Triboro ko'prigi - Triborough Bridge

Yo'nalish xaritasi:

KML Vikidatadan olingan
Robert F. Kennedi ko'prigi
(Triboro ko'prigi)
Triborough Bridge and Hell Gate New York City Queens-edit.jpg
The Malika –Wards Island ko'prikning oralig'i, ustiga Sharqiy daryo; Queenslar birinchi o'rinda
Koordinatalar40 ° 46′50 ″ N. 73 ° 55′38 ″ V / 40.780488 ° N 73.927168 ° Vt / 40.780488; -73.927168
Ko'taradi8 qator I-278 (Bronks va Kvins oralig'i)
NY 900G (Manxetten oralig'i) ning 6 qatori
XochlarSharqiy daryo, Harlem daryosi va Bronx o'ldirish
MahalliyNyu-York shahri, Qo'shma Shtatlar
Rasmiy nomiRobert F. Kennedi ko'prigi
Boshqa ism (lar)Triborough ko'prigi, RFK Triborough ko'prigi, Triboro ko'prigi, RFK ko'prigi
Tomonidan saqlanadiMTA ko'priklari va tunnellari
Xususiyatlari
DizaynAsma ko'prik, ko'prikni ko'tarish, truss ko'prigi
Umumiy uzunligi2750 fut (850 m) (Kuinzlar oralig'i)
770 fut (230 m) (Manxetten oralig'i)
1600 fut (490 m) (Bronks oralig'i)
Kengligi98 fut (30 m) (Queens oralig'i)
Eng uzoq vaqt1380 fut (420 m) (Queens oralig'i)
310 fut (94 m) (Manxetten oralig'i)
383 fut (117 m) (Bronx oralig'i)
Yuqoridagi bo'sh joy14 fut 6 dyuym (4.42 m) (Queens / Bronx oralig'i)
13 fut 10 dyuym (4.22 m) (Manxetten oralig'i)
Quyida tozalash143 fut (44 m) (Queens oralig'i)
135 fut (41 m) (Manxettenning balandligi ko'tarilganda)
55 fut (17 m) (Bronks oralig'i)
Tarix
Ochildi1936 yil 11-iyul; 84 yil oldin (1936-07-11)
Statistika
Kundalik trafik95,552 (Kvins - Manxetten va Bronks - Manxetten, 2016)[1]
83 053 (Queens-Bronx, 2016)[1]
Yo'l uchun haq2019 yil 31 mart holatiga ko'ra, $ 9.50 (Pullik pochta orqali va Nyu-Yorkdan tashqari) E-ZPass ); 6,12 dollar (Nyu-York E-ZPass)
Manzil

The Triboro ko'prigi (rasmiy ravishda. nomi bilan tanilgan Robert F. Kennedi ko'prigiva shuningdek RFK Triborough ko'prigi, RFK ko'prigi, yoki oddiygina RFK) ning kompleksidir ko'priklar va tezyurar viyadukts[2] yilda Nyu-York shahri. Ko'priklar tumanlar ning Manxetten, Malika va Bronks. Viyaduklar kesib o'tadi Rendallar va Uordlar orollari, ilgari ikkita orol bo'lgan, ammo endi ularni poligon birlashtirgan.

Triborough ko'prigi, a pullik ko'prik, olib boradi Davlatlararo 278 (I-278), shuningdek imzosiz avtomagistral Nyu-York shtati 900G yo'nalishi. U bilan bog'lanadi FDR drayveri va Harlem River Drive Manxettenda Bruckner Expressway (I-278) va Katta Deegan tezyurar yo'li (Davlatlararo 87 ) Bronxda va Grand Central Parkway (I-278) va Astoriya bulvari Queensda.

Triborough Bridge majmuasining uchta asosiy ko'prigi:[2]

Ushbu uchta ko'prik balandlik bilan bog'langan magistral yo'l Randalls va Wards orollari bo'ylab viyadük va 23 mil (23 km) ko'mak yo'llari. Viyadük oldingi sayt bo'ylab kichikroq masofani o'z ichiga oladi Kichik jahannam darvozasi, bu Rendallar va Uordlar orollarini ajratib turardi.[2][3] Shuningdek, majmuaning bir qismi a sinf bilan ajratilgan T almashinuvi trafikni tartibga soluvchi Randalz orolida haydovchilar faqat bitta bankka pullik to'lashni ta'minlaydigan yo'lni to'lashni ta'minladilar.[4] O'sha paytdan boshlab pullik pullari olib tashlandi va barcha to'lovlar yig'ildi elektron shaklda har bir ko'prikka yaqinlashishda.

Ko'prik majmuasi bosh muhandis tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Othmar H. Ammann va me'mor Aymar Embury II,[5] va "bu yo'l harakati mashinasi kabi juda ko'prik emas" deb nomlangan.[4] The Amerika qurilish muhandislari jamiyati a sifatida Triborough Bridge loyihasini tayinladi Milliy tarixiy qurilish muhiti 1986 yilda.[6] Ko'prik egalik qiladi va boshqariladi MTA ko'priklari va tunnellari (avval Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, yoki TBTA), ning bo'linmasi Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi.

Tavsif

Triborough ko'prigi to'rtta segmentdan iborat. Uchta asosiy oraliq bo'ylab harakatlanadi Sharqiy daryo Queensga; The Harlem daryosi Manxettenga; va Bronx o'ldirish Bronksga,[7] to'rtinchisi esa T-shaklidagi yondashuv viyadükidir, bu Randalz orolidagi uchta asosiy oraliq oralig'idagi plazaga olib keladi. Viyadukning Queens qo'li ilgari shimolda Rendalz oroli va janubda Uordlar oroli o'rtasida joylashgan Little Hell darvozasini kesib o'tdi.[2] Ko'tarilgan panduslarni hisobga olmaganda, segmentlar jami 17710 fut (5400 m) uzunlikda, Bronks va Kvins o'rtasida 13.560 fut (4130 m), Manxetten o'rtasida esa 4150 fut (1260 m) uzunlikda. va yo'l almashish maydonchasi.[8][9][7] Umuman olganda, ko'prikda baland panduslar bilan birga 17,5 milya (28,2 km) yo'l bor.[10]

Ko'prik birinchi navbatda bosh muhandis tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Othmar H. Ammann va me'mor Aymar Embury II.[5] Uorton Grin xizmat qildi Jamoat ishlarini boshqarish (PWA) ning doimiy reja bo'yicha muhandisi.[11]

Sharqiy daryo osma ko'prigi

Sharqiy daryo osma ko'prigi (I-278)

Sharqiy daryo oralig'i, a osma ko'prik bo'ylab Jahannam darvozasi Sharqiy daryoning qirg'og'i, Kvinsni Uordlar oroli bilan birlashtiradi. U sakkiz qatordan iborat Davlatlararo 278, har bir yo'nalishda to'rttadan, shuningdek shimoli-sharqiy tomondan piyodalar yo'lagi. Span ulanadi Grand Central Parkway va bilvosita Bruklin-Kvins shosse (I-278), yilda Astoriya, Kvins.[12] Dastlab u 25-chi avenyu va 31-chi ko'chalar kesishmasiga ulangan; avvalgisi keyinchalik Xoyt xiyoboni deb o'zgartirildi.[13] Ishlab chiqarish muddati bosh muhandis tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Otmar Ammann.[14] Dastlab bu oraliq ikki qavatli qilib ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, har bir pastki qismida sakkizta yo'l bor edi.[15][9] 1932 yilda Triborough ko'prigining qurilishi mablag 'etishmasligi sababli to'xtatib qo'yilganda, to'xtatib turish muddati bitta pastki qismga qisqartirildi. Lar bor Uorren trusslari pastki qismini qattiqlashtiradigan oraliqning har ikki tomonida.[15]

Ikki osma minora orasidagi markaziy uzunlik 1380 fut (421 m), osma minoralar va ankrajlar orasidagi yon tomonlar har biri 700 fut (213 m) uzunlikda.[15] Ko'prikning umumiy uzunligi 2780 fut (847 m), pastki kengligi esa 98 fut (30 m).[15]

O'rtacha baland suvda minoralar 315 fut (96 m) balandlikda va asosiy oraliqning o'rtasida 143 fut (44 m) oraliq bor.[15] Dastlab osma minoralar Artur I. Perri tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Har bir minora tepasida xuddi shunga o'xshash ikkita bezakli kamar bo'lishi kerak edi Bruklin ko'prigi va to'rt oyoq bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi kerak edi: ikkitasi tashqi tomondan, ikkitasi markazdan.[16][9] 1932 yilgi maqolada har bir minora 5 ming tonna materialdan, shu jumladan 3680 tonna po'latdan yasalishi tasvirlangan.[9] Ammann tomonidan osilgan minoralarning yakuniy dizayni nisbatan sodda bo'lgan o'zaro faoliyat mustahkamlash ikki oyoq bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi.[16] Har bir minoraning tepalarida joylashgan quyma temir ichida egarlar Art Deco ko'prikning asosiy kabellari o'tkaziladigan uslub. Ularning ustiga qizil bilan bo'yalgan 30 metrlik (9,1 m) dekorativ chiroqlar o'rnatilgan samolyotning ogohlantiruvchi chiroqlari.[17]

Qopqoqni pastki ikkita to'xtatib turadigan va osma minoralar ushlab turadigan ikkita asosiy kabel qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Har bir simi 20 dyuym (51 sm) diametrga ega va 10 800 mil (17,400 km) alohida simlarni o'z ichiga oladi.[18] Uortlar orolida va Astoriyada to'xtatib turish oralig'ida asosiy kabellarni ushlab turadigan ikkita ankraj mavjud.[9] Ankrajlarda 133,5 ming tonna beton mavjud.[18]

Harlem daryosini ko'tarish ko'prigi 2007 yilda

Harlem daryosini ko'tarish ko'prigi (NY 900G)

Nyu-York shtati 900G yo'nalishi
ManzilManxetten –Randall oroli
Uzunlik0,66 mil[19] (1,06 km)

Harlem daryosining oralig'i a ko'prikni ko'tarish Manxettenni Randalls oroli bilan bog'laydigan, bosh muhandis Ammann tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[14] Oltita qatorni tashiydi Nyu-York shtati 900G yo'nalishi (NY 900G), imzosiz yo'nalish yo'nalishi, shuningdek, ikkala piyodalar yo'lagi, ikkala tomondan. Span-ga ulanadi Harlem River Drive va FDR drayveri, shuningdek, ning kesishishi Ikkinchi avenyu va Sharqiy 125-uy, yilda Sharqiy Harlem, Manxetten. 2020 yil 23-noyabrdan boshlab Harlem River Drive shimol tomonga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kirish rampasi mavjud.[12] Qurilish tugagandan so'ng, Harlem daryosi ko'taruvchi ko'prigi dunyodagi har qanday ko'taruvchi ko'prikning eng katta kemasiga ega edi, uning yuzasi 20000 kvadrat fut (1900 m) bo'lgan.2). Kemani engillashtirish uchun u betondan emas, balki temir tirgaklarga yotqizilgan asfaltdan qilingan.[20]

Harakatlanuvchi uzunlik 310 fut (94 m), harakatlanuvchi oraliq va yaqinlashuvchi viyaduktlar orasidagi yon tomonlarning har biri 195 fut (59 m) uzunlikda. Ko'prikning umumiy uzunligi 700 fut (213 m).[20] Minoralar baland suvning o'rtacha balandligidan 64 metr balandlikda. Ko'tarish minoralarining har biri to'rtburchakning ikkita klasteri tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi, ular ko'prik pastki qismini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Har bir ustun ustun klasterining yuqori qismida joylashgan kavisli truss to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pastki qismida kamar hosil qiladi.[20]

Ko'tarish oralig'i "yopiq" holatdagi o'rtacha suvdan 55 fut (17 m) yuqoriroq, lekin 135 fut (41 m) ga ko'tarilishi mumkin. Ko'chib o'tuvchi qism, o'ralgan jami 96 ta simli arqon bilan to'xtatilgan kasnaklar 15 metrli (4,6 m) diametrli.[21] Ushbu kasnaklar, o'z navbatida, 200 ot kuchida (149 kVt) ishlay oladigan to'rtta dvigatel bilan ishlaydi.[20][22]

Katta chorrahalar

NY 900G, asosan sharq-g'arbiy rivojlanishiga qaramay, rasmiy ravishda shimoliy-janubiy yo'nalish sifatida saqlanadi.[19] Barcha marshrut Nyu-York shahri tuman ning Manxetten. Barcha chiqishlar raqamlanmagan.

