Appalaxiya - Appalachia

Appalaxiya
Mintaqa
Yuqoridan chapdan o'ngga: Pitsburg skyline, Yangi daryo darasi ko'prigi, Talabalar shaharchasi G'arbiy Virjiniya universiteti, Tutunli tog'lar, Roanoke, Virjiniya, Shimol tog'lari Gruziya, va ko'rinishidan Appalachi izi
Ostida joylashgan joylar Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi nizom
Koordinatalari: 38 ° 48′N 81 ° 00′W / 38,80 ° N 81,00 ° V / 38.80; -81.00Koordinatalar: 38 ° 48′N 81 ° 00′W / 38,80 ° N 81,00 ° V / 38.80; -81.00
Grafliklar yoki okrug ekvivalentlari	420
Shtatlar	13
Eng katta shahar	Pitsburg
Aholisi  (2010)
• Jami	25 million
Demonim (lar)	Appalachi
Dialekt (lar)	Appalachi ingliz tili

Appalaxiya (/ˌæpəˈleɪtʃə,-leɪʃə,-lætʃə/) a madaniy mintaqa ichida Sharqiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dan cho'zilgan Janubiy daraja ning Nyu-York shtati shimoliy tomonga Alabama va Gruziya.^[1] Da Appalachi tog'lari dan cho'zish Belle oroli yilda Kanada ga Cheaha tog'i Alabamada, Appalachia madaniy mintaqasi odatda oraliqning faqat markaziy va janubiy qismlarini anglatadi. Moviy tizma tog'lari janubi-g'arbiy qismida Virjiniya shtatidan Katta tutunli tog'lar. Dan boshlab 2010 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari aholini ro'yxatga olish, mintaqada taxminan 25 million kishi yashagan.^[2]

19-asrning oxirida o'ziga xos mintaqa sifatida tan olinganidan beri Appalachiya manbai bo'lgan bardoshli afsonalar va buzilishlar aholisining izolyatsiyasi, temperamenti va xulq-atvori to'g'risida. 20-asrning boshlarida yozuvchilar ko'pincha shug'ullanishgan sariq jurnalistika qaratilgan sensatsionistik kabi mintaqa madaniyatining jihatlari oy nurlari va janjal va ko'pincha mintaqa aholisini o'qimagan va impulsiv zo'ravonlik harakatlariga moyil odamlar sifatida tasvirlashadi. 1960-70 yillarda o'tkazilgan sotsiologik tadqiqotlar bularni qayta ko'rib chiqishga va yo'q qilishga yordam berdi stereotiplar.^[3]

Appalachia mo'l-ko'l tabiiy boyliklarga ega bo'lganida, uzoq vaqt davomida kurashgan va u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qashshoqlik. 20-asrning boshlarida keng ko'lamli kirish va ko'mir qazib olish firmalar Appalachia-ga ish haqi to'laydigan ishlarni va zamonaviy xizmatlarni olib kelishdi, ammo 1960 yillarga kelib mintaqa uzoq muddatli imtiyozlardan foydalana olmadi.^[4] ushbu ikki sohadan. 1930-yillardan boshlab, federal hukumat Appalachi mintaqasidagi qashshoqlikni ketma-ketliklar bilan kamaytirishga intildi Yangi bitim kabi tashabbuslar to'g'onlar arzon elektr energiyasini etkazib berish va fermerlik amaliyotini takomillashtirish. 1965 yil 9 martda Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi^[5] mintaqadagi qashshoqlikni yanada kamaytirish uchun, asosan mintaqa iqtisodiyotini diversifikatsiya qilish va mintaqa aholisini sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim imkoniyatlarini yaxshilashga yordam berish orqali yaratilgan. 1990 yilga kelib, Appalachiya asosan iqtisodiy oqimga qo'shildi, ammo aksariyat iqtisodiy ko'rsatkichlar bo'yicha mamlakatning qolgan qismidan orqada qoldi.^[3]

Appalachi mintaqasini aniqlash

Uilyam G. Frost

Appalaxiyada aniq fiziografik yoki topografik chegaralar mavjud emasligi sababli, mintaqa aynan nimani o'z ichiga olishi borasida ba'zi kelishmovchiliklar bo'lgan. Appalachiyaning eng ko'p ishlatiladigan zamonaviy ta'rifi dastlab tomonidan ta'riflangan Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi 1965 yilda va keyingi o'n yilliklarda kengaytirildi.^[3] Hozirda Komissiya tomonidan belgilangan hududga 420 ta okrug va sakkizta viloyat kiradi mustaqil shaharlar barcha shtatlarni o'z ichiga olgan 13 shtatda G'arbiy Virjiniya, 14 ta tuman Nyu York, 52 dyuym Pensilvaniya, 32 dyuym Ogayo shtati, 3 dyuym Merilend, 54 dyuym Kentukki, 25 ta okrug va 8 ta shaharlar yilda Virjiniya,^[6] 29 dyuym Shimoliy Karolina, 52 dyuym Tennessi, 6 dyuym Janubiy Karolina, 37 dyuym Gruziya, 37 dyuym Alabama va 24 dyuym Missisipi.^[1] Komissiya tashkil etilganda, har qanday madaniy parametrlardan ko'ra, iqtisodiy ehtiyojlardan kelib chiqib, okruglar qo'shildi.^[3]

Appalachiyani o'ziga xos madaniy mintaqa sifatida xaritaga kiritishga qaratilgan birinchi katta urinish 1890-yillarda uning sa'y-harakatlari bilan sodir bo'ldi Berea kolleji prezident Uilyam Gudell Frost, uning "Appalachi Amerikasi" tarkibiga 8 shtatning 194 ta okrugi kiritilgan.^[7]:11–14 1921 yilda Jon Kempbell nashr etdi Janubiy tog 'va uning vatani unda u Frost xaritasini 9 shtatning 254 ta okrugini o'z ichiga olgan holda o'zgartirdi. Keyingi o'n yillikda mintaqaning diqqatga sazovor tadqiqotlari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qishloq xo'jaligi vazirligi mintaqani 6 ta shtatdagi 206 ta okrugdan tashkil topgan deb aniqladi. 1984 yilda Karl Rayts va Richard Ulak ARCning ta'rifini kengaytirib, 13 shtatdagi 445 ta okrugni o'z ichiga oldilar, garchi ular Missisipidagi barcha okruglarni olib tashladilar va ikkitasini qo'shdilar. Nyu-Jersi. Tarixchi Jon Aleksandr Uilyams, 2002 yilgi kitobida Appalaxiya: tarixG'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Virjiniya, Tennessi, Shimoliy Karolina va Jorjiya shtatlaridagi 164 ta okrugdan tashkil topgan "asosiy" Appalachi mintaqasi va ARC tomonidan aniqlangan katta mintaqa o'rtasida ajralib turadi.^[3]

In Appalaxiya entsiklopediyasi (2006), Appalachi davlat universiteti tarixchi Xovard Dorgan mintaqaning madaniy chegaralari uchun "Old Appalachia" atamasini taklif qildi va ARC ning pragmatik ta'rifining janubi-g'arbiy va shimoli-sharqiy chekkalarini e'tiborsiz qoldiradigan akademik tendentsiyani qayd etdi.^[8] Shon Trende, katta saylovlar bo'yicha tahlilchi RealClearPolitics, 2012 yilgi kitobida "Buyuk Appalachiya" ga ta'rif bergan Yo'qotilgan ko'pchilik ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga olgan Appalachi tog'lari mintaqa (g'arbiy Virjiniya va Shimoliy Karolina, Pyemont g'arbiy Janubiy Karolina, G'arbiy Virjiniya, janubiy Ogayo, Cumberland platosi yilda sharqiy Kentukki, Sharqiy Tennessi, shimoliy Gruziya, Alabama va Missisipi ) va Janubiy tepalik (janubiy Indiana va Illinoys, Bluegrass, Missisipi platosi, G'arbiy ko'mir koni va Jeksonni sotib olish Kentukki markaziy va g'arbiy mintaqalari, O'rta va G'arbiy Tennessi, Missuri, Ozarklar Arkanzasda, Kichkina Dixi va Oklaxomaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida, Shimoliy va Sharqiy Texas, va Texas tepaliklari ) quyidagi Ulster protestanti ga ko'chish Janubiy va AQShning o'rta g'arbiy qismi 18-19 asrlarda.^[9]

Toponimika va talaffuz

Gutierrezning 1562-yilgi xaritasi "Appalaxiya" nomi variantining birinchi ma'lum bo'lgan kartografik ko'rinishini aks ettiradi.

Shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab ichki qismni o'rganayotganda Florida 1528 yilda a'zolari Narvaez ekspeditsiyasi, shu jumladan Alvar Núnez Cabeza de Vaca, topildi a Tug'ma amerikalik hozirgi zamon yaqinidagi qishloq Tallaxassi, Florida, ularning ismini ular transkripsiyalashgan Apalxen yoki Apalachen (IPA:[apaˈlatʃen]). Tez orada ism ispancha tomonidan o'zgartirildi Apalachee va shimolga yaxshi kirib borgan qabila va mintaqaning nomi sifatida ishlatilgan. Panfilo de Narvaez Ekspeditsiya birinchi bo'lib 1528 yil 15 iyunda Apalachee hududiga kirib, bu nomni qo'llagan. Hozir "Appalachi" deb yozilgan bo'lib, u AQShda saqlanib qolgan to'rtinchi eng qadimgi Evropa nomidir.^[10] Keyin de Soto ekspeditsiyasi 1540 yilda ispan kartograflari qabilalarning nomini tog'larga o'zlari qo'llashni boshladilar. Ning birinchi kartografik ko'rinishi Apalxen yoniq Diego Gutieres 1562 xaritasi; tog 'tizmasi uchun birinchi foydalanish xaritasi Jak le Moyne de Morgues 1565 yilda.^[11] Le Moyne shuningdek, "Apalachen" ni qishloqqa, mahalliy qabilaga yoki Shimoliy Amerikaning janubi-sharqiy mintaqasiga nisbatan tog'li hududga nisbatan tatbiq etgan birinchi Evropadir.^[12]

Bu nom 19-asr oxiriga qadar butun tog 'tizmalari uchun keng qo'llanilmagan. Raqobatdosh va ko'pincha mashhur ism "Allegheny tog'lari "," Alleghenies "va hatto" Alleghania ". XIX asr boshlarida, Vashington Irving AQShning nomini "Appalaxiya" yoki "Alleganiya" deb o'zgartirishni taklif qildi.^[13]

AQShning shimoliy lahjalarida tog'lar talaffuz qilinadi /æpəˈleɪtʃengz/ yoki /æpəˈleɪʃengz/. Appalaxiyaning madaniy viloyati talaffuz qilinadi / æpəˈleɪʃ (i) ə /, shuningdek / æpəˈleɪtʃ (i) ə /, barchasi "lay" kabi uchinchi hece bilan. AQShning janubiy lahjalarida tog'lar /æpəˈlætʃengz/, va Appalachia madaniy viloyati talaffuz qilinadi / ˈÆpəˈlætʃ (i) ə /, ikkalasi ham "mandal" dagi "la" kabi uchinchi hece bilan.^[14][15] Ushbu talaffuz Appalachi tizmasining markaziy va janubiy qismidagi "yadro" mintaqasida ma'qul. Shimoliy lahjalarda so'nggi bo'g'inda "ch" uchun "sh" tovushining vaqti-vaqti bilan ishlatilishi ommalashgan. Appalachi izi tashkilotlari Yangi Angliya 20-asrning boshlarida.^[7]:11–14

Tarix

Dastlabki tarix

Mahalliy amerikalik ovchilar birinchi bo'lib hozirgi Appalaxiyaga 16000 yil oldin kelgan. Eng qadimgi topilgan joy bu Meadowcroft Rockshelter yilda Vashington okrugi, Pensilvaniya ba'zi olimlarning ta'kidlashicha,Klovis madaniyati. Yana bir nechtasi Arxaik davr (Miloddan avvalgi 8000-1000) arxeologik joylar mintaqada aniqlangan, masalan Sent-Albans G'arbiy Virjiniya va Muzxona osti Tennesi shtatidagi sayt. Afrikaliklarning Appalachi tog'larida mavjudligi XVI asrda Evropa mustamlakachilari kelishi bilan boshlangan. Qulga olingan afrikaliklar birinchi bo'lib Amerikaga XVI asrda Janubning tog'li hududlariga Ispaniya ekspeditsiyalari paytida olib kelingan. 1526 yilda qullikdagi afrikaliklarni Shimoliy Karolina g'arbiy qismidagi Pedi daryosi hududiga Ispaniyalik kashfiyotchi Lukas Vaskes de Ayllun olib keldi. Qulga olingan afrikaliklar, shuningdek, 1540 yilda Fernando de Soto va 1566 yilda Xuan Pardoning ekspeditsiyalariga hamrohlik qildilar.^[16]

XVI asrda de Soto va Xuan Pardo ekspeditsiyalar Janubiy Karolina, Shimoliy Karolina, Tennesi va Jorjiya tog'larini o'rganib chiqdi va tarkibiga kirgan murakkab agrar jamiyatlarga duch keldi. Muskogey tilida so'zlashuvchi aholisi. De Soto tog'larning g'arbiy qismidagi mintaqaning ko'p qismi domenning bir qismi ekanligini ko'rsatdi Coosa, a ustunlik shimoliy Gruziyadagi qishloq majmuasi atrofida joylashgan.^[17] 17-asrning oxirida Appalaxiyaga ingliz sayohatchilari kelgan vaqtga kelib, mintaqaning markaziy qismi tomonidan nazorat qilingan Algonquian qabilalar (ya'ni Shouni ) va mintaqaning janubiy qismi Cherokee. The Frantsuz zamonaviy asosda Kvebek zamonaviy Nyu-York shtati va Pensilvaniya shtatining shimoliy hududlariga ham kirib bordi. 18-asrning o'rtalariga kelib frantsuzlar kabi forpostlar mavjud edi Duquesne Fort va Le Boeuf Fort ning kirish nuqtalarini boshqarish Allegheny daryosi vodiy va yuqori Ogayo vodiysi razvedkadan keyin Celeron de Bienville.

