121] The newspaper reported that "most specialists believe the occasional appearance of classified information in the Clinton account was probably of marginal consequence".[24] Steven Aftergood, director of the Project on Government Secrecy at the Amerika olimlari federatsiyasi, said that inadvertent "spillage" of classified information into an unclassified realm is a common occurrence.[24]
Reuters ' August 2015 review of a set of released emails found "at least 30 email threads from 2009, representing scores of individual emails," which include what the State Department identifies as "foreign government information," defined by the U.S. government as "any information, written or spoken, provided in confidence to U.S. officials by their foreign counterparts." Although unmarked, Reuters' examination appeared to suggest that these emails "were classified from the start."[104] J. Uilyam Leonard, a former director of the NARA Axborot xavfsizligini nazorat qilish idorasi, said that such information is "born classified" and that "[I]f a foreign minister just told the secretary of state something in confidence, by U.S. rules that is classified at the moment it's in U.S. channels and U.S. possession."[104] According to Reuters, the standard U.S. government maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim "warns people authorized to handle classified information that it may not be marked that way and that it may come in oral form." The State Department "disputed Reuters' analysis" but declined to elaborate.[104]
The Associated Press reported, "Some officials said they believed the designations were a stretch—a knee-jerk move in a bureaucracy rife with over-classification."[123] Jeffri Tubin, in an August 2015 Nyu-Yorker article, wrote that the Clinton email affair is an illustration of overclassification, a problem written about by Senator Daniel Patrik Moynihan uning kitobida Maxfiylik: Amerika tajribasi.[205] Toobin writes that "government bureaucracies use classification rules to protect turf, to avoid embarrassment, to embarrass rivals—in short, for a variety of motives that have little to do with national security."[205] Toobin wrote that "It's not only the public who cannot know the extent or content of government secrecy. Realistically, government officials can't know either—and this is Hillary Clinton's problem. Toobin noted that "one of Clinton's potentially classified email exchanges is nothing more than a discussion of a newspaper story about dronlar " and wrote: "That such a discussion could be classified underlines the absurdity of the current system. But that is the system that exists, and if and when the agencies determine that she sent or received classified information through her private server, Clinton will be accused of mishandling national-security secrets."[205]
In an analysis of the Clinton email controversy published by the Brukings instituti, Richard Lempert wrote that "security professionals have a reputation for erring in the direction of overclassification."[206] Elizabeth Goitein, co-director of the liberty and national security program at the Brennan Adolat markazi da Nyu-York universiteti yuridik fakulteti, says that "The odds are good that any classified information in the Clinton emails should not have been classified," since an estimated 50 percent to 90 percent of classified documents could be made public without risking national security.[206] Nate Jones, an expert with the Milliy xavfsizlik arxivi da Jorj Vashington universiteti, said: "Clinton's mistreatment of federal records and the intelligence community's desire to retroactively overclassify are two distinct troubling problems. No politician is giving the right message: Blame Clinton for poor records practices, but don't embrace overclassification while you do it."[206]
Russian intelligence and Comey's pronouncements
A number of journalists (Philip Ewing[204] va Jeyn Mayer[207] Karoun Demirjian and Devlin Barrett)[203] have commented on the connection between the alleged Russian intelligence document given to the FBI that suggested Attorney General Loretta Linch would prevent the FBI investigation from digging too deeply into Clinton's affairs (see above), and Comey's July announcement of the FBI investigation findings by himself without Lynch's permission,[204][207] which was later called "extraordinary and insubordinate" by the Department of Justice Inspector General's report.[201] "Current and former officials" told Washington Post reporters Demirjian and Barrett that “Comey relied on the document in making his July decision to announce on his own,” because he feared its contents would be leaked, tainting the public's perception of the FBI investigation.[203] This was despite the fact that Comey himself told investigators “he knew from the first moment” that the document “wasn't true”[204] and the FBI was later unable to corroborate the document.[204]
Ewing and Mayer note the document's effect on the election. According to Ewing, "to the degree" that the document "was intended to help disrupt the election, it worked".[204] Jane Mayer describes the work of political scientist Ketlin Xoll Jeymison who argues that Comey’s "damaging public pronouncements" on Clinton’s handling of classified e-mails" in July and later ten days before the election can "plausibly be attributed to Russian disinformation".[207] While it is difficult to determine how many voters Clinton lost from the pronouncements, Mayer also quotes the Democratic ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Shiff, who states that if "the fake intelligence" motivated Comey, then the document was "probably was the most measurable" and "the most significant way in which the Russians may have impacted the outcome of the election."[207]
House Oversight Committee hearing
On July 7, 2016, Comey was questioned for 5 hours by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar nazorati va hukumat islohoti bo'yicha qo'mitasi. Comey stated that there was "evidence of mishandling" of classified information and that he believed that Clinton was "extremely careless; I think she was negligent." He defended the FBI's recommendation against bringing charges because it "... would have been unfair and virtually unprecedented ..."[208][209]
Javoblar va tahlillar
Clinton's initial response
Clinton's spokesman Nick Merrill defended Clinton's usage of her personal server and email accounts as being in compliance with the "letter and spirit of the rules."