Manzilmil[23]kmBelgilangan joylarIzohlar
Randall oroli0.00.0 I-278 ga I-87 shimoliy - Malika, Bronks, AeroportlarI-278 da 46-chi chiqish
Randall oroli, Wards Island, Icahn stadioni
0.10.16Pullik portal (faqat janubiy yo'nalishda)
Harlem daryosi0.2–
0.4		0.32–
0.64		Ko'prik
Sharqiy Harlem0.40.64 FDR drayveriFDR diskida 17-chi chiqish
0.60.97124-uyFaqat janubga kirish
Harlem River Drive shimoliy / 126-uyFaqat shimoliy yo'nalishda chiqish; FDR Drive orqali janubga kirish
2-chi avenyu / 125-chi ko'chaDarajadagi kesishuv; shimoliy terminal
1.000 milya = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mil
Bronx Kill o'tish joyi 2008 yilda

Bronxni o'ldirish o'tish joyi (I-278)

Bronx Kill oralig'i a truss ko'prigi Bronksni Rendalz oroli bilan bog'laydigan. Unda sakkizta I-278 qatorli yo'lak, shuningdek ikkala piyodalar yo'lagi, ikkala tomonda bitta. Span ulanadi Katta Deegan tezyurar yo'li (I-87 ) va Bruckner Expressway (I-278) yilda Mott Xeyven, Bronks.[12] Dastlab u Sharqiy 134-chi ko'cha va Kipr xiyobonining kesishmasiga ulangan edi, hozirda bu joy I-87 va I-278 chorrahalarida joylashgan.[13] Truss oralig'ini muhandis-maslahatchi Ash-Howard-Needles va Tammen tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[14]

Bronx Kill oralig'ida uchta asosiy truss o'tish joylari mavjud, ular belgilangan masofalardir, chunki Bronx Kill muntazam qayiqda harakatlanmaydi.[22] Bronx Kill bo'ylab asosiy truss uzunligi 383 fut (117 m),[14] yondashuvlar esa jami 1 217 fut (371 m).[3][14] Ko'prikning umumiy uzunligi 1600 fut (488 m). Truss oralig'i baland suvning o'rtacha balandligidan 17 metr balandlikda.[14]

Plazani almashtirish va viyaduktlarni almashtirish

An elevated roadway being widened, seen from the ground
2016 yilda ko'rilgan plazma viyaduk yo'lini yangilash
A two-story stone building with trees in front
TBTA shtab-kvartirasi Manhetten oralig'idagi Randalz orolida

Triborough ko'prigining uchta oralig'i a bilan kesishadi sinf bilan ajratilgan T almashinuvi Randalls orolida.[12] Manxettenga qadar bo'lgan masofa Bronks va Kvins oralig'idagi I-278 viyadük bilan perpendikulyar ravishda kesishadi.[22] Garchi I-278 g'arbiy-sharqiy magistral sifatida imzolangan bo'lsa-da, ko'prikda I-278 yo'nalishi shimoliy-janubiy yo'nalishga yaqinroq bo'lib, janubga qarab avtoulovning g'arbiy tomonga harakatlanishi, shimolga esa sharqiy tomonga yo'naltirilgan avtoulovga to'g'ri keladi.[12] Ikkita dumaloq rampalar transport vositalarini sharqdan I-278 ga va Triborough lift ko'prigidan Manxettenga olib boradi.[12][24][25] Rendallar va Uordlar orollariga chiqish yo'llari va kirish yo'llari orqali I-278 g'arbiy tomonga va orqaga; g'arbiy yo'naltirilgan ko'taruvchi ko'prik viyadukka va undan; I-278 sharqqa qarab; va sharq tomon ko'taruvchi ko'prik viyadukidan. I-278 avtoulovi sharqqa qarab harakatlanish yo'li orolga ko'tariluvchi ko'prik viyadukiga chiqish orqali kirishadi.[12]

O'zaro almashish plazasida dastlab ikkita pullik bor edi: biri Manxettenga va undan qaytishda harakatlanish uchun, ikkinchisi esa Bronks va Kvins o'rtasida I-278da harakatlanish uchun. Pullik to'lash joylari shunday joylashtirilganki, transport vositalari Randall va Uordlar orollariga kirgandan keyingina bitta pul to'laydilar va oroldan chiqish uchun hech qanday haq olinmadi.[4][24][25] Ko'tarilgan pullik plazalarning yuzasi qariyb 9 gektar (3,6 ga) bo'lgan va 1700 ustun bilan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, ularning hammasi beton tayanch devorining orqasida yashiringan.[24] 2017 yilda MTA barcha pulliklarni yig'ishni boshladi elektron shaklda har bir ko'prikka yaqinlashganda,[26] va Triborough ko'prigi va boshqa barcha MTA ko'priklari va tunnellar o'tish joylaridagi pullik plazalaridan pulli pullar olib tashlandi.[27][28]

Robert Musoning ma'muriy binosi, ikki qavatli Art Deco Embury tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan ushbu tuzilma TBTA (hozirda MTA's) ning shtab-kvartirasi bo'lib xizmat qildi Ko'priklar va tunnellar bo'linish). Bino Manxettenning ulangan maydonchasi yonida joylashgan edi. 1969 yilda Manxetten oralig'idagi pullik maydoni g'arbga va I-278 pullik maydoni janubga ko'chirildi va ikkala pullik plazalari uch baravar ko'paydi. Buning uchun binoning asl minoralarini yo'q qilish kerak edi. 1966 yilda Musoning modellari va rejalashtirilgan yo'llar va o'tish joylarining loyihalarini saqlash uchun xona qurilgan edi, ammo ular MTA ning qarorgohiga ko'chirilgan. 2 Broadway 1980-yillarda. Bino 1989 yilda Musoning nomi bilan o'zgartirildi.[29]

O'zaro almashish plazasi umumiy uzunligi 2,5 mil (4,0 km) dan ortiq bo'lgan uch oyoqli beton viyadük orqali suv sathidan o'tib ketadi. Viyaduk segmentlari po'lat ustida joylashgan to'siqlar, ular o'z navbatida beton o'rtasida perpendikulyar ravishda joylashtirilgan iskala bir-biridan 60 dan 140 futgacha (18 dan 43 m gacha) masofada joylashgan.[20] Har bir iskala uchta sakkiz burchakli ustunlar to'plami tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. Viyaduk kengligi sakkizta yo'lni tashkil etadi, faqat pullik plazalarining oldingi joylari bundan mustasno. Viyaduk bir vaqtlar ilgari shimoldan Rendalz orolini va janubdan Uords orolini ajratib turadigan kichik daryo darvozasini kesib o'tdi; suv yo'li shundan beri to'ldirilgan.[24] Viyaduk Kichik Jahannam darvozasining o'rtacha baland suvidan 19 metr balandlikda ko'tarildi.[22]

Tarix

Dastlabki rejalar

Edvard A. Byrne, Nyu-York shahar o'simlik va inshootlar departamentining bosh muhandisi, birinchi bo'lib Manxetten, Kvins va Bronksni bog'lash rejalarini 1916 yilda e'lon qildi.[30][14] Keyingi yili Harlem Savdo-Savdo Kengashlari va Harlem Luncheon Assotsiatsiyasi 10 dollar turishga taklif qilingan bunday ko'prikni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini e'lon qilishdi. million. "Uch-Boro ko'prigi", deyilganidek, Manxettenning 125-ko'chasini, Bronksdagi Sent-Ann ko'chasini va Kvinsning hali belgilanmagan joyini birlashtirgan. Bu parallel bo'ladi Jahannam darvozasi ko'prigi, Queens va Bronksni Rendallar va Uordlar orollari orqali bog'laydigan temir yo'l ko'prigi.[31] Tri-Boro ko'prigining rejalari 1919 yilgi paromning yopilishi bilan mustahkamlandi Yorkville Manxetten va Kvinsdagi Astoriyada.[32]

Qizil rang bilan belgilangan ko'prik yo'lining xaritasi

Ko'prikni qurish uchun qonun loyihasi Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organida 1920 yilda taklif qilingan.[33] Gustav Lindental, Jahannam Gate Bridge loyihasini ishlab chiqqan, Tri-Borough rejasini "chaqirilmagan" deb tanqid qildi, chunki yangi Tri-Borough ko'prigi mavjud Jahannam Gate Bridge bilan parallel bo'ladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Jahannam Gate ko'prigini transport vositasi va piyodalardan foydalanish uchun yuqori pastki bilan jihozlash mumkin.[34] Malika tuman prezidenti Maurice K. Connolly ham ko'prikka qarshi edi, chunki talab kam bo'lganligi sababli Kvins va Bronks o'rtasida masofa qurishga hojat yo'q edi. Konnolli, shuningdek, Kuinz va Manxetten o'rtasida ko'prikni quyi oqimga yaqinroqda qurish zarurligini aytdi Queensboro ko'prigi, bu o'sha paytda ikki tuman o'rtasida yagona ko'prik bo'lgan.[35][36]

The Nyu-York ma'muriyatining porti 1921 yilda Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organiga taqdim etilgan hisobotga taklif qilingan Tri-Boro ko'prigini kiritdi.[37] Keyingi yil rejalashtirilgan ko'prik ham shahar hokimi tomonidan chop etilgan "tranzit rejasi" ga kiritilgan Jon Frensis Xilan, shahar tomonidan boshqariladigan qism sifatida Tri-Boro ko'prigini qurishga chaqirdi Mustaqil metro tizimi (qarang § jamoat transporti ).[38][39] 1923 yil mart oyida anketalar va sinovlarni o'tkazish uchun pul ajratish, shuningdek, Tri-Boro ko'prigining tuzilish rejalarini tuzish to'g'risida ovoz berildi. Manxetten va Bronks tumanlari prezidentlari mablag 'ajratish uchun ovoz berishdi, Kvins prezidentlari va Staten oroli Tri-Borough ko'prigi o'rniga yangi metro tizimini qurishni afzal ko'rgan Hylan bilan kelishib oldi.[40] Ko'prikni ajratish oxir-oqibat tasdiqlanmadi.[41] 1924 yilda mablag 'olishga yana bir urinish rad etildi, ammo ko'prikni sotib olinayotgan baholash rejalari asosida qurish mumkin edi.[42]

Moliyalashtirish

Tri-Borough Bridge loyihasi nihoyat 1925 yil iyun oyida mablag 'oldi, o'shanda shahar so'rovnomalar, sinov sinovlari va tuzilmaviy rejalar uchun $ 50,000 ajratdi. Ko'prikning taxminiy dizayni ustida ish boshlandi.[3][43] 1926 yil dekabrga qadar 50 ming dollarlik ajratma zerikishlarga sarflandi.[44] Xuddi shu vaqt ichida, Jahannam Gate ko'prigini o'zgartirish taklifi yana paydo bo'ldi.[45] O'sha paytda zavod va inshootlar komissari Albert Goldman Tri-Boru ko'prigining taxminiy hisobotini tugatgan edi; ammo, u darhol topshirilmagan Nyu-York shahrining taxminiy kengashi shaharning taklif qilingan byudjetini qayta tashkil etish natijasida.[46][47] Goldman nihoyat 1927 yil mart oyida hisobotni e'lon qildi va ko'prikning narxi 24,6 dollarga baholanganligini aytdi million.[48] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Jahannam Gate ko'prigida faqat beshta yo'l uchun etarli joy bor, shuning uchun unga parallel ravishda yangi ko'prik qurilishi kerak.[49]

Ikki shahar qo'mitasi Tri-Borough rejasini ma'qullagan bo'lsa ham,[50] bir nechta savdogarlar uyushmasi kabi,[51] mablag 'etishmasligi sababli qurilish bir yilga kechiktirildi.[52] Biroq, taxminiy kengash dastlabki zerikish va ovoz berish uchun 150 ming AQSh dollarini tasdiqladi.[53] Buning ortidan 1927 yil sentyabr oyida bir guruh tadbirkorlar ko'prikni xususiy ravishda moliyalashtirishni taklif qilishdi.[54] Ushbu reja asosida ko'prik a sifatida o'rnatilishi kerak edi pullik ko'prik va ko'prik uchun pul to'lagandan so'ng mulk egalik shaharga o'tishi kerak edi.[55] 1928 yil avgustda shahar hokimi Jimmi Uoker Long-Aylend savdo kengashidan Tri-Borough ko'prigini 32 dollardan foydalangan holda qurish bo'yicha shunga o'xshash taklif oldi million xususiy kapital.[56] Shuningdek, Kvins Savdo Palatasi ko'prikni qurish uchun pul to'lash uchun pulliklarni o'rnatishni ma'qul ko'rdi.[57] Shunga qaramay, yana bir reja a dan tushadigan mablag'lar yordamida ko'prikni moliyalashtirishni nazarda tutgan bog'lanish taklif qilingan pulni to'laydigan masala Queens – Midtown tunnel.[58]

Tri-Borough Bridge bilan birgalikda rejalashtirilayotgan edi Bruklin-Kvins shosse, bu Bronks va o'rtasida doimiy avtomagistralni yaratadi Bruklin janub tomon kengaytmasi tugagan Torlar ga Staten oroli. 1929 yil yanvarda Nyu-York shahrining aldermaniya prezidenti Jozef V. Makki tezyurar trassada taklif qilingan to'rtta ko'prikdan birini boshlash uchun etarli mablag 'borligini aytib, ko'prikni ma'qulladi.[59] Kvinsning yangi saylangan tuman prezidenti, Jorj U. Xarvi, shuningdek, Bruklin savdo palatasi rahbari kabi ko'prikni ma'qulladi Jorj Vinsent Maklaflin.[60] Savdo guruhlari meri Uolkerdan ko'prik qurilishini boshlashni iltimos qilishdi.[61] Oyning oxiriga kelib Uolker o'zini tan oldi va u Tri-Borough Bridge va a torlar ostidagi tunnel uning 10 yillik transport dasturida.[62] Dastlabki burg'ulash ishlari 1929 yil fevral oxiriga qadar yakunlandi.[63] Dastlabki burg'ulash natijalari shuni ko'rsatdiki tosh taklif etilayotgan ko'prik ostidagi zamin oraliqlarning poydevorini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun etarli edi.[64]