Daniel Boone orqali ko'chib yuruvchilar Cumberland Gap (Jorj Kaleb Bingem, tuvalga moy, 1851–52)

Evropaning Appalaxiyaga ko'chishi 18-asrda boshlangan. Pensilvaniya sharqidagi erlar sifatida Virjiniyaning Tidewater mintaqasi va karolina to'ldirilib, muhojirlar g'arbga qarab Appalachi tog'lariga bora boshladi. Erta nisbatan katta ulush orqa mamlakat muhojirlar edi Ulster Shotlandiya - keyinroq "nomi bilan tanilganShotland-irland "- kim arzonroq er va undan ozodlik izlamoqda Quaker rahbarlari, ularning aksariyati shotland-irland "vahshiylari" deb hisoblashgan. Boshqalar kiritilgan Nemislar dan Palatin mintaqa va ingliz ko'chmanchilari Angliya-Shotlandiya chegarasi mamlakat. 1730 yildan 1763 yilgacha immigrantlar kirib kelishdi g'arbiy Pensilvaniya, Shenandoax vodiysi Virjiniya viloyati va g'arbiy Merilend. Tomas Uokerning kashfiyoti Cumberland Gap 1750 yilda va oxirlarida Frantsiya va Hindiston urushi 1763 yilda tog'larga, ya'ni tepaga chuqurroq ko'chib keldi Tennessi sharqida, Shimoliy Karolina shimoli-g'arbiy qismida, Janubiy Karolina shtati va Kentukki markazida joylashgan.

18-asrda qullikdagi afrikaliklar Appalachiyaga trans-Appalachiya Kentukki va yuqori Moviy Ridge vodiysining evropalik ko'chmanchilari tomonidan olib kelingan. 1790 yildagi birinchi aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 3000 dan ortiq qullikdagi afrikaliklar tog'lar orqali Sharqiy Tennesi shtatiga va 12000 dan ortiq kishi Kentukki tog'lariga ko'chirilgan.^[18] 1790-1840 yillarda Cherokee va boshqa tub amerikalik qabilalar bilan tuzilgan bir qator shartnomalar erlarni ochdi shimoliy Gruziya, shimoliy Alabama, Tennessi vodiysi, Cumberland platosi mintaqalar va Katta tutunli tog'lar hozirgi Tennesi-Shimoliy Karolina chegarasi bo'ylab.^[7]:30–44 Ushbu shartnomalarning oxirgisi Cherokee aholisining asosiy qismini olib tashlash bilan yakunlandi (shuningdek) Chokta, Chickasaw va boshqalar) orqali mintaqadan Ko'z yoshlar izi 1831 yildan 1838 yilgacha.

Appalachi chegarasi

In Earnest Fort-house Grin okrugi, Tennesi. 1782 yillarda qurilgan Cherokee-Amerika urushlari, janubda joylashgan Cheki qirg'og'ida Nolichaki daryosi.

Appalachi chegarachilari uzoq vaqtdan beri qo'polligi va o'zini o'zi ta'minlash uchun romantikaga aylanishgan. Appalachi kashshofining odatiy tasviri a kiygan ovchini o'z ichiga oladi quonskin shapkasi va buqa terisidan kiyim va uzun miltiq va elkama-bel bog'lab sport bilan shug'ullanish kukunli shox. Ehtimol, biron bir raqam Appalachi kashshofidan ko'proq ramziy ma'noga ega emas Daniel Buni (1734-1820), a uzoq ovchi va o'lchovchi Kentukki va Tennesi shtatlarining erta joylashuvida muhim ahamiyatga ega. Boone singari, Appalachi kashshoflari asosan "tsivilizatsiya" dan baland tog 'tizmalari bilan ajratilgan hududlarga ko'chib o'tdilar va o'zlarini himoya qilishlari kerak edi. Ushbu dastlabki ko'chmanchilarning aksariyati tub amerikaliklarda yashaganligi sababli, tub amerikalik qabilalarning hujumlari XIX asrga qadar doimiy tahdid bo'lib kelgan.^{[19]:7–13, 19}

18-asrning o'zidayoq Appalaxiya (o'sha paytlarda shunchaki "orqa mamlakat" nomi bilan tanilgan) sharqda boy pasttekislik va qirg'oq qo'shnilaridan ajralib tura boshladi. Chegarachilar ko'pincha pasttekislik va suv oqimi soliqlar ustidan "elita" lar, ba'zan esa kabi qurolli qo'zg'olonlarga qadar Regulyator harakati (1767–1771) Shimoliy Karolinada.^[20]:59–69 1778 yilda, ning balandligida Amerika inqilobi, Pensilvaniya shtatidan, Virjiniya shtatidan va hozirgi Kentukki shtatidan qaytib kelganlar ishtirok etishdi Jorj Rojers Klark "s Illinoys kampaniyasi. Ikki yildan so'ng, deb nomlanuvchi bir qator Appalachi chegarachilari Overmountain Erkaklar Britaniya kuchlarini Kings Mountain jangi inglizlarning qurolsizlantirish haqidagi chaqirig'ini rad etganidan keyin.^[7]:64–68 Urushdan so'ng, Appalachiya mamlakatlari bo'ylab yashovchilar, ayniqsa Monongahela g'arbiy Pensilvaniya viloyati va antebellum shimoliy-g'arbiy Virjiniya (hozirgi G'arbiy Virjiniyaning shimoliy-markaziy qismi) - yangi Amerika hukumati tomonidan viskiga solinadigan soliqni to'lashdan bosh tortdi va shu bilan mashhur bo'lgan narsaga olib keldi. Viskilar isyoni.^[7]:118–19 Natijada Monongahela vodiysidagi qattiq Federal nazorat natijasida ko'plab viski / burbon ishlab chiqaruvchilar Ogayo daryosi orqali Kentukki va Tennesi shtatlariga sanoatning rivojlanishi mumkin bo'lgan joyga ko'chib ketishdi.

19-asr boshlari

19-asrning boshlarida, o'rtasidagi ziddiyat yeoman Appalachiya dehqonlari va ularning pasttekislikdagi hamkasblari o'sishda davom etishdi, ayniqsa ikkinchisi shtatlarning qonun chiqaruvchi organlarida hukmronlik qilgani sababli. Appalachiya aholisi soliqqa tortishning adolatsiz usullari va davlat tomonidan obodonlashtirish uchun mablag 'etishmasligi (xususan, yo'llar uchun) deb hisoblagan narsalardan ozgina his qila boshladilar. Mintaqaning shimoliy yarmida pasttekislik "elitalari" asosan sanoat va biznes manfaatlaridan iborat bo'lgan, mintaqaning janubdagi qismlarida esa Meyson - Dikson chizig'i, pasttekislik elitalari keng ko'lamli er egalaridan iborat edi ekuvchilar.^[20]:59–69 The Whig partiyasi, 1830 yillarda tashkil topgan, norozi Appalachilar tomonidan keng qo'llab-quvvatlandi.

Tog'li okruglar va shtat hukumatlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar ba'zan ajralib chiqish va alohida davlatlar tuzish bilan tahdid qiluvchi tog'li tumanlar darajasiga etgan. 1832 yilda G'arbiy Virjiniya va Sharqiy Virjiniya o'rtasida shtat konstitutsiyasi bo'yicha tortishuvlar ikkala tomonni ham shtatni ikki shtatga ajratishga chaqirdi.^[7]:141 1841 yilda Tennessi shtati senatori (va keyinchalik AQSh prezidenti) Endryu Jonson da qonunchilikni joriy qildi Tennessi Senati Sharqiy Tennesi shtatida alohida davlat yaratishga chaqiradi. Taklif etilgan davlat "nomi bilan tanilgan bo'lar ediFrankland "va unga qo'shilishga Virjiniya, Shimoliy Karolina, Jorjiya va Alabamadagi o'xshash fikrlovchi tog'li tumanlarni taklif qilgan bo'lar edi.^[21]

AQShdagi fuqarolar urushi

ARC ta'rifi doirasida Appalachiyada 1860–1861 yillarda okrugni ajratish bo'yicha ovozlari xaritasi. Virjiniya va Tennesi shtatlari jamoatchilik ovozlarini, boshqa shtatlar esa konvensiyalarga okrug delegatlari tomonidan berilgan ovozni ko'rsatadi.

1860 yilga kelib Viglar partiyasi parchalanib ketdi. Shimoliy Appalaxiyadagi fikrlar pro-ga o'tdi.bekor qiluvchi Respublika partiyasi. Appalachiyaning janubiy qismida abolitsionistlar hali ham radikal ozchilikni tashkil etdilar, biroq bir nechta kichik oppozitsiya partiyalari (ularning aksariyati ikkala tarafdor edi)Ittifoq va qullikni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi) ekuvchilar ko'pchilikka qarshi turish uchun tuzilgan Janubiy demokratlar. Qo'shma Shtatlarning janubidagi shtatlar tomon harakatlanayotganda ajralib chiqish, Janubiy Appalachilarning aksariyati hali ham Ittifoqni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[22] 1861 yilda a Minnesota Gazeta Janubiy Appalaxiyaning 161 ta okrugini aniqladi - bu gazeta "Allegeniya" deb nomlangan - bu erda Ittifoqning qo'llab-quvvatlashi kuchli bo'lib, Konfederatsiyani mag'lub etish uchun hal qiluvchi yordam ko'rsatishi mumkin.^[7]:11–14 Shu bilan birga, ushbu birlashuvchilarning aksariyati, ayniqsa Shimoliy Karolina, Jorjiya va Alabama shtatidagi tog'li hududlarda - ajralib chiqishga qarshi chiqishlari bilan, shuningdek ajralib chiqishni oldini olish uchun zo'ravonlikka qarshi chiqishlari va shu sababli ularning tegishli shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari ajralib chiqish uchun ovoz berganlarida "shartli" ittifoqchilar edi. , ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash Konfederatsiyaga o'tdi.^[7]:160–65 Kentukki ziddiyat boshlanganda betaraf bo'lishga intilib, har ikki tomonga qo'shin etkazib bermaslikni tan oldi. Virjiniya ajralib chiqishga ovoz berganidan so'ng, Virjiniyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismidagi bir necha tog'li tumanlar farmonni rad etdilar va ularning yordami bilan Ittifoq armiyasi 1863 yilda G'arbiy Virjiniya sifatida Ittifoqga qabul qilingan alohida davlatni tashkil etdi. Ammo yangi shtat tarkibiga kirgan okruglarning yarmi, uning hududining uchdan ikki qismidan iborat bo'lib, bo'lginchilar va Konfederatiyani qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[23]