Clinton herself stated she had done so as a matter of "convenience."[210]
On March 10, 2015, while attending a conference at the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining bosh qarorgohi yilda Manxetten, Clinton spoke with reporters for about 20 minutes.[211] Clinton said she had used a private email for convenience, "because I thought it would be easier to carry just one device for my work and for my personal emails instead of two."[212][213] It was later determined that Clinton had used both an iPad va a BlackBerry while Secretary of State.[212][214][215][216]
Clinton turned over copies of 30,000 State Department business-related emails from her private server that belonged in the public domain; she later explained that she instructed her lawyer to err on the side of disclosure, turning over any emails that mumkin be work-related. Her aides subsequently deleted about 31,000 emails from the server dated during the same time period that Clinton regarded as personal and private.[217][218][219] State Department employees do have the right to delete personal emails.[220]
Clinton has used humor to try to shrug off the scandals.[14][221] In August 2015, when asked by a reporter whether she had "wiped" her server, Clinton laughed and said: "What? Like with a cloth or something? I don't know how it works digitally at all."[222] In September 2015, Clinton was asked in an interview with Jimmi Fallon kuni Tonight Show about the content of the emails. She laughed it off, saying there was nothing interesting and joking that she was offended people found her emails 'boring.'[223]
Later responses
Clinton's responses to the question, made during her presidential campaign, evolved over time.[205][224] Clinton initially said that there was no classified material on her server. Later, after a government review discovered some of her emails contained classified information, she said she never sent or received information that was belgilangan tasniflangan.[205] Her campaign claimed other emails contained information that is now classified, but was orqaga qarab classified by U.S. intelligence agencies after Clinton had received the material.[225] See also the section above on the May 2016 IG report for a number of Clinton statements that were contradicted by the report, and how she and her supporters responded afterward.
Campaign spokesman Brian Fallon said: "She was at worst a passive recipient of unwitting information that subsequently became deemed as classified."[225] Clinton campaign spokeswoman Jennifer Palmieri has "stressed that Clinton was permitted to use her own email account as a government employee and that the same process concerning classification reviews would still be taking place had she used the standard 'state.gov' email account used by most department employees."[123][226] Palmieri later stated: "Look, this kind of nonsense comes with the territory of running for president. We know it, Hillary knows it, and we expect it to continue from now until Election Day."[25]
In her first national interview about the 2016 presidential race, on July 7, 2015, Clinton was asked by CNN "s Brianna Keilar about her use of private email accounts while serving as Secretary of State. U dedi:
Everything I did was permitted. There was no law. There was no regulation. There was nothing that did not give me the full authority to decide how I was going to communicate. Previous secretaries of state have said they did the same thing ... Everything I did was permitted by law and regulation. I had one device. When I mailed anybody in the government, it would go into the government system.[227]
On September 9, 2015, Clinton apologized during an ABC News interview for using the private server, saying she was "sorry for that."[228] Appearing on NBC's Matbuot bilan tanishing on September 27, 2015, Clinton defended her use of the private email server while she was secretary of state, comparing the investigations to Republican-led probes of her husband's presidential administration more than two decades ago, saying, "It is like a drip, drip, drip. And that's why I said, there's only so much that I can control."[229]
Clinton and the State Department said the emails were not marked classified when sent. However, Clinton signed a oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim which stated that classified material may be "marked or unmarked."[230][231][232] Additionally, the author of an email is legally required to properly mark it as classified if it contains classified material, and to avoid sending classified material on a personal device, such as the ones used exclusively by Clinton.[233]