Mart oyi boshida smeta kengashi mablag 'olgandan so'ng ko'prik va Narrows tunnelida qurilishni boshlashga ovoz berdi. Xuddi shu oyda kengash 3 dollar ajratdi ko'prik qurilishiga million.[65][66] Alohida-alohida, smeta kengashi ikkala o'tish joyida ham to'lovlarni to'lash vakolatlarini yaratish uchun ovoz berdi.[67] 1929 yil aprel oyida Nyu-York shtati qonunchilik organi Tri-Borough ko'prigini va shuningdek qamoqxonani tasdiqlash uchun ovoz berdi Rikers oroli moliyaviy yilga tanaffus qilishdan oldin.[68] Xuddi shu oyda Nyu-York shtati gubernatori Franklin D. Ruzvelt Uards orolining ruhiy kasalxonasidagi 700 ga yaqin yotar joyni ko'chirishni ma'qullash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini imzoladi.[69] Keyinchalik Nyu-York shtati qonunchilik palatasi Kvins oralig'idagi Uards orolining g'arbiy tomoniga 1100 fut (340 m) ga ko'chirilishini va shu bilan kasalxona binolarini buzilishdan saqlanishini ta'minlaydigan qonun loyihasini ma'qulladi.[70]

Kvinsning to'xtatilishi Sharq daryosi bo'ylab, quyosh chiqqanda ko'rindi

Oxir-oqibat, ko'prik 24 dollar turadi deb rejalashtirilgan edi million va 1929 yil avgustda qurilishni boshlash rejalashtirilgan edi.[71] Iyulga kelib, poydevor qo'yish sentyabrga rejalashtirilgan edi.[72] Triborough ko'prigining dastlabki taklifi to'rtta ko'prikni o'z ichiga olgan: Sharqiy daryo orqali Kvinsgacha to'xtatib turish; Bronks bo'ylab truss oralig'i Bronksga o'ldirish; Harlem daryosi orqali Manxettenga etib boradigan aniq masofa; va Randalls va Wards orollari o'rtasida mavjud bo'lmagan Little Hell darvozasi bo'ylab temir kamar viyaduk.[72]

1929 yil avgustda ko'prik uchun rejalar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Urush vazirligi taklif qilingan Tri-Borough ko'prigi dengiz navigatsiya marshrutlarini to'sib qo'ymasligini ta'minlash uchun tasdiqlash uchun. Temir yo'l va yuk tashish guruhlari, taklif qilingan Harlem daryosining balandligi o'rtacha balandligi 50 metrdan (15 m) ko'p suv kemalari uchun juda qisqa ekanligiga e'tiroz bildirdilar va 135 metr balandlikdagi (41 m) osma masofani qurishni taklif qildilar. o'rniga Harlem daryosi.[73] Dengiz navigatsiyasini rasmiylashtirishga oid shikoyatlar tufayli, Harbiy departament Harlem daryosi sobit ko'prigining balandligini 55 metrga (17 m) ko'tarishni va shuningdek, Do'zax darvozasi osma ko'prigining asosiy uzunligini 1100 dan 1380 gacha oshirishni ma'qulladi. fut (340 dan 420 m gacha).[70]

Qurilish

Triborough Bridge loyihasining ko'lami, shu jumladan uning yondashuvlari shu darajada ediki, unga yo'l ochish uchun yuzlab yirik ko'p qavatli uylar buzib tashlandi. Ushbu tuzilishda "Meyndan Missisipiga qadar" zavodlardan beton va Pensilvaniya shtatidagi 50 ta tegirmondan temir ishlatilgan. Qilish uchun qolip beton quyish uchun, o'rmonga arziydigan daraxtlar Tinch okean sohillari kesilgan.[8] Robert Karo, tarjimai hol muallifi Long Island shtatidagi bog'lar komissar va Triborough ko'prigi va tunnel boshqarmasi rais Robert Muso, loyiha haqida yozgan:

Triborough transport vositasi singari ko'prik emas edi. Uning qurilishiga sarf qilingan inson energiyasining miqdori uning cheksizligi haqida bir oz tasavvurga ega: bu erda besh mingdan ortiq erkak ishlaydi va bu odamlar faqat besh ming kishining mehnati bilan jihozlangan materiallarni o'z joylariga qo'yishgan; Triborough ko'prigi qurib bitkazilguniga qadar, uning qurilishi yigirma shtatning 134 shahrida 13000000 kishidan ko'proq ishlagan.[4]

Dastlabki harakatlar

Taxminiy kengash 1929 yil oktyabr oyining boshlarida Triboro ko'prigining birinchi shartnomalarini, xususan qurilish ko'prigini tasdiqladi iskala Rendallar va Uordlar orollarida va Kvinsda. Bu Triborough ko'prigining Kvinsgacha bo'lgan to'xtatilishida qurilishni boshlashga imkon berdi.[70] A poydevor yaratish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi Astoriya bog'i, Kvins, 1929 yil 25-oktabrda. Shahar meri Uolker ko'prik uchun birinchi belkurak tuprog'ini 10 000 nafar mehmon oldida aylantirdi.[74] Poydevor qo'yish bilan bir vaqtga to'g'ri keldi Qora juma, bu boshlangan Katta depressiya.[18] Poydevor qo'yish marosimidan so'ng, kompaniya dastlab "Albert A. Volk Company" ustunlarini qurish uchun shartnoma tuzgani sababli shartnomani bajarishdan bosh tortdi. Dekabr oyi boshida pirslar uchun shartnoma McMullen Company-ga qayta tayinlandi.[75] Shu bilan birga, kengash ko'prikning yaqinlashishi yo'lidagi erni qoraladi.[76] Biroq, bu jarayon ham qoldirildi, chunki uy egalari o'z mulklarini shaharga o'ta yuqori narxlarda sotmoqchi bo'lishdi.[77]

Urush departamenti Bronx Kills, East River va Little Hell Gate oralig'ida 1930 yil aprel oyining oxirida, Sharqiy daryoning narigi tomonidagi Kvins osma qismida qurilish ishlari olib borilgandan keyin o'z roziligini berdi.[78] Bir hafta o'tgach, Urush departamenti Harlem daryosining oralig'ini yana bir o'zgartish bilan tasdiqladi: bu oraliq endi harakatlanuvchi ko'taruvchi ko'prik bo'lib, u dengiz transporti o'tishi uchun ko'tarilishi mumkin edi.[79] Ko'p o'tmay, merning maxsus qo'mitasi 5 dollar miqdorida sanktsiyani amalga oshirdi Triborough loyihasi uchun million xarajatlar,[80] 1930 yil iyulda esa 5 dollar Triborough Bridge qurilishini moliyalashtirish uchun millionlab obligatsiyalar chiqarildi.[81]

Ko'prikning Kuinzlar uchiga ulanish uchun tezyurar yo'l rejalari 1930 yil iyulda ham tuzilgan edi. Keyinchalik bu bo'ldi Bruklin Queens Expressway orqali ko'prikka ulangan Grand Central Parkway.[82] Shuningdek, ko'prikning Bronks uchiga ulanish uchun tezyurar yo'l taklif qilindi Janubiy bulvar.[83] Robert Muso Long-Aylend shtatidagi parklarning komissari, o'sha paytda Grand Central Parkway-ni g'arbiy terminalidan kengaytirmoqchi edi, Union Turnpike yilda Kyu bog'lari, Queens, taklif qilingan ko'prikka shimoli-g'arbda.[84] Bruklin-Kvins tezyurar yo'lining taklifi, bu ko'prikning Kuinz uchidan avtomagistralni yaratishga imkon beradi Kuinzlar bulvari yilda Vudsayd, Kvins, shuningdek ko'rib chiqildi.[85]

Manxetten Harlem daryosi bo'ylab ko'tarilgan ko'prik

Uordlar orolida osma ankrajni qurish bo'yicha shartnoma 1931 yil yanvar oyida tuzilgan.[86] O'sha paytda ko'prikka yaqinlashish bo'yicha ishlar jadal davom etar edi va Triborug' ko'prigi majmuasining barchasi 1934 yilda qurib bitkazilishi kutilgandi.[13] 1931 yil avgustga kelib, Wards Island orolini bog'lash ishlari 33% ga, Kvins tarafidagi mos yozuvlar 15% ga bajarilganligi haqida xabar berildi. Drenaj to'g'onlari bo'yicha ishlar, shuningdek ko'prikka yaqinlashish ustunlari uchun shartnomalar ham rivojlanib bordi.[87] Keyingi oydagi hisobotda umumiy loyihaning 6% bajarilganligi va yana 2,45 dollar bo'lganligi ko'rsatilgan Keyingi yil davomida millionlab shartnomalar tuzilishi rejalashtirilgan edi.[88][89] Oktyabr oyida ko'prik ustunlarini qurish bo'yicha shartnomalar e'lon qilindi.[90] 1931 yil dekabrga kelib, loyiha 15 foizga bajarildi,[91] va shahar Queens oralig'idagi osma minoralarning loyihalarini qabul qilar edi.[92] Sharqiy daryoning har bir qirg'og'i yaqinidagi suvda osma minoralarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan granit asoslar 1932 yil boshida yoki o'rtalarida qurilgan.[93][94] O'sha paytda Rendalz orolida oltita va Little Hell Gate-da bitta qo'shimcha tayanch qurish uchun mablag 'yo'q edi va osma minoralarni o'zlari qurish uchun mablag' ham yo'q edi.[93]

Moliyalashtirish masalalari

Buyuk depressiya shaharning Triboro ko'prigining qurilishini moliyalashtirish qobiliyatiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[18] Shahar nazorati bo'yicha Charlz V. Berri 1930 yil fevral oyida, boshqa yirik shaharlar bankrot bo'lish arafasida bo'lsa ham, shahar moliyaviy jihatdan yaxshi ahvolda ekanligini aytgan edi.[95] Biroq, Nyu-York shahri hukumati o'sha iyulga qadar pulni tugatgan edi.[96] Tez orada Triborough loyihasining istiqboli xira bo'lib ko'rina boshladi. Loyihani boshqarishda yordam berish uchun bosh muhandis Otmar Ammann jalb qilingan, ammo bu kombinatsiya Tammany zali payvand, fond bozorining qulashi va undan keyin yuz bergan Buyuk Depressiya loyihani virtual to'xtatishga olib keldi.[97] Investorlar sotib olishdan qochishdi shahar obligatsiyalari uni moliyalashtirish uchun kerak edi.[5]

1932 yil bahoriga kelib, Triborough ko'prigi loyihasi xavfli edi.[98] $ 213 qismi sifatida Shahar byudjetini qisqartirgan million dollar, Berri 43,7 dollardan qochish uchun ushbu vaqt oralig'ida qurilishni to'xtatmoqchi edi o'sha yil oxiriga qadar million byudjet tanqisligi.[99] Yangi shartnomalar imzolanmasdan, o'simlik va inshootlar bo'limi bosh muhandisi, Edvard A. Byrne, 1932 yil mart oyida Triboro ko'prigidagi qurilishni to'xtatish kerakligi to'g'risida ogohlantirdi.[100] Garchi Kvins tumani prezidenti Harvi ko'prik qurilishining keyinga qoldirilishini e'tiroz qilgan bo'lsa ham,[101] loyiha hali ham 213 dollarga kiritilgan million byudjetni qisqartirish.[102] Buning ortidan Goldman qurilishning qolgan qismlarini rejalashtirish bosqichlarini moliyalashtirish to'g'risida taklif kiritdi, shunda etarli mablag 'mavjud bo'lgandan keyin ish darhol davom etishi mumkin edi.[103]

1932 yil avgustda senator Robert F. Vagner 26 dollar so'rashini e'lon qildi Federal hukumatdan, ya'ni Prezidentdan million kredit Gerbert Guvernikidir Rekonstruksiya moliya korporatsiyasi, shuning uchun ham Triborough ko'prigi, ham Queens-Midtown tunnelini qurish uchun mablag 'bo'lishi mumkin.[104] Kvins tumani prezidenti Xarvi ham RFKga ko'prik uchun mablag 'so'rash uchun bordi.[105] Ko'p o'tmay, RFC Triborough Bridge loyihasi uchun kredit tayyorlashga o'tdi.[106] Biroq, Mayk Uolker 1932 yil sentyabr oyida to'satdan iste'foga chiqqach, uning o'rnini egalladi Jozef V. Makki ikki loyiha uchun RFC yoki boshqa federal yordamni olishdan bosh tortdi, "Agar biz Vashingtonga Triboro ko'prigini tugatish uchun mablag 'uchun borsak [...] biz qaerga chiziq tortamiz?"[107] Hokim Al Smit rozi bo'ldi, chunki bunday so'rovlar keraksiz edi, chunki ko'prik o'zini o'zi qoplashi mumkin edi.[108] Xarvi Triborugh ko'prigini federal moliyalashtirishni davom ettirishni davom ettirib, uning qurilishi kabi boshqa loyihalardan ustunligini ustun qo'ydi. Yamayka ko'rfazi janubiy Queensda.[109] Fuqarolik guruhlari, shuningdek, shaharni RFCni moliyalashtirish uchun ariza berishni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[110]