Bu yangi Ittifoqchi davlat hukumati uchun katta qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi Rulda, urush paytida ham, undan keyin ham.^[24] Shunga o'xshash harakat Sharqiy Tennessida sodir bo'lgan, ammo Tennessi gubernatori buyruq berganidan keyin tashabbus muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Konfederatsiya armiyasi Sharqiy Tennessi Ittifoqchilarini shimolga qochishga yoki yashirinishga majbur qilib, mintaqani egallash uchun.^[7]:160–65 Istisnolardan biri bu deb atalgan Scottning erkin va mustaqil shtati.^[25]

Appalachiya markaziy va janubiy qismida katta zo'ravonlik va tartibsizliklarga duch keldi Fuqarolar urushi. Mintaqada ikkita yirik operatsiya teatri bo'lgan bo'lsa, ya'ni Shenandoax vodiysi Virjiniya (va hozirgi G'arbiy Virjiniya) va Chattanuga Tennessi-Jorjiya chegarasi bo'ylab joylashgan hudud - zo'ravonlikning aksariyati sabab bo'lgan bushvakerlar va partizan urushi. Butun urushning eng shimoliy janglari Appalachiyada va Buffington orolidagi jang va Salinevill jangi natijasida hosil bo'lgan Morganning reydi. Ko'p sonli chorva mollari o'ldirilgan (boqish Appalaxiya iqtisodiyotining muhim qismi bo'lgan), ko'plab fermer xo'jaliklari vayron qilingan, talon-taroj qilingan yoki qarovsiz qoldirilgan.^[22] Ham Ittifoq, ham Konfederatsiya armiyasining harakatlari mintaqadagi ko'plab aholini urushdan keyin o'nlab yillar davomida hukumat hokimiyatidan norozi va begonalardan shubhali qoldirdi.^{[20]:109–23 [19]:39–45}

19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlari

Iqtisodiy rivojlanish

G'arbiy Virjiniya shtatidagi shaxta shaxtasiga kirish Lyuis Xayn 1908 yilda

Urushdan keyin Appalachiyaning shimoliy qismlari iqtisodiy o'sishni boshdan kechirgan, mintaqaning janubiy qismlaridagi iqtisodiyoti turg'unlashgan, ayniqsa janubiy demokratlar oxirida o'zlarining davlat qonun chiqaruvchi organlari ustidan nazoratni tiklashgan. Qayta qurish.^[22] Pitsburg shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Noksvill ayniqsa, temir va po'lat ishlab chiqarishda yirik sanoat markazlariga aylandi. 1900 yilga kelib Chattanooga hududi va shimoliy Jorjiya va Alabama shimolida ishlab chiqarish avj olganligi sababli shunga o'xshash o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Atlanta va Birmingem Appalachi mintaqasining chekkasida. 1880-yillar va 20-asr boshlari oralig'idagi temir yo'l qurilishi katta xalqqa Appalachiyaning markaziy qismidagi ulkan ko'mir konlariga kirish imkoniyatini berdi. iqtisodiyot mintaqaning o'sha qismida deyarli ko'mir qazib olish bilan sinonim. Yog'ochga bo'lgan mamlakat miqyosidagi talab osmonga ko'tarilgach, yog'och ishlab chiqaradigan firmalar janubiy Appalachiyaning bokira o'rmonlariga murojaat qilishdi, uzoq yog'och stendlariga erishish uchun arra ishlab chiqarish va temir yo'l novatorliklarini ishlatishdi. The Uch shaharlar Tennessi va Virjiniya shtatlari va Kanavha vodiysi G'arbiy Virjiniya yirik bo'ldi neft-kimyo ishlab chiqarish markazlari.^{[20]:131–141}

Stereotiplar

19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida turli mintaqaviy stereotiplar rivojlandi. Prezidentning urinishlari Rezerford B. Xeyz 1870 yillarning oxirlarida viski solig'ini qo'llash Appalachian o'rtasidagi zo'ravonlik portlashiga olib keldi "samolyotlar "orqali davom etgan federal" daromad oluvchilar " Taqiq 20-asrning 20-yillarida.^{[7]:187–193} Fuqarolar urushi davrida hokimiyat va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarining buzilishi klanlararo nizolarning kuchayishiga yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin, bu 1880-yillarga kelib Kentukki shtatining Kambellend mintaqasining aksariyat qismida va shu bilan birga muammo bo'lib kelgani xabar qilingan. Karter okrugi Tennessida, Kerol okrugi Virjiniyada va Mingo va Logan G'arbiy Virjiniya shtatlari.^{[20]:109–23 [7]:187–93} Kabi bu davrdan mintaqaviy yozuvchilar Meri Nayl Murfri va Horace Kephart tog 'madaniyatining bunday shov-shuvli jihatlariga e'tibor qaratishni yaxshi ko'rar edi, mintaqadan tashqaridagi o'quvchilar ularni haqiqatdan ko'ra ko'proq tarqalgan deb hisoblashlariga olib keldi. 1899 yilgi maqolada Atlantika, Berea kolleji Prezident Uilyam G. Frost Appalachiya aholisini "zodagon tog'liklar" deb qayta aniqlashga urindi - bu xalqning kashshoflik davri yodgorliklari bo'lib, ularni izolyatsiya qilish ularga zamonaviy zamon ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.^{[20]:109–23}

Bugungi kunda Appalachiya aholisi ko'plab amerikaliklar tomonidan o'qimagan va o'qimagan odamlar sifatida qaralmoqda, natijada madaniyatga asoslangan stereotip va kamsitish ko'p sohalarda, shu jumladan ish bilan ta'minlash va uy-joy bilan ta'minlash. Bunday kamsitish, ba'zilarni hukmron federal va shtat tuzatishlarini talab qilishga undadi inson huquqlari qonunlar.^[26]

Adovatlar

Appalaxiya va ayniqsa Kentukki zo'ravonligi bilan milliy miqyosda tanilgan janjallar, ayniqsa, uzoq tog'li tumanlarda. Ular odamlarni o'nlab yillar davomida bir-biriga qarshi urishtirishgan, ko'pincha qotillik va o't qo'yishni qurol sifatida ishlatishgan. pistirmalar, otishma va oldindan kelishilgan otishmalar. Sharmandali Xetfild-Makkoy janjallari 19-asrning ushbu oilaviy janjallari orasida eng taniqli bo'lgan. Ba'zi janjallar mahalliy fuqarolar urushi zo'ravonlik epizodlarining davomi edi.^[27] Jurnalistlar tez-tez zo'ravonlik haqida "shahar xalqi" Appalachiya haqida shakllangan stereotiplardan foydalangan holda yozishgan; ular janjallarni chuqur johillik, qashshoqlik va yakkalanishning tabiiy mahsuli deb talqin qilishgan va ehtimol hatto qarindoshlik. Aslida, etakchi ishtirokchilar odatda mahalliy siyosiy hokimiyat uchun kurash olib boradigan mijozlar tarmog'iga ega bo'lgan badavlat mahalliy elita edi.^[28]

Zamonaviy Appalaxia

Kundalik firmalarning Appalachilar o'rmonlarini tezda yo'q qilishlari orasida harakatni qo'zg'atdi tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha mutaxassislar qolgan narsalarni saqlab qolish va erning "davolanishiga" imkon berish. 1911 yilda Kongress o'tdi Haftalar to'g'risidagi qonun, yaratish uchun federal hukumatga vakolat berish milliy o'rmonlar Missisipi daryosining sharqida va yog'ochni tayyorlashni nazorat qilish. Mintaqaviy yozuvchilar va biznes manfaatlari Qo'shma Shtatlarning sharqida o'xshash milliy bog'larni yaratish harakatiga olib keldi Yosemit va Yellowstone g'arbda, yaratilish bilan yakunlanadi Katta tutunli tog'lar milliy bog'i Tennessi va Shimoliy Karolinada, Shenandoah milliy bog'i Virjiniyada, Cumberland Gap milliy tarixiy bog'i Kentukki, Virjiniya va Tennesi shtatlarida va Blue Ridge Parkway (ikkalasini bog'lovchi) 1930-yillarda.^{[20]:200–210} Xuddi shu davrda Yangi Angliya o'rmonchisi Benton MakKay 2,175 mil (3,500 km) ni qurish harakatiga rahbarlik qildi Appalachi izi, Gruziyadan tortib to cho'zilgan Meyn.

1950 yillarga kelib, dehqonchilikning yomon texnikasi va ishsiz qolish mexanizatsiya tog'-kon sanoatida Appalachiyaning markaziy va janubiy qismining ko'p qismi qashshoqlikka uchragan edi. Ishlarning etishmasligi, shuningdek, keng tarqalgan qiyinchiliklarga olib keldi migratsiya. 1930-yillardan boshlab, kabi federal idoralar Tennessi vodiysi boshqarmasi Appalachi mintaqasiga sarmoya kiritishni boshladi.^[7]:310–12 Sotsiologlar Jeyms Braun va Kratis Uilyams kabi mualliflar Garri Koll va Maykl Xarrington 1960 yillarda mintaqaning og'ir ahvoliga e'tibor qaratdi va Kongressni yaratishga undadi Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi 1965 yilda. Komissiyaning sa'y-harakatlari migratsiya oqimini to'xtatish va mintaqa iqtisodiyotini diversifikatsiya qilishga yordam berdi.^{[20]:200–210} Komissiya tashkil etilgandan beri mintaqaning iqtisodiy sharoitida keskin yaxshilanishlar bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, ARC 2020 yilda ham 80 ta okrugni "qiynalgan" davlatlar ro'yxatiga kiritdi, ularning deyarli yarmi (38) Kentukki shahrida.^[29]

O'sib bormoqda IT mintaqaning ko'p qismlarida tarmoqlar.^[30][31] Sammit, eng tezkor superkompyuter dunyoda 2019 yilga kelib, hozirda joylashgan Oak Ridge milliy laboratoriyasi yaqin Noksvill, Tennesi.^[32]

1964 yildan beri siyosiy tarix

Shon Trende, katta saylovlar bo'yicha tahlilchi RealClearPolitics, siyosatshunoslar tomonidan qayta tuzilishi haqida bayon qilingan odatiy rivoyat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uchun Respublika partiyasi imzosi bilan boshlanadi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y Prezident tomonidan Lindon Jonson va Trende jurnalistning so'zlarini keltiradi Stiv Kornacki bunga faqat turtki bo'lgan degan fikrni ifoda etgan holda irqiy munosabat bu davlatlarning populyatsiyasida va a tarafdori bo'lgan siyosatshunoslar siyosiy qayta qurish nazariya ko'pincha bu fikrni ham ifoda etadi. Ijtimoiy psixolog Jonathan Haidt shuningdek, 1964 yilni janubni qayta qurish uchun boshlang'ich nuqta sifatida ta'kidlaydi.^[33] Trendening ta'kidlashicha, ushbu rivoyatlar juda noto'g'ri.^[34]

Darhaqiqat, 77 a'zodan AQShning 84-kongressi 1956 yilni imzolamaganlar Janubiy Manifest 17 dan sobiq Konfederatsiya va chegara davlatlari qayerda davlat maktablarini irqiy ajratish 1954 yilgacha qonuniy talab qilingan Brown va Ta'lim kengashi Oliy sud ishi, 65 ta imzolamagan shaxslar "Buyuk Appalachiya" mintaqasi tarkibiga kirgan (AQSh)G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri, Oklaxoma va Texas ).^[35] Xuddi shunday, janubiy 42 ovozdan 31 tasi "lehga" ovoz berdi 1957 yildagi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun,^[36][37] "Janubiy" 58 ta ovozdan 46 tasi "uchun" foydasiga 1960 yilgi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun,^[38][39] "Janubiy" ning 41 ovozidan 29 tasi "uchun" foydasiga Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y,^[40][41] "Janubiy" ning 70 ta ovozidan 48 tasi "foydasiga" 1965 yil ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun,^[42][43] Tasdiqlash uchun 15 ta janubiy ovozdan 11 tasi Thurgood Marshall uchun AQSh Oliy sudi,^[44] va 65 janubiy ovozining 46 tasi "lehga" 1968 yilgi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun AQSh senatorlari va AQSh palatasi vakillari Trendening "Buyuk Appalaxiya" dan shtatlarni vakili.^[45][46][47]