Clinton maintained that she did not send or receive any confidential emails from her personal server. In a Democratic debate with Berni Sanders on February 4, 2016, Clinton said, "I never sent or received any classified material." In a Meet the Press interview on July 2, 2016, Clinton stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified."[163][164][165]
In an interview with Fox News in late July 2016, Clinton stated "Director Comey said my answers were truthful, and what I've said is consistent with what I have told the American people, that there were decisions discussed and made to classify retroactively certain of the emails." The Washington Post awarded Clinton four "Pinocchios", its worst rating, for her statement saying "While Comey did say there was no evidence she lied to the FBI, that is not the same as saying she told the truth to the American public."[234][235][236]
Uning 2017 yilgi kitobida Nima bo'ldi?, Clinton argued that the email controversy and FBI Director James Comey's actions contributed to her loss. Jurnalda 2019 yilgi tadqiqot Siyosatning istiqbollari found little evidence to support the hypothesis.[237]
Yilda Venetsiya at the "Hillary: The Hillary Clinton Emails," a work on display in a balcony jutting out over a supermarket at the Despar Teatro Italia during the 58th Biennale of Visual Arts, Clinton made a surprise visit on Tuesday September 10, 2019, to this work of political theater and performance art. The exhibition created by the American poet and artist Kennet Goldsmit was displayed from May 9, 2019, until November 24, 2019, curated by Francesco Urbano Ragazzi. During her appearance, she said that the attention given to her emails was one of the "strangest" and most "absurd" events in U.S. political history, adding, "Anyone can go in and look at them. There is nothing there. There is nothing that should have been so controversial."[238]
Demokratik javob
2015 yil avgust oyida Nyu-York Tayms reported on "interviews with more than 75 Democratic governors, lawmakers, candidates and party members" on the email issue.[239] The Times reported, "None of the Democrats interviewed went so far as to suggest that the email issue raised concerns about Mrs. Clinton's ability to serve as president, and many expressed a belief that it had been ishlab chiqarilgan by Republicans in Congress and other adversaries."[239] At the same time, many Democratic leaders showed increasing frustration among party leaders of Clinton's handling of the email issue. Masalan, Edward G. Rendell, avvalgi Pensilvaniya gubernatori, a Clinton supporter, said that a failure of the Clinton campaign to get ahead of the issue early on meant that the campaign was "left just playing defense."[239] Other prominent Democrats, such as Governor Dannel P. Malloy ning Konnektikut, were less concerned, noting the campaign was at an early stage and that attacks on Clinton were to be expected.[239]
At the October 2015 primary debate, Clinton's chief rival for the Democratic presidential nomination, Senator Berni Sanders ning Vermont, defended Clinton, saying: "Let me say this. Let me say something that may not be great politics. But I think the secretary is right. And that is that the American people are sick and tired of hearing about your damn emails!"[240][241] Sanders later clarified that he thought Clinton's emails were a "very serious issue,"[242] but Americans want a discussion on issues that are "real" to them, such as paid oila va tibbiy ta'til, college affordability va kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish.[241]
"But her emails!" became a meme during and following the 2016 election, often used in a joking or mocking way.[243] Clinton herself echoed the phrase in June 2018, when the Justice Department's Inspector General issued a hisobot on how the investigation of her use of email was conducted. It revealed that FBI Director Comey had used a personal email account to conduct FBI business; Clinton's response was a Twitter comment, "But my emails!"[244]
Respublikachilarning javobi
Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus said, in a statement regarding the June 30, 2015 email releases, "These emails ... are just the tip of the iceberg, and we will never get full disclosure until Hillary Clinton releases her secret server for an independent investigation."[245] Trey Govdi said on June 29, 2015, that he would press the State Department for a fuller accounting of Clinton's emails, after the Benghazi panel retrieved 15 additional emails to Sidney Blumenthal that the department had not provided to the Committee.[246]