1933 yil fevralda Leman tomonidan tayinlangan va Musa raislik qilgan to'qqiz kishilik qo'mita RFCga 150 AQSh dollari miqdorida murojaat qildi Nyu-York shtatidagi, shu jumladan Triboro ko'prigidagi loyihalar uchun million kredit.[111] Biroq, RFC Triborough loyihasi uchun kredit berishni ma'qul ko'rgan bo'lsa ham,[112] yangi mer, John P. O'Brien, RFCga shaharga kredit berishni taqiqladi.[113] Buning o'rniga, O'Brayen Triborough ko'prigi va Queens-Midtown tunnelini qurish uchun to'lash uchun zayomlarni sotish uchun ko'prik vakolatxonasini yaratmoqchi edi.[114] Robert Muso, shuningdek, shtat qonun chiqaruvchisini Triboro ko'prigini moliyalashtirish, qurish va boshqarish vakolatlarini yaratishga undagan.[97] Yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi Triborough ko'prigi idorasi (TBA) shtat qonunchilik palatasining ikkala palatasi orqali tez o'tdi,[115] va gubernator tomonidan imzolangan Herbert H. Lehman o'sha aprel. Qonun loyihasida hokimiyat 35 dollargacha sotishi mumkinligi to'g'risidagi qoidalar kiritilgan millionlik obligatsiyalar va qurilishning qolgan qismini ko'prik uchun to'lovlar orqali moliyalashtirish.[116][117] Tammany Xollning advokati Jorj Gordon Battle yangi hokimiyat raisi etib tayinlandi va uchta komissar tayinlandi.[118]

TBA loyihasi imzolanganidan ko'p o'tmay, Urush departamenti Triborough ko'prigini qurib bitirish muddatini uch yilga, ya'ni 1936 yil 28 aprelgacha uzaytirdi.[119] Lehman, shuningdek, Bronksda ko'prik yaqinlashishi uchun erlarni bo'shatish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalarini imzoladi,[120] va u ko'prik qurilishini qayta boshlashga va'da berdi.[121] O'sha may oyida TBA RFCdan 35 dollar so'radi ko'prik uchun to'lash uchun million kredit.[122][123] Natijada RFC avgust oyida 44,2 dollar berishga rozi bo'ldi million, 37 dollarlik kreditdan iborat bo'lishi kerak million, shuningdek, 7,2 dollar million subsidiya.[124] Biroq, kredit faqat 18000 ishchi yollanishi sharti bilan beriladi,[125] shuning uchun shaharning taxminiy kengashi Triborough loyihasida ishlash uchun 18000 ishchini yollashga ovoz berdi.[126] Triborough Bridge uchun mablag'lar, shuningdek Linkoln tunnel Manxettendan Nyu-Jersi, sentyabr oyining boshiga qadar tayyor edi.[127]

Art Deco Queens osma ko'prigidagi egarning uyi

Qurilish davom etmoqda

1933 yil sentyabr oyida shahar Triborough ko'prigi yo'lidan er sotib oldi,[128] va Triborough ko'prigida qurilish o'sha noyabr oyida qayta tiklandi.[98] 1934 yil yanvarga qadar to'xtatib turish muddatini tugatish va qolgan uchta oraliqni qurish uchun shartnomalar tayyorlanmoqda;[129] ushbu shartnomalardan biri ko'prik ustunlarini qurishni o'z ichiga olgan.[130] Ko'prik yaqinlashadigan yo'lda yashovchi oilalar, ularga berilgan ko'chirish to'g'risidagi bildirishnomalarga qarshi chiqishdi.[131] Little Hell Gate orqali Triborough ko'prigi qurilishi, shuningdek, Randalls va Wards orollaridagi kasalxona binolarini buzishni talab qildi.[132] Ko'prik uchun erlarni tozalash ishlari o'sha aprel oyida boshlangan.[133] The Nyu-York shahar kasalxonalar departamenti keyinchalik qurish uchun mablag 'talab qilishga qaror qildi Seaview kasalxonasi kuni Staten oroli Triborough ko'prigi tomonidan ko'chirilgan kasalxona binolari joylashgan.[134]

1934 yil fevral oyida TBA Queens oralig'idagi 16 qatorli, ikki qavatli yo'lni 8 polosali bitta qavatli yo'lga kondensatsiya qilish, shuningdek osma minoralar konstruktsiyalarini soddalashtirishni o'ylab, 5 dollar tejashni rejalashtirdi. million.[135] 16 qatorli sig'imga ega bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida 40 ta yuk ko'tarilishi mumkin edi yiliga million transport vositasi, ammo ko'prik ochilganidan qirq yil o'tgach, bunga erishish mumkin emas edi.[136] Aprel oyida ko'prik narxini 51 dollardan pasaytiradigan yangi reja tasdiqlandi milliondan 42 dollargacha million, shuning uchun subsidiya ko'prikning barcha xarajatlarini to'lashi mumkin edi.[136][137][138] Bosh muhandis Ammann engilroq minoralar va engil tirgaklarni talab qiladigan asl dizayndagi ikki qavatli yo'lni bitta yo'lga qulatishga qaror qildi.[97] Minoralarni qurgan po'lat ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniya apellyatsiya sudida TBA qaroriga qarshi chiqdi, ammo sud TBA foydasiga qaror chiqardi.[139]

Shu vaqt ichida TBA notinch edi: 1934 yil yanvarga kelib TBA komissarlaridan biri iste'foga chiqdi,[140] va Nyu-York meri Fiorello H. La Guardia boshqa TBA komissari Jon Stratton O'Lirini korruptsiya uchun sud qilayotgan edi.[141] Natijada, Jamoat ishlarini boshqarish (PWA) ma'muri Xarold L. Ikes mavjud mablag'lar hisobga olinmaguncha RFC grantining ko'proq qismini tarqatishdan bosh tortdi.[142] O'Liri olib tashlanganidan so'ng, La Gvardiya bu lavozimga Musoni tayinladi.[143] O'Learini olib tashlaganidan so'ng, Ikkes shaharga 1,5 dollar berdi ko'prik qurilishiga million.[144][145] Mozes 1934 yil aprel oyida bir qator muvaqqat raislar lavozimni egallab olgandan keyin TBA raisi bo'ldi.[146] Muso loyihani tezlashtirish uchun hokimiyatning rahbarligidan, shuningdek u egallagan davlat va shahar lavozimlaridan foydalangan.[98] Muso TBA boshqaruvini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng birinchi yirik qurilish shartnomasi 1934 yil may oyida Queens oralig'ida avtomagistralni qurish uchun berildi.[147]

Muso ko'prikka kirish uchun yangi yo'llar va avtoulov yo'llarini himoya qilishni davom ettirdi. Yo'llar majmuasiga Grand Central Parkway va Astoriya bulvari Queensda; 125-chi ko'cha, East River Drive (endi FDR drayveri) va Harlem River Drive Manxettenda; va Whitlock Avenue va Sharqiy bulvar (hozir Bruckner Expressway ) Bronxda.[148] Ushbu yo'llarning barchasi o'zaro bog'langan parket tizimining bir qismi bo'lib, Nyu-York shahri hududida avtoulovlarning bemalol harakatlanishiga imkon beradi.[149] Fuqarolik guruhlari, shuningdek, G'arbiy Bronksdan ko'prikka ulanish uchun yo'lni xohlashdi, ammo u rad etildi.[150] Ushbu yo'llardan birinchisi, Kew bog'laridan Triborough ko'prigigacha bo'lgan Grand Central Parkway kengaytmasi 1934 yilning bahorida qurilishni boshlashi kerak edi.[151] Bronks oralig'idagi rejaga 1934 yil iyul oyida o'zgartirishlar kiritildi: ko'tarilish ko'prigi o'rniga, dastlab taklif qilinganidek, u Harbiy departament tomonidan belgilangan truss oralig'i sifatida tasdiqlandi, chunki Bronx Kill harakatlanuvchi suv yo'li emas edi. Biroq, agar kerak bo'lsa, uni ko'tarish ko'prigi bilan almashtirish mumkin.[148][152] Xuddi shu oyda shahar East River Drive-ning birinchi segmenti uchun qurilishni ma'qulladi York xiyoboni va 92-chi ko'chadan Triborough ko'prigiga 125-chi ko'chada.[153][154] Bronx tomonida ko'prik yaqinlashish yakunlandi, bo'ylab harakat Janubiy and Eastern Boulevards,[154] with a future extension to Pelxem-Bey bog'i in the northeastern Bronx.[155] The Board of Estimate approved the East River Drive approach that October, while voting against the proposed West Bronx approach highway.[156]

While reformers embraced Moses's plans to expand the parkway system, state and city officials were overwhelmed by their scale, and slow to move to provide financing for the vast system.[97] Partial funding came from interest-bearing bonds issued by the Triborough Bridge Authority, to be secured by future toll revenue.[157][158] Financing disputes with the PWA involved complex political infighting between Moses, Ickes, now-President Roosevelt, and Mayor La Guardia.[159] The political disputes peaked in January 1935, when Ickes passed a rule that effectively prohibited PWA funding for the TBA unless Moses resigned the post of either TBA chairman or New York City Parks Commissioner.[160] This came as a result of Moses's criticism that Yangi bitim funding programs like the PWA were too slow to disburse funds.[161] Ickes threatened to withhold salaries for TBA workers as well.[162] Though La Guardia was supportive of Moses, even petitioning Roosevelt to intervene, he was willing to replace the TBA chairman if it resulted in funding for the bridge, since Roosevelt sided with Ickes.[163] In mid-March, Ickes suddenly backed down on his ultimatum, and not only was Moses allowed to keep both of his positions, but also the PWA resumed its payments to the TBA.[164][165][166]

Significant progress

In February 1935, while the feud between Moses and Ickes was ongoing, the TBA awarded a contract to build supporting piers for the Harlem River lift structure to Manhattan.[167] Despite an impending lack of funds due to the dispute between Moses and Ickes, the TBA announced its intent to open bids for bridge steelwork.[168] By March, the suspension towers for the East River span to Queens were nearing completion, as only the tops of the towers remained outstanding. The support piers on Randalls and Wards Islands had progressed substantially.[155] After the Moses/Ickes dispute had subsided, the TBA started advertising for bids to build the steel roadways of the Randalls and Wards Islands viaducts, as well as the East River suspension span.[169] Less than a week afterward, the first temporary wires were strung between the two towers of the suspension span, marking the future locations of that span's main cables.[170] A contract for the Harlem River lift span's steel superstructure was awarded that May,[171] followed by a contract for the Bronx Kill truss span's structure the following month.[172]

The spinning of the main span's suspension cables was finished in July 1935. By that time, half of the $41 million federal grant had been spent on construction, and the bridge was expected to open the following year.[173] The projected completion of the Triborough Bridge in July 1936 was expected to relieve traffic on highways in the New York City area,[174] and with the upcoming 1939 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi being held in Queens, it would also provide a new fast route to the fairground at Yaylovlar - Korona bog'i.[175] By October 1935, the Queens approach and the Randalls and Wards Islands viaduct was nearly complete. Vertical suspender cables had been hung from the main cables of the Queens suspension span, and the steel slabs to support the span's roadway deck were being erected. However, progress on the Bronx and Manhattan spans had not progressed as much: the concrete piers supporting Bronx span were being constructed, and the site of the Manhattan span was marked only by its foundations.[176] The deck of the Queens suspension span was completed the following month.[177]

The interchange plaza between the Queens, Bronx, and Manhattan spans

In November 1935, a controversy emerged over the fact that the Triborough Bridge would use steel imported from Natsistlar Germaniyasi, rather than American producers.[178] Although American steel producers objected to the contract, the PWA approved of it anyway, because the German steel contract was cheaper than any of the bids presented by American producers.[179] Moses also approved of the decision because it would save money.[180][181] However, La Guardia blocked the deal, writing that "the only commodity we can get from Hitlerland [Germany] is hatred, and we don't want any in our country."[182] Shortly afterward, imported materials were banned for use on any PWA projects.[183]

By February 1936, the TBA had awarded contracts for paving the Bronx Kill and East River spans, as well as for constructing several administrative buildings for the TBA near the bridge.[184] Moses wanted to speed up construction on the Triborough Bridge so that it would meet a deadline of July 11, 1936. He objected to an order that Ickes made in March 1936, decentralizing control of PWA resident engineers, who would report to state PWA bosses instead of directly to the PWA's main office in Washington, D.C. Moses believed that the PWA boss for New York, Arthur S. Tuttle, was indecisive.[185] In return, Ickes assured Moses of Tuttle's full cooperation.[186] Moses also appealed to Ickes to increase the construction workers' workweeks from 30 to 40 hours so the bridge would be able to open on time, but was initially rejected.[187][188] A 40-hour workweek was approved in June 1936, one month before the bridge's projected opening.[189]