Bundan tashqari, Trende ta'kidlashicha Appalachi tog'lari XIX asrda Janubiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tarkibidagi mintaqa Respublikachilar partiyasiga moyil edi, chunki bu Janubiy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tarkibidagi mintaqa edi. Unionist kayfiyat eng kuchli edi.^[48] In 1964 yil prezident saylovi, Trende Lindon Jonson g'alaba qozonmaganligini ta'kidlamoqda Yangi bitim koalitsiyasi chunki farqli o'laroq Franklin Ruzvelt yilda 1932 va 1936, Jonson Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining milliy o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlari orqasida yugurib, Tog'li shtatlar, va Buyuk tekisliklar, ortiqcha ishlash paytida Yangi Angliya. Trende "Yangi bitim" koalitsiyasining zenitini namoyish etish o'rniga, Lindon Jonsonning 1964 yildagi saylovdagi g'alabasi o'rniga kelajagi uchun xabarchi bo'lib xizmat qilganini ta'kidlamoqda. Demokratik partiya Buyuk Appalachiyaning doimiy qo'llab-quvvatlashini o'z ichiga olgan saylovchilar koalitsiyasi.^[49] 1962 yildan 1988 yilgacha umuman AQShning janubiy shtatlaridagi Kongressning ovoz berishidagi respublikachilar ulushi hech qachon 31,5 foizdan (1964) tushmagan, ammo hech qachon 43,2 foizdan oshmagan (1988) va 1988 yildagina janubiy aholining aksariyati o'zini o'zi respublikachilar deb belgilangan.^[50]

In 1976 yil prezident saylovi, Jimmi Karter yutuq G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri, Arkanzas va Texas va 1992 va 1996 yilgi prezident saylovlari, Bill Klinton Texas shtatidan tashqari, xuddi shu shtatlarning barchasida ikki marotaba g'olib chiqdi va 1996 yilda Klinton AQShning janubiy qismidagi ommaviy ovoz berishda umuman foizning o'ndan bir qismiga g'alaba qozondi (faqat ikkinchi marotaba demokrat janubdagi xalq ovozini qo'lga kiritdi) 1964 yildan beri).^[51][52] Qachon Respublikachilar 40 yil ichida birinchi marta Kongressning har ikkala palatasi ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritdilar quyidagilarga rioya qilish 1994 yil oraliq muddatlari, Ularning 8 yutug'i Buyuk Appalachiyada, 9 tasi esa Chuqur janub. 1992-1994 yillarda janubiy oqlar orasida respublika yordami 52 foizdan 65 foizgacha yaxshilandi va beshta Janubiy demokratlar uyda (Natan Dili ning Gruziya, Jimmi Xeyz va Billi Tauzin ning Luiziana, Maykl Parker ning Missisipi va Greg Laughlin Texas shtatidan) partiyalarni almashtirishdi.^[53] Ning bir qismi sifatida Respublikachilar senatda ko'pchilik ovozni qo'lga kiritmoqdalar, Respublikachilar o'rinlarni egallashdi Ogayo shtati, Oklaxoma va Tennessi bilan Mayk DeWine, Jim Inxof va Bill Frist mos ravishda, bilan Fred Tompson yutish a Tennesi shtatidagi Senatga maxsus saylov va Richard Shelbi ning Alabama tomonlarni almashtirish.

In 2000 yilgi prezident saylovi, Jorj V.Bush Buyuk Appalachiyada 42 foiz ovoz oldi va 2004 yilgi prezident saylovi, u 51 foizni qo'lga kiritdi. Trendening ta'kidlashicha, na Al Gor na Jon Kerri G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri yoki Arkanzasda g'olib bo'ldi.^[54] 1952 yildan 1988 yilgacha bo'lgan har bir saylovda Demokratni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va Bill Klinton qatnashgan 99 foiz okruglardan,^[55] Gore atigi 61 foizni, Kerri esa atigi 56 foizni olib yurgan. Trend, "Sodda qilib aytganda: Agar Kerri yoki Gore Buyuk Appalachiyada Klintonning kuchini saqlab tura olganlarida, ular prezidentlik lavozimini qo'lga kiritishgan bo'lar edi" degan xulosaga keladi.^[54] Shunga qaramay, Trendening ta'kidlashicha, demokratlar Appalachiyada yaxshi natijalarga erishgan 2006 yil oraliq muddatlari 1990-yilgi Klinton saylovchilar koalitsiyasining qo'llab-quvvatlashini tiklash orqali va u erda demokratlarning muvaffaqiyati ularning rolini o'ynadi Senatda ko'pchilik ovozni olish, g'alabalar bilan Missuri, Ogayo shtati va Virjiniya bilan Kler Makkaskill, Sherrod Braun va Jim Uebb navbati bilan.^[56] The Indiana Ikki o'ringa ega bo'lgan demokratlar tomonidan Vakillar Palatasi delegatsiyasi ko'pchilik respublikachilardan Demokratlar partiyasiga o'tdi Janubiy Indiana va demokratlar o'rinlarni egallashdi g'arbiy Shimoliy Karolina, janubiy Ogayo va Bluegrass mintaqasi ning Kentukki shtati.

In 2008 yilgi Demokratik prezidentlik saylovlari, a nizo o'rtasida paydo bo'lgan Barak Obama va Hillari Klinton Saylovchilar koalitsiyalari, Obamaning qo'llab-quvvatlashi faqatgina ilg'or, ozchiliklar va yuqori darajadagi shahar atrofi Saylovchilar esa Hillari Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan ko'k rangli ishchilar va qishloq Appalachi oqlar. Obamaning nomzodini 2008 yil 6 mayga qadar qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng ham, G'arbiy Virjiniya va Kentukki shtatlaridagi Buyuk Appalaxiya shtatlari keyingi haftalarda Hillari Klinton tomonidan g'olib bo'ldi. ko'chkilar.^[57] Hillari Klinton 2008 yilgi Demokratlar partiyasidagi prezidentlik saylovlarida Missuridan tashqari Buyuk Appalaxiya shtatlarining barchasida g'olib chiqqan. Trendning ta'kidlashicha, Obamaning ushbu mintaqadagi demokratlar orasida zaifligi, orasida zaiflikni yuzaga keltirishi mumkin mustaqillar mintaqada ular xuddi shunday demografik profilni baham ko'rishgan va partiyalarga sodiqlikdan mahrum bo'lganlar.^[58] 1952 yildan 1988 yilgacha bo'lgan har bir saylovda Demokratni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va Bill Klinton qatnashgan 99 foiz okruglardan Obama faqatgina 39 foizini egallagan.^[59] Gor va Kerri singari Obama ham ko'tarmasdi G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri, yoki Arkanzas.^[60]

Trendening ta'kidlashicha, mavjud bo'lgan darajada siyosiy qayta qurish yilda 2008 Demokratik partiyaga nisbatan Buyuk Appalachiyaning harakatining yo'qligi edi va bu okruglar bir necha million ovoz bergani sababli, ular Obamaning etti ochkolik g'alabasi va ikki xonali Obamaning g'alabasi o'rtasidagi farqni yaratgan bo'lishlari mumkin edi.^[61] Trend xulosasiga ko'ra, Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzodlar ko'paygan sari shahar, Ko'proq Shimoliy va boshqalar progressiv 2000-yillarda demokratlarning Buyuk Appalaxiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi zaiflashdi.^[58] Tomonidan 2010 yil oraliq nazorat, Demokratik partiya uchun eng katta yo'qotishlar Buyuk Appalachiyada milliy to'lqinning bir qismi sifatida sodir bo'ldi AQSh Vakillar palatasining respublika partiyasi nazorati va oltita qo'shimcha AQSh senatining o'rni (shu jumladan Jon Boozman yilda Arkanzas, Mark Kirk yilda Illinoys va Dan Coats yilda Indiana ).^[62] The Arkanzas, Illinoys, Indiana, Ogayo shtati, Tennessi va G'arbiy Virjiniya Vakillar hay'atlari ko'pchilik demokratlardan ko'pchilik respublikachilarga o'tishdi.

In 2012 yilgi prezident saylovi, Obama yutqazdi G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri va Arkanzas yana Arkanzas shtatidagi delegatsiyalar va Oklaxoma faqat respublikachilarga aylandi va a ga qaramay Uydagi o'rindiqlar bo'yicha milliy yo'qotish, Respublikachilar o'rinlarni egallashdi g'arbiy Shimoliy Karolina, shimoliy Gruziya, Kentukki shtati va Sharqiy Texas. In 2014 yil oraliq nazorat, G'arbiy Virjiniya uyi delegatsiyasi faqat respublikachilikka aylandi va uning bir qismi sifatida Respublikachilar senatda ko'pchilik ovozni qo'lga kiritmoqdalar, Respublikachilar senatdagi o'rinlarni qo'lga kiritdilar Arkanzas va G'arbiy Virjiniya bilan Tom Paxta va Shelley Mur Capito navbati bilan. Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri, Arkanzas va Texasda g'olib bo'lishiga qaramay 2016 yilgi Demokratik prezidentlik saylovlari, Hillari Klinton 2016 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda Buyuk Appalaxiya shtatlarining barchasini yutqazdi Donald Tramp G'arbiy Virjiniya, Kentukki, Tennessi, Missuri va Arkanzasda g'olib bo'lgan 2016 yil respublikachilar prezidentlik saylovlari. In 2018 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatiga saylov, Respublikachilar senatdagi o'ringa ega bo'lishdi Missuri va Indiana bilan Josh Xolli va Mayk Braun navbati bilan.

Shaharlar

Ushbu bo'lim o'z ichiga olishi mumkin beparvo, haddan tashqari, yoki ahamiyatsiz misollar. Iltimos maqolani yaxshilang ko'proq tavsiflovchi matn qo'shish va olib tashlash orqali kamroq o'rinli misollar. Vikipediyani ko'ring yaxshiroq maqolalar yozish uchun qo'llanma keyingi takliflar uchun. (Noyabr 2020)

Appalaxiya ichidagi taniqli shaharlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Oltona, Pensilvaniya
• Esheville, Shimoliy Karolina
• Bingemton, Nyu-York
• Birmingem, Alabama
• Boone, Shimoliy Karolina
• Bristol, Tennessi
• G'arbiy Virjiniya shtatidagi Charlston
• Chattanooga, Tennessi
• Klivlend, Tennesi
• Eri, Pensilvaniya
• Grinvill, Janubiy Karolina
• Xendersonvill, Shimoliy Karolina
• Xantington, G'arbiy Virjiniya
• Xantsvill, Alabama
• Jonson Siti, Tennesi
• Johnstown, Pensilvaniya
• Noksvill, Tennesi
• Midlsboro, Kentukki
• Morgantown, G'arbiy Virjiniya
• Pikevil, Kentukki
• Pitsburg, Pensilvaniya
• Roanoke, Virjiniya
• Skranton, Pensilvaniya
• Shtat kolleji, Pensilvaniya
• Wheeling, G'arbiy Virjiniya
• Rim, Gruziya
• Ashland, Kentukki

Madaniyat

Etnik guruhlar

Taxminan 90%^[63] Appalachiyaning eng qadimgi evropalik ko'chmanchilari Angliya-Shotlandiya chegara mamlakati - ya'ni Ingliz grafliklari ning Cumberland, Vestmorlend, Northumberland, Durham okrugi, Lankashir va Yorkshir va pasttekislik Shotlandiya grafliklari ning Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, Roksburgshir, Bervikshir va Uigtaunshir. Ularning aksariyati ko'chib kelgan oilalardan edi Ulster plantatsiyasi 17-asrda Shimoliy Irlandiyada,^[64][65] ammo ba'zilari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Angliya-Shotlandiya chegara mintaqasidan kelgan.^[66] Amerikada bu odamlar ko'pincha bitta nom ostida birlashadilar "Shotland-irland "yoki" Shotlandiya-Irlandiya ". 20-asrning turli yozuvchilari Appalachiyani sherik qilishga urinishgan Shotland tog'lari, Highland Shotland mintaqaning dastlabki Evropa muhojirlarining nisbatan ahamiyatsiz foizini tashkil etdi.^[66]

Shvedlar va finlar Appalachi ko'chmanchilarining ozgina qismini tashkil qilgan bo'lishiga qaramay, bu shved va fin ko'chmanchilari edi. Yangi Shvetsiya kabi shimoliy Evropa o'rmonsozlik mahoratini keltirgan log kabinet orqa daraxtlarning asosini tashkil etgan qurilish Appalachi moddiy madaniyati.^[67]