On September 12, 2015, Republican Senators Charlz Grassli va Ron Jonson, chairmen of the Senate Sud hokimiyati va Ichki xavfsizlik committees, respectively, said they would seek an independent review of the deleted emails, if they were recovered from Clinton's server, to determine if there were any government related items among those deleted.[150]
Comparisons and media coverage
Analyses by Columbia Journalism Review, the Berkman Klein markazi for Internet and Society at Harvard University, and the Shorenshteyn markazi at the Harvard Kennedy School show that the Clinton email controversy received more coverage in mainstream media outlets than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election.[7][8][9] The Nyu-York Tayms coverage of the email controversy was notoriously extensive; according to a Columbia Journalism Review analysis, "in just six days, The New York Times ran as many cover stories about Hillary Clinton's emails as they did about all policy issues combined in the 69 days leading up to the election (and that does not include the three additional articles on October 18, and November 6 and 7, or the two articles on the emails taken from John Podesta)."[7] In attempting to explain the lopsided coverage, the Columbia Journalism Review speculates, "In retrospect, it seems clear that the press in general made the mistake of assuming a Clinton victory was inevitable, and were setting themselves as credible critics of the next administration."[7]
OAV sharhlovchilari drew comparisons of Clinton's email usage to past political controversies. Pacific Standard jurnali published an article in May 2015, comparing email controversy and her response to it with the Oq suv investigation 20 years earlier.[247]
2015 yil avgust oyida, Vashington Post associate editor and tergovchi jurnalist Bob Vudvord, when asked about Clinton's handling of her emails, said they remind him of the Nikson lentalari dan Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal.[248] On March 9, 2015, liberal columnist and Clinton supporter Dana Milbank wrote that the email affair was "a needless, self-inflicted wound" brought about by "debilitating caution" in "trying to make sure an embarrassing e-mail or two didn't become public," which led to "obsessive secrecy." Milbank pointed out that Clinton herself had justifiably criticized the George W. Bush administration in 2007 for its "secret" White House email accounts.[249][250]
Yoqilgan Fox News yakshanba, siyosiy tahlilchi Xuan Uilyams contrasted the ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritilishi of Clinton's emails to the coverage of the 2007 Bush Oq uyning elektron pochta ziddiyati which he claimed received "just about zero press coverage."[251] PolitiFact found Williams' assertion to be "mostly false," concluding "We found hundreds of articles and television transcripts referencing the issue. Still, Williams has something of a point that compared to the extensive recent coverage of Clinton's use of private email, media coverage of the 2007 Bush White House email controversy was thin."[251]
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel published an editorial opining that "the only believable reason for the private server in her basement was to keep her emails out of the public eye by willfully avoiding freedom of information laws. No president, no secretary of state, no public official at any level is above the law. She chose to ignore it, and must face the consequences."[252][253] Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in Hafta that "Clinton set up a personal email server, in defiance or at least circumvention of rules, with the probable motive of evading federal records and transparency requirements, and did it with subpar security."[254]
2016 yil 2-noyabrda, Fox News langar Bret Bayer reported that according to Fox's anonymous sources the FBI had discovered that Clinton's private server had been hacked by "five foreign intelligence agencies."[255][256][257] Baier further reported that according to an anonymous source an FBI investigation of the Clinton Foundation was "likely" to lead to an indictment of Hillary Clinton.[255][256] On November 4, 2016, he acknowledged that his assertions were a mistake, saying, "indictment obviously is a very loaded word," and that he was sorry.[258][255][256]
Bingazi shahridagi uylarni tanlash qo'mitasi
On March 27, 2015, Republican Congressman Trey Govdi, Chairman of the Select Committee on Benghazi, asserted that some time after October 2014, Clinton "unilaterally decided to wipe her server clean" and "summarily decided to delete all emails."[259][260] Clinton's attorney, Devid E. Kendall, said that day that an examination showed that no copies of any of Clinton's emails remained on the server. Kendall said the server was reconfigured to only retain emails for 60 days after Clinton lawyers had decided which emails needed to be turned over.[261]