The 300-by-84-foot superstructure of the Harlem River lift span was assembled in Weehawken, Nyu-Jersi. It was floated northward to the Triborough Bridge site in April 1936.[190] Early the next month, the 200-ton main lift span was hoisted into place above the Harlem River in a process that took sixteen minutes.[191] In addition, the city gave the New York City Omnibus Corporation a temporary permit to operate bus routes on the Triborough Bridge, connecting the bus stops on each of the bridge's ends, during the summer months.[192]

A byproduct of the Triborough project was the creation of parks and playgrounds in the lands underneath the bridges and approaches.[98] The largest of these parks was Randallning orol bog'i, located on Wards and Randalls Islands.[193][194] The park on Randalls Island was approved in February 1935,[195] and included the construction of an Olympic-sized running track called Dauning stadioni, work on which began in summer 1935.[194][196][197] Smaller parks were also built in Astoria and Manhattan.[98][3]

Ochilish

By May 1936, the opening ceremonies for both the Triborough Bridge and the Downing Stadium were scheduled for July 11.[198] The dedication was scheduled to occur on the Manhattan lift span.[199] Due to the previous conflicts between President Roosevelt and Robert Moses, the attendance of the former was not certain until two weeks before the ceremony.[200] PWA administrator Ickes's attendance was only finalized four days beforehand.[201]

The completed structure, described by The New York Times as a "Y-shaped sky highway", was dedicated on July 11, 1936, along with the Downing Stadium.[202] The ceremony for the Triborough Bridge was held at the interchange plaza, and was attended by President Roosevelt, Mayor La Guardia, Governor Lehman, PWA administrator Ickes, and Postmaster General Jeyms A. Farli, who all gave speeches.[203][204] Robert Moses acted as the master of ceremonies.[202][205] The ceremonies were broadcast via a nationwide radio connection.[205] A parade was also held on 125th Street in Manhattan to celebrate the bridge's opening.[206] The Triborough Bridge opened to the general public at 1:30 p.m., and by that midnight an estimated 200,000 people had visited the bridge via car, bus, or foot.[202][10] The next day, 40,000 vehicles used the bridge on its first full day of service.[207] July 13 was the first weekday that the bridge was in service, and it saw about 1,000 vehicles an hour.[208] In the first month of service, the TBA recorded an average bridge usage of 31,000 vehicles per day.[209] The Amerika po'lat qurilish instituti later declared the Triborough Bridge to be the most beautiful steel bridge constructed in 1936.[210]

The ferry between Yorkville, Manhattan, and Astoria, Queens, was made redundant by the new Triborough Bridge. Upon the bridge's opening, Moses unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the ferry house before being stopped by La Guardia.[211][212] The city had closed the ferry by the end of July.[213] Trafik Queensboro ko'prigi, the only other vehicular bridge that connected Manhattan and Queens, declined after the Triborough Bridge opened.[214]

The Triborough Bridge, the largest PWA project in the eastern U.S.,[215] cost $60 million (equivalent to $1 billion in 2019) according to final TBA figures.[98] Based on expenditures, the PWA had originally estimated the bridge's cost to be as high as $64 million.[215][216] In either case, the Triborough Bridge was one of the largest public works projects of the Katta depressiya, more expensive than the Hoover to'g'oni.[3][205][217] Of this, $16 million came from the city and $9 million directly from the PWA. The latter also purchased $35 million worth of TBA bonds, which were eventually bought back and resold to the public.[98] The PWA had finished giving out the $35 million loan by February 1937,[218] va Rekonstruksiya moliya korporatsiyasi had sold the last of the TBA's funds that July.[219] Additional funding came from toll collection: the toll was initially set at 25 cents per passenger car, with lower rates for motorcycles and higher rates for commercial vehicles.[220] In the first year of the bridge's operation it generated $2.72 million (equivalent to $48.37 million in 2019), collected from 9.65 million vehicles.[5]

The Grand Central Parkway/I-278 approach to the bridge's Queens suspension span

Dastlabki yillar

When the bridge opened, none of the spans had direct connections to the greater system of highways in New York City.[7] In Queens, the Grand Central Parkway extension to the Triborough Bridge was nearly completed at the time of the bridge's opening. The Manhattan span was planned to connect to the East River Drive (now the FDR Drive), the first segments of which were still under construction.[7] The section of the East River Drive from the bridge south to 92nd Street opened that October.[221]

The Bronx span ended in local traffic at the no-longer extant intersection of 135th Street and Cypress Avenue.[7] The first of two approach highways in the Bronx was approved late in 1936;[222] it connected to the G'arbiy Bronks, following the present route of the Katta Deegan tezyurar yo'li (I-87 ) northwest to the intersection of 138th Street and Katta konkurs, where there were ko'prikli panduslar connecting to the Grand Concourse.[223] Another approach highway in the Bronx, the present Bruckner Boulevard, was approved in 1938.[224] This highway was built on the site of Whitlock Avenue, extending northeast through the Janubiy Bronks from the bridge to the Bronks daryosi, where it followed Eastern Boulevard eastward to what is now the Brukner almashinuvi.[225] Both Bronx approach roads were completed quickly in preparation for the 1939 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi, which was held in Queens. The first segment of the West Bronx approach highway to the Grand Concourse was opened in April 1939, in time for the fair.[226] The West Bronx highway later became part of the Major Deegan Expressway, an Interstate-standard highway that reached to the Nyu-York shtati Thruway at the New York City border.[227]

Originally, there was no direct access from the Queens span to Wards Island, but in November 1937, Moses announced the construction of a ramp from the Queens span that would lead down to the island.[228] The next year, a lawsuit was filed by two Wards Islands landowners, who alleged that the Triborough Bridge had been built on portions of their land. They each received nominal damages of $1.[229][230]

The Triborough Bridge Authority was headquartered in an administration building adjacent to the Manhattan span's toll plaza, where by 1940, it controlled the operation of all toll bridges located entirely within New York City.[29] An additional bridge between the Bronx and Queens, the Bronks-Uayteston ko'prigi, was opened in April 1939.[231][232] However, the Triborough Bridge did not see any initial decline in traffic, likely because both spans were heavily used during the World's Fair.[233] Soon after, vehicle rationing caused by the onset of Ikkinchi jahon urushi resulted in a decline in traffic at crossings operated by the TBA including the Triborough Bridge.[234] Still, by 1940, the Triborough Bridge was the most profitable crossing operated by the TBA.[235] The TBA became the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) in 1946 after it took over the construction of the Queens – Midtown tunnel va Bruklin - Batareya tunnel, though TBTA operations continued to be managed from the Triborough Bridge.[236]

Years after the Triborough Bridge's opening, Moses continued expanding the system of highways in the New York City area, including arteries that led to the Triborough Bridge. Construction on the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway in Queens—between the Grand Central Parkway interchange, just east of the Triborough Bridge, and the Kosciuszko ko'prigi at the Brooklyn border—was underway by the late 1940s.[237] In addition, Moses wanted to build an elevated expressway atop Bruckner Boulevard.[238] In 1956, the New York City Planning Commission approved the upgrade of Bruckner Boulevard between the Triborough Bridge and the Bruckner Interchange to a grade-separated expressway as part of the Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari tizimi.[239] The entire Bruckner Expressway except for the Bruckner Interchange opened in 1962,[240] while the entire Brooklyn-Queens Expressway was completed in 1964.[241] Both segments became part of I-278, as did the Queens and Bronx spans of the Triborough Bridge.[242]

Keyinchalik tarix

Reconstruction of the viaduct between the Manhattan lift span to the Queens suspension bridge span

In 1968, the Triborough Bridge received its first major renovation in its 31-year history. Seven tollbooths were added, three at the Manhattan span's toll plaza and four at the Queens/Bronx spans' toll plaza, and several ramps were widened at a cost of $20 million. The project also added a direct ramp from the Manhattan span to the southbound lanes of Second Avenue in East Harlem.[243] The TBTA administration building was also expanded during this project.[29] Traffic from the Manhattan span was temporarily diverted during this project.[244][245]

In 1997, more renovations were announced as part of the Triborough Bridge Rehabilitation Project.[246] The project consisted of three phases. The first phase involved renovating the Queens span and approach ramps, as well as replacing the suspender cables. On the Queens side, an exit ramp from westbound I-278 to 31st Street necessitated the destruction of the entrance to the southern sidewalk. The second phase involved renovating the Bronx span and approach ramps. The third phase involved renovating the Manhattan span and approach ramps.[247] Work on replacing the Queens span's suspender cables and adding an ortotrop pastki to the Queens suspension span started in 2000.[248][249]

At some point in the past, a sign on the bridge informed travelers, "In event of attack, drive off bridge," Nyu-York Tayms sharhlovchi Uilyam Safire wrote in 2008. The "somewhat macabre sign", he wrote, must have "drawn a wry smile from millions of motorists."[250]

On November 19, 2008, the Triborough Bridge was officially renamed after Robert F. Kennedi, avvalgi AQSh senatori representing New York and AQSh Bosh prokurori, ning iltimosiga binoan Kennedi oilasi.[251] Forty years had passed since Kennedy had been suiqasd qilingan during a 1968 presidential bid.[252][253][254] Traffic and news reports have come to commonly refer to the bridge as the "RFK Triborough Bridge" and at times simply the "Triborough Bridge" to avoid confusion among residents long accustomed to its original name.[255]

The MTA announced further renovations to the Triborough Bridge in 2008; the work included the replacement of the roadways at the toll plazas, as well as the rehabilitation of various ramps and the construction of a new service building.[246] The same year, the MTA awarded contracts to renovate the Queens span's anchorages.[256] In 2015, the MTA started two reconstruction projects on different parts of the bridge[257] as part of a $1 billion, 15-year program to renovate the bridge complex.[258] The MTA commenced construction on a $213 million rehabilitation of the 1930s-era toll plaza between the Queens and Bronx spans, which included a rebuilding of the roadway and the supporting structure underneath. The new toll plaza structure was completed in 2019.[257]

Cashless tolling was implemented on June 15, 2017,[26][259] allowing drivers to pay tolls electronically via E-ZPass or Toll-by-Mail without having to stop at any tollbooths.[26] Shortly afterward, the tollbooths were demolished.[27][28] In addition, a ramp from the Manhattan span to the northbound Harlem River Drive was being built for $68.3 million, and was to be finished by December 2017;[257] however, this was later delayed pending the reconstruction of the Harlem River Drive viaduct around the area.[260] In February 2020, the northbound Harlem River Drive ramp's completion was tentatively announced for 2021.[261][262] At that point, the ramp was expected to cost $72.6 million, and 20% of the project had been completed.[263]

Foydalanish

The toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge pay for a portion of the public transit subsidy for the Nyu-York shahar tranzit boshqarmasi and the commuter railroads.[264] The bridge had yillik o'rtacha trafik of 164,116 in 2014. For that year, the bridge saw annual toll-paying traffic rise by 2.9% to 59.9 million, generating $393.6 million in revenue at an average toll of $6.57.[265]

Entrance to the Queens span

Pedestrian and bicycle sidewalks

The bridge has sidewalks on all three spans where the TBTA officially requires bicyclists to walk their bicycles across[266] due to safety concerns.[267] However, the signs stating this requirement have been usually ignored by bicyclists,[268]:16 and the New York City Government has recommended that the TBTA should reassess this kind of bicycling ban.[268]:57 Stairs on the 2 km (1.2 mi) Queens span impede handicapped access, and only the northern sidewalk on that span is open to traffic; the Queens end of the southern sidewalk was demolished in the early 2000s.[269] The two sidewalks of the Bronx span are connected to one long and winding ramp at the Randalls Island end,[270] though another pedestrian bridge between Randalls Island and the neighborhood of Port Morris, Bronks, opened to the east of the Triborough Bridge in November 2015.[271]

Jamoat transporti

The Triborough Bridge carries the M35, M60 SBS va X80 bus routes operated by MTA Nyu-York shahar tranziti, shuningdek, bir nechta express bus routes operated by the MTA avtobus kompaniyasi: BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10 va BxM11. The M35 travels from Manhattan to Randalls and Wards Islands (with the X80 also operating during special events), while the M60 SBS runs between Manhattan and Queens, and the MTA Bus express routes travel between Manhattan and the Bronx.[272]

In the 1920s, John F. Hylan proposed building the Triborough Bridge as part of his planned Mustaqil metro tizimi. The proposal entailed extending the Nyu-York metrosi "s BMT Astoriya liniyasi along the same route the Triborough now follows. It would have created a crosstown subway line along 125-chi ko'cha, as well as a new subway line in the Bronx under St. Ann's Avenue.[38][39][273]