Nemislar asosan g'arbiy Pensilvaniyada va Appalachiyaga ko'chib o'tishning asosiy kashshof guruhi edi janubi-g'arbiy Virjiniya. Nemislarning oz sonli qismi ham janubiy tog'larga ko'chib kelganlarning dastlabki to'lqinlari orasida edi.^[7]:30–44 19-asrda, Uelslik muhojirlar mintaqaga kon-metallurgiya tajribasi uchun olib kelingan va 1900 yilga kelib 100000 dan ortiq Uelscha muhojirlar yolg'iz G'arbiy Pensilvaniyada yashagan.^[68] Minglab Nemis tilida so'zlashadigan shveytsariyaliklar XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida Appalaxiyaga ko'chib o'tgan va ularning avlodlari kabi joylarda qolmoqdalar Bernstadt, Kentukki va Gruetli-Laager, Tennesi.^[69] 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida ko'mir qazib olish va ishlab chiqarish portlashi ko'plab sonlarni keltirdi Italiyaliklar va Sharqiy evropaliklar Appalachia-ga, garchi ushbu oilalarning aksariyati mintaqani tark etishganida Katta depressiya 1930-yillarda iqtisodiyotni barbod qildi. Afroamerikaliklar mintaqada XVIII asrdan beri mavjud bo'lib, hozirgi kunda ARC tomonidan belgilangan hududning 8 foizini tashkil qiladi, asosan shahar va sobiq konchilar va ishlab chiqaruvchi shaharlarda joylashgan;^[70] Appalachiyaning afro-amerikalik tarkibiy qismi ba'zan nomlanadi Afrilaxiya.^[71]

Mahalliy amerikaliklar, mintaqaning asl aholisi, hozirgi paytda mintaqa aholisining atigi ozgina foizini tashkil etadi, ularning eng diqqatga sazovor joylari bu erlarni bron qilishdir. Cherokee hindularining Sharqiy guruhi Shimoliy Karolinada. The Melunjunlar, aralash afrika, evropa va tub amerikalik ajdodlar guruhi shimoliy-sharqiy Tennessi, Kentukki sharqi va Virjiniyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismida tarqalgan.^[72]

Din

Suvga cho'mish yilda Morehead, Kentukki, tomonidan suratga olingan Marion Post Vulkott 1940 yilda

Nasroniylik qadimdan Appalaxiyada asosiy din bo'lib kelgan. Appalachiyadagi din mustaqillik hissi va diniylarga ishonmaslik bilan ajralib turadi ierarxiya, ikkalasi ham evangelistik ko'pchilik "ta'sirida bo'lgan mintaqa kashshoflarining tendentsiyalari"Yangi nur "Angliyadagi harakat. Evropadan olib kelingan ko'plab konfessiyalar davomida modifikatsiyaga yoki fraktsiyaga uchragan Ikkinchi Buyuk Uyg'onish (ayniqsa muqaddaslik harakati ) 19-asrning boshlarida. 18 va 19-asrlarning bir qator diniy an'analari hanuzgacha Appalaxiyaning ba'zi joylarida, shu jumladan tabiiy suvda (yoki "soy") amal qiladi. suvga cho'mish, ritmik tarzda targ'ib qilingan va'z, jamoat qichqirig'i, ilon bilan ishlash va oyoq yuvish. Appalaxiyadagi cherkovga boruvchilarning aksariyati mintaqaviy yoki milliy idoralar bilan bog'langan juda yaxshi tashkil etilgan cherkovlarda qatnashsa-da, kichik tog'li qishloqlar tog'li qishloqlarda kamdan-kam uchraydi.^[73][74]

Protestantizm Appalachiyada eng dominant mazhab hisoblanadi, garchi bu erda ahamiyatli bo'lsa Rim katolik mintaqaning shimoliy yarmida va Pitsburg va Skranton kabi shaharlarda mavjudlik. Mintaqaning dastlabki pasttekislik va Ulster Shotlandiyalik muhojirlari olib kelishdi Presviterianizm Appalachia-ga, oxir-oqibat Cumberland Presviterian cherkovi.^[75] Ingliz tili Baptistlar - ularning aksariyati Suvga cho'mdiruvchi alohida va Doimiy suvga cho'mdiruvchi harakatlar - Appalachi chegarasida ham keng tarqalgan bo'lib, bugungi kunda mintaqada. kabi guruhlar tomonidan namoyish etilgan Bepul irodali baptistlar, Janubiy baptistlar, Missioner baptistlar kabi "eski davr" guruhlari Birlashgan Baptistlar va Ibtidoiy baptistlar.^[74] O'chirish chavandozlari kabi Frensis Asberi tarqalishiga yordam berdi Metodizm 19-asrning boshlarida Appalachiyaga, hozirgi kunda esa 9,2% viloyat aholisi metodist bo'lib, ular Birlashgan metodistlar cherkovi, Bepul metodistlar cherkovi, va Afrika metodistlari episkopal Sion cherkovi.^[76] Elliginchi kun mintaqadagi harakatlarga quyidagilar kiradi Xudoning cherkovi (asoslangan Klivlend, Tennesi ) va Xudoning majlislari.^[77] Tarqalgan Mennonit butun mintaqada koloniyalar mavjud.^[78]

Dialekt

Appalachi shevasi - bu shevadir Midlend amerikalik inglizcha Janubiy Midlend lahjasi sifatida tanilgan va asosan Markaziy va janubiy Appalachiyada gaplashadi. Shimoliy Midland lahjasi mintaqaning shimoliy qismlarida gaplashadi, ammo Pitsburg ingliz tili (ko'proq "Pittsburghese" nomi bilan mashhur) Appalachi lahjasi kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatadi.^[79] Janubiy Appalachi shevasi Janubiy Amerika lahjasi,^[80][81] garchi ikkalasi rotik Appalachi shevasining tabiati. 20-asrning boshlarida yozuvchilar Appalachi lahjasini qadimgi dunyo Shotlandiya yoki Elizabetan lahjalarida saqlanib qolgan qoldiq deb hisoblashgan. Ammo yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, shevaning Shotlandiya ta'siri boshqa Amerika lahjalariga qaraganda kuchliroq bo'lsa-da, uning ajralib turadigan xususiyatlarining aksariyati Qo'shma Shtatlarda rivojlangan.^[82]

Ta'lim

Mintaqa tarixining aksariyat qismida Appalachiyada ta'lim boshqa davlatlardan orqada qolmoqda, chunki qisman tegishli davlat hukumatlari va agrar yo'naltirilgan aholining mablag'lari bilan kurash tufayli, rasmiy ta'limga amaliy ehtiyoj sezmagan. Early education in the region evolved from teaching Christian morality and learning to read the Injil into small, bir xonali maktab uylari that convened in months when children were not needed to help with farm work. After the Civil War, mandatory education laws and state assistance helped larger communities begin to establish graded schools and high schools. During the same period, many of the region's institutions of higher education were established or greatly expanded.^[83] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, service organizations such as Pi Beta Phi and various religious organizations established aholi punktlari maktablari and mission schools in the region's more rural areas.^[84]

In the 20th century, national trends began to have more of an effect on education in Appalachia, sometimes clashing with the region's traditional values. The Miqyosi bo'yicha sinov —the nation's most publicized debate over the teaching of the theory of evolyutsiya —took place in Dayton, Tennessi, in southern Appalachia in 1925. In spite of consolidation and centralization, schools in Appalachia struggled to keep up with federal and state demands into the 21st century. Since 2001, a number of the region's public schools were threatened with loss of funding due to difficulties fulfilling the demands of Orqada bola qolmaydi.^[83]

Musiqa

Appalachian music is one of the best-known manifestations of Appalachian culture. Traditional Appalachian music is derived primarily from the English and Scottish ballada tradition and Irish and Scottish skripka musiqa. Afroamerikalik ko'k musicians played a significant role in developing the instrumental aspects of Appalachian music, most notably with the introduction of the five-stringed banjo —one of the region's iconic symbols—in the late 18th century. Another instrument known in Appalachian culture was the Appalachian dulcimer which, in a practical way, is a guitar-shaped instrument laid on its side with a flat bottom and the strings plucked in a manner to make alternating notes.

In the years following World War I, British folklorist Sesil Sharp brought attention to Southern Appalachia when he noted that its inhabitants still sang hundreds of English and Scottish ballads that had been passed down to them from their ancestors. Commercial recordings of Appalachian musicians in the 1920s would have a significant impact on the development of kantri musiqasi, bluegrass va old-time music. Appalachian music saw a resurgence in popularity during the Amerika xalq musiqasining tiklanishi of the 1960s, when musicologists such as Mayk Siger, Jon Koen va Ralf Rinzler traveled to remote parts of the region in search of musicians unaffected by modern music. Today, dozens of annual music festivals held throughout the region preserve the Appalachian music tradition.^[85]

Adabiyot

Sobiq sayti Proktor, Shimoliy Karolina, setting of Kephart's kitob, Bizning janubiy tog'liklar

Early Appalachian literature typically centered on the observations of people from outside the region, such as Genri Timberleyk "s Xotiralar (1765) and Tomas Jefferson "s Virjiniya shtati haqida eslatmalar (1784), although there are notable exceptions, including Devi Kroket "s A Narrative of the Life of Davy Crockett (1834). Travellers' accounts published in 19th-century magazines gave rise to Appalachian mahalliy rang, which reached its height with Jorj Vashington Xarris 's Sut Lovingood character of the 1860s and native novelists such as Meri Nayl Murfri. Kabi asarlar Rebekka Harding Devis "s Temir tegirmonlarida hayot (1861), Emma Bell Miles ' The Spirit of the Mountains (1905), Catherine Marshall's Christy (1912), Horace Kephart "s Bizning janubiy tog'liklar (1913) marked a shift in the region's literature from local color to realism. The transition from an agrarian society to an industrial society and its effects on Appalachia are captured in works such as Zaytun Tilford Dargan "s Call Home to the Heart (1932), Agnes Sligh Ternbull "s The Rolling Years (1936), Jeyms Hali ham "s The River of Earth (1940), Harriette Simpson Arnow "s Qo'g'irchoqsoz (1954) va Harry Caudill "s Kecha Kamberlendga keladi (1962). In the 1970s and 1980s, the rise of authors like Breece D'J Pancake, Dorothy Allison va Liza Alther brought greater literary diversity to the region.^[86]

Along with the above-mentioned, some of Appalachia's best known writers include Jeyms Eji (Oilada o'lim ), Anne W. Armstrong (This Day and Time), Vendell Berri (Hannah Coulter, The Unforeseen Wilderness: An Essay on Kentucky's Red River Gorge, Selected Poems of Wendell Berry), Jessi Styuart (Taps for Private Tussie, The Thread That Runs So True), Denis Giardina (Tinch bo'lmagan Yer, Dovul osmon), Li Smit (Adolatli va yumshoq ayollar, Agat tepaligida), Silas uyi (Gilning ko‘rpasi, Barglarning pergamenti), Wilma Dykeman (The Far Family, The Tall Woman), Keyt Maillard (Aleks Janubga haydab, Ayollar kompaniyasida nur, Xavfli zonalar, Gloriya, Yugurish, Morgantown, Lyndon Jonson va Majorettes, Yaxshi ko'rinish) Moris Manning (Bukolik, A Companion for Owls), Anne Shelby (Appalachian Studies, We Keep a Store), Jorj Ella Lion (Qarz olgan bolalar, Esingizdami?), Pamela Dunkan (Moon Women, The Big Beautiful), Devid Joy ("Where All Light Tends to Go", "The Weight of This World"), Kris Offutt (Qahramonlar yo'q, Yaxshi birodar), Charlz Frazier (Sovuq tog ', Thirteen Moons), Sharin Makkrumb (Asmoqchining chiroyli qizi), Robert Morgan (Gap Creek), Jim Ueyn Miller (The Brier Poems), Gurney Norman (Ilohiy huquqning safari, Kinfolks), Ron Rash (Serena), Elizabeth Madox Roberts ("The Great Meadow, "The Time of Man"), Tomas Vulf (Homeward Angelga qarang, Siz yana uyga borolmaysiz), Reychel Karson (Bizning atrofimizdagi dengiz, Silent bahor; Prezidentning Ozodlik medali ) va Janet devorlari (Shisha qal'a ).