On June 22, 2015, the Benghazi panel released emails between Clinton and Sidney Blumenthal, who had been recently deposed by the committee. Committee chairman Gowdy issued a press release criticizing Clinton for not providing the emails to the State Department.[262] Clinton had said she provided all work-related emails to the State Department, and that only emails of a personal nature on her private server were destroyed. The State Department confirmed that 10 emails and parts of five others from Sidney Blumenthal regarding Benghazi, which the Committee had made public on June 22, could not be located in the Department's records, but that the 46 other, previously unreleased Libya-related Blumenthal emails published by the Committee, were in the Department's records. In response, Clinton campaign spokesman Nick Merrill, when asked about the discrepancy said: "She has turned over 55,000 pages of materials to the State Department, including all emails in her possession from Mr. Blumenthal."[263] Republican Committee members were encouraged about their probe, having found emails that Clinton failed to produce.[263][264] Clinton campaign staff accused Gowdy and Republicans of "clinging to their invented scandal."[264]
In response to comments that House Republican Majority Leader Kevin Makkarti made on September 29, 2015, about damaging Clinton's poll numbers,[265] Ozchiliklar etakchisi Nensi Pelosi threatened to end the Democrats' participation in the committee.[266][267][268] Vakil Luiza Slaughter (D-NY) introduced an amendment to disband the committee, which was defeated in a party-line vote.[269] 7 oktyabr kuni tahririyat kengashi ning The New York Times called for the end of the committee.[270] Vakil Alan Grayson (D-FL) took step towards filing an ethics complaint, calling the committee "the new McCarthyism", alleging it was violating both House rules and federal law by using official funds for political purposes.[271] Richard L. Xanna, (R-NY),[272] va konservativ mulohaza yurituvchi Bill O'Rayli acknowledged the partisan nature of the committee.[273]
On October 22, 2015, Clinton testified before the Committee and answered members' questions for eleven hours before the Committee in a public hearing.[274][275][276]
The New York Times reported that "the long day of often-testy exchanges between committee members and their prominent witness revealed little new information about an episode that has been the subject of seven previous investigations ... Perhaps stung by recent admissions that the pursuit of Mrs. Clinton's emails was politically motivated, Republican lawmakers on the panel for the most part avoided any mention of her use of a private email server."[274] The email issue did arise shortly before lunch, in "a shouting match" between Republican committee chair Trey Govdi va ikkita demokrat, Adam Shiff va Elijah Kammings.[274] Late in the hearing, Republican Representative Jim Jordan of Ohio accused Clinton of changing her accounts of the email service, leading to a "heated exchange" in which Clinton said that she had erred in making a private email account, but denied having dealt with anything marked classified, instead seeking "to be transparent by publicly releasing her emails."[274]
Freedom of Information lawsuits
Judicial Watch v. U.S. Department of State
Sud kuzatuvi, a conservative activist group, filed a complaint against the Department of State in the AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudi on September 10, 2013, seeking records under the federal Freedom of Information Act relating to Clinton aide Huma Abedin (a former deputy chief of staff and former senior advisor at the State Department).[277][278] Judicial Watch was particularly interested in Abedin's role as a "special government employee" (SGE), a consulting position which allowed her to represent outside clients while also serving at the State Department. After corresponding with the State Department, Judicial Watch agreed to dismiss its lawsuit on March 14, 2014.[277] On March 12, 2015, in response to the uncovering of Clinton's private email account, it filed a motion to reopen the suit, alleging that the State Department had misrepresented its search and had not properly preserved and maintained records under the act.[277] AQSh okrug sudyasi Emmet G. Sallivan granted the motion to reopen the case on June 19, 2015.[279][280]