Yo'l haqlari

2019 yil 31 mart holatiga ko'ra, haydovchilar pochta orqali yo'l haqi uchun bir mashina uchun 9,50 dollar yoki mototsikl uchun 4,00 dollar to'laydilar. E-ZPass Nyu-York E-ZPass mijozlarga xizmat ko'rsatish markazi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan transponderlarga ega bo'lgan foydalanuvchilar har bir avtomobil uchun 6,12 dollar yoki mototsikl uchun 2,66 dollar to'laydilar. Nyu-York E-ZPass CSC tomonidan chiqarilmagan transponderlarga ega bo'lgan barcha E-ZPass foydalanuvchilari pochta orqali tariflarni to'lashlari shart.[274]

When the Triborough Bridge opened, it had a combined 22 tollbooths spread across two toll plazas.[220] Motorists were first able to pay with E‑ZPass in lanes for automatic coin machines at the toll plazas on August 21, 1996.[275]

Naqd pulsiz ochiq yo'l began on June 15, 2017.[26] The tollbooths were dismantled, and drivers are no longer able to pay cash at the bridge. Instead, there are cameras mounted onto new overhead gantries near where the booths were formerly located.[276][277] A vehicle without an E-ZPass has a picture taken of its license plate and a bill for the toll is mailed to its owner.[278] E-ZPass foydalanuvchilari uchun sensorlar transponderlarini simsiz ravishda aniqlaydilar.[276][277][278]