Appalachian literature crosses with the larger genre of Janubiy adabiyot. Internationally renowned writers such as Uilyam Folkner va Kormak Makkarti have made notable contributions to the American canon with tales set within Appalachia. McCarthy's Suttree (1979) is an intense vision of the squalidness and brutality of life along the Tennessi daryosi, in the heart of Appalachia. Other McCarthy novels set in Appalachia include Meva bog'chasi (1968) va Xudoning farzandi (1973). Appalachia also serves as the origin point for the kid, the protagonist of McCarthy's Western masterpiece Qon Meridiani. Faulkner's hometown of Oksford, Missisipi, is on the borderlands of what is considered Appalachia, but his fictional Yoknapatavfa should be considered part of the region.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Almost all of the fiction which earned him the Nobel Prize is set there, including Avgust oyida yorug'lik va Absalom, Absalom.

Folklor

Statue of legendary railroad worker Jon Genri yilda Talkott, G'arbiy Virjiniya

Appalachian folklore has a strong mixture of European, Native American (especially Cherokee ), and Biblical influences. The Cherokee taught the region's early European pioneers how to plant and cultivate crops such as makkajo'xori va qovoq and how to find edible plants such as panduslar.^[87] The Cherokee also passed along their knowledge of the medicinal properties of hundreds of native herbs and roots, and how to prepare tonics from such plants.^[87] Before the introduction of modern agricultural techniques in the region in the 1930s and 1940s, many Appalachian farmers followed the Biblical tradition of planting by "the signs", such as the oyning fazalari, or when certain weather conditions occurred.^[87]

Cherokee folklore continues to influence storytelling in the Appalachians, including depictions and characteristics of regional animals. As told by Sharqiy guruh Cherokee va g'arbiy Shimoliy Karolina storyteller Jerry Wolfe, these creatures include the chipmunk, also known as "seven stripes" from an angry ayiq scratching him down the back—four claw marks and the spaces in between making seven—and the mis boshi who sneaks and thieves his way into becoming venomous.^[88]

Appalachian folk tales are rooted in English, Scottish, and Irish fairy tales, as well as regional heroic figures and events. Jack tales, which tend to revolve around the exploits of a simple-but-dedicated figure named "Jek ", are popular at story-telling festivals. Other stories involve wild animals, such as hunting tales. In the industrial areas of western Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia the composite Djo Magarak steelworker story has been handed down. Regional folk heroes such as the railroad worker Jon Genri and frontiersmen Devi Kroket, Mayk Fink va Johnny Appleseed are examples of real-life figures that evolved into popular folk tale subjects. Murder stories, such as Omie Wise va Jon Xardi, are popular subjects for Appalachian ballads. Ghost stories, or "haint tales" in regional English,^[89] are a common feature of southern oral and literary tradition.^[90] Ghost stories native to the region include the story of the Greenbrier Ghost, which is rooted in a G'arbiy Virjiniya, Grinbrier okrugi, murder.^[87]

1960 yildan beri Point Pleasant, G'arbiy Virjiniya, legend of Mothman has originated and been explored in popular culture including the 2002 film Mothman bashorati loosely retelling the original tale.

Shahar Appalachilari

Urban Appalachians are people from Appalachia who are living in metropolitan areas outside the Appalachian region. In the decades following the Great Depression and World War II, many Appalachian residents moved to industrial cities in the north and west in a migration that became known as the "Hillbilly avtomagistrali ". Mechanization of coal mining during the 1950s and 1960s was the major source of unemployment in central Appalachia. Many migration streams covered relatively short distances, with West Virginians moving to Klivlend and other cities in eastern and central Ogayo shtati, and eastern Kentuckians moving to Sinsinnati and southwest Ohio in search of jobs. More distant cities like Detroyt va Chikago attracted migrants from many states. Enclaves of Appalachian culture can still be found in some of these communities.^[91]

Aloqa

In the 1940s through the 1960s, Wheeling, G'arbiy Virjiniya, became a cultural center of the region because it had a aniq kanal AM radiostansiya, WWVA, which could be heard throughout the entirety of the eastern United States at night. Although Pittsburgh's KDKA was a 50 kilowatt clear channel station that dated back to the early 1920s (as well as spanning all the Sharqiy qirg'oq in signal strength), WWVA prided itself on rural and farm programming that appealed to a wider audience in the rural region. Cincinnati's WLW also was relied on by many in the central and northern areas of Appalachia.

In the southern part of the region, WSB-AM Atlanta va WSM-AM Nashville, flagship of the Grand Ole Opry, were major stations for the region's population during the 20th century, and remain strong in the sub-region.

Appalachi tadqiqotlari

Appalachia as an academic interest was the product of a critical scholarship that emerged across the disciplines in the 1960s and 1970s. With a renewed interest in issues of power, scholars could not dismiss the social inequity, class conflict, and environmental destruction encountered by Amerika "deb nomlangantepaliklar ". Appalachia's emergence in academia is a result of the intersection between social conditions and critical academic interests, and has resulted in the development of many Appalachi tadqiqotlari programs in colleges and universities across the region, as well as in the Appalachi tadqiqotlari assotsiatsiyasi.

Iqtisodiyot

The economy of Appalachia traditionally rested on agriculture, mining, timber, and in the cities, manufacturing. 20-asr oxiridan boshlab, turizm and second-home developments have assumed an increasingly major role.

Qishloq xo'jaligi

A highland pasture near Maggie Valley, Shimoliy Karolina

While the climate of the Appalachian region is suitable for agriculture, the region's hilly terrain greatly limits the size of the average farm, a problem exacerbated by population growth in the latter half of the 19th century. Yordamchi dehqonchilik was the backbone of the Appalachian economy throughout much of the 19th century, and while economies in places such as western Pennsylvania, the Great Valley of Virginia, and the upper Tennessee Valley in east Tennessee, transitioned to a large-scale farming or manufacturing base around the time of the Civil War, subsistence farming remained an important part of the region's economy until the 1950s. In the early 20th century, Appalachian farmers were struggling to mechanize, and abusive farming practices had over the years left much of the already-limited farmland badly eroded. Various federal entities intervened in the 1930s to restore damaged areas and introduce less-harmful farming techniques. In recent decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has been applied to the region's small farms, with some success. Nevertheless, the number of farms in the Appalachian region continues to dwindle, plunging from 354,748 farms on 47 million acres (190,000 km²) in 1969 to 230,050 farms on 35 million acres (140,000 km²) 1997 yilda.^[92]

Early Appalachian farmers grew both crops introduced from their native Europe as well as crops native to North America (such as makkajo'xori va qovoq ). Tamaki has long been an important naqd hosil in Southern Appalachia, especially since the land is ill-suited for cash crops such as paxta. Apples have been grown in the region since the late 18th century, their cultivation being aided by the presence of thermal belts in the region's mountain valleys. Hogs, which could bepul oraliq in the region's abundant forests, often on chestnuts, were the most popular livestock among early Appalachian farmers. The American chestnut was also an important human food source until the kashtan kuyishi struck in the 20th century. The early settlers also brought cattle and sheep to the region, which they would typically graze in highland meadows known as kallar during the growing season when bottomlands were needed for crops. Cattle, mainly the Hereford, Angus va Charolais breeds, are now the region's chief livestock.^[92]

Jurnal

Sawmill and millpond in Erwin, West Virginia, photographed by Marion Post Vulkott in 1938

The mountains and valleys of Appalachia once contained what seemed to be an inexhaustible supply of timber. The poor roads, lack of railroads, and general inaccessibility of the region, however, prevented large-scale logging in most of the region throughout much of the 19th century. While logging firms were established in the Carolinas and the Kentukki daryosi valley before the Civil War, most major firms preferred to harvest the more accessible timber stands in the Midwestern and Northeastern parts of the country. By the 1880s, these stands had been exhausted, and a spike in the demand for lumber forced logging firms to seek out the virgin forests of Appalachia.^[93] The first major logging ventures in Appalachia transported logs using mule teams or rivers, the latter method sometimes employing suv purkagichlar.^[94] In the 1890s, innovations such as the Shay lokomotivi, the steam-powered loader, and the steam-powered skidder allowed massive harvesting of the most remote forest sections.^[93]

Logging in Appalachia reached its peak in the early 20th century, when firms such as the Ritter Lumber Company cut the virgin forests on an alarming scale, leading to the creation of milliy o'rmonlar in 1911 and similar state entities to better manage the region's timber resources. Arguably the most successful logging firm in Appalachia was the Georgia Hardwood Lumber Company, established in 1927 and renamed Jorjiya-Tinch okeani in 1948 when it expanded nationally. Although logging in Appalachia declined as the industry shifted focus to the Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi in the 1950s, rising overseas demand in the 1980s brought a resurgence in Appalachian logging. In 1987, there were 4,810 lumber firms operating in the region. In the late 1990s, the Appalachian lumber industry was a multibillion-dollar industry, employing 50,000 people in Tennessee, 26,000 in Kentucky, and 12,000 in West Virginia alone.^[93] By 1999, 1.4 million acres were extinguished as a result of o'rmonlarni yo'q qilish by natural resource industries.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} Pollution from mining processes and disruption of the land ensued numerous environmental issues. Removal of vegetation and other alterations in the land increased erosion and flooding of surrounding areas. Water quality and aquatic life were also affected.^[95]

Ko'mir qazib olish

Coal company houses in Jenkins, Kentukki, tomonidan suratga olingan Ben Shahn 1935 yilda

Ko'mir qazib olish is the industry most frequently associated with the region in outsiders' minds,^[96][97] due in part to the fact that the region once produced two-thirds of the nation's coal. At present, however, the mining industry employs just 2% of the Appalachian workforce. The region's vast coalfield covers 63,000 square miles (160,000 km²) between northern Pennsylvania and central Alabama, mostly along the Cumberland platosi va Allegheny platosi mintaqalar. Most mining activity has been concentrated in eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania, with smaller operations in g'arbiy Merilend, Tennessi va Alabama. The Pitsburg ko'mir qatlami, which has produced 13 billion tons of coal since the early 19th century, has been called the world's most valuable mineral deposit. There are over 60 major coal seams in West Virginia, and over 80 in eastern Kentucky. Most of the coal mined is bitumli, although significant antrasit deposits exist on the fringe of the region in central Pennsylvania.^[98] About two-thirds of Appalachia's coal is produced by underground mining, the rest by yer usti qazib olish.^[99] Tog'larni olib tashlash, a form of surface mining, is a highly controversial mining practice in central Appalachia due to its negative impacts on the environment and health of local residents.^[98]

In the late 19th century, the post-Civil War Sanoat inqilobi and the expansion of the nation's railroads brought a soaring demand for coal, and mining operations expanded rapidly across Appalachia. Hundreds of thousands of workers poured into the region from across the United States and from overseas, essentially overhauling the cultural makeup of sharqiy Kentukki, West Virginia, and western Pennsylvania. Mining corporations gained considerable influence in state and municipal governments, especially as they often owned the entire towns in which the miners lived. The mining industry was vulnerable to economic downturns, however, and booms and busts were frequent, with major booms occurring during World War I and II, and the worst bust occurring during the Great Depression. The Appalachian mining industry also saw some of the nation's bloodiest labor strife between the 1890s and the 1930s. Mining-related injuries and deaths were not uncommon, and ailments such as qora o'pka kasalligi afflicted miners throughout the 20th century. After World War II, innovations in mechanization (such as longwall qazib olish ) and competition from oil and natural gas led to a decline in the region's mining operations.^[98] Environmental restrictions, such as those placed on high-oltingugurt coal in the 1980s, brought further mine closures. While with annual earnings of $55,000, Appalachian miners make more than most other local workers, Appalachian coal mining employed just under 50,000 in 2004.^[100][101]

Coal mining has made a comeback in some regions in the early 21st century because of the increased prominence of Consol Energy, asoslangan Pitsburg. The Quecreek minasini qutqarish in 2002 and continuing mine subsidence problems in abandoned coal mines in g'arbiy Pensilvaniya shuningdek Sago konidagi halokat va Yuqori katta filialdagi minalar halokati in West Virginia and other regions have also been highlighted in recent times.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ishlab chiqarish

Storage tanks at the Institut plant along the Kanavha daryosi in West Virginia, photographed late 1930s/early 1940s

The manufacturing industry in Appalachia is rooted primarily in the ironworks and steelworks of early Pitsburg va Birmingem, and in the textile mills that sprang up in North Carolina's Pyemont region in the mid-19th century. Factory construction increased greatly after the Civil War, and the region experienced a manufacturing boom between 1890 and 1930. This economic shift led to a mass migration from small farms and rural areas to large urban centers, causing the populations of cities such as Birmingham, Noksvill, Tennesi va Esheville, Shimoliy Karolina, to swell exponentially. Manufacturing in the region suffered a setback during the Great Depression, but recovered during World War II and peaked in the 1950s and 1960s. However, difficulties paying retiree benefits, environmental struggles, and the signing of the Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA) in 1994 led to a decline in the region's manufacturing operations. Pittsburgh lost 44% of its factory jobs in the 1980s, and between 1970 and 2001, the number of apparel workers in the Appalachian region decreased from 250,000 to 83,000 and the number of textile workers decreased from 275,000 to 193,000.^[102]