On July 21, 2015, Judge Sullivan issued supplemental discovery orders, including one that Clinton, Abedin, and former Deputy Secretary of State Cheryl Mills disclose any required information they had not disclosed already, and promise under oath that they had done so, including a description of the extent Abedin and Mills had used Clinton's email server for official government business.[281][282]
2015 yil 10-avgustda Klinton deklaratsiyani topshirdi, "Men o'zimning hibsxonamdagi barcha elektron pochta xabarlarini clintonemail.com saytida Davlat Departamentiga taqdim etilishi yoki ko'rsatilishi mumkin", deb bayonot berdi. direktivasi, 2014 yil 5 dekabrda bo'limga 55000 sahifa elektron pochta xabarlari yuborilgan.[283][284][285] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Abedinning clintonemail.com orqali elektron pochta qayd yozuvlari bo'lgan, "ba'zida hukumat biznesi uchun ishlatilgan", ammo Mills bunday qilmagan.[283][284][285] Bayonot Klinton o'tgan yili bo'limga yuborgan elektron pochta xabarlari qatoriga kirmagan Blumenthal bilan almashinishda o'n beshta elektron pochta xabarlari bilan bog'liq savollarga duch kelganda berilgan. U ushbu elektron pochta xabarlarini bayonotda ko'rib chiqmadi.[284] 2015 yil 25 sentyabrda uning shaxsiy serveridan bir nechta qo'shimcha elektron pochta xabarlari[286] u Davlat departamentiga taqdim etmagan narsaning yuzini ochdi.[286][287][288] Klinton va General o'rtasidagi ushbu elektron pochta xabarlari Devid Petreus, kadrlar masalasini muhokama qilish, davlat kotibi lavozimida ishlashidan oldin boshqa elektron pochta hisobida boshlangan elektron pochta zanjirining bir qismi edi,[286][287][288] 2009 yil yanvar oyi oxirida u ish boshlaganidan keyin shaxsiy serverida davom etdi.[286][287][288] Ushbu elektron pochta xabarlarining mavjudligi, shuningdek, Klintonning 2009 yil 18 martgacha serverdan foydalanmaganligi haqidagi avvalgi bayonotini shubha ostiga qo'ydi.[289]
2016 yil fevral oyida sudya Sallivan ish bo'yicha kashfiyot haqidagi buyruq chiqarib, buni qaror qildi depozitlar Davlat departamenti rasmiylari va Klintonning yuqori darajadagi yordamchilari davom etishi kerak edi.[290] 2016 yil 26-may kuni "Judicial Watch" Lyuis Lukensning depozit nusxasini e'lon qildi,[291] 2016 yil 31-may kuni Cheril Millsning stenogrammasi,[292] 2016 yil 7-iyun kuni elchi Stiven Mullning stenogrammasi,[293] va 2016 yil 9-iyun kuni Karin Lang, Ijrochi Kotibiyat xodimlari direktori.[294]
2020 yil mart oyida federal okrug sudi sudyasi Roys Lambert Klinton yotqizishni ta'minlashi kerak degan qarorga keldi.[295] Uch sudyadan iborat hay'at DC tuman apellyatsiya sudi keyingi avgustda bir ovozdan Lambertning qarorini bekor qildi. To'liq shahar tuman sudi oktyabr oyida apellyatsiya shikoyatini ko'rib chiqishni bir ovozdan rad etdi va hay'at qarorining turishiga imkon berdi.[296]
Mas'ul bo'limda ishlagan Klarens Finnining guvohligi FOIA u birinchi bo'lib Klintonning elektron pochtasini o'rnatishni qiziqtirganligini aytdi Hillari dan matnlar Internetdagi mem.[297]
Jeyson Leopold AQSh davlat departamentiga qarshi
2014 yil noyabr oyida, Jeyson Leopold ning Vice News Klintonning Davlat departamenti yozuvlari uchun "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonunni talab qildi,[298][299] va 2015 yil 25-yanvarda AQSh okrug sudiga Kolumbiya okrugiga javob beradigan hujjatlarni ishlab chiqarishni majburlashni talab qilgan da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi.[298][299][300] Leopold va Davlat departamenti o'rtasida ushbu so'rov bo'yicha ba'zi tortishuvlardan so'ng AQSh okrug sudyasi Rudolph Contreras Davlat departamenti tomonidan belgilangan jadval asosida prokat ishlab chiqarish va elektron pochta xabarlarini chiqarishni buyurdi.[298][301][302]
Keyingi bir necha oy ichida Davlat departamenti 30 partiyadagi elektron pochta xabarlarini ishlab chiqarishni yakunladi, ular 14 ta partiyada chiqarildi, yakuniy partiyasi 2016 yil 29 fevralda chiqdi.[303] Ikkalasi ham Wall Street Journal va WikiLeaks Davlat departamenti tomonidan e'lon qilingan Klinton elektron pochta orqali qidirishni istagan har bir kishi uchun qidiruv tizimlarini mustaqil ravishda sozlang.[304][305]
2017 yil oktyabr oyida 2016 yilgi AQSh prezidentligi saylovlari paytida Cambridge Analytica mablag'lari va GOP mega-donorlari ekanligi ma'lum bo'ldi. Rebeka Mercer Hillari Klintonning elektron pochta xabarlari uchun jamoat domenida qidirish mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratishni taklif qilgan va keyin ushbu taklifni bir necha kishiga, shu jumladan Cambridge Analytica bosh direktoriga etkazgan. Aleksandr Nix, shaxsan Julian Assanjga Klintonning elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborish to'g'risida so'rov yuborgan.[306] Assanj hisobotga Niksning talabini rad etganini aytib javob qaytardi.[307]