Tarixiy to'lovlar

History of passenger cash tolls for the Triborough Bridge
YillarYo'l uchun haqPullik ekvivalenti
2019 yilda[279]		Ref.
1936–1972$0.25$1.53–4.61[280][281]
1972–1975$0.50$2.38–3.06[281][282]
1975–1980$0.75$2.33–3.56[282][283]
1980–1982$1.00$2.65–3.10[283][284]
1982–1984$1.25$3.08–3.31[284][285]
1984–1986$1.50$3.57–3.50[285][286]
1986–1987$1.75$3.94–4.08[286][287]
1987–1989$2.00$4.13–4.50[287][288]
1989–1993$2.50$4.42–5.16[288][289]
1993–1996$3.00$4.89–5.31[289][290]
1996–2003$3.50$5.71–5.71[290][291]
2003–2005$4.00$5.24–6.52[291][292]
2005–2008$4.50$5.34–5.89[292][293]
2008–2010$5.00$5.86–5.94[293][294]
2010–2015$6.50$7.01–7.62[294][295]
2015–2017$8.00$8.34–8.63[296][297]
2017–2019$8.50$8.50–8.87[298][299]
2019 yil aprelidan$9.50$9.50[300][274]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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  33. ^ "Harlem-To-Queens Bridge Proposed". The New York Times. February 3, 1920. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  34. ^ "Tri-Boro Bridge is "Uncalled For", Says Lindenthal" (PDF). Greenpoint Daily Star. February 19, 1920. p. 1. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Fultonhistory.com orqali.
  35. ^ "Connolly Opposes Proposed Bridge" (PDF). Nyu-York Quyoshi. February 15, 1920. p. 1. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Fultonhistory.com orqali.
  36. ^ "Bridge Plan Opposed. Tri-Borough Structure Declared Unnecessary By Queens President". The New York Times. February 7, 1920. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  37. ^ "New Tri-borough Bridge; Port Authority Will Include Structure in Its Report". The New York Times. 1921 yil 1-dekabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Hylan Announces His $600,000,000 Plan For Transit; Proposes to Construct 35 More Subways, Extensions, Tunnels and Bridges". The New York Times. August 28, 1922. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  39. ^ a b "Hylan Offers Transit Plan". Daily News. Nyu York. August 28, 1922. p. 26. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  40. ^ "Hulbert Likens Hylan To A Crab;". The New York Times. May 5, 1923. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  41. ^ "Mayor Hylan Going To Albany Today; Will Plead Before Legislature for Home Rule and Transit Bills". The New York Times. March 11, 1924. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  42. ^ "City Won't Pay for Surveys for Tri-Boro Bridge". Daily Star. March 11, 1924. pp.1, 2 - Fultonhistory.com orqali.
  43. ^ "Celebrate Proposed Tri Borough Bridge". The New York Times. June 25, 1925. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  44. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge Comes Up Monday; Goldman to Tell of Plan Which Then Goes to Berry for Opinion on Financing". The New York Times. December 17, 1926. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  45. ^ "New Auto Bridge?". Daily News. Nyu York. December 17, 1926. p. 33. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  46. ^ "Cuts To Fit Budget Held Up For Berry; Estimate Board Awaits Report on Sum to Be Available for $713,000,000 Projects". The New York Times. December 21, 1926. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  47. ^ "Tri-Borough Span Plans Modified". Daily News. Nyu York. December 21, 1926. p. 69. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  48. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge To Cost $24,625,000; Goldman Completes Plans, and Estimate Board Sets April 21 for Public Hearing". The New York Times. March 25, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  49. ^ "Triborough Bridge Objections Refuted". Daily News. Nyu York. April 23, 1927. p. 36. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  50. ^ "Committee Backs Tri-Borough Bridge; Goldman Project For Queens, Manhattan And Bronx Goes To Plan And Survey Body". The New York Times. May 7, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  51. ^ "Merchants Back Tri-borough Bridge; Association Also Approves the Vehicular Tunnel Under the East River". The New York Times. May 22, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  52. ^ "Tri-borough Bridge Held Up For A Year; Lack of City Funds Seen as Bar to $25,000,000 Project and the $50,000,000 East River Tube". The New York Times. May 11, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  53. ^ "First Fund Is Voted For Tri-boro Bridge; Estimate Board Appropriates $150,000 for Preliminary Soundings and Borings". The New York Times. May 27, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  54. ^ "Offers To Finance Tri-borough Bridge; Capitalists' Committee Tells Acting Mayor Private Funds Can Be Obtained". The New York Times. September 22, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  55. ^ "Offers Plan To Pay For Tri-Boro Bridge; B. F. Yoakum Suggests Private Capital Be Used For The Construction". The New York Times. September 29, 1927. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  56. ^ "Mayor Gets Bridge Offer; But Declines to Discuss $32,000,000 Tri-Borough Proposal". The New York Times. 1928 yil 21-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  57. ^ "Favors Tolls For Tri-boro Bridge; Feasibility of That Plan Explained by Queens Chamberof Commerce". The New York Times. December 2, 1928. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  58. ^ "Bond Issue Weighed To Relieve Traffic; Mayor Discusses Program to Ease Congestion at Once With Lawmakers". The New York Times. December 21, 1928. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  59. ^ "Says City Has Cash To Start New Span; McKee Urges Agreement on One Bridge to Brooklyn So It Can Be Begun at Once". The New York Times. January 3, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  60. ^ "Queens Chief in Tri-Boro Big Three". Daily News. Nyu York. January 4, 1929. p. 368. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  61. ^ "Trade Bodies Urge Tri-borough Bridge; Early Action to Ease Traffic Congestion Is Demanded at Bronx Chamber Luncheon". The New York Times. January 18, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  62. ^ "50-year Traffic Aid Pledged By Mayor; He Decries Piecemeal Program and Promises Basis for Full Plan in 3 Months". The New York Times. January 30, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  63. ^ "Ready To Construct Tri-borough Bridge; Commissioner Goldman Says Borings for Which Funds Were Provided Are Finished". The New York Times. 1929 yil 24-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  64. ^ "Bridge Borings Finished; Preliminary Tests for Triboro Span Show Bedrock Is Good". The New York Times. August 7, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  65. ^ "City's Boosting Slate Boosted by $156,552,450". Daily News. Nyu York. March 13, 1929. p. 12. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  66. ^ "City Acts To Speed Bridge And Tunnel; Walker and Civic Delegates Go to Albany Today to Urge New Commission". The New York Times. March 13, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  67. ^ "Toll Power Voted For Bridge And Tube; Estimate Board Passes Bill to Fix Charges on Triborough Span and Narrows Tunnel". The New York Times. 1929 yil 22 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 3-noyabr, 2018.
  68. ^ "City Hails Passage Of Bridge Measure; Success of Bills at Albany Opens Way for Tri-Borough Span and Riker's Island Prison". The New York Times. April 2, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 3-noyabr, 2018.
  69. ^ Limpus, Lowell (April 10, 1929). "Insane Hospital Loses 700 Beds by Bridge Pier". Daily News. Nyu York. p. 138. Olingan 2-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  70. ^ a b v "Work Begins Oct. 26 On Triborough Span; Goldman Authorized by Board to Let Contracts at Once for Towers on City Property". The New York Times. October 4, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  71. ^ Ruppel, Louis (June 9, 1929). "5 Cents Plus $1,400,000,000 Walker's Fare Next Fall". Daily News. Nyu York. p. 217. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  72. ^ a b "Fete To Mark Start Of Triborough Span; Plans Laid for Celebration in September at Beginning of Construction". The New York Times. July 26, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  73. ^ "See Shipping Peril In Triborough Span; Rail and Harbor Interests Say Clearance of Harlem River Crossing Is Too Low". The New York Times. July 31, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  74. ^ "Walker Opens Work On Triborough Span; With Silver-Plated Pick and Spade He Breaks Ground in Astoria Park". The New York Times. October 26, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  75. ^ "Will Build Piers Of Triborough Span; The McMullen Company Gets Contract for Work Original Holder Failed to Perform". The New York Times. December 5, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  76. ^ "To Condemn Bridge Land; Estimate Board Fixes Procedure on Triborough Span Approaches". The New York Times. December 17, 1929. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  77. ^ "Move To Expedite Triborough Bridge; Property Owners Delay Work by Asking Unduly High Prices". The New York Times. March 2, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  78. ^ "Plan For 3 Bridges Here Is Approved; Bronx-Randalls Island, Queenswards Island And Hell Gate Get War Department O.K.; Bronx Kills Dam Favored; Plans For Harlem River Bridge At East 125th St. Altered And Approval Later Is Expected". The New York Times. May 1, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  79. ^ "Washington Approves Harlem Bridge Plan; War Department Sanction Clears the Way for City's Triborough Bridge System". The New York Times. May 8, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  80. ^ "Approves Plan for $3,000,000 Hospital Here". Bruklin Daily Eagle. May 29, 1930. p. 26. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; gazetalar.com.
  81. ^ "Act on Triborough Bridge; Aldermen Approve $5,000,000 Bond Issue for the Project". The New York Times. July 9, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  82. ^ "Two Boroughs File Express Road Plan; Queens and Brooklyn Submit Crosstown Boulevard Data to Estimate Board". The New York Times. July 11, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  83. ^ "New Bridge Approach Proposed For Bronx; Civic Groups to Confer With Bruckner on Tri-Borough Boulevard Link". The New York Times. 1931 yil 26-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  84. ^ "Urges Extension Of 2 Queens Drives; Moses Proposes to Continue Grand Central Parkway as Triborough Bridge Link". The New York Times. September 16, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  85. ^ "Plans Studied for Brooklyn Link to Queens Span". Daily News. Nyu York. December 28, 1931. p. 199. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  86. ^ "Speeds Triborough Bridge; Goldman Lets $618,855 Work on Ward's Island Anchorage". The New York Times. January 7, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  87. ^ "Rapid Progress Made On Triborough Bridge; One-Third of Ward's Island Anchorage Finished, Says the Report to Goldman". The New York Times. August 18, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  88. ^ "Work Rushed by Triborough Span Builders". Daily News. Nyu York. September 8, 1931. p. 361. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  89. ^ "Plans $2,450,000 Bridge Contracts". The New York Times. September 5, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  90. ^ "Bid List Opens on Piers for Tri-boro Span". Daily News. Nyu York. October 5, 1931. p. 481. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  91. ^ "Engineers View Work On Triborough Bridge; 15% of Construction Completed, Says City Designer". The New York Times. December 20, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  92. ^ "Designs Submitted For Bridge Towers; Design Of Triborough Bridge Towers". The New York Times. December 7, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  93. ^ a b "Piers for Tri-Borough Bridge Near Completion". Daily News. Nyu York. February 28, 1932. p. 74. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  94. ^ "Big Pier Ready Today On Tri-borough Bridge; First Granite Structure, in Astoria, for Support of Towers, to Be Completed". The New York Times. 1932 yil 11-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  95. ^ "Finances Of The City Were Never Better, Berry Points Out". The New York Times. February 7, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018.
  96. ^ Wantuch, Howard (July 18, 1930). "Berry Warns City's Nearing Limit of Debt". Daily News. Nyu York. p. 62. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  97. ^ a b v d Caro 1974, pp. 340–344.
  98. ^ a b v d e f g Federal Yozuvchilar Loyihasi (1939). "Nyu-York shahar qo'llanmasi". Nyu York: Tasodifiy uy. ISBN  978-1-60354-055-1. (Scholarly Press tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan, 1976; ko'pincha deb nomlanadi Nyu-York shahriga WPA qo'llanmasi.), pp.392–94
  99. ^ "Berry Would Halt $213,000,000 Work; Warns Of A Deficit". The New York Times. February 6, 1932. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  100. ^ "Byrne Fears A Halt On Triborough Span; City Engineer Warns Work Will Be Stopped in Three Months Unless Contracts Are Let". The New York Times. March 16, 1932. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  101. ^ "Harvey Protests Delay in Work on Tri-Boro Bridge". Daily News. Nyu York. 1932 yil 25 mart. P. 406. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  102. ^ "Walker va M'kee o'rtasidagi to'qnashuv; Aldermanik boshi Triboro ko'prigidan voz kechish uchun kurashda yutqazdi. The New York Times. 1932 yil 2-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  103. ^ "Shahar Triborough Span-da ish olib borishi kerak; Yangi Bridg uchun 1932 yilda byudjetdan 115000 dollar o'sishi kutilmoqda". The New York Times. 1932 yil 4-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  104. ^ "Walker R.F.C.dan ko'prik krediti berishni va shahar zayomlarini sotib olishni so'rashi kerak; Keyingi hafta poytaxtga shoshilinch jamoat ishlari uchun plea eshitishlarini tashkil etish uchun boramiz". The New York Times. 1932 yil 6-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  105. ^ "Xarvi bugun AQShning ko'prikdagi ssudasi uchun plyad". Daily News. Nyu York. 1932 yil 11-avgust. P. 23. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  106. ^ "R. F. C. tugatuvchi kreditlarni tayyorlamoqda; Nyu-Yorkdagi ma'lumotlar 26 000 000 AQSh dollarilik Triborough Bridge Bridge loyihasi qoniqarli deb topildi". The New York Times. 1932 yil 2 sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  107. ^ "M'kee R.F.C. yordamini qidirish uchun plyani rad etdi; Federal kredit bilan ko'prikni tugatish va tunnelni boshlash bo'yicha takliflarni bloklaydi". The New York Times. 1932 yil 12 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  108. ^ "Smit shaharga xarajatlarni qanday kamaytirishni aytdi". Daily News. Nyu York. 1932 yil 2-dekabr. P. 294. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  109. ^ "Bay oldidagi ko'prik loyihasi, Harvini chaqiradi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1932 yil 6-noyabr. P. 107. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  110. ^ "R.F.C. kreditini qidiring; birlashgan fuqarolik tashkilotlari uch tumanli ko'prikni qurib bitkazishni istaydilar". The New York Times. 1933 yil 13-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  111. ^ "Davlat kengashi R.F.C.dan 150.000.000 AQSh dollarini so'rashni; Muso dushanba kuni qaysi loyihalarni tavsiya qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish uchun tinglov o'tkazadi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 4-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  112. ^ "Harvi kredit hisobotini zavq bilan eshitmoqda". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1932 yil 12-fevral. P. 3. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  113. ^ "Shahar hokimi R.F.C.dan shaharga kredit berishni taqiqladi; moliyalashtirish avvalgidek davom etadi, u ko'chmas mulkka yordam taklifini aytadi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 15-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  114. ^ "O'Brien tomonidan qurilgan shahar ko'prigi kengashi; shahar hokimi port agentligi kabi agentlikni Triborough loyihasini moliyalashtirishni xohlaydi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 29 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  115. ^ "Lehman Xartiya bo'yicha choralar ko'rishni talab qilmoqda; Desmond-Moffat taklifi bugun qabul qilinganda xabar kutilmoqda". The New York Times. 1933 yil 5-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  116. ^ "Uchburchagi ko'prik schyotlarini imzolaydi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 8-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  117. ^ "Lehman 3-boro muddatga pul to'laydi". Daily News. Nyu York. 1933 yil 9-aprel. P. 133. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  118. ^ "Jang ko'prik idorasining rahbari etib tayinlandi; shahar hokimi Triborong Span uchun kengashga J.A. O'Leary va F.C. Lemmermanni ham nomlaydi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 29 aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  119. ^ "Ko'prik uchun vaqtni uzaytiradi; Triborough bo'limini tugatish uchun urush bo'limi 1936 yilni belgilaydi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 7-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  120. ^ "Bronx ko'prigi bilan bog'lanish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi imzolandi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 15-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  121. ^ "Lehman Triboro ko'prigida tezkor harakatni va'da qilmoqda". Daily News. Nyu York. 1933 yil 16-iyul. P. 357. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  122. ^ "Shahar ko'prigi uchun 35 000 000 AQSh dollari kerak; 48 soat ichida rejalashtirilgan Triborough krediti uchun R.F.C.ga ariza". The New York Times. 1933 yil 24-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  123. ^ "Qurilish kreditlari uchun AQShga talablar kelib tushmoqda". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1933 yil 28-may. P. 3. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  124. ^ "Triborough krediti 31 avgustga qadar kutilmoqda; ko'priklar boshqarmasi shaharni 44,200,000 dollarlik grant evaziga shartlarni qabul qilishga majbur qilmoqda". The New York Times. 1933 yil 19-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  125. ^ "Shahar Triborough oralig'ida hech qanday ish berolmaydi; pudratchilar Federal qarz shartlariga binoan loyihaga kerak bo'lgan 18000 kishini yollashadi". The New York Times. 1933 yil 22-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  126. ^ "Shahar ovozlari Triboro oralig'ida 18000 kishiga ishlaydi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1933 yil 25-avgust. P. 1. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  127. ^ "79.500.000 dollar shahar loyihalari uchun tayyor; rasmiylar Triborough Span va Midtown tunnel uchun kreditlar uchun shartnomalar imzolaydilar". The New York Times. 1933 yil 2 sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  128. ^ "Shahar Triborough uchun er oldi; dushanba kuni taxminiy loyihani amalga oshirishdagi so'nggi to'siqni olib tashlashi kutilmoqda". The New York Times. 1933 yil 16-sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  129. ^ "10,399,810 dollarlik ishlar ro'yxatga olingan; Triborough Span loyihasining yangi bosqichlari uchun shartnomalar tayyorlandi va ba'zilari tasdiqlandi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 4-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  130. ^ "Triborough ko'prigiga takliflar ochildi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 7-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  131. ^ "Kuinzlarni ko'chirishga qarshi norozilik; 600 ta oila yaqinlashish joyidan ko'chib o'tishga buyruq berdi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 17-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  132. ^ "Triborough kasalxonani quvib chiqardi; bolalar kasallarini Rendal orolidagi bir necha binolardan olib chiqish so'raldi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 5-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  133. ^ "Yiqitish ishlari boshlandi; Triborough ko'prigi loyihasi uchun binolarni olib tashlash boshlandi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 24-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  134. ^ "Shahar yangi shifoxona uchun 800 ming dollar so'ramoqda; Goldwater Triborough Span tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilgan bemorlarga uy uchun muassasa uchun PWA kreditini so'raydi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 8-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  135. ^ "Ko'prik rejalari o'zgartirildi; Triboroughdagi o'zgarishlar xarajatlarni 5.000.000 AQSh dollariga kamaytiradi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 22-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  136. ^ a b Caro 1974 yil, p. 390.