AQSh po'lati, founded in Pittsburgh in 1901, was the world's first corporation with more than a billion dollars in initial capitalization.^[102] Another Pittsburgh company, Alcoa, helped establish the nation's alyuminiy industry in the early 20th century, and has had a significant impact on the economies of western Pennsylvania and east Tennessee.^[103] Union Carbide built the world's first neft-kimyo o'simlik Klendenin, G'arbiy Virjiniya, in 1920, and in subsequent years the Kanavha vodiysi became known as the "Chemical Capital of the World".^[104] Eastman Chemical, also established in 1920, is Tennessee's largest single employer. Companies such as Champion Fibre and Bowater established large pulpa operatsiyalar Canton, North Carolina va Grinvill, Janubiy Karolina, respectively, although the former was dogged by battles with environmentalists throughout the 20th century.^[105]

Turizm

The Homestead, a resort hotel in Bath County, Virjiniya, photographed in 1903

One of the region's oldest industries, tourism became a more important part of the Appalachian economy in the latter half of the 20th century as mining and manufacturing steadily declined.^[106] In 2000–2001, tourism in Appalachia accounted for nearly $30 billion and over 600,000 jobs.^[107] The mountain terrain—with its accompanying scenery and outdoor recreational opportunities—provide the region's primary attractions.^[106] The region is home to one of the world's most well-known hiking trails (the Appalachi izi ), the nation's most-visited national park (the Katta tutunli tog'lar milliy bog'i ),^[108] and the nation's most visited national parkway (the Blue Ridge Parkway ).^[109] The hunarmandchilik industry, including the teaching, selling, and display or demonstration of regional crafts, also accounts for an important part of the Appalachian economy, bringing (for example) over $100 million annually to the economy of western North Carolina and over $80 million to the economy of West Virginia.^[110] Muhim meros turizm attractions in the region include the Biltmore ko'chmas mulki va Cherokee Sharqiy guruhi reservation in North Carolina, Cades Cove Tennessida va Harpers Ferry G'arbiy Virjiniyada. Important theme parks include Dollivud va Sade Town Village, both on the periphery of the Katta tutunli tog'lar.

The mineral-rich mountain springs of the Appalachians—which for many years were thought to have health-restoring qualities—were drawing visitors to the region as early as the 18th century with the establishment of resorts at Hot Springs, Virjiniya, G'arbiy Virjiniya shtatidagi Uayt Oltingugurt Springs, va hozir nima Hot Springs, Shimoliy Karolina. Bilan birga mineral buloqlar, the cool and clear air of the range's high elevations provided an escape for lowland elites, and elaborate hotels—such as The Greenbrier in West Virginia and the Balsam Mountain Inn in North Carolina—were built throughout the region's remote valleys and mountain slopes. The end of World War I (which opened up travel opportunities to Europe) and the arrival of the automobile (which changed the nation's vacation habits) led to the demise of all but a few of the region's spa resorts. The establishment of national parks in the 1930s brought an explosion of tourist traffic to the region, but created problems with shaharlarning kengayishi in the various host communities. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, states have placed greater focus on sustaining tourism while preserving host communities.^[106]

Poverty in Appalachia

A 1930s-era TVA photograph showing a young girl in front of her family's house in the lower Klinch daryosi valley in East Tennessee

Qashshoqlik had plagued Appalachia for many years but was not brought to the attention of the rest of the United States until 1940, when Jeyms Eji va Walker Evans nashr etilgan Endi taniqli erkaklarni maqtaylik, a book that documented families in Appalachia during the Great Depression in words and photos. 1963 yilda, Jon F. Kennedi established the President's Appalachian Regional Commission. Uning vorisi, Lyndon B. Jonson, crystallized Kennedy's efforts in the form of the Appalachian Regional Commission, which passed into law in 1965.^[111]

In Appalachia, severe poverty and desolation were paired with the necessity for careful cultural sensitivity. Many Appalachian people feared that the birth of a new modernized Appalachia would lead to the death of their traditional values and heritage. Because of the isolation of the region, Appalachian people had been unable to catch up to the modernization that lowlanders have achieved. In the 1960s, many people in Appalachia had a turmush darajasi bilan solishtirish mumkin Uchinchi dunyo countries'. Lyndon B. Johnson declared a "Qashshoqlikka qarshi urush " while standing on the front porch of an Inez, Kentukki, home whose residents had been suffering from a long-ignored problem.^[112] The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 stated:

The Appalachian region of the United States, while abundant in natural resources and rich in potential, lags behind the rest of the Nation... its people have not shared properly in the Nation's prosperity.^[113]

Since the creation of the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) in 1965, the region has seen dramatic progress. New roads, schools, health care facilities, water and sewer systems, and other improvements have brought a better life to many Appalachian residents. In the 1960s, 219 okruglar in the 13-state Appalachian Region were considered economically distressed. Now that list has been cut by more than half, to 82 counties, but these are "hard-core" pockets of poverty, seemingly impervious to all efforts at improving their lot.^[114] Martin County, Kentucky, the site of Johnson's 1964 speech, is one such county still ranked as "distressed" by the ARC. 2000 yildan boshlab jon boshiga daromad in Martin County was $10,650, and 37% of its residents lived below the poverty line.

Like Johnson, President Bill Klinton brought attention to the remaining areas of poverty in Appalachia. On July 5, 1999, he made a public statement concerning the situation in Tyner, Kentukki. Clinton told the enthusiastic crowd:

I'm here to make a simple point. This is the time to bring more jobs and investment to parts of the country that have not participated in this time of prosperity. Any work that can be done by anybody in America can be done in Appalachia.^[114]

The region's poverty has been documented often since the early 1960s. Jon Koen documents rural lifestyle and culture in The High Lonesome Sound, esa fotomuxbir Earl Dotter has been visiting and documenting poverty, healthcare and mining in Appalachia for nearly forty years.^[115] Another photojournalist, Shelby Lee Adams, has been photographing Appalachian families and lifestyle for decades.

Poverty has caused health problems in the region. The diseases of despair shu jumladan opioid epidemic in the United States va ba'zilari qashshoqlik kasalliklari are prevalent in Appalachia.

Tax revenue and absentee land ownership

In 1982 a seven-volume study conducted by the Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force was issued by the Appalachian Regional Commission which investigated the issue of absentee land ownership. The study covered 80 counties in six states approximating the area designated "Southern Appalachia" as defined by Thomas R. Ford's 1962 work. The states selected were Alabama (15 counties), Kentucky (12 counties), North Carolina (12 counties), Tennessee (14 counties), Virginia (12 counties), and West Virginia (15 counties).

Map showing the 80 counties included in the 1982 report by the Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force

In its summary the report stated that "over 55,000 parcels of property in 80 counties were studied, representing some 20,000,000 acres of land and mineral rights..." It found that "41% of the 20 million acres of land and minerals...are held by only 50 private owners and 10 government agencies. The federal government is the single largest owner in Appalachia, holding over 2,000,000 acres." The study found that the extractive industries, i.e., timber, coal, etc., were "greatly underassessed for property tax purposes. Over 75% of the mineral owners in this survey pay under 25 cents per acre in property taxes." In the major coal counties surveyed the average tax per ton of known coal reserves is only $.0002 (1/50th of a cent).The government-held lands are tax exempt, but the government makes a soliqlar o'rniga to'lov, which is usually less than the normal tax rates.

"Taken together, the failure to tax minerals adequately, the underassessment of surface lands, and the revenue loss from concentrated federal holdings has a marked impact on local governments in Appalachia. Natijada, a) kichik egalar soliq yukining nomutanosib ulushiga ega bo'lgan vaziyatni keltirib chiqaradi; b) okruglar daromadlarni ta'minlash uchun federal va shtat mablag'lariga bog'liq bo'lib, mintaqalar resurslarining yirik, korporativ va sirtdan egalari nisbatan soliqsiz; v) fuqarolar soliq solinadigan mol-mulki, ayniqsa ko'mir va boshqa tabiiy resurslar ko'rinishida bo'lishiga qaramay, zarur xizmatlarning qashshoqligiga duch kelmoqdalar. "^[116]

2013 yilda faqat G'arbiy Virjiniyada to'plangan shunga o'xshash tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, 25 ta xususiy mulkdorlar shtatning 13 million akrlik er maydonlarining 17,6 foizini egallaydi. Federal hukumat G'arbiy Virjiniyada 1,133,587 akrga egalik qiladi, bu 15,410,560 akr bo'lgan umumiy shtat maydonlarining 7,4%.^[117] 11 ta okrugda birinchi o'nta sirtqi egalar har bir okrugda shaxsiy erlarning 41% dan 72% gacha egalik qilishadi.^[118]

Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi

The Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi (ARC) tomonidan yaratilgan AQSh Kongressi 1965 yilda Appalachilarning asosiy (janubiy) oralig'idagi AQShning 13 shtatining qashshoq hududlarini Amerika iqtisodiyotining asosiy oqimiga olib kelish. Komissiya federal, shtat va mahalliy hokimiyatlarning sherikligi bo'lib, mintaqadagi iqtisodiy o'sishni va hayot sifatini yaxshilashga qaratilgan. ARC tomonidan belgilangan mintaqa^[119] barcha G'arbiy Virjiniyani o'z ichiga olgan 420 graflikni o'z ichiga oladi; boshqa 13 shtatdagi okruglar: Alabama, Jorjiya, Kentukki, Merilend, Missisipi, Nyu-York, Shimoliy Karolina, Ogayo, Pensilvaniya, Janubiy Karolina, Tennesi va Virjiniya; va sakkizta shaharlar shtat qonuni shaharlarni ma'muriy jihatdan okruglardan ajratib turadigan Virjiniyada. ARC bu rejalashtirish, tadqiqot, targ'ibot va moliyalashtirish tashkilotidir; u hech qanday boshqaruv vakolatiga ega emas.

ARC ning geografik qamrov doirasi iqtisodiy jihatdan kam rivojlangan hududlarni iloji boricha ko'proq qamrab oladigan darajada keng belgilangan; u odatda "Appalachia" deb o'ylaydigan hududdan tashqariga chiqadi. Masalan, Alabama va Missisipi shtatlari Appalachiyadagi kabi ishsizlik va qashshoqlik bilan bog'liq muammolar tufayli komissiya tarkibiga kiritilgan va ARC mintaqasi ushbu hududga to'g'ri keladi. Shimoli-sharqiy an'anaviy ravishda Appalachia madaniy qismi hisoblanmaydigan davlatlar (garchi "shimoliy Appalachia" identifikatsiyasi so'nggi paytlarda Nyu-York va Pensilvaniya qismlarida, ayniqsa qishloq joylarda paydo bo'lgan bo'lsa ham). Yaqinda, Youngstown, Ogayo shtati, tufayli ARC tomonidan mintaqa Appalachiyaning bir qismi deb e'lon qilindi mintaqadagi po'lat sanoatining qulashi 1980-yillarning boshlarida va mintaqada davom etayotgan ishsizlik muammolari, bundan tashqari Kolumbiana okrugi (Ogayo shtati), Youngstown DMA an'anaviy yoki madaniy jihatdan mintaqaning bir qismi hisoblanmaydi.^[120] ARC-ning keng doirasi ham "cho'chqa bochkasi "hodisa, chunki an'anaviy Appalachiya hududidan tashqaridagi siyosatchilar o'z hududlariga federal pulni olib kelishning yangi usulini ko'rdilar. Ammo, Ogayo shtatining sobiq gubernatori Bob Taft "Appalachia uchun foydali bo'lgan narsa butun Ogayo uchun foydalidir" deb ta'kidladi.^[121]

Transport

The Yangi daryo darasi ko'prigi G'arbiy Virjiniyada g'arbiy yarim sharda eng uzun temir po'latdir va 876 fut (267 m) balandlikda, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida uchinchi o'rinda turadi.