Elektron pochta xabarlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, Blumental Klinton bilan Kotib bo'lganida turli masalalarda, shu jumladan, Bingazi haqida muloqot qilgan.[245][308][309][310]
Associated Press AQSh Davlat departamentiga qarshi
2015 yil 11 martda, Klinton shaxsiy elektron pochta qayd yozuvini tan olgan kunning ertasi kuni, Associated Press (AP) so'nggi besh yil ichida FOIAning bir nechta so'rovlari bo'yicha Davlat departamentiga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'adi. So'rovlar Klintonning davlat kotibi bo'lgan davridagi turli xil elektron pochta xabarlari va boshqa hujjatlar uchun edi va o'sha paytda hali ham bajarilmagan.[311][312][313] Davlat departamentining ta'kidlashicha, FOIA so'rovlarining katta miqdori va katta miqdordagi mablag 'bu kechikishga sabab bo'lgan.[311][314]
2015 yil 20 iyulda AQSh okrug sudyasi Richard J. Leon uning so'zlariga "Davlat departamenti to'rt yil davomida oyoqlarini sudrab yuribdi" degan gapga g'azab bilan munosabat bildirdi.[314] Leonning so'zlariga ko'ra, "hatto eng ambitsiyali byurokrat ham" so'rovni Davlat departamenti ko'rsatganidan tezroq ko'rib chiqishi mumkin.[315]
2015 yil 7 avgustda Leon Davlat departamentiga APni so'ralgan hujjatlarni keyingi sakkiz oy ichida taqdim etishning qat'iy jadvalini belgilaydigan buyruq chiqardi.[313] Leon tomonidan chiqarilgan buyruqda Davlat departamentining Leopold ishi bo'yicha chiqarilishi rejalashtirilgan Klintonning 55000 sahifali elektron pochta xabarlari yoki Davlat departamentiga berilgan 20 ta quti hisobga olinmagan. Filipp Rayns, sobiq Klintonning katta maslahatchisi.[313]
Boshqa kostyumlar va elektron pochta qutilarini muvofiqlashtirish
2015 yil sentyabr oyida Davlat departamenti sudga Klinton va Klinton bilan bog'liq elektron pochta xabarlariga oid ko'plab "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi da'volarni birlashtirish va muvofiqlashtirishni so'rab murojaat qildi. O'sha paytda 17 sudya oldida kamida o'n o'nta sud jarayoni bor edi.[316][317]
A AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudi 2015 yil 8 oktyabrda chiqarilgan AQSh Bosh sudya sudyasi Richard V. Roberts ishlar odatdagi konsolidatsiya mezonlariga javob bermasligini yozgan, ammo: "Ushbu ishlarga tasodifan tayinlangan sudyalar keraksiz samarasizlik va chalkashliklarning oldini olish uchun norasmiy muvofiqlashtirishga sodiq qolishgan va shunday qilishadi va tomonlar ham undaydi. uchrashish va muvofiqlashtirishga yordam berish uchun maslahat berish. "[317]
2015 yilda Judicial Watch and the Case of Action tashkiloti ikkita da'vo arizasi bilan Davlat departamenti va Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi elektron pochta xabarlarini Klintonning serveridan tiklash uchun. 2016 yil yanvar oyida ushbu ikkita kostyum (ular bir xil masalalarni o'z ichiga olganligi sababli konsolidatsiya qilingan) sifatida rad etildi o'ylamoq AQSh okrug sudyasi tomonidan Jeyms Boasberg, chunki hukumat allaqachon ushbu elektron pochta xabarlarini qayta tiklash va saqlash uchun ish olib borgan.[318]
2016 yil mart oyida Respublika milliy qo'mitasi to'rtta yangi hujjat topshirdi shikoyatlar AQSh Kolumbiya okrug sudida "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun talablaridan kelib chiqqan holda, u avvalgi yilda bergan. Ushbu yangi arizalar federal sudda ko'rib chiqilgan Klintonning yozuvlariga kirishga oid fuqarolik da'volarining umumiy sonini kamida 38 taga etkazdi.[319]
2016 yil iyun oyida Respublika milliy qo'mitasining 2016 yil mart oyida yuborilgan shikoyatlariga javoban, Davlat departamenti, shikoyatlarga javob beradigan hujjatlarni ko'rib chiqishni yakunlash uchun 75 yil vaqt kerakligini taxmin qilmoqda.[320] Bunday xususiyatning kechikishi, hujjatlarning jamoatchilik e'tiboridan uzoqroq bo'lishiga olib kelishi, 25 yildan keyin deklaratsiya qilinishi kerak bo'lgan maxfiy hujjatlarning aksariyat qismiga qaraganda ko'proq bo'lishi kuzatilgan.[321]
Shuningdek qarang
- 2016 yil Demokratik Milliy Qo'mitaning elektron pochta orqali tarqalishi
- Klinton jamg'armasi - Davlat departamentining ziddiyati
- Oq uy FBI qarama-qarshiliklarni taqdim etadi
Adabiyotlar
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Ushbu masala shaxsiy tasalli masalasidir ", ushbu uchrashuv ishtirokchilaridan biri, departamentning xavfsizlik infratuzilmasi bo'yicha katta koordinatori Donald Rid keyin elektron pochta orqali Klintonning maslahatchilar doirasini" bag'ishlangan [BlackBerry] narkomanlar ”deb ta'riflagan. ... "Uning diqqatini (Diplomatik xavfsizlik) yaqinda Osiyo safari chog'ida ushbu zaiflik to'g'risida razvedka ma'lumotlariga ega bo'lgan jumla jalb qildi. ...