  137. ^ "Triborough ko'prigi 41,258,000 dollarga tushadi; qayta ko'rib chiqilgan rejalar tasdiqlandi va bosh muhandisga ular bilan oldinda borish buyurildi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 4-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  138. ^ "Ko'prik narxidan millionlab tilim". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1934 yil 4 aprel. P. 15. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  139. ^ "Ko'prik uchun arzonroq shartnoma o'z kuchida qoldi; sud Triborough hokimiyatini 7 500 000 dollar tejash rejasini o'zgartirishi mumkin". The New York Times. 1934 yil 27 aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  140. ^ "Ko'prik rasmiylari o't o'chirishdan to'xtadi; Lemmerman uch xonali idoraga xizmatni ijaraga olganlik uchun yig'im undirdi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 11-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  141. ^ "Laguardiya ko'prik rasmiylarini boshliqlar vositasi sifatida sinab ko'rishga; 25 yanvarda tinglovchilarni olib tashlashga chaqirilgan O'Leary, Triborough kengashi a'zosi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 14-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  142. ^ "Triborough mablag'lari Ickes-ni bog'lab qo'ydi; ko'prik loyihasi to'g'ri bajarilishiga ishonch hosil qilinmaguncha, qo'shimcha yordamlar". The New York Times. 1934 yil 16-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  143. ^ "Mer O'Lerini quvib chiqardi; Musoga ko'prik vakolatxonasida joy berildi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1934 yil 3-fevral. P. 1. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  144. ^ "LaGuardia tomonidan PWA loyihalari uchun $ 68,000,000 kreditlari qo'lga kiritildi; Vashington meri Triborough ko'prigi uchun endi $ 1500,000 va'da qilmoqda". The New York Times. 1934 yil 6-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  145. ^ "Triborough ko'prigi loyihasi uchun tekis suzib yurish". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1934 yil 10-fevral. P. 3. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  146. ^ "O'leari quvib chiqarildi; Muso lavozimini egallab oldi; Deutsch o'z vazifalarini bajarishdan bosh tortganini bilganligi sababli shahar hokimi Triborough Bridge xodimini ishdan bo'shatdi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 4-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  147. ^ "Triborough Board shartnomani imzoladi; Queens yondashuvida 293 360 dollarlik sinfni ajratish birdan boshlanadi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 16-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  148. ^ a b Caro 1974 yil, p. 388.
  149. ^ Britton., A. (1935 yil 10-fevral). "Musoning ko'plab loyihalari bir-biriga bog'langan; Komissar ularning har biri boshqalarga yordam berishi uchun o'z vazifalarini muvofiqlashtirgan". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  150. ^ "G'arbiy Bronks yo'li to'sib qo'yilgan; Fuqarolik guruhlari Triborough oralig'iga yangi yondashuv uchun kurashni boy berishdi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 28 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  151. ^ "Parkway Triborough Span-ga etib boradi; Yaqinda Katta Markaziy avtomagistralni kengaytirish bo'yicha shartnoma imzolanadi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 1 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6-noyabr, 2018.
  152. ^ "3 ta tuman oralig'ida o'zgarishlar tasdiqlandi; urush departamenti Bronks qo'li uchun kanal plyonkasini yo'q qilishni sanktsiyalaydi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 27-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  153. ^ Caro 1974 yil, 393-394-betlar.
  154. ^ a b "Sharqiy tomon" daryo bo'yidagi haydovchi "ni olish uchun; Triboro ko'prigida Manxettenga yaqinlashish uchun 100 metrlik yo'lakka o'tish kerak". The New York Times. 1934 yil 26-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  155. ^ a b Robbins, L.H. (1935 yil 3 mart). "Buyuk Triboro ko'prigi endi shakllanmoqda; Bronksdan Flushing ko'rfazigacha bo'lgan vaqt oralig'ida ishlash va yondashuvlar davom etmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  156. ^ "Shahar Bronx Bridge Plea-ga e'tibor bermayapti; Taxminiy kengash Manhettenga Triborough Span-ga yaqinlashish rejasini tasdiqladi". The New York Times. 1934 yil 12 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  157. ^ Caro 1974 yil, 345-bet.
  158. ^ Caro 1974 yil, 1119-1122-betlar. Obligatsiyalar nafaqat loyihani moliyalashtirishga yordam berdi, balki hokimiyat o'zini o'zi abadiylashtirishi va qonunchilik nazorati immunitetiga ega bo'lishiga ishontirdi, chunki hokimiyatning obligatsiyalar egalari oldidagi shartnomaviy majburiyatlari ustuvor edi va mumkin emas edi, chunki hokimiyatning huquqiy nazariyasiga ko'ra, qonunchilik harakati bilan o'zgartirilishi kerak. Shuningdek, ular Triborough hech qachon bepul bo'lmaydi deb ishontirdilar.
  159. ^ Caro 1974 yil, 426-440 betlar.
  160. ^ "Ikkes o'z lavozimidan chetlatilishini kutayotgan Musoning ko'prigi ishida xavf tug'diradi; La Guardia PWA rahbari bilan tortishuvda Triborough mablag'larini ushlab qoladi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 4-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  161. ^ "Ikkis-Musa janjallari ko'prik mablag'larini bog'laydi". Daily News. Nyu York. 1935 yil 4-yanvar. P. 505. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  162. ^ "Ickes, Mayus Rowni tugatish uchun barni to'lashi mumkin; agar ish haqi uchun ko'prik jamg'armasi to'xtab qolsa, bu hafta ish joyidagi tortishuvlar avjiga chiqadi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 13-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  163. ^ "La Guardia agar Federal mablag 'sarflansa, Musani haydab chiqaradi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 19-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  164. ^ "Ickes Mouses Row-ning rentabelligini; Triborough Bridge ishidan bo'shatilgan $ 1.600.000 mablag '; post ham saqlanib qoldi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 12-mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  165. ^ "Ikkes Gibraltar hozircha tosh emas", deydi. Bruklin Daily Eagle. 12 mart 1935. p. 2018-04-02 121 2. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  166. ^ "Musa ko'prik fondlarida Ikklar bilan bo'lgan jangda g'olib bo'ldi. N.Y.ga grant." Matbuot va Quyosh byulleteni. Bingemton, Nyu-York. 1935 yil 11-mart. P. 505. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  167. ^ "Bridge Work mukofotlandi; Tuzoq korporatsiyasi Triborough oralig'ida shartnoma tuzdi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 19-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  168. ^ "Ko'prikda po'latdan ishlov berish bo'yicha takliflar e'lon qilindi; Triborough hokimiyati mablag'larni qisqartirish uchun Ikelar tahdidiga qaramay oldinda". The New York Times. 1935 yil 3 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  169. ^ "Ko'prik takliflari ochildi; hokimiyat Triborough Span po'lat quyish uchun takliflar taqdim etdi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 15 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  170. ^ "Birinchi kabellar Triborough ko'prigi tirgaklarini bog'laydi; Sharq daryosida transport harakati to'xtashga ruxsat berildi. The New York Times. 1935 yil 19 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  171. ^ "Triboroning Garlem daryosi oralig'i uchun Teylor-Fichter pastligi uchun ko'prik taklif qildi".. The New York Times. 1935 yil 17-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  172. ^ "Bronxdagi vaqt uchun $ 1.093.753 past narx; Triborough Bridge bog'lanishining taxminiy narxiga ozgina". The New York Times. 1935 yil 28-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  173. ^ "Keyingi iyulda Triborough ko'prigi ochiladi; ulkan inshoot bugundan taxminan bir yil davomida qurilishi kutilmoqda". The New York Times. 1935 yil 14-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  174. ^ Duffus, R. L. (1935 yil 20-oktabr). "Nyu-Yorkdagi tezyurar yo'llar; Nyu-Yorkdagi avtoulovlarning to'xtashiga yordam beradigan ko'priklar, tunnellar va yo'llar". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  175. ^ "1939 yilda shaharlar uchun Buyuk Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi Queens saytida; narxi 40.000.000 AQSh dollarini tashkil etadi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 23 sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  176. ^ "Buyuk Triboro ko'prigi shakllanmoqda; po'lat minoralar va yo'llar ko'tarilmoqda va" markaz "da ishlash yaqinda boshlanadi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 27 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  177. ^ "Triborough oralig'ida po'lat bilan ishlov berish tugadi; beton yo'l va yondashuvlardan tashqari deyarli ko'prik qurildi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 13-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  178. ^ "Germaniya po'latida o'sayotgan noroziliklar; ishchilar boshliqlari ishlab chiqaruvchilarga PWA ruhiga zid ravishda amaliyot o'tkazishda qo'shilishdi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 13-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  179. ^ "German Steel bu erda PWA buyurtmasini qo'lga kiritdi; AQSh ishlab chiqaruvchilarining noroziligi sababli muhandislar Triborough ko'prigini sotib olishni ma'qullashdi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 9-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  180. ^ "Ickes Buck Pass uchun ayblov". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1935 yil 12-noyabr. 1, 3-betlar. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  181. ^ "Muso tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan fashistlar po'latidan foydalanish; Triborough Span uchun sotib olish - bu qonunning ahamiyati, ajitatsiya emas". The New York Times. 1935 yil 12-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  182. ^ "Shahar hokimi nemis po'latiga taqiq qo'yishni buyurdi; biz" Gitlerlenddan faqat mol olishimiz mumkin, bu nafratdir va biz buni xohlamaymiz ". The New York Times. 1935 yil 15-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  183. ^ "Ruzvelt chet el materiallarini taqiqlash uchun PWA qoidasini tasdiqladi; siyosatdagi o'zgarishlarni inkor etib, dempingni tugatish uchun barcha shartnomalar skanerdan o'tkazilishini aytdi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 16-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  184. ^ "3 ta ko'prik shartnomalari; ular Triborough oralig'ida umumiy qiymati 1 794 000 AQSh dollarini tashkil etadi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 15-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  185. ^ "Muso PWAdagi o'zgarishlarga qarshi kurashni boshladi; Triborough ko'prigining yangi o'rnatilishi kechikishini aytmoqda - RFC shikoyat qilish uchun". The New York Times. 1936 yil 24 mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  186. ^ "Musoning pardani vaqt oralig'ida kechiktirish; PWA to'lovlari". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1936 yil 25 mart. P. 2018-04-02 121 2. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  187. ^ "Ko'prikda qirq soatlik to'siq; Triboro ma'muriyatining munozarasi Ikks rad etgan ish vaqtiga qo'shiladi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 5-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  188. ^ "Kechikish yangi ko'prikda 30-soat ichida ko'rinadi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1936 yil 12-aprel. P. 3. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  189. ^ "Ko'prik ustida ishlash tezlashdi; Triborou oralig'ida 40 soatlik ish tartibi buyurtma qilindi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 12-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  190. ^ "Katta ko'prik oralig'i suzib yuribdi; Weehawken-dan Triborough loyihasiga tortilgan 4.000.000 funt po'lat". The New York Times. 1936 yil 6-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  191. ^ "Triborough o'zining 2000 tonna oralig'ini ko'taradi; ulkan inshoot o'n olti daqiqada Harlem daryosidan ellik oyoq ko'tariladi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 4-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  192. ^ "Shahar ko'prikli avtobuslarga ruxsat berdi; ko'cha terminallaridan foydalanish huquqi vaqtincha va yoz oylariga mo'ljallangan". The New York Times. 1936 yil 16-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  193. ^ "Shaharga rejalashtirilgan ulkan orol bog'i; Muso 1936 yil 1-iyulgacha Randall orolida 140 akrlik trakt tayyor bo'lishiga umid qilmoqda". The New York Times. 1934 yil 15-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 7-noyabr, 2018.
  194. ^ a b Caro 1974 yil, 395-396 betlar.
  195. ^ "Randall orolining o'yin markazi bo'lishi kerak; Park departamentining rejalari, hozir tayyor, 10000 kishilik stadion chaqiradi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 6-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  196. ^ "Hukumat shahar stadioni rejasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi; shahar hokimi Randall orolining loyihasi uchun poytaxt rasmiylari bilan yakuniy shartlarni belgilaydi". The New York Times. 1935 yil 17-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018.
  197. ^ "Shahar stadionida ish boshlagani uchun shartnoma imzolandi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1935 yil 11-iyul. P. 13. Olingan 8-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  198. ^ Deyli, Artur J. (1936 yil 8-may). "1,000,000 dollarlik Randalls orolidagi sport loyihasi Olimpiya rasmiylariga taassurot qoldiradi".. The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  199. ^ "Queens va Bronx Bridge Fete-ga murojaat qilishadi; fuqarolar rahbarlari 11-iyul kuni Triborough Span-ni bag'ishlash bo'yicha mahalliy rejalarni bayon qilishdi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 26-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  200. ^ "Ruzvelt 11-iyul kuni Triboro ko'prigini bag'ishlashni kutgan". The New York Times. 1936 yil 30-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  201. ^ "Triborough ko'prigining ochilish marosimiga qatnashish uchun Ikses; Achchiq janjalga duchor bo'lgan Muso, uni tanishtirish uchun". The New York Times. 1936 yil 7-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  202. ^ a b v "Ajoyib havola maqtovga sazovor". The New York Times. 1936 yil 12-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  203. ^ "Gubernator, shahar hokimi, Ikes Triboro Spanni yangi bitim yutug'i sifatida". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1936 yil 12-iyul. P. 10. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  204. ^ "Ko'prik marosimida Ruzvelt, Lehman va boshqalarning murojaatlari matnlari". The New York Times. 1936 yil 12-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  205. ^ a b v Caro 1974 yil, 440–443 betlar.
  206. ^ "Olomon paradni hayratda qoldirdi; yangi ko'prikning ochilishini nishonlash uchun mart oyi uchun 125-chi bayrog'li bayrog'". The New York Times. 1936 yil 12-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  207. ^ "Birinchi yakshanba kuni 40 mingta avtoulov Triborough oralig'idan foydalanadi; Favqulodda vaziyatlar yig'ish tizimining trafik oqimi tufayli kechikishlar bundan mustasno". The New York Times. 1936 yil 13-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  208. ^ "Bir soat ichida 1000 ta mashina Triborough vaqtidan foydalanadi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 15-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  209. ^ "Triborough ko'prigidan kuniga 31 ming avtomobil foydalanadi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 12-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  210. ^ "Triborough Bridge po'lat mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi; institut Sharq daryosidagi oraliqda blyashka bog'lab, o'zining go'zalligiga ishora qilmoqda". The New York Times. 1937 yil 30-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  211. ^ "Shahar hokimi politsiyani Musoning feribotini haydashga chaqirmoqda". The New York Times. 1936 yil 23-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  212. ^ "Hokimlar politsiyasi Musoning halokatini Feribot uyidan olib boradi". Daily News. Nyu York. 1936 yil 23-iyul. Pp.3, 18 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  213. ^ "Astoriya feribot liniyasi shanba kuni yopiladi; boshqaruvni ovoz berish va Muso va Krake o'rtasida qator tugaydi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 30-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  214. ^ "Queensboro ko'prigida tirbandlikning pasayishi ko'rsatildi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 28 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  215. ^ a b Bernshteyn, Viktor H. (1936 yil 5-iyul). "Muhandislikning yangi g'alabasi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  216. ^ "Ruzvelt ko'prikni bag'ishlaydi". Post-yulduz. Glens Falls, Nyu-York. 1936 yil 11-iyul. P. 1. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  217. ^ Roberts, Sem (2006 yil 11-iyul). "Ko'prik va uning orqasidagi vizyonerni qayta baholash". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 25 fevral, 2010.
  218. ^ "PWA kreditni yakunladi; Triborough Bridge Authority oxirgi 5000 000 AQSh dollarini oldi". The New York Times. 1937 yil 19-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  219. ^ "Ruzvelt ko'prikni bag'ishlaydi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1937 yil 22-iyul. P. 23. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  220. ^ a b "Triborouda transport tezlashadi; pullik kechikishi sababli mashinalar soatiga 1000 tezlikda yangi ko'prikdan o'tib ketishadi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 14-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  221. ^ "East Drive aloqasi ochildi; janubiy yo'nalishdagi yo'llar bugun 92 dan 122 gacha ko'chalarga tayyor". The New York Times. 1936 yil 31 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  222. ^ "Ko'prikka bog'lanish tasdiqlandi; Triborough Span-ga shahar meri Bronks yondashuviga ruxsat berdi". The New York Times. 1936 yil 20 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 10-noyabr, 2018.
  223. ^ "Triborou ko'prigiga Bronks yondashuvi bo'yicha qurilish ishlari olib borilmoqda". The New York Times. 1938 yil 20-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  224. ^ "Bronks ko'prigi aloqasi Lion tomonidan tezlashtirildi; Triborough Span-ga 5,800,000 dollar yondashuvi adolatli ochilishga tayyor bo'lishi kerak". The New York Times. 1938 yil 5-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  225. ^ "Bronksdagi yangi ko'prik yo'li surildi; Triborough oralig'ida 5 millik sharqiy yondashuv Butunjahon ko'rgazmasiga tayyor bo'lishi kutilmoqda". The New York Times. 1938 yil 30 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  226. ^ "Bronksdagi ko'prik yondashuvi tayyor; Triborou oralig'idagi yo'l rasmiy ravishda shahar hokimi tomonidan ochilgan". The New York Times. 1939 yil 30 aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  227. ^ Ingraham, Jozef C. (1955 yil 4-noyabr). "3 ta magistral yo'nalish ertaga ochiladi; Queens Midtown, Cross-Bronx va Deegan birliklariga qo'shimchalar narxi 127 000 000 AQSh dollarini tashkil qiladi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2018.
  228. ^ "Uortlar oroliga kirish uchun pandus; Triborough ko'prigi loyihasi Astoriya aholisi uchun mashinalar uchun qisqa yo'l beradi". The New York Times. 1937 yil 22-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  229. ^ "525,972 dollarlik to'rning har biriga ikki dollardan 1 dollar". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1938 yil 10-avgust. P. 5. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  230. ^ "2 525,792 dollarlik kostyumda 2 AQSh dollari miqdoridagi hukm chiqaring; Palatalar orolining ko'chmas mulk egalari shahardan Triborough yeriga etkazilgan zararni so'rashdi". The New York Times. 1938 yil 10-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  231. ^ "Yangi Queens oralig'i yarmarka vaqtida ochildi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1939 yil 30 aprel. P. 1. Olingan 25 oktyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  232. ^ "Bronks-Uayteston ko'prigi ochildi". Daily News. Nyu York. 1939 yil 30 aprel. P. 43. Olingan 25 oktyabr, 2018 - Newspapers.com sayti orqali.
  233. ^ "Whitestone Span kuniga 4232 dollar ishlab topadi; 2 oylik operatsiya haqidagi hisobot Triborough trafigiga to'siq bo'lmasligini ko'rsatmoqda". The New York Times. 1939 yil 26-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  234. ^ "Bu erda avtoulovlar 29 foizni me'yorga ko'ra qisqartiradi; Iyul oyidagi pasayish haqida 2 tunnel va 4 port ko'prigi xabar berdi". The New York Times. 1942 yil 4-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  235. ^ "Triborough Bridge" Vakolat beshligining eng yaxshi pul ishlab chiqaruvchisi ". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1940 yil 18-iyul. P. 24. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018 - Bruklin jamoat kutubxonasi orqali; gazetalar.com.
  236. ^ "Devi hokimiyat birlashishini tasdiqlaydi". The New York Times. 1946 yil 24-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2018.
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