Appalachiyada transport 18-asrda birinchi evropalik ko'chmanchilar kelganidan beri eng qiyin va qimmat masala bo'lib kelgan. 1940 yil 1 oktyabrdan tashqari Pensilvaniya shtati, mintaqaning tog'li hududi 1970-yillarga qadar yirik yo'l qurilishidagi federal aralashuv urinishlarini doimiy ravishda to'xtatib turardi. Bu mintaqaning katta qismlarini deyarli izolyatsiya qildi va iqtisodiy o'sishni sekinlashtirdi. Fuqarolar urushidan oldin mintaqaning yirik shaharlari vagon yo'llari orqali pasttekisliklarga bog'langan va yassi qayiqlar mintaqadan tashqarida yuklarni tashish uchun muhim vositani taqdim etdi. 1900 yilga kelib, temir yo'llar mintaqaning aksariyat qismini boshqa xalqlar bilan bog'lab turardi, garchi kambag'al yo'llar temir yo'l markazlaridan tashqariga chiqishni qiyinlashtirgan bo'lsa. 1965 yilda Appalachi mintaqaviy komissiyasi tashkil etilganda, yo'l qurilishi uning eng muhim tashabbusi hisoblangan va keyingi o'n yilliklarda komissiya boshqa barcha loyihalarga qaraganda ko'proq yo'l qurilishiga sarflagan.^[122]

Appalachiyani tashqi dunyo bilan bog'lash uchun qilingan harakatlar ko'plab qurilish muhabbatlarini talab qildi. Kabi yo'l qismlarini qurish uchun millionlab tonna toshlar olib tashlandi Davlatlararo 40 orqali Kabutar daryosi darasi Tennessi-Shimoliy Karolina shtati liniyasida va AQSh 23-marshrut yilda Letcher okrugi, Kentukki. Tog 'yonbag'irlari orqali katta tunnellar qurilgan Cumberland Gap bo'ylab sayohat qilishni tezlashtirish uchun AQShning 25E yo'nalishi. The Yangi daryo darasi ko'prigi G'arbiy Virjiniyada 1977 yilda qurib bitkazilgan eng uzun va hozirda shunday to'rtinchi eng uzun bitta kamar ko'prigi dunyoda. The Blue Ridge Parkway's Linn Cove Viaduct yamaqlarigacha 4000 metr (1200 m) balandlikda 153 ta quyma segmentlarni yig'ishni talab qiladigan qurilish Dada bobosi,^[122] a deb belgilangan tarixiy qurilish muhandisligi.^[123]

Ommaviy madaniyat

"Kentukki shahrining oydin odami", 1877 yilda tasvirlangan Harper haftaligi

Appalachiya va uning aholisining ommaviy axborot vositalarida tasvirlanishi odatda salbiy bo'lib, bu mintaqani hazil, masxara va ijtimoiy tashvish ob'ekti qiladi.^[124] Ledford shunday yozadi: "Har doim afsonaviy Janubning bir qismi bo'lgan Appalachiya Amerika dramasida sahnada sahnada davom etmoqda, hanuzgacha kiyingan, hech bo'lmaganda mashhur fikrda, qoloqlik, zo'ravonlik, qashshoqlik va umidsizlik kiyimida".^[125] Otto kulgili chiziqlar deb ta'kidlaydi Li'l Abner Al Capp va Barney Google tomonidan Billi Debek, ikkalasi ham 1934 yilda boshlangan, "makkajo'xori siqish" uchun dangasalik va zaiflikni karikatura qilgan (moonshine ) ushbu "tepaliklar" dan. Ommabop 1960-yillar Andy Griffith shou va Beverli tepaliklari televizorda va Jeyms Dikki 1970 yilgi roman Yetkazib berish stereotipni davom ettirdi, garchi mintaqaning o'zi 1945 yildan keyin juda ko'p o'zgarishlarga duch kelgan bo'lsa-da, bu deyarli kulgili tasvirlarga o'xshaydi.^[126]

• Yolg'iz qarag'ayning izi, Shohlikning kichik cho'poni keladi va boshqa 20-asrning boshidagi romanlari Kichik Jon Foks, Appalachi shahrida joylashgan Big Stone Gap, Virjiniya va uning atrofidagi hududlar o'quvchilarga Appalaxiyada chegara hayoti tasvirini berdi va mashhur filmlarga suratga olindi. Foxning o'zi bitirgan Garvard va Nyu-York shahridagi jonli gazetachi edi. U uyga qaytib keldi Cumberland tog'lari Tennessi shtatining sog'lig'i tufayli o'z hikoyalarini yozishi.^[127]
• Big Stone Gap, shuningdek, 21-asrning boshlanishi Katta tosh oralig'i tomonidan ketma-ket Adriana Trigiani.^[128]
• Kinofilmlar Ko'mirchi qizi (qayd etilgan hayotga asoslangan mamlakat ashulachi Loretta Lin ), Lilyumlar qaerda gullaydi va Qo'shiqchi Appalachia hayotini Appalachia urf-odatlari va urbanizatsiyalangan Amerika qadriyatlari o'rtasidagi ziddiyatni ta'kidlaydigan to'g'ri tasvirlashga harakat qiling.^[129]
• Qo'shiqchi 1907 yilda Appalachia qishlog'ida bo'lib o'tdi va 19-asrda olib kelingan shotland-irlandlarning "yo'qolgan" balladalari va ularni saqlab qolish uchun musiqashunosning izlanishlari.^[130]
• Kamera bilan begona dan hujjatli film Appalshop Appalachi jamoalarining begona odamlar tomonidan kino va videofilmlarda namoyishi haqida.^[131]
• 1972 yilgi film Yetkazib berish janubiy Appalachiyada sodir bo'ladi. Film insoniylikning o'ta salbiy stereotiplarini davom ettirdi.^[132]
• Katta format fotograf Shelby Li Adams, o'zi Appalachi muhojirlarining o'g'li bo'lib, bir necha kitoblarda Appalachi oilaviy hayotini xushyoqish bilan tasvirlab bergan.^[133]
• Appalachi bahori tomonidan yozilgan musiqiy kompozitsiyaning nomi Aaron Kopland va shu nomdagi balet Marta Grem. Koplend Grem uchun yaratgan va o'z ichiga olgan musiqasi uchun niyat qilmagan Shaker kuylar, Appalachi mavzusiga ega bo'lish. Grem asarga o'z nomini berdi; uning baleti Pensilvaniya g'arbiy qismida chegarada yashovchi yosh er-xotin haqida hikoya qildi.^[134]
• Ingliz bastakori Frederik Delius yozgan mavzu va variatsiyalar huquqiga ega Appalaxiya; u birinchi bo'lib 1896 yilda "Qadimgi qul qo'shig'idagi variantlar" deb nomlangan ushbu musiqani yaratdi.^[135]
• Alan Ovaness 1985 yilda a ohang she'ri nomlangan Appalachi tog'lariga (60-sonli simfoniya).^[136]
• Muallif Ketrin Marshal yozgan Kristi, onasining Appalachi mintaqasida o'qituvchilik qilgan yillariga asoslanib. Roman juda mashhur bo'lib, a asosiga aylandi qisqa muddatli televizion seriyalar 1994 yilda shu nom bilan.^[137]
• Roman Adashgan yoz tomonidan Barbara Kingsolver mintaqaning ekologiyasini va yirtqich hayvonlarni, bo'ri va bo'rilarni yo'q qilish atrof-muhitga qanday ta'sir qilganligini o'rganadi.^[138]
• Ba'zi kulgili chiziqlarda ko'pincha Appalaxiya, ayniqsa "Li'l Abner" surati aks etgan Al Capp (1909-1979). Inge ta'kidlashicha, 1934–77 yillarda chop etilgan ushbu chiziq roman asosan din, siyosat, qora tanlilar va Fuqarolar urushini e'tiborsiz qoldirgan, aksincha o'z hazilini Dogpatch axloqiga qaratgan va odatda zo'ravonlikka qarshi kurashga ishongan unutilmas va ko'pincha ekssentrik odamlarni o'rgangan. Ijtimoiy tartib va ​​ularning erga, uyga, o'z-o'zini ta'minlashga va begonalarga antipatiyaga bo'lgan e'tiqodlarini chuqur angladilar.^[139] Arnold Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshidan boshlab jinsiy aloqa va zo'ravonlikka ko'proq urg'u berganligini aniqladi.^[140]
• Xayoliy televizion dastur Asosli Kentukki sharqiy tepaliklarida va atrofida joylashgan Xarlan okrugi va filmga olingan Pitsburg maydon dastlab.
• "Face of Appalachia" - bu albomda birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'lgan qo'shiq Tarzana Kid tomonidan Jon Sebastyan 1974 yilda. Sebastian va Lowell Jorj, Joel Canfield tomonidan quyidagicha ta'riflangan: "Sebastyanning so'zlari nabirasiga bolalik xotiralarini etkazish uchun keksa odamning kurashini tasvirlaydi; yuraklar va endi yo'q bo'lgan odamlar haqidagi xotiralar; o'tmish o'tmishi."^[141] Qo'shiqning muqovali versiyalari tomonidan yozib olingan Valeri Karter (1977), Vendi Metyuz (1992) va Julie Miller (1997).^[142]
• To'rtinchi trek "Chelsi" Vulfe albomi Noma'lum xonalar: Akustik qo'shiqlar to'plami bu "Appalaxia".
• Mashhur kitoblar turkumining aksariyati Ochlik o'yinlari "Appalachia deb nomlangan hududda" o'rnatilgan bo'lib, u kitobda 12-tuman deb nomlanadi. Atrof va madaniyatning aksariyati hozirgi Appalachiyani aks ettiradi, masalan, sanoat sifatida ko'mir qazib olishga ishonish.^[143]
• Video o'yin Fallout 76 Appalaxiyada sodir bo'ladi.

Qo'shma Shtatlar sifatida "Appalachia"

1839 yilda Vashington Irving "Amerika" o'rniga Qo'shma Shtatlarni "Alleghania" yoki "Appalachia" deb o'zgartirishni taklif qildi, chunki oxirgi nom tegishli bo'lgan lotin Amerikasi ham.^[7] Edgar Allan Po keyinchalik bu g'oyani ilgari surdi va Appalachiyani Amerika yoki Allegoniyaga qaraganda ancha yaxshi ism deb bildi; u Qo'shma Shtatlarni Amerikaning qolgan qismidan ajralib turadigan alohida geografik birlik sifatida yaxshiroq aniqlasa kerak deb o'ylardi va shuningdek, bu Irvinga ham, Appalachi tog'lari nomini olgan mahalliy aholi uchun ham sharaf deb o'ylardi.^[144] Biroq, o'sha paytda Qo'shma Shtatlar allaqachon katta Appalachi mintaqasidan tashqariga chiqib ketgan edi, ammo Appalachiya Poning "ulug'vorligi" millatni o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega bo'lgan nom bilan qayta tiklash uchun etarli deb hisobladi. Biroq, Poning mashhur ta'siri uning o'limidan o'n yillar o'tibgina o'sdi va shuning uchun bu nom hech qachon jiddiy ko'rib chiqilmadi.

Fiziografik provinsiyalar

Olti fiziografik viloyatlar to'liq yoki qisman odatda Appalachiyaning tarkibiy qismlari sifatida qaraladiganlar:

1. Appalachi platosi
2. Allegheny tog'lari
3. Ridge-and-Valley appalachiyalari
4. Buyuk Appalachi vodiysi
5. Moviy tizma tog'lari
6. Pyemont

Shuningdek qarang

• Appalachi Ogayo shtati
• Appalaxiyada qishloq tug'ilishi
• Appalaxiyada ekologik adolat va ko'mir qazib olish
• Appalaxiya muzeyi
• Ozark madaniyati
• Janubiy tepalik
• Shahar Appalachilari

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Dan ilmiy maqolalar Appalachian Journal, 1972 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
• 1965 yil Kongressning asl ta'rifi
• Appalaxiya da Curlie
• "Appalachia: bo'sh va'dalar", 1999 yilda nashr etilgan mintaqa va ARC bo'yicha keng qamrovli maqolalar turkumi Kolumbus jo'natmasi
• Iqtisodiyot va atrof-muhit bo'yicha Appalachi markazi
• Appalaxia raqamli kutubxonasi
• Morehead State University Virtual Appalachia markazi
• Kentukki universiteti Appalachi markazi
• "Joy, joy va Appalaxiya", Janubiy bo'shliqlar, 2009 yil 3-iyun.
• Appalachi madaniyatidan foydalanish va ulardan suiiste'mol qilish
• Appalachi tadqiqotlari bibliografiyasi (G'arbiy Virjiniya universiteti kutubxonalari)