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hisobotda avvalgi kotiblar tomonidan shaxsiy elektron pochtadan foydalanilganligi e'tirof etilgan bo'lsa-da, shaxsiy elektron pochta hisob raqamidan yuborilgan ish elektron pochta xabarlarini saqlash qoidalari Klinton ish boshlagan yili 2009 yilda yangilanganligi qayd etilgan.
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ushbu xabarlarda xakerlar Klintonning elektron pochta manziliga ega ekanligi ko'rsatilgan, bu ochiq emas.
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Ammo tergovchilar uning hisobidan o'sha paytda tasniflangan bir qator xabarlar yuborilganligini aniqladilar.
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keng tarqalgan va muhokama qilinadigan yashirin dasturning bir qismi
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u o'zining yordamchilari shaxsiy deb hisoblagan 30 mingdan ortiq elektron pochtani o'chirib tashlaganligini ma'lum qildi. ... Klintonning aytishicha, o'tgan yili u va uning xodimlari elektron pochta xabarlarini ko'rib chiqqach, advokatiga ish bilan bog'liq deb hisoblanishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday narsani aylantirishda adashishni buyurgan.
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[A] bu yil boshida Klintonning idorasi tomonidan qilingan bayonotda unchalik katta bo'lmagan tilga ko'ra. ... 'Uning ish bilan bog'liq elektron pochtalari aniqlanib saqlangandan so'ng, Kotib Klinton shaxsiy va shaxsiy xabarlarini saqlamaslikni tanladi. ... '
CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola) - ^ Shmidt, Maykl S. (2015 yil 11 sentyabr). "Adolat departamenti Xillari Klinton ba'zi elektron pochtalarni o'chirishga vakolat berganligini aytmoqda". The New York Times.
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... uning xatti-harakatlarini himoya qilgan bir qator bayonotlari endi yolg'onga aylangani aniq bo'ldi.
CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola) - ^ a b Tau, Bayron; McMillan, Robert (2015 yil 19-avgust). "Hillari Klinton kampaniyasida maxfiy elektron pochta xabarlari serverda bo'lganligi aytilmoqda". The Wall Street Journal.
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Qonunga binoan, elektron pochta xabarlari muallifining zimmasiga ularni maxfiy deb to'g'ri belgilash va maxfiy materiallarni nodavlat yoki shaxsiy qurilmalar orqali muhokama qilishdan qochish kerak. Davlat departamenti juda ko'p sirlarni ko'rib chiqqanligi sababli, ko'plab xodimlar kundalik aloqalari uchun ikkita kompyuter tarmog'idan foydalanadilar: "past tomon" deb nomlangan tizim va "yuqori tomon" deb nomlangan xavfsizroq tizim. Ammo Klintonda Davlat departamentining rasmiy elektron pochta manzili yo'q edi va faqat elektron yozishmalar uchun o'z uyida o'rnatilgan shaxsiy domen va shaxsiy serverdan foydalangan.
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I have directed that all my emails on clintonemail.com in my custody that were or potentially were federal records be provided to the Department of State, and on information and belief, this has been done
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Plaintiff Jason Leopold initiated this Freedom of Information Act ('FOIA') lawsuit against Defendant U.S. Department of State on January 25, 2015. (ECF No. 1). The Department of State answered the complaint on March 2, 2015 (ECF No. 7).
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Secret documents 25 years old or older will lose their classified status without so much as the stroke of a pen, unless agencies have sought exemptions on the ground that the material remains secret.
Tashqi havolalar
- Matbuot xabari tomonidan Milliy arxivlar va yozuvlar boshqarmasi
- The Clinton Email Scandal Timeline created by the author of Terror xronologiyasi
- Secretary Clinton Emails at the United States Department of State website
- The Facts About Hillary Clinton’s Emails at the Hillary Clinton campaign website
- Clinton E-Mail Investigation tomonidan Federal tergov byurosi
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